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科巴：修订间差异

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{{NoteTA
{{coord|20|29|30.58|N|87|43|59.88|W|display=title}}
|zh-hans:公元; zh-tw:西元; zh-hk:公元;|zh-hans:尤卡坦; zh-hk:尤卡坦; zh-tw:猶加敦;|zh-hans:玛雅; zh-hk:瑪雅; zh-tw:馬雅; zh-sg:马雅;
[[File:Mayamap.png|right|thumb|科巴的地理位置]]
}}
{{unreferenced|time=2012-2-24}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = 科巴<br>{{small|Cobá}}
| alternate_name =
| image = Coba1.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = 科巴建筑群
| map =
| map_type = Mesoamerica
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_size = 250px
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|20|29|41|N|87|44|10|W|display=inline}}
| map_dot_label =
| location = {{MEX}}[[金塔納羅奧州]]
| region = [[尤卡坦半岛]]
| built =
| abandoned =
| epochs =
| cultures = [[玛雅文明]]
| event =
| excavations =
| archaeologists =

| condition = 遗迹
| architectural_styles =
| architectural_details =

| notes =

| designation1 =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_number =
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[[File:Cobá, Nohoch Mul Pyramide.jpg|right|thumb|科巴大金字塔]]
[[File:Cobá, Nohoch Mul Pyramide.jpg|right|thumb|科巴大金字塔]]


'''科巴'''(Cobá)是[[墨西哥]][[尤卡坦半岛]]上的一个[[玛雅文明]]的城市遗址，位于[[加勒比海]]岸以西40公里，[[图卢姆]](Tulum)西北44公里，[[奇琴伊察]]以东90公里
'''科巴'''（{{lang-es|Cobá}}）是[[墨西哥]][[尤卡坦半岛]]上的一个[[玛雅文明]]的城市遗址，位于[[加勒比海]]岸以西40公里，[[图卢姆]]西北44公里，[[奇琴伊察]]以东90公里。

科巴位于热带雨林深处，由五个[[潟湖]]环绕，中心地区与周边散落的建筑由放射状的道路连通，这些道路最远甚至延伸至加勒比海长达100公里以上。遗址内的重要建筑有高达42米的“大金字塔”Nohoch Mul，这是玛雅文明中最高的建筑，科巴的鼎盛期据推测约有五万住民或者甚至更多。这一地区的建筑覆盖了约80平方千米。到1世紀为止一直被大规模的農業人口所控制。根据7世纪的玛雅文字记录来看，科巴的主要建筑多建于公元500〜900年间古典的時期中后期，但是科巴在此后一直有新的建筑被建起，而古老的建筑也一直被修复，这样的状态一直维持到14世纪西班牙人到来之前。

== 图册 ==
<gallery mode="packed-overlay">
File:Trees puram.jpg|路旁的树
File:Tonnel in peru.jpg|石洞
File:A road peru.jpg|石头路
File:Lake peru.jpg|秘鲁湖
File:Climbing pyram.jpg|攀登金字塔
File:Coba Ballcourt-27527.jpg|科巴2个[[中美洲蹴球|蹴球场]]中的其中一个
File:Coba Nohoch Mul-27527.jpg|Ixmoja金字塔
File:Coba Noloch Mull Pano-27527.jpg|从金字塔上方向下望的情景
</gallery>

==参考文献==
{{Reflist}}


==延伸阅读==
科巴位于热带雨林深处，由五个[[潟湖]]环绕，中心地区与周边散落的建筑由放射状的道路连通，这些道路最远甚至延伸至加勒比海长达100公里以上。遗址内的重要建筑有高达42米的“大金字塔”Nohoch Mul，这是玛雅文明中最高的建筑，科巴的鼎盛期据推测约有五万住民或者甚至更多。这一地区的建筑覆盖了约80平方km。到1世紀为止一直被大规模的農業人口所控制。根据7世纪的玛雅文字记录来看，科巴的主要建筑多建于公元500〜900年间古典的時期中后期，但是科巴在此后一直有新的建筑被建起，而古老的建筑也一直被修复，这样的状态一直维持到14世纪西班牙人到来之前。
* Andrews, E. Wyllys, IV. 1938. "Some New Material from Cobá", Quintana Roo, Mexico." Ethnos, vol. 3, nos. 1,2, pp. 33-46. Stockholm.
* Barrera Rubio, Alfredo. 1976. "EI Parque Natural y Arqueológico de Coba, Quintana Roo." Boletin, Epoca 2, no. 19, pp.&nbsp;9–14.
* Benavides Castillo, Antonio. 1981. "Los Caminos de Cobá y sus implicaciones sociales." Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico
* Benavides Castillo, Antonio; Robles, Fernando. 1975 "Cobá: Sus sacbeob y Dzib Mul." Boletin, Epoca 2 no. 15, pp.&nbsp;55–58.
* Bennet, Robert R. 1931 "Cobá by Land and Air" Art and Archaeology, vol. 31, pp.&nbsp;194–205.
* Brainerd, G. W. 1958. The Archaeological Ceramics of Yucatán. Anthropological Records, vol. 19. University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
* Coe, Michael D., and Jay I. Kislak Reference Collection (Library of Congress). 1966. ''The Maya.'' Ancient peoples and places, v. 52; Ancient peoples and places (Praeger), v. 52. New York: Praeger
* Coe, William; Coe Michael D. 1949. "Some New Discoveries at Cobá." Carnegie Institution of Washington, Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 4, no. 93. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
* Cortes De Brasdefer, Fernando G. 1981. "Hallazgos recientes en Coba, Quintana Roo." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Aniropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 9, no. 50, pp.&nbsp;52–59.
* Fettweiss-Vienot, Martine. 1980 "Las Pinturas Murales de Cobá: Periodo Postclásico." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 7, no. 40, pp.&nbsp;2–50. 1988 Coba et Xelha: Peintiures murales Mayas. Memoires de l’Institut d’Ethnologie, vol. 27. Musée de l’Homrne, Paris.
* Fletcher, Loraine. "Linear Features in Zone One: Description and Classification." In ''Coba: A Classic Maya Metropolis'', 89-101. Academic Press, 1983.
* Folan, William J.; Fletcher, Lorrain; Kintz, Ellen B. 1983. Coba: A Classic Maya Metropolis. Academic Press, New York.
* Folan, William J; Stuart, George. 1977. "El Proyecto Cartográfico Arqueológico de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Informes Interinos 1, 2, 3." Boletin de la Escuela Antropológica de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 4, no. 22, 23, pp.&nbsp;14–81.
* Gann, Tomas W. F. 1926. Ancient Cities and Modern Tribes. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
* Garduño Argueta, Jaime. 1979. "Introducción al patrón de asentamiento del Sitio de Cobá, Quintana Roo." Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico.
* Lundell, Cyrus. 1938. "1938 Botanical Expedition to Yucatan and Quintana Roo, Mexico," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 37, pp.&nbsp;143–147. Washington, D.C.
* Maas Colli, Hilaria. 1977. "Informe sobre el trabajo de campo realizado en Cobá, Quintana Roo: La organización social y la vida cotidiana de dicho población." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, año 4, nos. 22, 23, pp.&nbsp;2-l3.
* Maler, Teobert. 1932. Impressiones de viaje a las ruinas de Coba y Chichen Itza. Editorial Jose Rosado, Marida. 1944. "Coba y Chichen: Relación de Teobert Maler," (G. Kutscher, ed.) Estudios y Ensayos, años 6, nos. 1,2. Bonn/Berlin.
* Millet Camara, Luis. 1988 . "Una expedición olvidada a Cobá, Quintana Roo." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 15, no. 90, pp.&nbsp;3–8.
* Morley, Sylvanus Griswold. 1926. "Archaeology," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 25, pp.&nbsp;259–286. Washington, D.C.
* Navarrete, Carlos, Maria Joe Con, and Alejandro Martinez Muriel. 1979. Observaciones arqueológicas en Cobá, Quintana Roo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F.
* Peniche Rivero, Piedad and William J. Folan 1978 "Coba, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Reporte sobre una Metrópoli Maya del Noreste." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, año 5, no. 30, pp.&nbsp;48–78.
* Pollock, Harry E. D. 1929. "Report of Mr. Harry E. D. Pollock on the Coba Expedition," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 28, pp.&nbsp;328, 329. Washington, D.C. 1930. Field notebook "Coba no. 1." Peabody Museum Archives, Harvard University.
* Robles Castellanos, Jose Fernando. 1980. La secuencia cerámica de la región de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Colección Cientifica, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico, D.F.
* Stephens, John Lloyd. 1843. Incidents of Travel In Yucatán. 2 vols. Harper and Bros., New York.
* Thompson, J. Eric S., Harry E. D. Pollock, and Jean Charlot. 1932. A Preliminary Study of the Ruins of Cobá, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 424. Washington, D.C.
* Villa Rohas, Alfonso. 1934. "The Yaxuna-Coba Causeway." Carnegie institution of Washington, Contributions to American Anthropology and History, Publication 436, vol. 2, no. 9. Washington, D.C.
* Whitmore, Thomas J., Mark Brenner, et al. 1996. "Holocene Climatic and Human Influences on Lakes of the Yucatan Peninsula: An Interdisciplinary Paleolimnological Approach." The Holocene, vol. 6, no. 3, pp.&nbsp;273–287.


==外部連結==
[[Category:玛雅文明]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714055045/http://www.maya-history.com/maya-sites-in-mexico/coba.html Coba maya archaeological site, history and pictures]
* [http://www.smm.org/sln/ma/coba.html Photo Gallery at the Science Museum of Minnesota] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smm.org/sln/ma/coba.html |date=20201024200858 }}
* [http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/compsciwork/PASIII/News%20Articles/Lore%20Among%20The%20Ruins.htm New York Times: Lore Among The Ruins. April 27, 2003] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/compsciwork/PASIII/News%20Articles/Lore%20Among%20The%20Ruins.htm |date=20201031110004 }}
* [http://www.frommers.com/destinations/cobaruins/0946010029.html Frommers Destination Guide for Coba] {{Wayback|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/cobaruins/0946010029.html |date=20120623082305 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524162305/http://havecamerawilltravel.com/mayan-ruins-coba-mexico-photos Photos of Coba site]


{{Maya sites|nocat}}
[[de:Cobá]]
[[Category:墨西哥玛雅遗址]]
[[en:Coba]]
[[eo:Coba]]
[[es:Cobá]]
[[fr:Cobá]]
[[it:Cobá]]
[[ka:კობა (ქალაქი)]]
[[lt:Koba]]
[[mk:Коба]]
[[nl:Cobá]]
[[no:Cobá]]
[[pl:Coba]]
[[pt:Cobá]]
[[ru:Коба (город)]]
[[simple:Coba]]
[[sr:Коба]]
[[sv:Coba]]
[[uk:Коба (місто майя)]]

2024年4月28日 (日) 09:43的最新版本

科巴
Cobá
科巴建筑群
位置 墨西哥金塔納羅奧州
坐标20°29′41″N 87°44′10″W / 20.49472°N 87.73611°W / 20.49472; -87.73611
文化玛雅文明
现状遗迹
科巴在中部美洲的位置
科巴
科巴
Cobá在中部美洲的位置
科巴大金字塔

科巴（西班牙語：Cobá）是墨西哥尤卡坦半岛上的一个玛雅文明的城市遗址，位于加勒比海岸以西40公里，图卢姆西北44公里，奇琴伊察以东90公里。

科巴位于热带雨林深处，由五个潟湖环绕，中心地区与周边散落的建筑由放射状的道路连通，这些道路最远甚至延伸至加勒比海长达100公里以上。遗址内的重要建筑有高达42米的“大金字塔”Nohoch Mul，这是玛雅文明中最高的建筑，科巴的鼎盛期据推测约有五万住民或者甚至更多。这一地区的建筑覆盖了约80平方千米。到1世紀为止一直被大规模的農業人口所控制。根据7世纪的玛雅文字记录来看，科巴的主要建筑多建于公元500〜900年间古典的時期中后期，但是科巴在此后一直有新的建筑被建起，而古老的建筑也一直被修复，这样的状态一直维持到14世纪西班牙人到来之前。

图册

[编辑]
  • 路旁的树
    路旁的树
  • 石洞
    石洞
  • 石头路
    石头路
  • 秘鲁湖
    秘鲁湖
  • 攀登金字塔
    攀登金字塔
  • 科巴2个蹴球场中的其中一个
    科巴2个蹴球场中的其中一个
  • Ixmoja金字塔
    Ixmoja金字塔
  • 从金字塔上方向下望的情景
    从金字塔上方向下望的情景

参考文献

[编辑]

延伸阅读

[编辑]
  • Andrews, E. Wyllys, IV. 1938. "Some New Material from Cobá", Quintana Roo, Mexico." Ethnos, vol. 3, nos. 1,2, pp. 33-46. Stockholm.
  • Barrera Rubio, Alfredo. 1976. "EI Parque Natural y Arqueológico de Coba, Quintana Roo." Boletin, Epoca 2, no. 19, pp. 9–14.
  • Benavides Castillo, Antonio. 1981. "Los Caminos de Cobá y sus implicaciones sociales." Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico
  • Benavides Castillo, Antonio; Robles, Fernando. 1975 "Cobá: Sus sacbeob y Dzib Mul." Boletin, Epoca 2 no. 15, pp. 55–58.
  • Bennet, Robert R. 1931 "Cobá by Land and Air" Art and Archaeology, vol. 31, pp. 194–205.
  • Brainerd, G. W. 1958. The Archaeological Ceramics of Yucatán. Anthropological Records, vol. 19. University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
  • Coe, Michael D., and Jay I. Kislak Reference Collection (Library of Congress). 1966. The Maya. Ancient peoples and places, v. 52; Ancient peoples and places (Praeger), v. 52. New York: Praeger
  • Coe, William; Coe Michael D. 1949. "Some New Discoveries at Cobá." Carnegie Institution of Washington, Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 4, no. 93. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Cortes De Brasdefer, Fernando G. 1981. "Hallazgos recientes en Coba, Quintana Roo." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Aniropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 9, no. 50, pp. 52–59.
  • Fettweiss-Vienot, Martine. 1980 "Las Pinturas Murales de Cobá: Periodo Postclásico." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 7, no. 40, pp. 2–50. 1988 Coba et Xelha: Peintiures murales Mayas. Memoires de l’Institut d’Ethnologie, vol. 27. Musée de l’Homrne, Paris.
  • Fletcher, Loraine. "Linear Features in Zone One: Description and Classification." In Coba: A Classic Maya Metropolis, 89-101. Academic Press, 1983.
  • Folan, William J.; Fletcher, Lorrain; Kintz, Ellen B. 1983. Coba: A Classic Maya Metropolis. Academic Press, New York.
  • Folan, William J; Stuart, George. 1977. "El Proyecto Cartográfico Arqueológico de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Informes Interinos 1, 2, 3." Boletin de la Escuela Antropológica de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 4, no. 22, 23, pp. 14–81.
  • Gann, Tomas W. F. 1926. Ancient Cities and Modern Tribes. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
  • Garduño Argueta, Jaime. 1979. "Introducción al patrón de asentamiento del Sitio de Cobá, Quintana Roo." Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico.
  • Lundell, Cyrus. 1938. "1938 Botanical Expedition to Yucatan and Quintana Roo, Mexico," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 37, pp. 143–147. Washington, D.C.
  • Maas Colli, Hilaria. 1977. "Informe sobre el trabajo de campo realizado en Cobá, Quintana Roo: La organización social y la vida cotidiana de dicho población." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, año 4, nos. 22, 23, pp. 2-l3.
  • Maler, Teobert. 1932. Impressiones de viaje a las ruinas de Coba y Chichen Itza. Editorial Jose Rosado, Marida. 1944. "Coba y Chichen: Relación de Teobert Maler," (G. Kutscher, ed.) Estudios y Ensayos, años 6, nos. 1,2. Bonn/Berlin.
  • Millet Camara, Luis. 1988 . "Una expedición olvidada a Cobá, Quintana Roo." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 15, no. 90, pp. 3–8.
  • Morley, Sylvanus Griswold. 1926. "Archaeology," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 25, pp. 259–286. Washington, D.C.
  • Navarrete, Carlos, Maria Joe Con, and Alejandro Martinez Muriel. 1979. Observaciones arqueológicas en Cobá, Quintana Roo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F.
  • Peniche Rivero, Piedad and William J. Folan 1978 "Coba, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Reporte sobre una Metrópoli Maya del Noreste." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, año 5, no. 30, pp. 48–78.
  • Pollock, Harry E. D. 1929. "Report of Mr. Harry E. D. Pollock on the Coba Expedition," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 28, pp. 328, 329. Washington, D.C. 1930. Field notebook "Coba no. 1." Peabody Museum Archives, Harvard University.
  • Robles Castellanos, Jose Fernando. 1980. La secuencia cerámica de la región de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Colección Cientifica, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico, D.F.
  • Stephens, John Lloyd. 1843. Incidents of Travel In Yucatán. 2 vols. Harper and Bros., New York.
  • Thompson, J. Eric S., Harry E. D. Pollock, and Jean Charlot. 1932. A Preliminary Study of the Ruins of Cobá, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 424. Washington, D.C.
  • Villa Rohas, Alfonso. 1934. "The Yaxuna-Coba Causeway." Carnegie institution of Washington, Contributions to American Anthropology and History, Publication 436, vol. 2, no. 9. Washington, D.C.
  • Whitmore, Thomas J., Mark Brenner, et al. 1996. "Holocene Climatic and Human Influences on Lakes of the Yucatan Peninsula: An Interdisciplinary Paleolimnological Approach." The Holocene, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 273–287.

外部連結

[编辑]
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=科巴&oldid=82428371”