球探 (足球)：修订间差异
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一名[[英式足球|足球]]'''球探'''常會作為代表球會出席足球賽事以收集情報。基本上，它們可以分為兩類球探：'''專才'''球探及'''戰術'''球探。 |
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|1=zh-hans:合同; zh-hant:合約; |
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一名[[英式足球|足球]]'''球探'''常會作為代表球會出席足球賽事以收集情報。大致可以分為兩類球探：專才球探及戰術球探。 |
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==分类== |
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'''球員球探''' 或'''專才球探''' 會評價球員的天份，以期能為其僱主跟他們簽下職業合同。一些球探集中於發掘有前途的年輕球員和明日之星， 其他的受僱去探察潛在引援。 而小型球會可能只會觀探他們本國甚至該地區, 大型而富有球會才可以擁有廣博的國際球探網絡。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/article2796602.ece|title=Alex Ferguson happy his investment in youth is paying off|last=Kay|first=Oliver|date=2007-11-03|publisher=The Times|accessdate=2008-12-13 | location=London}}</ref> |
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'''球員球探''' 或'''專才球探''' 會評價球員的天份，以期能為其僱主跟他們簽下職業合同。一些球探集中於發掘有前途的年輕球員和明日之星， 其他的受僱去探察潛在引援。 而小型球會可能只會觀探他們本國甚至該地區, 大型而富有球會才可以擁有廣博的國際球探網絡。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/article2796602.ece|title=Alex Ferguson happy his investment in youth is paying off|last=Kay|first=Oliver|date=2007-11-03|publisher=The Times|accessdate=2008-12-13|location=London|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051002/https://login.thetimes.co.uk/?gotoUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Fpremierleague%2F}}</ref> |
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'''戰術球探''' 負責評估即將進行對賽的球會，並為它們球隊戰術上的預備工作準備材料。這類球探會評估球隊和每一位球員(而不是在這些比賽中確認人才)，以確定在對手身上戰術性威脅和弱點。戰術球探是典型的球會全職員工，正如他們的知識及和調查結果皆會被認為是對球會的鐀寶。 |
'''戰術球探''' 負責評估即將進行對賽的球會，並為它們球隊戰術上的預備工作準備材料。這類球探會評估球隊和每一位球員(而不是在這些比賽中確認人才)，以確定在對手身上戰術性威脅和弱點。戰術球探是典型的球會全職員工，正如他們的知識及和調查結果皆會被認為是對球會的鐀寶。 |
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但是， 即使身處大型職業球會也相對罕有球探能獲全職受僱。大致上，他們的人數往往由球探的才幹而定，<ref name="scouting_mission">{{cite news |
但是， 即使身處大型職業球會也相對罕有球探能獲全職受僱。大致上，他們的人數往往由球探的才幹而定，<ref name="scouting_mission">{{cite news |
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|last = Holt |
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|first = Sarah |
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|title = Scouting mission |
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4988100.stm |
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|accessdate = 2008-12-12 |
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| accessdate = 2008-12-12 | work=BBC News | date=2006-07-25}} BBC Sport interview with former Chelsea scout Gwyn Williams</ref> 絕大多數也是兼職工作，而這類球探一家球會往往可以聘請數百名 - 舉個例說，有報導指西班牙[[西班牙甲組足球聯賽|甲組聯賽]]球隊[[西維爾]]便擁有一個約700名球探的環球性專才網絡。<ref>{{cite news |
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|work = BBC News |
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| last = Lawrence |
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|date = 2006-07-25 |
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| first = Amy |
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|archive-date = 2020-06-28 |
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| title = Ramos was the wrong man from Sevilla |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200628105748/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4988100.stm |
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| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2008/oct/25/premier-league-tottenham-hotspur |
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|dead-url = no |
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| accessdate = 2008-12-12 |
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}} BBC Sport interview with former Chelsea scout Gwyn Williams</ref> 絕大多數也是兼職工作，而這類球探一家球會往往可以聘請數百名 - 舉個例說，有報導指西班牙[[西班牙甲組足球聯賽|甲組聯賽]]球隊[[西維爾]]便擁有一個約700名球探的環球性專才網絡。<ref>{{cite news |
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| work=The Guardian |
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|last = Lawrence |
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| location=London |
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|first = Amy |
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| date=2008-10-25}} Passing mention of the scouting team from Juande Ramos' old club Sevilla FC</ref> |
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|title = Ramos was the wrong man from Sevilla |
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|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2008/oct/25/premier-league-tottenham-hotspur |
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|accessdate = 2008-12-12 |
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|work = The Guardian |
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|location = London |
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|date = 2008-10-25 |
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|archive-date = 2012-11-14 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114092321/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2008/oct/25/premier-league-tottenham-hotspur |
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|dead-url = no |
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}} Passing mention of the scouting team from Juande Ramos' old club Sevilla FC</ref> |
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並不是所有球探也真的所僱於球會旗下。舉例來說，電腦遊戲[[足球經理人]]的製造商便擁有他們的國際球探網絡，而[[英格蘭超級足球聯賽|英超]]方面他們於2008年與球會[[愛華頓]]他們便簽署了一份獨家協議，為其提供早一步使用[[數據庫]]的統計數據和評級。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/2008/11/14/everton-sign-deal-to-scout-for-world-s-best-players-in-football-manager-video-game-86908-20893667/|title=Everton sign deal to scout for world's best players in Football Manager video game|date=2008-11-14|publisher=The Daily Record|accessdate=2008-12-13}}</ref> |
並不是所有球探也真的所僱於球會旗下。舉例來說，電腦遊戲[[足球經理人]]的製造商便擁有他們的國際球探網絡，而[[英格蘭超級足球聯賽|英超]]方面他們於2008年與球會[[愛華頓]]他們便簽署了一份獨家協議，為其提供早一步使用[[數據庫]]的統計數據和評級。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/2008/11/14/everton-sign-deal-to-scout-for-world-s-best-players-in-football-manager-video-game-86908-20893667/|title=Everton sign deal to scout for world's best players in Football Manager video game|date=2008-11-14|publisher=The Daily Record|accessdate=2008-12-13|archive-date=2012-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629015837/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/2008/11/14/everton-sign-deal-to-scout-for-world-s-best-players-in-football-manager-video-game-86908-20893667/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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== 物色球員 == |
== 物色球員 == |
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* '''[[守門員 (足球)|守門員]]''': 良好反應、與後防的交流、一對一能力、對禁區的指揮及高空判斷力.<ref>{{cite news |
* '''[[守門員 (足球)|守門員]]''': 良好反應、與後防的交流、一對一能力、對禁區的指揮及高空判斷力.<ref>{{cite news |
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|last = Claridge |
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|first = Steve |
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|title = Scouting report: Colin Doyle, Birmingham City |
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|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/may/08/newsstory.sport |
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|accessdate = 2008-12-13 |
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|work = The Guardian |
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|location = London |
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|date = 2007-05-08 |
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| date=2007-05-08}} Scouting report on the [[Birmingham City]] goalkeeper evaluates based on these attributes.</ref> |
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|archive-date = 2012-11-14 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114092545/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/may/08/newsstory.sport |
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|dead-url = no |
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}} Scouting report on the [[Birmingham City]] goalkeeper evaluates based on these attributes.</ref> |
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* '''[[後衞 (足球)#中堅|中堅]]''': 良好的防空力和鏟截能力、高度、試圖阻攔的膽量、集中力.<ref>{{cite news |
* '''[[後衞 (足球)#中堅|中堅]]''': 良好的防空力和鏟截能力、高度、試圖阻攔的膽量、集中力.<ref>{{cite news |
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|last = Claridge |
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|first = Steve |
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|title = Scouting report: Mark Beevers, Sheffield Wednesday |
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|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/apr/22/championship.sheffieldwednesday |
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|accessdate = 2008-12-13 |
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|work = The Guardian |
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|location = London |
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|date = 2008-04-22 |
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| date=2008-04-22}} Scouting report on the [[Sheffield Wednesday]] centre back evaluates based on these attributes.</ref> |
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|archive-date = 2012-11-14 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114092604/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/apr/22/championship.sheffieldwednesday |
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|dead-url = no |
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}} Scouting report on the [[Sheffield Wednesday]] centre back evaluates based on these attributes.</ref> |
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* '''[[後衞 (足球)##邊後衞|邊衞]]''': 速度、體能、先發制人、鏟截和盯人能力、[[走動率]]及團隊可靠性.<ref>{{cite news |
* '''[[後衞 (足球)##邊後衞|邊衞]]''': 速度、體能、先發制人、鏟截和盯人能力、[[走動率]]及團隊可靠性.<ref>{{cite news |
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|last = Claridge |
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|first = Steve |
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|title = Scouting report: Kyle Naughton, Sheffield United |
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|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2008/oct/28/championship-sheffieldunited |
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|accessdate = 2008-12-13 |
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|work = The Guardian |
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|location = London |
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|date = 2008-10-28 |
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| date=2008-10-28}} Scouting report on the [[Sheffield United]] full back based on these attributes.</ref> |
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|archive-date = 2012-11-14 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114092620/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2008/oct/28/championship-sheffieldunited |
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|dead-url = no |
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}} Scouting report on the [[Sheffield United]] full back based on these attributes.</ref> |
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* '''[[中場 (足球)#正中場|正中場]]''': 體能、傳球能力、團隊可靠性、位置感、盯人能力.<ref>{{cite news |
* '''[[中場 (足球)#正中場|正中場]]''': 體能、傳球能力、團隊可靠性、位置感、盯人能力.<ref>{{cite news |
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|last = Claridge |
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|first = Steve |
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|title = Scouting report: Ben Watson, Crystal Palace |
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|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2008/oct/07/crystalpalace.championship |
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|accessdate = 2008-12-13 |
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|work = The Guardian |
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|location = London |
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|date = 2008-10-07 |
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| date=2008-10-07}} Scouting report on the [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] central midfielder based on these attributes.</ref> |
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|archive-date = 2012-11-14 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114092636/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2008/oct/07/crystalpalace.championship |
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|dead-url = no |
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}} Scouting report on the [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] central midfielder based on these attributes.</ref> |
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* '''[[中場 (足球)#翼鋒|邊翼]]''': 速度、個人技巧如盤扭性和貼身控球、不持球走位、創造力.<ref>{{cite news |
* '''[[中場 (足球)#翼鋒|邊翼]]''': 速度、個人技巧如盤扭性和貼身控球、不持球走位、創造力.<ref>{{cite news |
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|last = Claridge |
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|first = Steve |
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|title = Michael Kightly, Wolverhampton Wanderers |
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|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/30/wolverhamptonwanderersfootball.championship |
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|accessdate = 2008-12-13 |
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|work = The Guardian |
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|location = London |
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|date = 2007-10-30 |
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| date=2007-10-30}} Scouting report on the [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] winger based on these attributes.</ref> |
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|archive-date = 2012-11-14 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114092747/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/30/wolverhamptonwanderersfootball.championship |
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|dead-url = no |
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}} Scouting report on the [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] winger based on these attributes.</ref> |
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* '''[[前鋒 (足球)|前鋒]]''': 入球能力、冷靜性、個人技巧、制空能力、速度、不持球走位.<ref>{{cite news |
* '''[[前鋒 (足球)|前鋒]]''': 入球能力、冷靜性、個人技巧、制空能力、速度、不持球走位.<ref>{{cite news |
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|last = Claridge |
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|first = Steve |
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|title = Sam Vokes, Wolves |
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|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/30/wolverhamptonwanderersfootball.championship |
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|accessdate = 2008-12-13 |
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|work = The Guardian |
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|location = London |
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|date = 2007-10-30 |
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| date=2007-10-30}} Scouting report on the [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] forward based on these attributes.</ref> |
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|archive-date = 2012-11-14 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114092747/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/oct/30/wolverhamptonwanderersfootball.championship |
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Once a player has been recommended to a club, the club may continue to '''monitor''' his progress over a period from as little as a few months to as many as a few seasons. Scouts continue to evaluate whether a player has turned in consistent performances, if he has retained his appetite for team responsibilities, and so on. |
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|dead-url = no |
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}}</ref> |
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When the club is satisfied that a player fits the requirements of the club, the club may extend the invitation to the player to '''attend a trial''' at the club, where scouts and [[Coach (sport)|coaching]] staff evaluate the player's suitability for the club in terms of his personality and training attitude. Clubs also tend to perform background checks on the player. A trial at the club allows the club to evaluate the standard of the player against players already on its roster. However, in the top leagues, players are typically not allowed to leave training to undertake trials unless they are already out of contract and need to prove their fitness and ability to any clubs interested. Smaller clubs in need of the cash for transfers may also be more amenable to allowing their players to leave on trials. |
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Once the player has passed these evaluations, the club then starts negotiations with a view to a '''[[Transfer (football)|transfer]]''', either a permanent transfer, a [[loan (football)|loan]], or co-ownership (as is common in the Italian leagues). |
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== 戰術性評估 == |
== 戰術性評估 == |
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Tactical scouts watch the games of a club's upcoming opponents to assess their overall ability, as well as their specific threats and weaknesses. Almost every major club side in the world, including [[車路士]],<ref name="Mourinho">{{cite news |
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| title = Mourinho the man for all reasons |
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| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/dec/09/newsstory.sport3 |
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| accessdate = 2008-12-12 |
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| work=The Guardian |
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| location=London |
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| first=Duncan |
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| last=Castles |
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| date=2007-12-09}} Details José Mourinho's coaching and tactical assessment methods while at Chelsea.</ref> is known to employ the extensive services of tactical scouts. From these assessments, tactical scouts compile dossiers with recommendations to club coaches and players on their actions on-field. |
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In major clubs, it is typical for scouts to assemble specific reports and DVDs on specific opponent players. These DVDs and reports are watched, read and reviewed by players a few days before the game. Nearer towards the game, it is typical for coaches to convene meetings to summarise the findings of these reports and the approach recommended to the players.<ref name="Mourinho" /> |
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More specifically, tactical scouts: |
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* Offer '''advice on the team's general approach''', for example, if the opposition team should be attacked with sustained pressure or to invite them onto the attack and strike on the counter. The scout also assesses the team's general passing pattern and playing tempo. |
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* Identify the '''opposition's key threats and ways which they can be dealt with'''. For instance, a right winger who is very weak with his left foot may be marked in such a manner as to force him infield towards his weaker side.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Lehmann’s Argentina Penalty Notes up for Auction |
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| url=http://www.worldcupblog.org/world-cup-2006/lehmanns-argentina-penalty-notes-up-for-auction.html |
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| accessdate = 2008-12-12 }} Details Germany goalkeeper Jens Lehmann's notes on Argentina's spot kick takers. In the event Lehmann saved two penalties to win the shootout.</ref> |
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* '''Highlight the opposition's key weaknesses''', particularly weaknesses in strength, pace, stamina and concentration that can be exploited by the team's strengths.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = How To Scout An Upcoming Opponent |
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| url=http://theupperninety.com/2008/03/21/soccer-coaching-how-to-scout-an-upcoming-opponent/ |
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| accessdate = 2008-12-12 }} Football coach "Matt" explains the general principles of tactical scouting.</ref> |
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* '''Wingers''' are assessed according to which parts of the field they cut in towards goal or cut out to stay wide, and their preferred moves. |
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* '''[[Penalty kick]] takers''' are assessed according to which sides and corners they prefer aiming their kicks at. Famously, a scribbled scouting report on penalty kick takers aided [[Jens Lehmann]]'s Germany to a victory over Argentina in a penalty shootout during the [[World Cup 2006]] quarter-final.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = EXCLUSIVE: THIS IS WHY MOURINHO IS KNOWN AS SPECIAL ONE |
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| url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/tm_objectid=16433407&method=full&siteid=94762&headline=exclusive--this-is-why-mourinho-is-known-as-special-one-name_page.html |
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| accessdate = 2008-12-12 }} This ''Mirror'' article reports on a leaked tactical scouting report by José Mourinho's Chelsea on [[Newcastle United]].</ref> |
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* Identify the opposition team's favoured attack '''set piece''' movements, as well as their deficiencies when defending set pieces. |
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== 觀評的重要性 == |
== 觀評的重要性 == |
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With the modernisation and globalisation of football and the football club economy, scouting has grown in stature and importance. Competition to search for young talents is extremely keen. Although it is difficult to quantify the prevalence of scouting in modern football, circumstantial evidence of its magnitude is readily available. The former [[Chelsea FC]] chief scout [[Gwyn Williams]] is reported to have used a database containing up to 77,000 players while working there.<ref name="scouting_mission" /> It has also been reported that home games of the French second division club [[Tours FC]] are attended by an average of 15 to 20 scouts per game.<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Hytner |
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| first = David |
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| title = Wenger had won round Ronaldo's mother before United stepped in |
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| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/dec/06/cristiano-ronaldo-arsenal-manchester-united-premier-league |
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| accessdate = 2008-12-12 |
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| work=The Guardian |
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| location=London |
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| date=2008-12-06}} Interview with Arsene Wenger over the scouting of young players</ref> |
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The importance of scouting offers football clubs with several distinct advantages: |
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* '''Global reach'''. Scouting allows clubs to cast the largest possible net to find players from all around the world. |
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* '''Cheap players'''. Players from lower leagues can be available at cheaper transfer prices, and command smaller wages. In particular, a talented cheap player can help a football club to progress in a league, knockout cup competition, or into continental cup competition, potentially even ahead of other clubs with superior financial clout. |
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* '''Specialist tactical advice'''. Scouting opposition matches allows clubs to build up a knowledge base about opponents that club coaches would otherwise not have the time and resources to research on their own.<ref name="Mourinho" /> |
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== 參考文獻 == |
== 參考文獻 == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:足球術語]] |
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[[en:Scout (association football)]] |
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[[Category:體育術語]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:体育職業]] |
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2024年3月8日 (五) 19:33的最新版本
一名足球球探常會作為代表球會出席足球賽事以收集情報。大致可以分為兩類球探：專才球探及戰術球探。
分类
[编辑]球員球探 或專才球探 會評價球員的天份，以期能為其僱主跟他們簽下職業合同。一些球探集中於發掘有前途的年輕球員和明日之星， 其他的受僱去探察潛在引援。 而小型球會可能只會觀探他們本國甚至該地區, 大型而富有球會才可以擁有廣博的國際球探網絡。[1]
戰術球探 負責評估即將進行對賽的球會，並為它們球隊戰術上的預備工作準備材料。這類球探會評估球隊和每一位球員(而不是在這些比賽中確認人才)，以確定在對手身上戰術性威脅和弱點。戰術球探是典型的球會全職員工，正如他們的知識及和調查結果皆會被認為是對球會的鐀寶。
但是， 即使身處大型職業球會也相對罕有球探能獲全職受僱。大致上，他們的人數往往由球探的才幹而定，[2] 絕大多數也是兼職工作，而這類球探一家球會往往可以聘請數百名 - 舉個例說，有報導指西班牙甲組聯賽球隊西維爾便擁有一個約700名球探的環球性專才網絡。[3]
並不是所有球探也真的所僱於球會旗下。舉例來說，電腦遊戲足球經理人的製造商便擁有他們的國際球探網絡，而英超方面他們於2008年與球會愛華頓他們便簽署了一份獨家協議，為其提供早一步使用數據庫的統計數據和評級。[4]
物色球員
[编辑]一個專才球探通常盡可能出席更多的足球比賽以求第一手評鑑對象。球探總希望從出席低級組別聯賽中找出有前途的年輕球員，這他們的天賦可跟年長的同儕作對比，或少年、青年和U-21國際錦標賽。球探也可能從經理人、同行或球會同事中獲知內幕消息。[2]
鑑定球員
[编辑]就初步評估而言，專才球探會先判斷球員是否具備足球所需的技術特質在事業上取得成功。然後再為這批球員向不同球會的管理部門進行亮點。以下包括了一些球探會考察球員的所需特質:
戰術性評估
[编辑]觀評的重要性
[编辑]參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Kay, Oliver. Alex Ferguson happy his investment in youth is paying off. London: The Times. 2007-11-03 [2008-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Holt, Sarah. Scouting mission. BBC News. 2006-07-25 [2008-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）. BBC Sport interview with former Chelsea scout Gwyn Williams
- ^ Lawrence, Amy. Ramos was the wrong man from Sevilla. The Guardian (London). 2008-10-25 [2008-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）. Passing mention of the scouting team from Juande Ramos' old club Sevilla FC
- ^ Everton sign deal to scout for world's best players in Football Manager video game. The Daily Record. 2008-11-14 [2008-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-29）.
- ^ Claridge, Steve. Scouting report: Colin Doyle, Birmingham City. The Guardian (London). 2007-05-08 [2008-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）. Scouting report on the Birmingham City goalkeeper evaluates based on these attributes.
- ^ Claridge, Steve. Scouting report: Mark Beevers, Sheffield Wednesday. The Guardian (London). 2008-04-22 [2008-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）. Scouting report on the Sheffield Wednesday centre back evaluates based on these attributes.
- ^ Claridge, Steve. Scouting report: Kyle Naughton, Sheffield United. The Guardian (London). 2008-10-28 [2008-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）. Scouting report on the Sheffield United full back based on these attributes.
- ^ Claridge, Steve. Scouting report: Ben Watson, Crystal Palace. The Guardian (London). 2008-10-07 [2008-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）. Scouting report on the Crystal Palace central midfielder based on these attributes.
- ^ Claridge, Steve. Michael Kightly, Wolverhampton Wanderers. The Guardian (London). 2007-10-30 [2008-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）. Scouting report on the Wolverhampton Wanderers winger based on these attributes.
- ^ Claridge, Steve. Sam Vokes, Wolves. The Guardian (London). 2007-10-30 [2008-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）.