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智能合约：修订间差异

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'''智能合约'''（{{lang-en|Smart contract }}）是一种旨在以信息化方式传播、验证或执行[[合同]]的计算机协议。智能合约允许在没有第三方的情况下进行可信交易。这些交易可追踪且不可逆转。<ref>{{cite news|title=Smart Contracts, Explained|url=https://cointelegraph.com/explained/smart-contracts-explained|agency=Cointelegraph|date=2017-10-31}}</ref>智能合约概念于1994年由[[Nick Szabo]]首次提出。<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html|title=Nick Szabo -- Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets|website=www.fon.hum.uva.nl|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref>


'''智能合约'''（{{lang-en|Smart contract }}）是一種智能協議，在[[區塊鏈]]内制定合約時使用，當中內含了程式碼函式 (Function)，亦能與其他合約進行互動、做決策、儲存資料及傳送以太幣等功能。智能合約主力提供驗證及執行合約內所訂立的條件。<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Crypto Encyclopedia: Coins, Tokens and Digital Assets from A to Z|last=Schueffel|first=Patrick|publisher=Growth Publisher|year=2019|isbn=|location=Bern, 瑞士|pages=|url=https://www.heg-fr.ch/en/media-corner/news/hot-off-the-press-crypto-encyclopedia/|last2=Groeneweg|first2=Nikolaj|last3=Baldegger|first3=Rico|access-date=2020-02-18|archive-date=2020-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529082415/https://www.heg-fr.ch/en/media-corner/news/hot-off-the-press-crypto-encyclopedia/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>智能合約允許在没有第三方的情况下進行可信交易。這些交易可追踪且不可逆轉。<ref>{{cite news|title=Smart Contracts, Explained|url=https://cointelegraph.com/explained/smart-contracts-explained|agency=Cointelegraph|date=2017-10-31|accessdate=2018-01-21|archive-date=2018-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121073949/https://cointelegraph.com/explained/smart-contracts-explained|dead-url=no}}</ref>智能合约概念于1994年由一名身兼電腦科學家及密碼學專家的學者[[尼克·薩博]]首次提出。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fisc.com.tw/Upload/b0499306-1905-4531-888a-2bc4c1ddb391/TC/9005.pdf|title=智能合約的發展與應用|accessdate=2019-02-20|author=陳　恭|date=|publisher=|archive-date=2019-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122742/https://www.fisc.com.tw/Upload/b0499306-1905-4531-888a-2bc4c1ddb391/TC/9005.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html|title=Nick Szabo -- Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets|website=www.fon.hum.uva.nl|access-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427165653/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html|archive-date=2018-04-27|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
⚫
智能合同的目的是提供优于传统合同方法的安全，并减少与合同相关的其他[[交易成本]]。

⚫
智能-{zh-hans:合同; zh-hant:合約}-的目的是提供优于传统-{zh-hans:合同; zh-hant:合約}-方法的安全，并减少与-{zh-hans:合同; zh-hant:合約}-相关的其他[[交易成本]]。


==安全问题==
==安全问题==
智能合约是“执行合约条款的计算机交易协议”。<ref name="tapscott2016">{{cite book|title=The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World|last1=Tapscott|first1=Don|last2=Tapscott|first2=Alex|date=May 2016|isbn=978-0670069972|pages=72, 83, 101, 127|authorlink=Don Tapscott}}<!--|accessdate=2016-07-3 per copy of book in hand; do not have a URL link --></ref> 区块链上的所有用户都可以看到基于区块链的智能合约。但是，这会导致包括安全漏洞在内的所有漏洞都可见，并且可能无法迅速修复。<ref name=Peck20160528>{{cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/ethereums-150-million-dollar-dao-opens-for-business-just-as-researchers-call-for-a-moratorium|title=Ethereum’s $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt|first=M.|last=Peck|date=2016-05-28|work=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]}}</ref>
智能合约是“执行合约条款的计算机交易协议”。<ref name="tapscott2016">{{cite book|title=The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World|url=https://archive.org/details/blockchainrevolu0000taps|first1=Don|authorlink=Don Tapscott|last2=Tapscott|first2=Alex|date=May 2016|isbn=978-0670069972|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blockchainrevolu0000taps/page/72 72], 83, 101, 127|last1=Tapscott}}<!--|accessdate=2016-07-3 per copy of book in hand; do not have a URL link --></ref> 区块链上的所有用户都可以看到基于区块链的智能合约。但是，这会导致包括安全漏洞在内的所有漏洞都可见，并且可能无法迅速修复。<ref name=Peck20160528>{{cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/ethereums-150-million-dollar-dao-opens-for-business-just-as-researchers-call-for-a-moratorium|title=Ethereum’s $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt|first=M.|last=Peck|date=2016-05-28|work=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]|accessdate=2018-01-21|archive-date=2016-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530202345/http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/ethereums-150-million-dollar-dao-opens-for-business-just-as-researchers-call-for-a-moratorium|dead-url=no}}</ref>


这样的攻击难以迅速解决，例如，2016年6月[[w:The DAO|The DAO]]Ether的漏洞造成损失5000万美元，而开发者试图达成共识的解决方案。<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://iqdupont.com/assets/documents/DUPONT-2017-Preprint-Algorithmic-Governance.pdf|title=Experiments in Algorithmic Governance: A history and ethnography of “The DAO,” a failed Decentralized Autonomous Organization|last=DuPont|first=Quinn|date=2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2017-07-29|work=}}</ref> DAO的程序在黑客删除资金之前有一段时间的延迟。以太坊软件的一个硬分叉在时限到期之前完成了攻击者的资金回收工作。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/this-is-your-company-on-blockchain|title=This Is Your Company on Blockchain|last=Coy|first=Peter|date=2016-08-25|work=|last2=Kharif|first2=Olga|newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=2016-12-05|via=}}</ref>
这样的攻击难以迅速解决，例如，2016年6月{{tsl|en|The DAO|The DAO}}Ether的漏洞造成损失5000万美元，而开发者试图达成共识的解决方案。<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://iqdupont.com/assets/documents/DUPONT-2017-Preprint-Algorithmic-Governance.pdf|title=Experiments in Algorithmic Governance: A history and ethnography of “The DAO,” a failed Decentralized Autonomous Organization|last=DuPont|first=Quinn|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730133911/http://iqdupont.com/assets/documents/DUPONT%2D2017%2DPreprint%2DAlgorithmic%2DGovernance.pdf|archive-date=2017-07-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2017-07-29|work=}}</ref> DAO的程序在黑客删除资金之前有一段时间的延迟。以太坊软件的一个硬分叉在时限到期之前完成了攻击者的资金回收工作。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/this-is-your-company-on-blockchain|title=This Is Your Company on Blockchain|last=Coy|first=Peter|date=2016-08-25|work=|last2=Kharif|first2=Olga|newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=2016-12-05|via=|archive-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914101357/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/this-is-your-company-on-blockchain|dead-url=no}}</ref>


以太坊智能合约中的问题包括合约编程[[Solidity]]、编译器错误、以太坊虚拟机错误、对区块链网络的攻击、程序错误的不变性以及其他尚无文档记录的攻击。<ref name=":1" />
以太坊智能合约中的问题包括合约编程[[Solidity]]、编译器错误、以太坊虚拟机错误、对区块链网络的攻击、程序错误的不变性以及其他尚无文档记录的攻击。<ref name=":1" />

2018年4月22日， BeautyChain智能合約出現重大漏洞，黑客通過此漏洞無限生成代幣，導致 BitEclipse (BEC)的價值接近歸零。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Building a safer crypto token|url=https://medium.com/cybermiles/building-a-safer-crypto-token-27c96a7e78fd|work=CyberMiles|date=2018-04-25|accessdate=2019-02-11|first=Michael|last=Yuan|archive-date=2019-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125130913/https://medium.com/cybermiles/building-a-safer-crypto-token-27c96a7e78fd|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Crypto Exchanges Pause Services Over Contract Bugs|url=https://www.coindesk.com/crypto-exchanges-pause-services-over-contract-bugs|work=CoinDesk|date=2018-04-25|accessdate=2019-02-11|language=en-US|first=Nikhilesh|last=De|archive-date=2019-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183306/https://www.coindesk.com/crypto-exchanges-pause-services-over-contract-bugs|dead-url=no}}</ref> 同月25日，SmartMesh出現疑似重大安全漏洞，宣佈暫停所有SMT交易和轉賬直至另行通知，導致損失約1.4億美金。<ref>{{Cite web|title=SMT Security Update|url=https://smartmesh.io/2018/04/26/smt-security-update/|work=SmartMesh|date=2018-04-26|accessdate=2019-02-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183114/https://smartmesh.io/2018/04/26/smt-security-update/|dead-url=no}}</ref> 28日，[[EOS.IO|EOS]]被指可能存在BEC代幣合約類似的整數溢出漏洞，但沒消息詳細説明。5月24日， BAI交易存在大量異常問題， 損失金額未知。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abnormal BAI Trading Activities（2018-05-24 ）|url=http://support.kkcoin.com/hc/en-us/articles/360004203491-Abnormal-BAI-Trading-Activities-2018-05-24-|work=KKcoin|accessdate=2019-02-13|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183743/https://support.kkcoin.com/hc/en-us/articles/360004203491-Abnormal-BAI-Trading-Activities-2018-05-24-|dead-url=no}}</ref> 8月22日， GODGAME 合約被黑客入侵，GOD智能合約上的以太坊總數歸零。<ref>{{Cite web|title=游戏平台God.Game称遭黑客攻击，智能合约中以太坊总量归零|url=https://bcsec.org/index/detail/id/247/tag/0|work=bcsec.org|accessdate=2019-02-19|archive-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130153/https://bcsec.org/index/detail/id/247/tag/0|dead-url=no}}</ref>


==案例==
==案例==
部署智能合约的案例有：
部署智能合约的案例有：
* [[以太坊]]在其区块链上实施了一种近乎图灵完备的语言，这是一个突出的智能合约框架。<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=6th International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust (POST)|year=2017|last1=Atzei|last2=Bartoletti|last3=Cimoli|first1=Nicola|first2=Massimo|first3=Tiziana|contribution=A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts|contribution-url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1007.pdf|chapter-format=PDF|publisher=European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/vitalikbuterin/status/854271590804140033?lang=en|title=Vitalik Buterin on Tweeter (verified)|last=|first=|date=2017-04-18|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[以太坊]]在其区块链上运行了一种近乎[[圖靈完備性|图灵完备]]的语言，这是一个突出的智能合约框架。<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=6th International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust (POST)|year=2017|last1=Atzei|last2=Bartoletti|last3=Cimoli|first1=Nicola|first2=Massimo|first3=Tiziana|contribution=A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts|contribution-url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1007.pdf|chapter-format=PDF|publisher=European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software|accessdate=2018-01-21|archive-date=2017-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710185734/http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1007.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/vitalikbuterin/status/854271590804140033?lang=en|title=Vitalik Buterin on Tweeter (verified)|last=|first=|date=2017-04-18|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211104510/https://twitter.com/vitalikbuterin/status/854271590804140033?lang=en|archive-date=2017-12-11|dead-url=no|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[RootStock]] (RSK) 是一个智能合约平台，通过侧链技术连接到比特币区块链。 RSK兼容为以太坊创造的智能合约。<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/rsk/ | title=RSK – Rootstock Open-Source Smart Contract Bitcoin Technology?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://digrate.com/uploads/ico_report/RSK_ENG-5_1.pdf | title=Digrate Express rating report on Project Rootstock}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas Bocek |date= 2017-09-15 |title=Digital Marketplaces Unleashed |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-49275-8_19 |publisher=Springer-Verlag GmbH |page=169-184 |isbn=978-3-662-49274-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.grctc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/GRCTC-Smart-Contracts-White-Paper-2017.pdf | title=A Solution for the Problems of Translation and Transparency in Smart Contracts | author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://fc17.ifca.ai/wtsc/Trust%20in%20Smart%20Contracts%20is%20a%20Process,%20As%20Well.pdf | title=Trust in Smart Contracts is a Process, As Well}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/264f/c40b4224b2bb7c23e4f84a0e728945fea525.pdf | title=Scripting smart contracts for distributed ledger technology}}</ref>
* [[RootStock]] (RSK) 是一个智能合约平台，通过侧链技术连接到比特币区块链。 RSK兼容为以太坊创造的智能合约。<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/rsk/ | title=RSK – Rootstock Open-Source Smart Contract Bitcoin Technology? | accessdate=2018-01-21 | archive-date=2017-10-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220650/https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/rsk/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://digrate.com/uploads/ico_report/RSK_ENG-5_1.pdf | title=Digrate Express rating report on Project Rootstock | access-date=2018-01-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020032444/http://digrate.com/uploads/ico_report/RSK_ENG-5_1.pdf | archive-date=2017-10-20 | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas Bocek |date=2017-09-15 |title=Digital Marketplaces Unleashed |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-49275-8_19 |publisher=Springer-Verlag GmbH |page=169-184 |isbn=978-3-662-49274-1 |access-date=2018-01-21 |archive-date=2017-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033309/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-49275-8_19 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.grctc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/GRCTC-Smart-Contracts-White-Paper-2017.pdf | title=A Solution for the Problems of Translation and Transparency in Smart Contracts | author= | accessdate=2018-01-21 | archive-date=2017-10-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033023/http://www.grctc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/GRCTC-Smart-Contracts-White-Paper-2017.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://fc17.ifca.ai/wtsc/Trust%20in%20Smart%20Contracts%20is%20a%20Process,%20As%20Well.pdf | title=Trust in Smart Contracts is a Process, As Well | accessdate=2018-01-21 | archive-date=2018-04-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403184519/http://fc17.ifca.ai/wtsc/Trust%20in%20Smart%20Contracts%20is%20a%20Process,%20As%20Well.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/264f/c40b4224b2bb7c23e4f84a0e728945fea525.pdf | title=Scripting smart contracts for distributed ledger technology | accessdate=2018-01-21 | archive-date=2017-10-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020032900/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/264f/c40b4224b2bb7c23e4f84a0e728945fea525.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref>
*[https://eos.io/ EOS] {{Wayback|url=https://eos.io/ |date=20200229071809 }}的EOS.IO合约（也称为应用程序）作为预编译的[https://webassembly.org/ Web Assembly] {{Wayback|url=https://webassembly.org/ |date=20220709150901 }}（又名WASM）部署到区块链中。
*智能法律合约语言<ref>{{cite conference |author=He X, Qin B, Zhu Y, et al |title=Spesc: A specification language for smart contracts |conference=2018 IEEE 42nd Annual computer software and applications conference (COMPSAC). IEEE, 2018, 1: 132-137.}}</ref>于2018年出现，[https://www.cie.org.cn/ 中国电子学会] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cie.org.cn/ |date=20240126214527 }}于2020年12月正式确立相关技术标准<ref>{{cite book |author1=Chinese Institute of Electronics, Formal Expression of Blockchain Smart Contract, group standard |title=Formal Expression of Blockchain Smart Contract |edition=T/CIE 095-2020 |url=https://www.cie.org.cn/system/upload/file/20210205/1612516279949822.pdf }}{{Dead link}}</ref>。


==流行文化==
==流行文化==
[[w:Karl Schroeder|Karl Schroeder]]的2002年小说“[[w:Permanence（novel）| Permanence]]”提出了一种“权利经济”，其中所有的物理对象都有合同要求的纳米标记，这样就可以对专有信息的所有用途实施付款，例如，深空军事任务必须不断证明每艘船舶的效益比率否则将停止工作。
{{tsl|en|Karl Schroeder|卡爾·施羅德}}的2002年小说《{{tsl|en|Permanence (novel)|續航力 (小說)|續航力}}》提出了一种“权利经济”，其中所有的物理对象都有合同要求的纳米标记，这样就可以对专有信息的所有用途实施付款，例如，深空军事任务必须不断证明每艘船舶的效益比率否则将停止工作。

==参考资料==
⚫
{{Reflist|2}}


==参见==
==参见==
第28行： 第39行：
*[[安全多方计算]]
*[[安全多方计算]]
*[[共识机制]]
*[[共识机制]]
*[[去中心化金融]]


==参考资料==
==外部連結==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615044959/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_idea.html The Idea of Smart Contracts]
⚫
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009185738/http://www.venturacountystar.com/vcs/bravo/article/0,1375,VCS_1798_4769614,00.html «Late on payments?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009185738/http://www.venturacountystar.com/vcs/bravo/article/0,1375,VCS_1798_4769614,00.html Device won’t let car engine start.»]
* [https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/smart-contracts/ What is a smart contract?] {{Wayback|url=https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/smart-contracts/ |date=20240121015236 }}


{{比特币}}
{{比特币}}
{{密碼貨幣}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:區塊鏈]]
[[Category:區塊鏈]]
[[Category:计算机法律]]
[[Category:计算机法律]]
[[Category:合同法]]
[[Category:契約]]
[[Category:密碼貨幣]]
[[Category:密碼貨幣]]
[[Category:物聯網]]
[[Category:物聯網]]

2024年2月28日 (三) 03:11的最新版本

智能合约（英語：Smart contract）是一種智能協議，在區塊鏈内制定合約時使用，當中內含了程式碼函式 (Function)，亦能與其他合約進行互動、做決策、儲存資料及傳送以太幣等功能。智能合約主力提供驗證及執行合約內所訂立的條件。[1]智能合約允許在没有第三方的情况下進行可信交易。這些交易可追踪且不可逆轉。[2]智能合约概念于1994年由一名身兼電腦科學家及密碼學專家的學者尼克·薩博首次提出。[3][4]

智能合同的目的是提供优于传统合同方法的安全，并减少与合同相关的其他交易成本。

安全问题

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智能合约是“执行合约条款的计算机交易协议”。[5] 区块链上的所有用户都可以看到基于区块链的智能合约。但是，这会导致包括安全漏洞在内的所有漏洞都可见，并且可能无法迅速修复。[6]

这样的攻击难以迅速解决，例如，2016年6月The DAO（英语：The DAO）Ether的漏洞造成损失5000万美元，而开发者试图达成共识的解决方案。[7] DAO的程序在黑客删除资金之前有一段时间的延迟。以太坊软件的一个硬分叉在时限到期之前完成了攻击者的资金回收工作。[8]

以太坊智能合约中的问题包括合约编程Solidity、编译器错误、以太坊虚拟机错误、对区块链网络的攻击、程序错误的不变性以及其他尚无文档记录的攻击。[9]

2018年4月22日， BeautyChain智能合約出現重大漏洞，黑客通過此漏洞無限生成代幣，導致 BitEclipse (BEC)的價值接近歸零。[10][11] 同月25日，SmartMesh出現疑似重大安全漏洞，宣佈暫停所有SMT交易和轉賬直至另行通知，導致損失約1.4億美金。[12] 28日，EOS被指可能存在BEC代幣合約類似的整數溢出漏洞，但沒消息詳細説明。5月24日， BAI交易存在大量異常問題， 損失金額未知。 [13] 8月22日， GODGAME 合約被黑客入侵，GOD智能合約上的以太坊總數歸零。[14]

案例

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部署智能合约的案例有：

流行文化

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卡爾·施羅德（英语：Karl Schroeder）的2002年小说《續航力（英语：Permanence (novel)）》提出了一种“权利经济”，其中所有的物理对象都有合同要求的纳米标记，这样就可以对专有信息的所有用途实施付款，例如，深空军事任务必须不断证明每艘船舶的效益比率否则将停止工作。

参考资料

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  1. ^ Schueffel, Patrick; Groeneweg, Nikolaj; Baldegger, Rico. The Crypto Encyclopedia: Coins, Tokens and Digital Assets from A to Z. Bern, 瑞士: Growth Publisher. 2019 [2020-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-29）. 
  2. ^ Smart Contracts, Explained. Cointelegraph. 2017-10-31 [2018-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-21）. 
  3. ^ 陳　恭. 智能合約的發展與應用 (PDF). [2019-02-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-02-20）. 
  4. ^ Nick Szabo -- Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets. www.fon.hum.uva.nl. [2017-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-27）. 
  5. ^ Tapscott, Don; Tapscott, Alex. The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. May 2016: 72, 83, 101, 127. ISBN 978-0670069972. 
  6. ^ Peck, M. Ethereum’s $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt. IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2016-05-28 [2018-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-30）. 
  7. ^ DuPont, Quinn. Experiments in Algorithmic Governance: A history and ethnography of “The DAO,” a failed Decentralized Autonomous Organization (PDF). 2017 [2017-07-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-07-30）. 
  8. ^ Coy, Peter; Kharif, Olga. This Is Your Company on Blockchain. Bloomberg Businessweek. 2016-08-25 [2016-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-14）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Atzei, Nicola; Bartoletti, Massimo; Cimoli, Tiziana, A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts (PDF), 6th International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust (POST), European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, 2017 [2018-01-21], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-10） 
  10. ^ Yuan, Michael. Building a safer crypto token. CyberMiles. 2018-04-25 [2019-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-25）. 
  11. ^ De, Nikhilesh. Crypto Exchanges Pause Services Over Contract Bugs. CoinDesk. 2018-04-25 [2019-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-25） （美国英语）. 
  12. ^ SMT Security Update. SmartMesh. 2018-04-26 [2019-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-25） （美国英语）. 
  13. ^ Abnormal BAI Trading Activities（2018-05-24 ）. KKcoin. [2019-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-13） （美国英语）. 
  14. ^ 游戏平台God.Game称遭黑客攻击，智能合约中以太坊总量归零. bcsec.org. [2019-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-19）. 
  15. ^ Vitalik Buterin on Tweeter (verified). 2017-04-18. （原始内容存档于2017-12-11）. 
  16. ^ RSK – Rootstock Open-Source Smart Contract Bitcoin Technology?. [2018-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-19）. 
  17. ^ Digrate Express rating report on Project Rootstock (PDF). [2018-01-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-20）. 
  18. ^ Thomas Bocek. Digital Marketplaces Unleashed. Springer-Verlag GmbH. 2017-09-15: 169-184 [2018-01-21]. ISBN 978-3-662-49274-1. （原始内容存档于2017-10-20）. 
  19. ^ A Solution for the Problems of Translation and Transparency in Smart Contracts (PDF). [2018-01-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-20）. 
  20. ^ Trust in Smart Contracts is a Process, As Well (PDF). [2018-01-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-03）. 
  21. ^ Scripting smart contracts for distributed ledger technology (PDF). [2018-01-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-20）. 
  22. ^ He X, Qin B, Zhu Y; et al. Spesc: A specification language for smart contracts. 2018 IEEE 42nd Annual computer software and applications conference (COMPSAC). IEEE, 2018, 1: 132-137. 
  23. ^ Chinese Institute of Electronics, Formal Expression of Blockchain Smart Contract, group standard. Formal Expression of Blockchain Smart Contract (PDF) T/CIE 095-2020. [失效連結]

参见

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外部連結

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=智能合约&oldid=81705367”