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木霉属:修订间差异

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'''木霉属'''([[学名]]:''Trichoderma''),是[[肉座菌科]]下的一个属,是一属生長快速且普遍存在環境中的腐生性絲狀[[真菌]],如土壤、空氣、植物殘骸枯枝落葉、各種醱酵物上,或是植物根圈、葉片、種子及球莖表面。
'''木霉属'''({{lang-xm|Trichoderma}})是[[肉座菌科]]下的一个属,是一属生長快速且普遍存在環境中的腐生性絲狀[[真菌]],如土壤、空氣、植物殘骸枯枝落葉、各種醱酵物上,或是植物根圈、葉片、種子及球莖表面。


木黴菌最大的特色就是超寄生,入侵其他真菌的菌絲中,與作物的病原真菌結抗,是目前最普遍應用的生物性殺菌劑真菌菌種。<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=木黴菌在作物病害防治的開發與應用|author=陳俊位|url=https://www.tdais.gov.tw/redirect_files.php?link=ljUFAbYz2RWGPlusS0WGSlashoBq1AT70YoSrFQQigWGEqualWGEqual5mOy0TSQtB5bR9NWAPZSPxSBnwTMBWzllwOEJG0CyKrgwqMLExZu3GB&file_name=T7NxYMcxc1FQYAjX55bAZVloDqUb6VBuUvKIXxpFt2jmWGPlustuFZWGPlusA2W7MiBHxWI6WGPluss|journal=農業生物資材產業發展研討會專刊|issue=|doi=|others=鄧雅靜、蔡宜峯|year=2014|volume=|page=|pmid=|access-date=2019-01-11|archive-date=2018-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194037/https://www.tdais.gov.tw/redirect_files.php?link=ljUFAbYz2RWGPlusS0WGSlashoBq1AT70YoSrFQQigWGEqualWGEqual5mOy0TSQtB5bR9NWAPZSPxSBnwTMBWzllwOEJG0CyKrgwqMLExZu3GB&file_name=T7NxYMcxc1FQYAjX55bAZVloDqUb6VBuUvKIXxpFt2jmWGPlustuFZWGPlusA2W7MiBHxWI6WGPluss|dead-url=no}}</ref>
木黴又称木霉最大的特色就是超寄生,入侵其他真菌的菌絲中,與作物的病原真菌結抗,是目前最普遍應用的生物性殺菌劑真菌菌種。<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=木黴菌在作物病害防治的開發與應用|author=陳俊位|url=https://www.tdais.gov.tw/redirect_files.php?link=ljUFAbYz2RWGPlusS0WGSlashoBq1AT70YoSrFQQigWGEqualWGEqual5mOy0TSQtB5bR9NWAPZSPxSBnwTMBWzllwOEJG0CyKrgwqMLExZu3GB&file_name=T7NxYMcxc1FQYAjX55bAZVloDqUb6VBuUvKIXxpFt2jmWGPlustuFZWGPlusA2W7MiBHxWI6WGPluss|journal=農業生物資材產業發展研討會專刊|issue=|doi=|others=鄧雅靜、蔡宜峯|year=2014|volume=|page=|pmid=|access-date=2019-01-11|archive-date=2018-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194037/https://www.tdais.gov.tw/redirect_files.php?link=ljUFAbYz2RWGPlusS0WGSlashoBq1AT70YoSrFQQigWGEqualWGEqual5mOy0TSQtB5bR9NWAPZSPxSBnwTMBWzllwOEJG0CyKrgwqMLExZu3GB&file_name=T7NxYMcxc1FQYAjX55bAZVloDqUb6VBuUvKIXxpFt2jmWGPlustuFZWGPlusA2W7MiBHxWI6WGPluss|dead-url=no}}</ref>


== 形態特徵 ==
== 形態特徵 ==
菌絲:無色,分支錯綜複雜,菌落棉絮狀。無性態的木黴,在產孢前是白色,產孢後變成綠色。
菌絲:無色,分支錯綜複雜,菌落棉絮狀。無性態的木黴,在產孢前是白色,產孢後變成綠色。


分生孢子梗:其形態為直立或微彎、有次級分支。
分生孢子梗:其形態為直立或微彎、有次級分支。
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== 分類 ==
== 分類 ==
木黴的有性世代及無性世代有不同的分類:
木黴的有性世代及無性世代有不同的分類:


無性世代--不完全菌門、絲孢綱、叢梗孢目、木黴屬。
無性世代--不完全菌門、絲孢綱、叢梗孢目、木黴屬。


有性世代--子囊菌門、核菌綱、肉座菌目、肉座菌屬。<ref name=":0" />
有性世代--子囊菌門、核菌綱、肉座菌目、肉座菌屬。<ref name=":0" />


木霉属有以下菌种:<ref>{{cite web |title=Trichoderma Persoon ex Gray, 1801 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/7703803 |website=GBIF |access-date=2022-06-07 |archive-date=2022-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607052720/https://www.gbif.org/species/7703803 }}</ref>
木霉属有以下菌种:<ref>{{cite web |title=Trichoderma Persoon ex Gray, 1801 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/7703803 |website=GBIF |access-date=2022-06-07 |archive-date=2022-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607052720/https://www.gbif.org/species/7703803 }}</ref>
{{common taxon list|italic=yes
{{common taxon list|italic=yes
|无厚垣孢木霉 |Trichoderma achlamydosporum |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
|枝顶孢状木霉 |Trichoderma acremonioides |Y.B. Zhang & W.Y. Zhuang
|枝顶孢状木霉 |Trichoderma acremonioides |Y.B. Zhang & W.Y. Zhuang
|适应木霉 |Trichoderma adaptatum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|适应木霉 |Trichoderma adaptatum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
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|亚马逊木霉 |Trichoderma amazonicum |P. Chaverri & Gazis
|亚马逊木霉 |Trichoderma amazonicum |P. Chaverri & Gazis
||Trichoderma americanum |(Canham) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma americanum |(Canham) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|美丽木霉 |Trichoderma amoenum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
|近哈茨木霉 |Trichoderma anaharzianum |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
||Trichoderma andinense |(Samuels & Petrini) Samuels, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma andinense |(Samuels & Petrini) Samuels, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma angustum |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma angustum |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
|不等钩状木霉 |Trichoderma anisohamatum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
||Trichoderma appalachiense |Samuels & Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma appalachiense |Samuels & Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma applanatum |Z.X. Zhu & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma applanatum |Z.X. Zhu & W.Y. Zhuang
|水生木霉 |Trichoderma aquaticum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
||Trichoderma arachnoideum |Kuritzina & Sizova
||Trichoderma arachnoideum |Kuritzina & Sizova
||Trichoderma arundinaceum |Zafari, Gräfenhan & Samuels
||Trichoderma arundinaceum |Zafari, Gräfenhan & Samuels
|亚洲木霉 |Trichoderma asiaticum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
||Trichoderma asperelloides |Samuels
||Trichoderma asperelloides |Samuels
|棘孢木霉 |Trichoderma asperellum |Samuels, Lieckf. & Nirenberg
|棘孢木霉 |Trichoderma asperellum |Samuels, Lieckf. & Nirenberg
||Trichoderma asterineum |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma asterineum |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
|不对称木霉 |Trichoderma asymmetricum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
||Trichoderma atlanticum |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma atlanticum |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma atrobrunneum |F.B. Rocha, P. Chaverri & Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma atrobrunneum |F.B. Rocha, P. Chaverri & Jaklitsch
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|平展橙红木霉 |Trichoderma aurantioeffusum |Jaklitsch
|平展橙红木霉 |Trichoderma aurantioeffusum |Jaklitsch
|黄绿木霉 |Trichoderma aureoviride |Rifai
|黄绿木霉 |Trichoderma aureoviride |Rifai
|奥地利木霉 |Trichoderma austriacum |Jaklitsch
|奥地利木霉 |Trichoderma austriacum |Jaklitsch<ref name=zhu>朱兆香,庄文颖.木霉属12个中国新记录种和3个新组合[J].菌物学报, 2014, 33(6):35.DOI:10.13346/j.mycosystema.140137.</ref>
|澳洲康宁木霉 |Trichoderma austrokoningii |Samuels & Druzhin.
|澳洲康宁木霉 |Trichoderma austrokoningii |Samuels & Druzhin.
||Trichoderma avellaneum |(Rogerson & S.T. Carey) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma avellaneum |(Rogerson & S.T. Carey) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
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|波密木霉 |Trichoderma bomiense |Y.B. Zhang & W.Y. Zhuang
|波密木霉 |Trichoderma bomiense |Y.B. Zhang & W.Y. Zhuang
|短梗木霉 |Trichoderma breve |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|短梗木霉 |Trichoderma breve |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|短密木霉 |Trichoderma brevicompactum |G.F. Kraus, C.P. Kubicek & W. Gams,短致木霉
|短密木霉 |Trichoderma brevicompactum |G.F. Kraus, C.P. Kubicek & W. Gams,短致木霉<ref>Günther F. Kraus, Irina Druzhinina, Walter Gams, John Bissett, Doustmorad Zafari, George Szakacs, Alexei Koptchinski, Hansjörg Prillinger, Rasoul Zare & Christian P. Kubicek (2004) Trichoderma brevicompactum sp. nov., Mycologia, 96:5, 1059-1073, DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832905</ref>
|短粗木霉 |Trichoderma brevicrassum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|短粗木霉 |Trichoderma brevicrassum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma brevipes |(Mont.) Samuels
||Trichoderma brevipes |(Mont.) Samuels
||Trichoderma britannicum |(Rifai & J. Webster) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma britannicum |(Rifai & J. Webster) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|英丹木霉 |Trichoderma britdaniae |(Jaklitsch & Voglmayr) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|英丹木霉 |Trichoderma britdaniae |(Jaklitsch & Voglmayr) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr<ref name=zhu/>
||Trichoderma brunneoviride |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma brunneoviride |Jaklitsch
|棉絮状木霉 |Trichoderma byssinum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|棉絮状木霉 |Trichoderma byssinum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma caeruleimontis |du Plessis & K. Jacobs
||Trichoderma caeruleimontis |du Plessis & K. Jacobs
|蓝木霉 |Trichoderma caerulescens |(Jaklitsch & Voglmayr) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|蓝木霉 |Trichoderma caerulescens |(Jaklitsch & Voglmayr) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr<ref name=zhu/>
||Trichoderma caesareum |Samuels
||Trichoderma caesareum |Samuels
||Trichoderma calamagrostidis |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma calamagrostidis |Jaklitsch
|山茶木霉 |Trichoderma camelliae |Jayaward. et al.
||Trichoderma camerunense |P. Chaverri & Samuels
||Trichoderma camerunense |P. Chaverri & Samuels
|雪白木霉 |Trichoderma candidum |
|雪白木霉 |Trichoderma candidum |
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|多罗西木霉 |Trichoderma dorotheae |Samuels & Dodd
|多罗西木霉 |Trichoderma dorotheae |Samuels & Dodd
|平展木霉 |Trichoderma effusum |Bissett, C.P. Kubicek & Szakács
|平展木霉 |Trichoderma effusum |Bissett, C.P. Kubicek & Szakács
|英治木霉 |Trichoderma eijii |Chang S. Kim & N. Maek.
|英治木霉 |Trichoderma eijii |Chang S. Kim & N. Maek.<ref name=zhu/>
|内生木霉 |Trichoderma endophyticum |F.B. Rocha, Samuels & P. Chaverri
|内生木霉 |Trichoderma endophyticum |F.B. Rocha, Samuels & P. Chaverri
||Trichoderma epimyces |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma epimyces |Jaklitsch
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||Trichoderma flavipes |(Peck) Seifert, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma flavipes |(Peck) Seifert, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|絮状木霉 |Trichoderma floccosum |Samuels
|絮状木霉 |Trichoderma floccosum |Samuels
|叶生木霉 |Trichoderma foliicola |(Jaklitsch & Voglmayr) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|叶生木霉 |Trichoderma foliicola |(Jaklitsch & Voglmayr) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr<ref name=zhu/>
||Trichoderma fomiticola |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma fomiticola |Jaklitsch
|拟层孔木霉 |Trichoderma fomitopsis |(P.G. Liu & Yoshim. Doi) P.G. Liu, Z.X. Zhu & W.Y. Zhuang
|拟层孔木霉 |Trichoderma fomitopsis |(P.G. Liu & Yoshim. Doi) P.G. Liu, Z.X. Zhu & W.Y. Zhuang
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|福建木霉 |Trichoderma fujianense |Z.X. Zhu, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Li
|福建木霉 |Trichoderma fujianense |Z.X. Zhu, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Li
|盖姆斯木霉 |Trichoderma gamsii |Samuels & Druzhin.
|盖姆斯木霉 |Trichoderma gamsii |Samuels & Druzhin.
||Trichoderma ganodermatigerum |X.Y.An & Yu Li, 2022<ref>An, X.-Y.; Cheng, G.-H.; Gao, H.-X.; Li, X.-F.; Yang, Y.; Li, D.; Li, Y. Phylogenetic Analysis of Trichoderma Species Associated with Green Mold Disease on Mushrooms and Two New Pathogens on Ganoderma sichuanense. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070704</ref>
|灵芝木霉 |Trichoderma ganodermatis |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|灵芝木霉 |Trichoderma ganodermatis |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|胶状木霉 |Trichoderma gelatinosum |P. Chaverri & Samuels,胶质木霉
|胶状木霉 |Trichoderma gelatinosum |P. Chaverri & Samuels,胶质木霉
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||Trichoderma hunua |(Dingley) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma hunua |(Dingley) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma hypoxylon |Jing Z. Sun, Xing Z. Liu & K.D. Hyde
||Trichoderma hypoxylon |Jing Z. Sun, Xing Z. Liu & K.D. Hyde
|不等瓶梗木霉 |Trichoderma inaequilaterale |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
|不显木霉 |Trichoderma inconspicuum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
|异味木霉 |Trichoderma ingratum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|异味木霉 |Trichoderma ingratum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|无钩木霉 |Trichoderma inhamatum |Veerkamp & W. Gams
|无钩木霉 |Trichoderma inhamatum |Veerkamp & W. Gams
|显著木霉 |Trichoderma insigne |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
|交织木霉 |Trichoderma intricatum |Samuels & Dodd
|交织木霉 |Trichoderma intricatum |Samuels & Dodd
||Trichoderma istrianum |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma istrianum |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
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|长枝木霉 |Trichoderma longibrachiatum |Rifai
|长枝木霉 |Trichoderma longibrachiatum |Rifai
|长梗木霉 |Trichoderma longifialidicum |Q.V. Montoya, L.A. Meirelles, P. Chaverri & A. Rodrigues
|长梗木霉 |Trichoderma longifialidicum |Q.V. Montoya, L.A. Meirelles, P. Chaverri & A. Rodrigues
|长毛木霉 |Trichoderma longipile |
|长毛木霉 |Trichoderma longipile |Bissett
|长毛木霉 |Trichoderma longipilis |Bissett
|长毛木霉 |Trichoderma longipilis |Bissett
|长孢木霉 |Trichoderma longisporum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|长孢木霉 |Trichoderma longisporum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
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||Trichoderma lycogaloides |(Berk. & Broome) Jaklitsch, Lechat & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma lycogaloides |(Berk. & Broome) Jaklitsch, Lechat & Voglmayr
|莽山木霉 |Trichoderma mangshanicum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|莽山木霉 |Trichoderma mangshanicum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|马地木霉 |Trichoderma margaretense |Jaklitsch
|马地木霉 |Trichoderma margaretense |Jaklitsch<ref name=zhu/>
||Trichoderma martiale |Samuels
||Trichoderma martiale |Samuels
||Trichoderma matsushimae |(Abdullah & J. Webster) K. Yamag., Tsurumi, Chuaseehar. & Nakagiri
||Trichoderma matsushimae |(Abdullah & J. Webster) K. Yamag., Tsurumi, Chuaseehar. & Nakagiri
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||Trichoderma minutum |Bainier
||Trichoderma minutum |Bainier
||Trichoderma moravicum |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma moravicum |Jaklitsch
|水仙木霉 |Trichoderma narcissi |
|水仙木霉 |Trichoderma narcissi |(Tochinai & Shimada) Tochinai & Shimada, 1931,为''Trichoderma harzianum'' Rifai的异名
|新厚木霉 |Trichoderma neocrassum |Samuels
|新厚木霉 |Trichoderma neocrassum |Samuels
||Trichoderma neokoningii |Samuels & Soberanis
||Trichoderma neokoningii |Samuels & Soberanis
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||Trichoderma nybergianum |(T. Ulvinen & H.L. Chamb.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma nybergianum |(T. Ulvinen & H.L. Chamb.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|矩孢木霉 |Trichoderma oblongisporum |Bissett
|矩孢木霉 |Trichoderma oblongisporum |Bissett
|倒卵木霉 |Trichoderma obovatum |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
||Trichoderma ochroleucum |(Berk. & Ravenel) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma ochroleucum |(Berk. & Ravenel) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|菇香木霉 |Trichoderma odoratum |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
|菇香木霉 |Trichoderma odoratum |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
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||Trichoderma pararogersonii |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma pararogersonii |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|近深绿木霉 |Trichoderma paratroviride |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|近深绿木霉 |Trichoderma paratroviride |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|近绿木霉 |Trichoderma paraviride |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
|近渐绿木霉 |Trichoderma paraviridescens |Jaklitsch, Samuels & Voglmayr
|近渐绿木霉 |Trichoderma paraviridescens |Jaklitsch, Samuels & Voglmayr
|侧钩木霉 |Trichoderma parceramosum |Bissett
|侧钩木霉 |Trichoderma parceramosum |Bissett
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|盾状木霉 |Trichoderma peltatum |(Berk.) Samuels, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|盾状木霉 |Trichoderma peltatum |(Berk.) Samuels, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|墨绿木霉 |Trichoderma perviride |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
|墨绿木霉 |Trichoderma perviride |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
|彼得森木霉 |Trichoderma petersenii |Samuels, Dodd & Schroers
|彼得森木霉 |Trichoderma petersenii |Samuels, Dodd & Schroers<ref name=zhu/>
|盘菌状木霉 |Trichoderma pezizoides |(Berk. & Broome) Samuels, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|盘菌状木霉 |Trichoderma pezizoides |(Berk. & Broome) Samuels, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma phellinicola |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma phellinicola |Jaklitsch
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|侧耳木霉 |Trichoderma pleuroticola |S.H. Yu & M.S. Park,侧耳生木霉
|侧耳木霉 |Trichoderma pleuroticola |S.H. Yu & M.S. Park,侧耳生木霉
|平菇木霉 |Trichoderma pleurotum |
|平菇木霉 |Trichoderma pleurotum |
|多青霉梗木霉 |Trichoderma pluripenicillatum |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
||Trichoderma pollinicola |F. Liu & L. Cai
||Trichoderma pollinicola |F. Liu & L. Cai
||Trichoderma polyalthiae |K. Nuankaew & Boonlue
||Trichoderma polyalthiae |K. Nuankaew & Boonlue
第312行: 第327行:
||Trichoderma poronioideum |(Möller) Samuels
||Trichoderma poronioideum |(Möller) Samuels
|普丽西拉木霉 |Trichoderma priscilae |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|普丽西拉木霉 |Trichoderma priscilae |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|近多孔菌生木霉 |Trichoderma propepolypori |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
||Trichoderma protopulvinatum |(Yoshim. Doi) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma protopulvinatum |(Yoshim. Doi) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|霜状木霉 |Trichoderma pruinosum |Kai Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|霜状木霉 |Trichoderma pruinosum |Kai Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|假亚洲木霉 |Trichoderma pseudoasiaticum |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
|假类棘孢木霉 |Trichoderma pseudoasperelloides |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
|假英丹木霉 |Trichoderma pseudobritdaniae |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
|假英丹木霉 |Trichoderma pseudobritdaniae |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
|假雪白木霉 |Trichoderma pseudocandidum |Minnis, Samuels & P. Chaverri
|假雪白木霉 |Trichoderma pseudocandidum |Minnis, Samuels & P. Chaverri
第319行: 第337行:
||Trichoderma pseudogelatinosum |(M. Komatsu & Yoshim. Doi) Chang S. Kim
||Trichoderma pseudogelatinosum |(M. Komatsu & Yoshim. Doi) Chang S. Kim
|假康宁木霉 |Trichoderma pseudokoningii |Rifai
|假康宁木霉 |Trichoderma pseudokoningii |Rifai
|假乳白木霉 |Trichoderma pseudolacteum |Chang S. Kim & N. Maek.
|假乳白木霉 |Trichoderma pseudolacteum |Chang S. Kim & N. Maek.<ref name=zhu/>
|假黑绿木霉 |Trichoderma pseudonigrovirens |Minnis, Samuels & P. Chaverri
|假黑绿木霉 |Trichoderma pseudonigrovirens |Minnis, Samuels & P. Chaverri
||Trichoderma pseudostramineum |(Yoshim. Doi) Chang S. Kim
||Trichoderma pseudostramineum |(Yoshim. Doi) Chang S. Kim
第332行: 第350行:
|罗德曼木霉 |Trichoderma rhododendri |(Jaklitsch) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|罗德曼木霉 |Trichoderma rhododendri |(Jaklitsch) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma rifaii |F.B. Rocha, P. Chaverri & Samuels
||Trichoderma rifaii |F.B. Rocha, P. Chaverri & Samuels
||Trichoderma rodmanii |(Samuels & P. Chaverri) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|罗德曼木霉 |Trichoderma rodmanii |(Samuels & P. Chaverri) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr<ref name=zhu/>
|罗杰氏木霉 |Trichoderma rogersonii |Samuels,罗杰森木霉
|罗杰氏木霉 |Trichoderma rogersonii |Samuels,罗杰森木霉<ref name=zhu/>
||Trichoderma rosellum |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma rosellum |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|俄罗斯木霉 |Trichoderma rossicum |Bissett, C.P. Kubicek & Szakács
|俄罗斯木霉 |Trichoderma rossicum |Bissett, C.P. Kubicek & Szakács
第344行: 第362行:
|塞缪尔斯木霉 |Trichoderma samuelsii |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|塞缪尔斯木霉 |Trichoderma samuelsii |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma saturnisporopsis |Samuels & Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma saturnisporopsis |Samuels & Jaklitsch
|土星孢木霉 |Trichoderma saturnisporum |Hammill,丰孢木霉
|土星孢木霉 |Trichoderma saturnisporum |Hammill,丰孢木霉<ref>Terrence M. Hammill (1970) Paecilomyces Clavisporis Sp. Nov., Trichoderma Saturnisporum Sp. Nov., and Other Noteworthy Soil Fungi from Georgia, Mycologia, 62:1, 107-122, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1970.12018947</ref>
||Trichoderma scalesiae |Samuels & H.C. Evans
||Trichoderma scalesiae |Samuels & H.C. Evans
|蜥状木霉 |Trichoderma scorpioideum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
||Trichoderma semiorbis |(Berk.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma semiorbis |(Berk.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma sempervirentis |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma sempervirentis |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
第353行: 第372行:
|四川木霉 |Trichoderma sichuanense |Kai Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|四川木霉 |Trichoderma sichuanense |Kai Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma silvae-virgineae |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma silvae-virgineae |Jaklitsch
|相似木霉 |Trichoderma simile |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
|西蒙斯木霉 |Trichoderma simmonsii |P. Chaverri, F.B. Rocha, Samuels, Degenkolb & Jaklitsch
|西蒙斯木霉 |Trichoderma simmonsii |P. Chaverri, F.B. Rocha, Samuels, Degenkolb & Jaklitsch
|简单木霉 |Trichoderma simplex |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|简单木霉 |Trichoderma simplex |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
第371行: 第391行:
||Trichoderma stellatum |(B.S. Lu, Druzhin. & Samuels) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma stellatum |(B.S. Lu, Druzhin. & Samuels) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma stercorarium |(Barrasa, A.T. Martínez & G. Moreno) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma stercorarium |(Barrasa, A.T. Martínez & G. Moreno) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|闪碳团木霉 |Trichoderma stilbohypoxyli |Samuels & Schroers
|闪碳团木霉 |Trichoderma stilbohypoxyli |Samuels & Schroers<ref name=zhu/>
|柄座木霉 |Trichoderma stipitatum |Z.X. Zhu & W.Y. Zhuang
|柄座木霉 |Trichoderma stipitatum |Z.X. Zhu & W.Y. Zhuang
|草黄木霉 |Trichoderma stramineum |P. Chaverri & Samuels
|草黄木霉 |Trichoderma stramineum |P. Chaverri & Samuels
第380行: 第400行:
|近桤木木霉 |Trichoderma subalni |Y.B. Zhang & W.Y. Zhuang
|近桤木木霉 |Trichoderma subalni |Y.B. Zhang & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma subalpinum |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma subalpinum |Jaklitsch
|淡蓝木霉 |Trichoderma subazureum |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
||Trichoderma subeffusum |Jaklitsch
||Trichoderma subeffusum |Jaklitsch
|丝层状木霉 |Trichoderma subiculoides |Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang
|丝层状木霉 |Trichoderma subiculoides |Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma subsulphureum |(Syd. & P. Syd.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma subsulphureum |(Syd. & P. Syd.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma subtrachycarpum |(Yoshim. Doi) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma subtrachycarpum |(Yoshim. Doi) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|锥梗木霉 |Trichoderma subuliforme |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
|亚绿色木霉 |Trichoderma subviride |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang,近绿木霉
|亚绿色木霉 |Trichoderma subviride |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang,近绿木霉
||Trichoderma succisum |(Rifai) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma succisum |(Rifai) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma sulawesense |(Yoshim. Doi) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma sulawesense |(Yoshim. Doi) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|硫色木霉 |Trichoderma sulphureum |(Schwein.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|硫色木霉 |Trichoderma sulphureum |(Schwein.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|超轮生木霉 |Trichoderma supraverticillatum |Z.F. Yu & Y.F. Lv
|球座木霉 |Trichoderma surrotundum |P. Chaverri & Samuels
|球座木霉 |Trichoderma surrotundum |P. Chaverri & Samuels
||Trichoderma sympodianum |Kulik
||Trichoderma sympodianum |Kulik
第403行: 第426行:
|天堂寨木霉 |Trichoderma tiantangzhaiense |Z.X. Zhu & W.Y. Zhuang
|天堂寨木霉 |Trichoderma tiantangzhaiense |Z.X. Zhu & W.Y. Zhuang
|西藏木霉 |Trichoderma tibetense |Kai Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|西藏木霉 |Trichoderma tibetense |Kai Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|西藏木霉 |Trichoderma tibeticum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
|绒毛木霉 |Trichoderma tomentosum |Bissett
|绒毛木霉 |Trichoderma tomentosum |Bissett
||Trichoderma trachycarpum |(Syd.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma trachycarpum |(Syd.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
第410行: 第434行:
||Trichoderma tsugarense |Yabuki & Okuda
||Trichoderma tsugarense |Yabuki & Okuda
||Trichoderma turrialbense |Samuels, Degenkolb, K.F. Nielsen & Gräfenhan
||Trichoderma turrialbense |Samuels, Degenkolb, K.F. Nielsen & Gräfenhan
|钩状木霉 |Trichoderma uncinatum |Z.F. Yu & X. Du
|曲毛木霉 |Trichoderma undatipilosum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|曲毛木霉 |Trichoderma undatipilosum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma undulatum |du Plessis & K. Jacobs
||Trichoderma undulatum |du Plessis & K. Jacobs
第432行: 第457行:
|淡绿木霉 |Trichoderma viridulum |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
|淡绿木霉 |Trichoderma viridulum |W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma virilente |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
||Trichoderma virilente |Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
|沃格玛木霉 |Trichoderma voglmayrii |Jaklitsch
|沃格玛木霉 |Trichoderma voglmayrii |Jaklitsch<ref name=zhu/>
|普通木霉 |Trichoderma vulgatum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
|普通木霉 |Trichoderma vulgatum |K. Chen & W.Y. Zhuang
||Trichoderma vulpinum |Fuckel
||Trichoderma vulpinum |Fuckel
第445行: 第470行:
== 生物防治之作用機制 ==
== 生物防治之作用機制 ==
# 產生抗生素:
# 產生抗生素:
#* 木黴所產生的抗生素可抑制病原真菌孢子的發芽和菌絲的生長。
#* 木黴所產生的抗生素可抑制病原真菌孢子的發芽和菌絲的生長。
# 競爭養分:
# 競爭養分:
#* 木黴和病原真菌競爭孢子發芽、生長、代謝所需之養分,達到抑制其發展的效果。
#* 木黴和病原真菌競爭孢子發芽、生長、代謝所需之養分,達到抑制其發展的效果。
# 細胞壁分解酵素:
# 細胞壁分解酵素:
#* 分解病原真菌的細胞壁,使其無法生長。包含幾丁質分解酵素和多醣分解酵素。植物體、放線菌、細菌和其他真菌,也可能會有這種酵素。若把產生幾丁質分解酵素的基因植入植物體中也有防治病原真菌的效果。
#* 分解病原真菌的細胞壁,使其無法生長。包含幾丁質分解酵素和多醣分解酵素。植物體、放線菌、細菌和其他真菌,也可能會有這種酵素。若把產生幾丁質分解酵素的基因植入植物體中也有防治病原真菌的效果。
# 超寄生的四部曲:
# 超寄生的四部曲:
#* 第一步--趨化生長:木黴趨往'''產生化學刺激物的病原菌'''生長
#* 第一步--趨化生長:木黴趨往'''產生化學刺激物的病原菌'''生長
#* 第二步--辨識:病原菌所含有的聚血素和結抗菌表面的受體有專一性的配對。
#* 第二步--辨識:病原菌所含有的聚血素和結抗菌表面的受體有專一性的配對。
#* 第三步--接觸+分解細胞壁
#* 第三步--接觸+分解細胞壁
第478行: 第503行:


== 相關產品 ==
== 相關產品 ==
綠木黴R42
綠木黴R42


* 台灣本土篩選出來,有核可登記的木黴
* 台灣本土篩選出來,有核可登記的木黴
* 商品名稱:一值生
* 商品名稱:一值生
* 防治對象:蔬菜苗立枯病<ref>{{cite web |title=安全资材组 |url=https://www.tactri.gov.tw/Item/Detail/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%B3%87%E6%9D%90%E7%B5%84 |website=www.tactri.gov.tw |accessdate=2019-01-11 |archive-date=2019-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111180114/https://www.tactri.gov.tw/Item/Detail/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%B3%87%E6%9D%90%E7%B5%84 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* 防治對象:蔬菜苗立枯病<ref>{{cite web |title=安全资材组 |url=https://www.tactri.gov.tw/Item/Detail/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%B3%87%E6%9D%90%E7%B5%84 |website=www.tactri.gov.tw |accessdate=2019-01-11 |archive-date=2019-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111180114/https://www.tactri.gov.tw/Item/Detail/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%B3%87%E6%9D%90%E7%B5%84 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
第487行: 第512行:
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar}}
{{taxonbar}}
[[Category: 木霉属|*]]
[[Category: 木霉属|*]]
[[Category: 肉座菌科|M]]
[[Category: 肉座菌科|M]]
[[Category: 1801年描述的分类群|M]]
[[Category: 1801年描述的分类群|M]]

2024年4月28日 (日) 12:30的最新版本

木霉菌属
哈茨木霉 Trichoderma harzianum
科学分类 编辑
界: 真菌界 Fungi
门: 子囊菌门 Ascomycota
纲: 糞殼菌綱 Sordariomycetes
目: 肉座菌目 Hypocreales
科: 肉座菌科 Hypocreaceae
属: 木霉菌属 Trichoderma
Persoon ex Gray, 1801
模式種
Trichoderma fuliginoides
Pers. (1801)
異名
  • Pyreniopsis O.Kuntze, 1898
  • Pyrenium Tode
  • Sporoderma Montagne, 1856
  • Tolypomyria Preuss, 1852

木霉属學名Trichoderma)是肉座菌科下的一个属,是一属生長快速且普遍存在環境中的腐生性絲狀真菌,如土壤、空氣、植物殘骸枯枝落葉、各種醱酵物上,或是植物根圈、葉片、種子及球莖表面。

木黴又称木霉菌,最大的特色就是超寄生,入侵其他真菌的菌絲中,與作物的病原真菌結抗,是目前最普遍應用的生物性殺菌劑真菌菌種。[1]

形態特徵

[编辑]

菌絲:無色,分支錯綜複雜,菌落棉絮狀。無性態的木黴,在產孢前是白色,產孢後變成綠色。

分生孢子梗:其形態為直立或微彎、有次級分支。

瓶狀孢子梗:略呈圓錐,長在分生孢子梗兩側、可能是單生或是叢生。

瓶狀孢子:(黃)綠色(橢)圓形,有黏性,單孢單室,集結於瓶梗。

厚膜孢子:透明無色的圓形或卵圓形孢子,其外壁光滑、可能為間生或頂生。[1]

分類

[编辑]

木黴的有性世代及無性世代有不同的分類:

無性世代--不完全菌門、絲孢綱、叢梗孢目、木黴屬。

有性世代--子囊菌門、核菌綱、肉座菌目、肉座菌屬。[1]

木霉属有以下菌种:[2]

生物防治之作用機制

[编辑]
  1. 產生抗生素:
    • 木黴所產生的抗生素可抑制病原真菌孢子的發芽和菌絲的生長。
  2. 競爭養分:
    • 木黴和病原真菌競爭孢子發芽、生長、代謝所需之養分,達到抑制其發展的效果。
  3. 細胞壁分解酵素:
    • 分解病原真菌的細胞壁,使其無法生長。包含幾丁質分解酵素和多醣分解酵素。植物體、放線菌、細菌和其他真菌,也可能會有這種酵素。若把產生幾丁質分解酵素的基因植入植物體中也有防治病原真菌的效果。
  4. 超寄生的四部曲:
    • 第一步--趨化生長:木黴趨往產生化學刺激物的病原菌生長
    • 第二步--辨識:病原菌所含有的聚血素和結抗菌表面的受體有專一性的配對。
    • 第三步--接觸+分解細胞壁
    • 第四步--穿刺:產生很像附著器的構造,入侵到病原真菌的菌絲中。
  5. 誘導植物產生抗性:
    • 促進植物生長:
      • 減少次要或病徵不明顯的病原菌危害。
      • 促進養分吸收。
      • 提供生長激素、維生素等生長所需物。
      • 減少土中的有害物濃度。
    • 讓植物產生木質化:使病原不易入侵。[7]

防治對象

[编辑]
  • 甘藍黑腐病
  • 番茄青枯病
  • 水稻稻熱病
  • 紋枯病及白葉枯病
  • 蔬菜苗期立枯病
  • 白粉病
  • 露菌病
  • 茄科疫病
  • 葉黴病
  • 灰黴病
  • 枝枯病
  • 晚疫病[8]

相關產品

[编辑]

綠木黴R42

  • 台灣本土篩選出來,有核可登記的木黴
  • 商品名稱:一值生
  • 防治對象:蔬菜苗立枯病[9]

參考資料

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 陳俊位. 鄧雅靜、蔡宜峯. 木黴菌在作物病害防治的開發與應用. 農業生物資材產業發展研討會專刊. 2014 [2019-01-11]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-31). 
  2. ^ Trichoderma Persoon ex Gray, 1801. GBIF. [2022-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-07). 
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 朱兆香,庄文颖.木霉属12个中国新记录种和3个新组合[J].菌物学报, 2014, 33(6):35.DOI:10.13346/j.mycosystema.140137.
  4. ^ Günther F. Kraus, Irina Druzhinina, Walter Gams, John Bissett, Doustmorad Zafari, George Szakacs, Alexei Koptchinski, Hansjörg Prillinger, Rasoul Zare & Christian P. Kubicek (2004) Trichoderma brevicompactum sp. nov., Mycologia, 96:5, 1059-1073, DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832905
  5. ^ An, X.-Y.; Cheng, G.-H.; Gao, H.-X.; Li, X.-F.; Yang, Y.; Li, D.; Li, Y. Phylogenetic Analysis of Trichoderma Species Associated with Green Mold Disease on Mushrooms and Two New Pathogens on Ganoderma sichuanense. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070704
  6. ^ Terrence M. Hammill (1970) Paecilomyces Clavisporis Sp. Nov., Trichoderma Saturnisporum Sp. Nov., and Other Noteworthy Soil Fungi from Georgia, Mycologia, 62:1, 107-122, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1970.12018947
  7. ^ 羅朝村、黃秀華. 微生物農藥:木黴菌、病原菌與作物的三角關係. 科學發展. 2009, (443): 34-41 [2019-01-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-11). 
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