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异鹮属:修订间差异

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{{Automatic Taxobox
'''异鹮属'''([[学名]]:''Xenicibis'')是[[鹮亚科]]下的一个已灭绝的属,其唯一已知种'''伴猴异鹮'''('''''Xenicibis xympithecus''''')<ref name="Olson1977"/>也称'''牙买加鹮(Jamaican ibis)、牙买加不飞鹮(Jamaican flightless ibis)<ref name="Olson1977">{{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = Storrs L | last2 = Steadman | first2 = David W | year = 1977 | title = A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in Jamaica | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 90 | issue = 2| pages = 447–457 }}</ref>或棒翅鹮(clubbed-wing ibis)'''<ref name="Turvey">{{cite book|last=Tyrberg|first=Tommy|chapter= Holocene avian extinctions|editor1-first= Sam|editor1-last= Turvey|title=Holocene Extinctions|year=2009|pages=63&ndash;106|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-953509-5}}</ref>,棍棒状的翅膀是其独一无二的特征。<ref name="Longrich">{{Cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Olson | first2 = S. L. | title = The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.2117 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | year = 2011 | pmid = 21208965| pmc = 3119002| volume=278 | pages=2333–2337}}</ref>异鹮属是仅有的两个不会飞的鹮类属之一,另一个属是[[夏威夷群岛]]特有的[[无翼鹮属]](''Apteribis'')。<ref name="Turvey"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1= Olson |first1= Storrs L.|last2= Wetmore|first2= Alexander|year= 1976|title= Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in Hawaiian Islands.|journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume= 89|pages= 247–258|url= http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1733/1/Thambeto_Apteribis.pdf|access-date= January 7, 2011}}</ref>
| fossil_range = 早[[全新世]] {{fossil_range|0.01}}
{{Taxobox
| image =
| fossil_range = 早[[全新世]]{{fossil range|0.01}}
| taxon = Xenicibis
| image = Jamaica_range_for_Flightless_Ibis.svg
| type_species = '''伴猴异鹮<br>''Xenicibis xympithecus'''''
| image_width = 250px
| type_species_authority = [[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]] & [[David Steadman|Steadman]], 1977
| image_caption = 异鹮属分布地(红色)
| range_map = Jamaica range for Flightless Ibis.svg
| image2 =
| range_map_caption = 异鹮属分布地(红色)
| image2_width = 250px
| image2_caption =
| regnum = [[動物|動物界]] Animalia
| phylum = [[脊索动物门]] Chordata
| classis = [[蜥形纲]] Sauropsida
| subclassis = [[双孔亚纲]] Diapsida
| infraclassis = [[今颚下纲]] Neognathae
| superordo =
| ordo = [[鹈形目]] Pelecaniformes
| ordo_authority =
| subordo = [[鹭亚目]] Ardei
| Infraordo =
| superfamilia =
| familia = [[鹮科]] Threskiornithidae
| familia_authority =
| subfamilia = [[鹮亚科]] Threskiornithinae
| tribus =
| genus = †'''异鹮属''' '''''Xenicibis'''''
| genus_authority = <small>Olson & Steadman, 1977</small>
| type_species =
| subdivision_ranks = [[种]]
| subdivision =
*†[[伴猴异鹮]] ''Xenicibis xympithecus'' <small>Olson & Steadman, 1977</small> ([[模式种]])
| synonyms =
}}
}}
'''异鹮属'''([[学名]]:''Xenicibis'')是[[鹮亚科]]下的一个已灭绝的属,其唯一已知种'''伴猴异鹮'''('''''Xenicibis xympithecus''''')<ref name="Olson1977"/>也称'''牙买加鹮(Jamaican ibis)、牙买加不飞鹮(Jamaican flightless ibis)<ref name="Olson1977">{{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = Storrs L | last2 = Steadman | first2 = David W | year = 1977 | title = A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in Jamaica | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 90 | issue = 2| pages = 447–457 }}</ref>或棒翅鹮(clubbed-wing ibis)'''<ref name="Turvey">{{cite book|last=Tyrberg|first=Tommy|chapter= Holocene avian extinctions|editor1-first= Sam|editor1-last= Turvey|title=Holocene Extinctions|url=https://archive.org/details/holoceneextincti00turv_744|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/holoceneextincti00turv_744/page/n75 63]&ndash;106|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-953509-5}}</ref>,棍棒状的翅膀是其独一无二的特征。<ref name="Longrich">{{Cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Olson | first2 = S. L. | title = The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.2117 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | year = 2011 | pmid = 21208965| pmc = 3119002| volume=278 | pages=2333–2337}}</ref>异鹮属是仅有的两个不会飞的鹮类属之一,另一个属是[[夏威夷群岛]]特有的[[无翼鹮属]](''Apteribis'')。<ref name="Turvey"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1= Olson|first1= Storrs L.|last2= Wetmore|first2= Alexander|year= 1976|title= Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in Hawaiian Islands.|journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume= 89|pages= 247–258|url= http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1733/1/Thambeto_Apteribis.pdf|access-date= January 7, 2011|archive-date= 2012-03-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120327043443/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1733/1/Thambeto_Apteribis.pdf}}</ref>


==描述==
==描述==
1977年,H·E·安东尼(H.E.Anthony)在[[牙买加]][[长哩洞穴]](Long Mile cave)的洞穴沉积物中挖掘出了一些颅后骨骼,并据此对异鹮属进行了首次描述。<ref name="Olson1977"/><ref name="Cuba">Suárez, William (2001) [http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/Vol37a/37_109-110.pdf "Deletion of the flightless ibis ''Xenicibis'' from the fossil record of Cuba"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001053714/http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/Vol37a/37_109-110.pdf |date=2011-10-01 }}. ''Caribbean Journal of Science'' '''37''' (1&ndash;2): 109&ndash;110</ref>当时,由于其[[鸟喙骨]]不完整,它被推测为是不会飞的鸟;后来,牙买加[[斯旺西洞穴]](Swansea Cave)发现了同一物种的[[肱骨]],证实了它不能飞行。<ref name="Cuba"/><ref name="Olson1979">{{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = Storrs L | last2 = Steadman | first2 = David W | year = 1979 | title = The humerus of ''Xenicibis'', the extinct flightless ibis of Jamaica | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 92 | pages = 23–27 }}</ref>从包括[[红山裂缝]](Red Hills Fissure)在内的两个新地点发现的新化石表明,异鹮属对[[腕掌骨]]进行了独特的改造,<ref name="Longrich"/>使其呈棍棒状。其[[掌骨]]扩大并向远端弯曲,侧壁增厚,[[尺骨]]和[[桡骨]]也进行了调整。异鹮属是大型鹮类,重约2公斤(70盎司)。<ref name="Longrich"/>
1977年,H·E·安东尼(H.E.Anthony)在[[牙买加]][[长哩洞穴]](Long Mile cave)的洞穴沉积物中挖掘出了一些颅后骨骼,并据此对异鹮属进行了首次描述。<ref name="Olson1977"/><ref name="Cuba">Suárez, William (2001) [http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/Vol37a/37_109-110.pdf "Deletion of the flightless ibis ''Xenicibis'' from the fossil record of Cuba"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001053714/http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/Vol37a/37_109-110.pdf |date=2011-10-01 }}. ''Caribbean Journal of Science'' '''37''' (1&ndash;2): 109&ndash;110</ref>当时,由于其[[鸟喙骨]]不完整,它被推测为是不会飞的鸟;后来,牙买加[[斯旺西洞穴]](Swansea Cave)发现了同一物种的[[肱骨]],证实了它不能飞行。<ref name="Cuba"/><ref name="Olson1979">{{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = Storrs L | last2 = Steadman | first2 = David W | year = 1979 | title = The humerus of ''Xenicibis'', the extinct flightless ibis of Jamaica | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 92 | pages = 23–27 }}</ref>从包括[[红山裂缝]](Red Hills Fissure)在内的两个新地点发现的新化石表明,异鹮属对[[腕掌骨]]进行了独特的改造,<ref name="Longrich"/>使其呈棍棒状。其[[掌骨]]扩大并向远端弯曲,侧壁增厚,[[尺骨]]和[[桡骨]]也进行了调整。异鹮属是大型鹮类,重约2公斤(70盎司)。<ref name="Longrich"/>



===棍棒状翅膀的功能===
===棍棒状翅膀的功能===
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| width=350 | float=right |caption=发掘地点
| width=350 | float=right |caption=发掘地点
}}
}}
伴猴异鹮是牙买加的特有种,其骨骼已在多个遗迹中均有发现,包括长哩洞穴<ref name="Olson1977"/>、斯旺西洞穴<ref name="Olson1977"/>、[[杰克逊湾洞穴]](Jackson's Bay Cave)<ref name= McFarlane>{{cite journal | last= McFarlane | first= D A |author2=Lundberg, J |author3=Fincham, A G |date=August 2002 | title= A late Quaternary paleoecological record from caves of southern Jamaica, West Indies | journal= Journal of Cave and Karst Studies | volume= 64 | issue = 2 | pages= 117&ndash;125 | url = http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/Publications/Late%20Quat%20JBC.pdf }}</ref>和红山裂缝。<ref name="Longrich"/>来自[[古巴]]的声称属于该属的骨头后来被鉴定为[[秧鹤]]。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arredondo|first=Oscar |year=1984|title=Sinopsis de las aves halladas en depósitos fosilíferos pleisto-holocénicos de Cuba|journal= Reporte de Investigación del Instituto de Zoología |language = es |volume=17|pages=1–3}}</ref>牙买加岛和古巴岛从来没有连为一体过,所以不会飞的物种不可能到达不同的岛屿。<ref name="Cuba"/>
伴猴异鹮是牙买加的特有种,其骨骼已在多个遗迹中均有发现,包括长哩洞穴<ref name="Olson1977"/>、斯旺西洞穴<ref name="Olson1977"/>、[[杰克逊湾洞穴]](Jackson's Bay Cave)<ref name= McFarlane>{{cite journal | last= McFarlane | first= D A | author2= Lundberg, J | author3= Fincham, A G | date= August 2002 | title= A late Quaternary paleoecological record from caves of southern Jamaica, West Indies | journal= Journal of Cave and Karst Studies | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 117&ndash;125 | url= http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/Publications/Late%20Quat%20JBC.pdf | access-date= 2022-04-21 | archive-date= 2021-12-09 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211209001805/http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/Publications/Late%20Quat%20JBC.pdf }}</ref>和红山裂缝。<ref name="Longrich"/>来自[[古巴]]的声称属于该属的骨头后来被鉴定为[[秧鹤]]。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arredondo|first=Oscar |year=1984|title=Sinopsis de las aves halladas en depósitos fosilíferos pleisto-holocénicos de Cuba|journal= Reporte de Investigación del Instituto de Zoología |language = es |volume=17|pages=1–3}}</ref>牙买加岛和古巴岛从来没有连为一体过,所以不会飞的物种不可能到达不同的岛屿。<ref name="Cuba"/>


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==参考资料==
==参考资料==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{鵜形目|A.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2521346}}


[[Category:鹮科|Y]]
[[Category:鹮科|Y]]
[[Category:已灭绝动物|Y]]
[[Category:已滅絕鳥類|Y]]
[[Category:已滅絕鳥類|Y]]
[[Category:不会飞的鸟|Y]]
[[Category:不会飞的鸟|Y]]

2024年2月15日 (四) 16:10的最新版本

异鹮属
化石时期:早全新世 0.01 Ma
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 鹈形目 Pelecaniformes
科: 䴉科 Threskiornithidae
亚科: 朱鹭亚科 Threskiornithinae
属: 异鹮属 Xenicibis
模式種
伴猴异鹮
Xenicibis xympithecus

Olson & Steadman, 1977
异鹮属分布地(红色)

异鹮属学名Xenicibis)是鹮亚科下的一个已灭绝的属,其唯一已知种伴猴异鹮Xenicibis xympithecus[1]也称牙买加鹮(Jamaican ibis)、牙买加不飞鹮(Jamaican flightless ibis)[1]或棒翅鹮(clubbed-wing ibis)[2],棍棒状的翅膀是其独一无二的特征。[3]异鹮属是仅有的两个不会飞的鹮类属之一,另一个属是夏威夷群岛特有的无翼鹮属Apteribis)。[2][4]

描述

[编辑]

1977年,H·E·安东尼(H.E.Anthony)在牙买加长哩洞穴(Long Mile cave)的洞穴沉积物中挖掘出了一些颅后骨骼,并据此对异鹮属进行了首次描述。[1][5]当时,由于其鸟喙骨不完整,它被推测为是不会飞的鸟;后来,牙买加斯旺西洞穴(Swansea Cave)发现了同一物种的肱骨,证实了它不能飞行。[5][6]从包括红山裂缝(Red Hills Fissure)在内的两个新地点发现的新化石表明,异鹮属对腕掌骨进行了独特的改造,[3]使其呈棍棒状。其掌骨扩大并向远端弯曲,侧壁增厚,尺骨桡骨也进行了调整。异鹮属是大型鹮类,重约2公斤(70盎司)。[3]

棍棒状翅膀的功能

[编辑]

鸟类学家推测,异鹮属翅膀是以近似于棍棒连枷的方式被作为武器使用的,[3]这与一些现生螳螂虾口足目指虾蛄总科)类似,它们拥有一个棍棒状的远端膨胀的指状物,用来击打猎物和其他虾。[7]然而,在鸟类中,这种适应性似乎是独一无二的。[3]鸟类翅膀对战斗的适应性是一个偶然例子,在这种情况下,不同的鸟类物种会基于周围的实际情况,找到机会使用不同的方法解决同一问题。[3][8]

美洲白鹮(左)和伴猴异鹮(右)的翅膀骨骼绘制图。为使肱骨大小相同,二者的骨骼已进行缩放,以便于比较形态学差异。

分布

[编辑]
异鹮属在牙買加的位置
长哩洞穴
长哩洞穴
斯旺西洞穴
斯旺西洞穴
红山裂缝
红山裂缝
杰克逊湾洞穴
杰克逊湾洞穴
发掘地点

伴猴异鹮是牙买加的特有种,其骨骼已在多个遗迹中均有发现,包括长哩洞穴[1]、斯旺西洞穴[1]杰克逊湾洞穴(Jackson's Bay Cave)[9]和红山裂缝。[3]来自古巴的声称属于该属的骨头后来被鉴定为秧鹤[10]牙买加岛和古巴岛从来没有连为一体过,所以不会飞的物种不可能到达不同的岛屿。[5]

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Olson, Storrs L; Steadman, David W. A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in Jamaica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 1977, 90 (2): 447–457. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Tyrberg, Tommy. Holocene avian extinctions. Turvey, Sam (编). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford University Press. 2009: 63–106. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Longrich, N. R.; Olson, S. L. The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2011, 278: 2333–2337. PMC 3119002可免费查阅. PMID 21208965. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2117. 
  4. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; Wetmore, Alexander. Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in Hawaiian Islands. (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 1976, 89: 247–258 [January 7, 2011]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-27). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Suárez, William (2001) "Deletion of the flightless ibis Xenicibis from the fossil record of Cuba" 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2011-10-01.. Caribbean Journal of Science 37 (1–2): 109–110
  6. ^ Olson, Storrs L; Steadman, David W. The humerus of Xenicibis, the extinct flightless ibis of Jamaica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 1979, 92: 23–27. 
  7. ^ Patek, S. N.; Korff, W. L.; Caldwell, R. L. Biomechanics: Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp. Nature. 2004, 428 (6985): 819–20. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..819P. PMID 15103366. doi:10.1038/428819a. 
  8. ^ Gould, Stephen J. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton. 1989: 347. ISBN 0-393-02705-8. 
  9. ^ McFarlane, D A; Lundberg, J; Fincham, A G. A late Quaternary paleoecological record from caves of southern Jamaica, West Indies (PDF). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies. August 2002, 64 (2): 117–125 [2022-04-21]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-12-09). 
  10. ^ Arredondo, Oscar. Sinopsis de las aves halladas en depósitos fosilíferos pleisto-holocénicos de Cuba. Reporte de Investigación del Instituto de Zoología. 1984, 17: 1–3 (西班牙语).