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紧急警报系统：修订间差异

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{{about|美國警報系統|香港警報系統|緊急警示系統|日本的警報系統|全國瞬時警報系統}}
{{Translating|||time=2013-09-04T11:07:44+00:00}}
{{NoteTA
{{ Request translation }}
| G1 = Movie
[[Image:Eas new.svg||thumb|right|200px|Current logo]]
| G2 = IT
The '''Emergency Alert System''' ('''EAS''') is a national warning system in the [[美国]] put into place on January 1, 1997, when it superseded the {{tsl|en|Emergency Broadcast System}} (EBS), which itself had superseded the [[电磁发射管制]] System. In addition to alerting the public of local weather emergencies such as tornadoes and flash floods, the official EAS is designed to enable the [[美国总统]] to speak to the United States within 10 minutes,<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23240430</ref> but the nationwide federal EAS has never been activated.<ref>{{cite web|url=/rulemaking/04-296|title=Review of the Emergency Alert System|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref><ref name="Collins"/> A national EAS test was conducted on November 9, 2011, at 2&nbsp;pm Eastern Standard Time. The EAS regulations and standards are governed by the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau of the FCC. Each state and several territories have their own EAS plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=/pshs/services/eas/ |title=Emergency Alert System |publisher=FCC |date=November 9, 2011 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref> EAS has become part of {{tsl|en|IPAWS}} - the Integrated Public Alert and Warning System, a program of [[聯邦緊急事務管理署]] (FEMA). EAS is jointly coordinated by FEMA, the [[美国联邦通信委员会]] (FCC), and the [[美国国家气象局]] (NOAA/NWS).
}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Emergency Alert System
}}
'''紧急警报系统'''（'''E'''mergency '''A'''lert '''S'''ystem ，缩写：'''EAS'''）是一套[[美国]]的警报系统，正式启用于1997年1月，取代了原用以代替[[电磁发射管制]]系统的[[紧急广播系统]] （Emergency Broadcast System）。除了提醒公众当地天气突发事件，如龙卷风和山洪，官方的目的是为了能让[[美国总统]]在10分钟内与全国通话，<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23240430 |title=存档副本 |access-date=2013-09-03 |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111183806/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23240430 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
在2011年11月9日，东部标准时间下午2点，进行了全国性质的EAS测试，但是全国的EAS从未被激活过。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcc.gov/rulemaking/04-296|title=Review of the Emergency Alert System|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227102619/http://www.fcc.gov/rulemaking/04-296|archivedate=2013-12-27}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/nyregion/silence-alert-system-experts-urge-overhaul-plan-unused-even-sept-11.html?scp=1&sq=Emergency%20Alert%20System&st=cse|title=The Silence of the Alert System; Experts Urge Overhaul of Plan Unused Even on Sept. 11|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=December 21, 2001|work=The New York Times|accessdate=September 5, 2009|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035941/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/nyregion/silence-alert-system-experts-urge-overhaul-plan-unused-even-sept-11.html?scp=1&sq=Emergency%20Alert%20System&st=cse|dead-url=no}}</ref>


EAS由[[联邦紧急事務管理署]]（FEMA），[[美国联邦通信委员会]]（FCC），以及[[美国国家气象局]]（NOAA/NWS）共同协调。EAS规定和标准均受美国联邦通信委员会下属的[[公共安全和国土安全局]]管理。每個州份和一些領地有自己的EAS计划。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fcc.gov/pshs/services/eas/ |title=Emergency Alert System |publisher=FCC |date=November 9, 2011 |accessdate=July 16, 2012 |archive-date=2008-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514155322/http://www.fcc.gov/pshs/services/eas/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>EAS已经成为综合公共警报和预警系统（{{tsl|en|IPAWS}}）的一部分，全称为{{lang|en|The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System}}，同样作为聯邦緊急事務管理署程序的一部分（FEMA）。
The EAS is used on [[調幅廣播|AM]], [[调频广播|FM]] and {{tsl|en|Land Mobile Radio Service}}, as well as [[甚高頻]], [[特高頻|UHF]], {{tsl|en|FiOS}} (wireline video providers), and [[有线电视]] including low-power stations. [[数字电视]], [[卫星电视]] and {{tsl|en|digital cable}} providers, along with {{tsl|en|Sirius Satellite Radio||Sirius}} {{tsl|en|XM Satellite Radio||XM}} satellite radio, {{tsl|en|IBOC}}, [[數碼聲音廣播|DAB]] and {{tsl|en|digital radio}} broadcasters have been required to participate in the EAS since December 31, 2006.{{citation needed|date=April 2010}} [[DirecTV]], {{tsl|en|Dish Network}} and all other [[廣播衛星|DBS]] providers have been required to participate since May 31, 2007.


==在大众文化中==
==Technical concept==
在2009年的游戏《[[決勝時刻：現代戰爭2]]》，在[[俄罗斯]]入侵[[美国]]时，载入画面视频出现了简易的紧急警报系统的警告。一则消息在畫面上滚动，给[[马里兰州]][[乔治王子县 (马里兰州)|乔治王子县]]的居民的疏散指示。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeXD7t16v8s|title=Modern Warfare 2 Cutscene - Emergency Broadcast System|date=November 15, 2009|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=November 29, 2009|archive-date=2020-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120174640/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeXD7t16v8s|dead-url=no}}</ref>奇怪的是，滚动的消息说，“紧急广播系统”时的语气实际上是EAS音。此外，相同的基调是一个每周一次的测试。
{{Main|Specific Area Message Encoding}}


在2009年的科幻电影《[[末日預言]]》，当戴安娜拉在加油站店加油时，后方的电视显示的是一个24小时新闻播报，突然发出了“紧急警报系统”提示音，并提示警报消息“这里是紧急广播！”、“这不是一个测试！”。该消息再次重复时，你会看到一个虚构的总统内阁的写照，并提醒公众即将发生的太阳耀斑。
Messages in the EAS are composed of four parts: a digitally encoded {{tsl|en|Specific Area Message Encoding||SAME}} [[信头|header]], an attention signal, an audio announcement, and a digitally encoded end-of-message marker. {{tsl|en|Image:Sage EAS Endec.jpg||right|thumb|A Sage EAS ENDEC unit.}}


在2013年的科幻电影《[[地球末日戰]]》，紧急系统被{{link-en|新泽西州警察|New Jersey State Police}}利用。紧急警报系统指导居民寻求庇护，并准备足够一个星期的食物。同样，在电影结束时使用EAS格式的滚动跑马灯警告观众不要把自己的手机落在电影院。
The {{Audio|Same.ogg|SAME header}} is the most critical part of the EAS design. It contains information about who originated the alert (the [[美国总统|President]], state or local authorities, the [[美国国家气象局]] (NOAA/NWS), or the broadcaster), a short, general description of the event (tornado, flood, severe thunderstorm), the areas affected (up to 32 counties or states), the expected duration of the event (in minutes), the date and time it was issued (in [[协调世界时]]), and an identification of the originating station. (See {{tsl|en|Specific Area Message Encoding||SAME}} for a complete breakdown of the header.)


同样在2013年的科幻电影《[[人类清除计划]]》，“紧急广播系统”（EBS）[''[[Sic]]''] 用来告知民众，清洗将开始并持续12小时。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgkEx7y2_Eg|title=Emergency Broadcast System - The Purge|date=October 4, 2013|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=November 26, 2013|archive-date=2016-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425050942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgkEx7y2_Eg|dead-url=no}}</ref>在预告片中也提到了预警系统。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0LLaybEuzA|title=The Purge Official Trailer #1 (2013)|date=April 3, 2013|publisher=''MOVIECLIPS Trailers''(Youtube)|accessdate=November 27, 2013|archive-date=2021-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330152052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0LLaybEuzA|dead-url=no}}</ref>制片方使用EBS来代替EAS，可能是为了避免法律后果。
More than thirty radio stations are designated as National Primary Stations in the Primary Entry Point (PEP) System to distribute presidential messages to other broadcast stations and cable systems.<ref>Moore, Linda K. ''[http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL32527.pdf Emergency Communications: The Emergency Alert System (EAS) and All-Hazard Warnings]''. p. 6 Congressional Research Service, Federation of American Scientists. Nov 20, 2006.</ref> The Emergency Action Notification is the notice to broadcasters that the President of the United States or his designee will deliver a message over the EAS via the PEP system.<ref>{{cite conference|title=Emergency Alert System 2001 AM & FM Handbook|booktitle=Emergency Alert System 2001 AM & FM Handbook|pages=4|publisher=United States Federal Communications Commission| year=2001|location=United States|accessdate=April 7, 2007}}</ref>


==参见==
===Communications links===
The FEMA National Radio System (FNARS) "Provides Primary Entry Point service to the Emergency
Alert System," acts as an emergency presidential link into the EAS, and is capable of phone patches. The FNARS net control station is located at the {{tsl|en|Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=/phin/conference/04conference/05-27-04/Session_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf|title=Communications Systems for Public Health Contingencies|accessdate=April 2, 2008|last= Merlin|first=Ross Z.|year=2004|format=PDF|publisher=DHS/FEMA Wireless Program Management Team |archiveurl =/web/20080625023050/http://www.cdc.gov/phin/conference/04conference/05-27-04/Session_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf |archivedate = June 25, 2008}}</ref>

====What the national level EAS would not do====
In a ''[[纽约时报]]'' article (correction printed January 3, 2002)<ref name="Collins">{{cite news|url=/2001/12/21/nyregion/silence-alert-system-experts-urge-overhaul-plan-unused-even-sept-11.html?scp=1&sq=Emergency%20Alert%20System&st=cse|title=The Silence of the Alert System; Experts Urge Overhaul of Plan Unused Even on Sept. 11|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=December 21, 2001|work=The New York Times|accessdate=September 5, 2009}}</ref> "No president has ever used the current [EAS] system or its technical predecessors in the last 50 years, despite the Soviet missile crisis, a presidential assassination, the [[俄克拉何马城爆炸案]], major earthquakes and three recent high-alert terrorist warnings... {{tsl|en|Michael K. Powell}}, the then chairman of the [[美国联邦通信委员会]], which oversees the Emergency Alert System, pointed to 'the ubiquitous media environment,' arguing that the system was, in effect, scooped by [[CNN]], [[MSNBC]], [[福斯新聞頻道]] and other channels... [FEMA] activates the alert system nationally at the behest of the White House on 34 50,000-watt stations that reach 98 percent of Americans... Beyond that, the current EAS signal is an audio message only—which pre-empts all programming—so that viewers who were watching color images of the [[九一一袭击事件|World Trade Center on September 11]] would have been able to see only a screen with a generic text message along with a presidential voice-over, if an emergency message had been activated."<ref name=Collins />

===EAS header===
Because the header lacks error detection codes, it is repeated three times for redundancy. However, the repetition of the data can itself be considered an error detection and correction code—like any error detection or correction code, it adds redundant information to the signal in order to make errors identifiable. EAS decoders compare the received headers against one another, looking for an exact match between any two, eliminating most errors which can cause an activation to fail. The decoder then decides whether to ignore the message or to relay it on the air if the message applies to the local area served by the station (following parameters set by the broadcaster).

The SAME header bursts are followed by an {{Audio|Emergency Alert System Attention Signal 20s.ogg|attention signal}} which lasts between eight and 25 seconds, depending on the originating station. The tone is {{Audio|1050Hz Tone.ogg|1050 Hz}} on a [[NOAA气象广播|NOAA Weather Radio]] (NOAA/NWS) station, while on commercial broadcast stations, it consists of a "two tone" combination of 853&nbsp;Hz and 960&nbsp;Hz [[正弦曲線]]s and is the same attention signal used by the older {{tsl|en|Emergency Broadcast System}}. The two tones were chosen because they form an interval suited to getting the audience's attention due to its unpleasantness on the [[耳]]. The "two tone" system is no longer required as of 1998 and is to be used only for audio alerts before EAS messages.<ref name="cfr47">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_04/47cfr11_04.html United States Code of Federal Regulations]{{Nonspecific|date=April 2011}}</ref>{{full|date=April 2011}} Like the EBS, the attention signal is followed by a voice message describing the details of the alert.

[[Image:GormanCAPconverter.jpg|300p|upright=1.5|right|thumb|A Gorman-Redlich [[卫星电视]] {{tsl|en|Common Alerting Protocol||CAP}}-to-EAS converter which translates CAP formatted alerts into EAS headers.]]

The message ends with three bursts of the [[頻率偏移調變|AFSK]] "EOM", or {{tsl|en|End of Message}}, which is the text <tt>NNNN</tt>, preceded each time by the [[二进制|binary]] 10101011 calibration.

The White House endorsed the integration of the {{tsl|en|Common Alerting Protocol}} (CAP) in a presidential initiative,<ref>{{cite web | url =/omb/egov/c-2-2-disaster.html | title = Disaster Management | work = The White House (George W. Bush administration) | publisher = U.S. Office of Management and Budget | location = Washington, D.C. | accessdate =April 25, 2011 }}</ref> and FEMA is in the process of testing implementation.<ref>[http://www.cybertelecom.org/security/cap.htm Common Alerting Protocol, Cybertelecom]{{page needed|date=April 2011}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2011}}

==Station requirements==
The FCC requires all broadcast stations and multichannel video programming distributors (MVPD) to install and maintain FCC-certified EAS decoders and encoders at their control points or {{tsl|en|Cable television headend||headends}} unless they have been designated a non-participating station by the FCC. These decoders continuously monitor the signals from other nearby broadcast stations for EAS messages. For reliability, at least two source stations must be monitored, one of which must be a designated ''local primary''. Stations are to retain the latest version of the EAS handbook.

Stations are required by federal law to keep logs of all received required monthly test, required weekly test, emergency action notification, and emergency action termination messages. Logs may be kept by hand but are usually kept automatically by a small receipt printer in the encoder/decoder unit. Logs may also be kept electronically inside the unit as long as there is access to an external printer or method to transfer them to a [[个人电脑]]. While only the four aforementioned events are required by federal law to be logged, most stations log all received activations.

In addition to the audio messages transmitted by radio stations, television stations must also transmit a visual message. A text "crawl" is displayed at the top of the screen that contains all of the information encoded in the initial SAME header. A color-coded "crawl" system is often used where the color signifies the priority of the message. Some television stations transmit only the visual message which is outside of the requirements. A television station may be used for monitoring by another station and thus the audio is necessary.<ref name="cfr47"/>{{full|date=April 2011}}

Participating stations are required by federal law to relay EAN ({{tsl|en|Emergency Action Notification}}) messages immediately (47 CFR Part 11.54).<ref>{{cite web |url=/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=763e47002785e63b94a7710dcf78869a&rgn=div8&view=text&node=47:1.0.1.1.12.4.231.4&idno=47 |title=Electronic Code of Federal Regulatiokns |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=July 6, 2012}}</ref> Stations traditionally have been allowed to opt out of relaying other alerts such as severe weather, and {{tsl|en|child abduction}} emergencies ([[安珀警戒]]s) if they so choose.

''Non-participating'' stations do not relay National messages. Instead they transmit a message instructing listeners/viewers to tune to another station for the information, and they must then suspend their operation.

==System test==
{{Listen|filename=NOAA Weather Radio MKE-KEC60 Weekly Test.ogg|title=NOAA Weather Radio MKE-KEC60 Weekly Test||description=The weekly Emergency Alert System test, usually initiated at 12 noon local time every Wednesday afternoon, as heard on [[密尔沃基]]'s {{tsl|en|KEC60}} on November 24, 2010.}}
All EAS equipment must be tested weekly. The required weekly test (RWT) consists, at a minimum, of the header and the end-of-message {{tsl|en|Specific Area Message Encoding||SAME bursts}}. Though a RWT does not need an audio or graphic message announcing the test, many stations will provide them as a courtesy to the public. Television stations are not required to transmit a video message for weekly tests. RWTs are scheduled by the station, on random days and times, and are generally not relayed.<ref name="cfr47"/>{{full|date=April 2011}}

Required monthly tests (RMTs) are generally originated by the local or state primary station, a state emergency management agency,or by the National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS) and are then relayed by broadcast and cable stations. RMTs must be performed between 8:30&nbsp;a.m. and local sunset during odd numbered months, and local sunset to 8:30&nbsp;am for even months. Received monthly tests must be re-transmitted within 60 minutes from receipt.<ref name="cfr47"/>{{full|date=April 2011}} Additionally, an RMT should not be scheduled or conducted during an event of great importance such as a pre-announced Presidential speech, coverage of a national/local election, major local or national news coverage outside regularly scheduled newscast hours or a major national sporting event such as the [[超级碗]] or [[世界大賽]], with other events such as the {{tsl|en|Daytona 500}} and [[奥林匹克运动会]] mentioned in individual EAS state plans.

===National tests===
{{Listen|filename=National EAS Test.ogg|title=National EAS Test||description=Audio recording of the first national EAS test on November 9, 2011, as heard on {{tsl|en|WISN-TV}} in [[密尔沃基]] and the cable EAS system of {{tsl|en|Charter Communications}}'s Wisconsin {{tsl|en|cable television headend||headend}}.}}
A RWT is not required during a calendar week in which an RMT is scheduled. No testing has to be done at all during a calendar week in which all parts of the EAS (header burst, attention signal, audio message, and end of message burst) have been legitimately activated. Coordinated national tests are planned to be conducted at least once every year, beginning with the national test that happened on November 9, 2011, and are very similar to RMTs.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6D1lh4Je20I Part 1] of a two part YouTube video of part of a national EAS test on Dish Network.{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8mC0eol8Ic Part 2] of a two part YouTube video of part of a national EAS test on Dish Network.{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref>

[[Image:EAStest.jpg|thumb|right|Screen announcing the nationwide test of the EAS, November 9, 2011, mainly generated by the EAS decoder at cable operator headends, listing that the test was generated within the [[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区]] rather than locally.]]
On November 9, 2011, after the national test was attempted,<ref name=ClaytonGaga>{{cite web|last=Clayton |first=Mark |url=/USA/2011/1109/Did-the-national-Emergency-Alert-System-mistakenly-play-Lady-Gaga |title=Did the national Emergency Alert System mistakenly play Lady Gaga? |work=[[基督科学箴言报]] |date=November 9, 2011 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref> stations began calling in saying that some of their receivers weren't able to relay the test, or some just didn't get the test at all; [[DirecTV]] users reported even hearing [[Lady Gaga]]'s "[[愛情狗仔|Paparazzi]]" throughout the test.<ref name=ClaytonGaga /><ref name="radiomag">{{cite web|url=/currents/news/alaska-eas-success-0106/ |title=Alaska EAS EAN Test: Success |work={{tsl|en|Radio (magazine)||Radio}} |date=January 6, 2010 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref> As of November 9, 2011, the FCC is still collecting data; however, it is clear that not every station in the US received or relayed the alert. The message, according to some, also lacked the alert code which would allow the President to speak. Due to a feedback loop in the PEP system, the test could be heard several times in the background, and the EOM (end of message) code was sent twice, violating EAS rules. The test was cut down to 30 seconds rather than the proposed 3 minutes. A similar test of the National EAS was carried out in January 2010, but operations were limited to the state of [[阿拉斯加州]]. That test was carried out flawlessly.<ref name="radiomag"/>

====National Test Results====

=====November 9, 2011 Results=====
On April 12, 2013, the FCC released the results of the November 9, 2011 test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strengthening the Emergency Alert System (EAS): Lessons Learned from the Nationwide EAS Test|url=/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2013/db0412/DOC-320152A1.pdf|accessdate=23 April 2013|author=Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau|month=April|year=2013}}</ref> Although there were several frequently reported issues, the FCC states that the test demonstrated that the national EAS architecture is basically sound. Some of these problems included:
*Bad audio quality<ref>{{cite web|title=Strengthening the Emergency Alert System (EAS): Lessons Learned from the Nationwide EAS Test|url=/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2013/db0412/DOC-320152A1.pdf|accessdate=23 April 2013|author=Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau|page=14|month=April|year=2013}}</ref>
**A malfunction at the National Primary level inserted a second level of header tones into the audio portion of the message, which created a large-delay reverb effect and noisy background levels, which increased in intensity each time the EAN message was passed on. Since then, FEMA has reconfigured their equipment correctly.
*Lack of a Primary Entry Point in some areas, leaving those areas without a direct connection to FEMA<ref name=EasResults>{{cite web|title=Strengthening the Emergency Alert System (EAS): Lessons Learned from the Nationwide EAS Test|url=/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2013/db0412/DOC-320152A1.pdf|accessdate=23 April 2013|author=Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau|page=15|month=April|year=2013}}</ref>
**At the time of the test, there was no established Primary Entry Point in Portland, Oregon. The Oregon EAS State Plan instructed all stations west of the Cascades (including Portland) to monitor public radio station KOPB-FM, which would receive the alert from the NPR Squawk Channel. The audio quality of the alert that KOPB-FM received via the NPR Squawk Channel was exceptionally poor, and most monitoring stations' equipment didn't recognize the alert at all or only broadcast the first few seconds of the alert. The FCC has since expanded PEP coverage to West of the Cascades (including Portland).
*Use of alternatives to PEP-based EAN distribution<ref name="EasResults"/>
**The FCC found that some stations chose to use alternatives to the PEP-based daisy-chain mode of propagation, and that some of these alternatives may not be able to receive the EAN effectively in times of emergency. The FCC has advised these stations to request approval from the FCC for these alternative ways of receiving the EAN.
*Inability of some participants to receive/transmit the EAN<ref name="EasResults"/>
**Some EAS Participants stated that, although they heard the EAN from their monitoring stations, they were not able to rebroadcast it to their audience. The FCC found that the cause of this was usually operator error, or that the Participant's equipment was programmed incorrectly.
*Short test length<ref name="EasResults"/>
**The FCC found that some EAS equipment manufacturers designed their equipment to not rebroadcast EANs shorter than 75 seconds due to a misinterpretation of the FCC regulations. Another EAS Participant suggested that the 30 second duration of the test was insufficient to allow its engineers to manually override its equipment when automatic equipment functions failed.

The first-ever Nationwide EAS Test was a success in that it demonstrated that the national EAS would generally perform as designed, if activated.<ref name=EasResultsConc>{{cite web|title=Strengthening the Emergency Alert System (EAS): Lessons Learned from the Nationwide EAS Test|url=/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2013/db0412/DOC-320152A1.pdf|accessdate=23 April 2013|author=Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau|page=19|month=April|year=2013}}</ref> At the same time, the test showed several areas that need improvement. The FCC says they will continue to work with FEMA, EAS Participants and other EAS stakeholders to address these problems.

==Additions and proposals==
The number of event types in the national system has grown to eighty. At first, all but three of the events (civil emergency message, immediate evacuation, and emergency action notification [national emergency]) were weather-related (such as a {{tsl|en|tornado warning}}). Since then, several classes of non-weather emergencies have been added, including, in most states, the [[安珀警戒]] System for child abduction emergencies.

In 2004, the FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking seeking comment on whether EAS in its present form is the most effective mechanism for warning the American public of an emergency and, if not, on how EAS can be improved, such as mandatory text messages to cellphones, regardless of subscription. As noted above, rules implemented by the FCC on July 12, 2007 provisionally endorse incorporating CAP with the SAME protocol.

On February 3, 2011, the FCC announced plans and procedures for national EAS tests, which will involve all television and radio stations connected to the EAS system, as well as all cable and satellite services in the United States. It will not be relayed on the NOAA Weather Radio (NOAA/NWS) network as it is an initiation-only network and does not receive messages from the PEP network.<ref>[http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0203/DOC-304451A1.pdf FCC Press Release: "FCC ACTION PAVES WAY FOR FIRST-EVER PRESIDENTIAL ALERT TO BE AIRED ACROSS U.S. ON NATION’S EMERGENCY ALERT SYSTEM", February 3, 2011.]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0203/FCC-11-12A1.pdf FCC Third Report and Order: In the Matter of Review of the Emergency Alert System, February 3, 2011.]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> The national test will transmit and relay an EAS test message from the White House. This protocol was first used in the first national test of the EAS, conducted on November 9, 2011 at 2:00&nbsp;pm EST/11:00&nbsp;am PST.<ref>{{cite press release|url=/news/newsrelease.fema?id=55722 |title=FEMA, FCC Announce Nationwide Test Of The Emergency Alert System |publisher=FEMA |date=June 9, 2011 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Clayton |first=Mark |url=/USA/2011/1109/Emergency-Alert-System-Why-US-is-doing-first-national-test-now |title=Emergency Alert System: Why US is doing first national test now |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=November 9, 2011 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref>

==EAS for consumers==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2009}}

EAS is designed to be useful for the entire public, not just those with SAME-capable equipment. However, several consumer-level radios do exist, especially [[NOAA气象广播|weather radio]] [[无线电接收机|receivers]], which are available to the public through both {{tsl|en|mail-order}} and [[零售]]s. Other specialty receivers for [[調幅廣播|AM]]/[[调频广播|FM]]/ACSSB(LM) are available only through mail-order, or in some places from federal, state, or local [[政府]]s, especially where there is a potential hazard nearby such as a chemical factory. These radios come pre-tuned to a station in each area that has agreed to provide this service to local emergency management officials and agencies, often with a direct link back to the plant's safety system or control room for instant activation should an evacuation or other emergency arise.

The ability to narrow messages down so that only the actual area in danger is alerted is extremely helpful in preventing false warnings, which was previously a major tune-out factor. Instead of sounding for all warnings within a station's area, SAME-decoder radios now sound only for the counties they are programmed for. When the alarm sounds, anyone with the radio ''knows'' that the danger is nearby and protective action should be taken. For this reason, the goal of the [[美国国家气象局]] (NOAA/NWS) is that each home should have both a {{tsl|en|smoke detector}} and a SAME [[NOAA气象广播|weather radio]].

==Incidents==
*During the [[九一一袭击事件]] in 2001, "... the EAS was not activated nationally or regionally in New York or Washington during the terrorist attacks on the nation." Richard Rudman, then chairman of the EAS National Advisory Committee explained that near immediate coverage in the national media meant that the media itself provided the warning or alert of what had happened and what might happen as quickly as the information could be distributed. "Some events really do serve as their own alerts and warnings. With the immediate live media coverage, the need for an EAS warning was lessened." 34 PEP stations were kept on high alert for use if the President had decided to order an Emergency Action Notification. "PEP is really a last-ditch effort to get a message out if the president cannot get to the media."<ref>Stine, Randy J. "[http://www.rwonline.com/reference-room/special-report/rw-eas2.shtml Terrorism Attacks Cue EAS Debate.]" RWonline, Radio World Newspaper. Sep 26, 2001. IMAS Publishing (USA) Inc. Apr 7, 2007{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref>

*On February 1, 2005, someone activated an EAS message over radio and television stations in [[康乃狄克州]] telling residents to evacuate the state immediately. Officials at the Office of Emergency Management announced that the activation and broadcast of the Emergency Alert System was in error due to possibly the wrong button being pressed. "State police said they received no calls related to the erroneous alert."<ref>{{cite news|title=False Alarm, Connecticut Not Being Evacuated|url=/index.php?/v2_5/comments/false_alarm_connecticut_not_being_evacuated/|publisher=WestportNow.com|date=February 1, 2005|accessdate=April 7, 2007|quote=State police said they received no calls related to the erroneous alert.}}</ref>

*On June 26, 2007, the EAS in [[伊利诺伊州]] was activated at 7:35&nbsp;am CDT and issued an Emergency Action Notification Message for the United States. This was followed by dead air and then {{tsl|en|WGN (AM)||WGN}} radio (the station designated to simulcast the alert message) being played on almost every television and radio station in the [[芝加哥]] area and throughout much of Illinois.<ref>[http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Emergency.Alert.System.2.337932.html cbs2chicago.com - Emergency Alert System Activated By Mistake<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> Instead of hearing official information, what viewers heard instead was a very confused {{tsl|en|Garry Meier}} from WCKG, who was wondering "what all that beeping was about". The accidental EAN activation was caused when a government contractor installing a new satellite receiver as part of a new national delivery path incorrectly left the receiver connected and wired to the state EOC's EAS transmitter before final closed circuit testing of the new delivery path had been completed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inadvertent Activation of the Illinois Emergency Alert System|url=/media/fact_sheets/eas.shtm|publisher=FEMA|date=June 28, 2007|accessdate=June 30, 2007}}</ref>

* On October 19, 2008 {{tsl|en|KWVE-FM}} of [[圣克莱门特 (加利福尼亚州)]] was scheduled to conduct a Required Weekly Test; however, it conducted a Required Monthly Test by mistake, causing all stations and cable systems in the immediate area to relay the test. In addition, the operator aborted the test midway through, leading the station to fail to broadcast the SAME EOM burst to end the test, causing all area outlets to broadcast KWVE-FM's programming until those stations took their equipment offline.<ref>{{cite web|url=/eb/Orders/2009/DA-09-2053A1.html |title="In the Matter of Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa, Inc., FM Radio Station KWVE San Clemente, California: NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE", Adopted: September 15, 2009 Released: September 17, 2009 |publisher=FCC |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref> On September 15, 2009, the [[美国联邦通信委员会]] fined its licensee, {{tsl|en|Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa}}, $5,000 for the botched EAS test. After the fine was levied, various state broadcast associations in the United States submitted joint letters to the FCC, protesting against the fine, saying that the FCC could have handled the matter better.<ref>{{cite web|url=/currents/news/state-broadcast-associations-appeal-kwve-eas-fine-fcc-1009/ |title=State Broadcast Associations Appeal KWVE EAS Fine to FCC |work=Radio |date=October 9, 2009 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref> On November 13, 2009, the FCC rescinded its fine against KWVE-FM, but had still admonished the station for broadcasting an unauthorized RMT, as well as omitting the code to end the test.<ref>{{cite web|url=/currents/news/fcc-dismisses-kwve-eas-fine-1117/ |title=FCC Dismisses KWVE EAS Fine |work=Radio |date=November 17, 2009 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref>

* On May 20, 2010, [[NOAA气象广播|NOAA All-Hazards]] and {{tsl|en|United States Army Chemical Materials Agency||CSEPP}} tone alert radios in the {{tsl|en|Hermiston, Oregon}} area, near the {{tsl|en|Umatilla Chemical Depot}}, were activated with an EAS alert shortly after 5&nbsp;pm. The message transmitted was for a Severe Thunderstorm Warning, issued by the [[美国国家气象局]] in {{tsl|en|Pendleton, Oregon||Pendleton}}, but the transmission broadcast instead was a long period of silence, followed by a few words in Spanish. [[尤馬蒂拉縣 (俄勒岡州)|Umatilla County]] Emergency Management has stressed there was no emergency at the depot.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |url=/article/20100520/NEWS03/705209858 |location=Everett, Washington |title=Glitch scrambles Oregon thunderstorm warning |work=The Herald |date=May 20, 2010 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref>

* During September 2010, the staff of {{tsl|en|KCST-FM}} {{tsl|en|Florence, Oregon}} noticed that their EAS equipment would repeatedly unmute as if receiving an incoming EAS message several times a week. During each event, which was relayed from {{tsl|en|KKNU}} [[斯普林菲尔德 (俄勒冈州)|Springfield]], the same commercial advertisement for {{tsl|en|ARCO}}/[[BP]] gasoline could be heard, along with the words "This test has been brought to you by ARCO". Further investigation by the primary station transmitting the commercial revealed that the spot had been produced using an audio clip of an actual EAS header which had been modified to lower the header's tone and presumably prevent it from triggering false positive alert reactions in EAS equipment. The spot was distributed nationally, and after it had once been identified as the source of the false EAS equipment trips, various stations around the country reported having had similar experiences. After a widespread notification by the [[廣播工程師協會]] was issued, ARCO's ad agency withdrew the commercial from air play.<ref>{{cite web|url=/currents/news/arco-oil-radio-ads-false-eas-header-0909/ |title=Arco Oil Radio Ads Include False EAS Header |work=Radio |date=September 9, 2010 |accessdate=July 16, 2012}}</ref> McKenzie River Broadcasting, the parent company of KKNU, was later served with a Notice of Apparent Liability with a forfeiture amount of $10,000 for having played the commercial advertisement containing the header tones. This issue was ultimately resolved without a fine being levied.

* On August 9, 2011, the Emergency Alert System was activated for a Required Weekly Test in [[戴維森縣 (田納西州)]]. However, due to a bug in the system, as many as 20 RWTs were sent and received from 3:20&nbsp;am to 5:00&nbsp;am CDT.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

* In October 2011, the FCC fined {{tsl|en|WHPR-FM}} in {{tsl|en|Highland Park, Michigan}} $22,000 for numerous violations, one of which was not having any EAS equipment in use; an employee of the station pointed out that the station's EAS decoder was stored in a closet.<ref>[http://transition.fcc.gov/eb/Orders/2011/DA-11-1755A1.html "In the Matter of R.J.'S LATE NIGHT ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION: NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE AND ORDER"], FCC, October 21, 2011.{{date=January 2013}}</ref>

*On November 3, 2011, the EAS in [[埃托瓦县]] was activated for a Required Weekly Test on Comcast. However, due to a bug in the system, as many as 15 RWTs were sent and received from 2:15&nbsp;am to 4:30&nbsp;am CDT. The error occurred again on December 6, 2012, when another bug caused as many as 17 RWTs to be sent and received between 12:10&nbsp;am and 4:50&nbsp;am CST.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

* On November 9, 2011, the first National EAS Test was conducted. Many people that were listening to TV or radio reported barely hearing the audio, not seeing the video, hearing overlapping audio, or on cable and satellite systems which redirect to one certain channel slot to launch the test, were stuck on the EAS channel without routing to the test (such as a non-essential {{tsl|en|shopping channel}}, {{tsl|en|TV Guide Network}}, {{tsl|en|Music Choice}} audio channel, or in [[DirecTV]]'s case, a {{tsl|en|DMX (music)||Sonic Tap}} audio channel airing [[Lady Gaga|Lady Gaga's]] ''[[愛情狗仔|Paparazzi]]'' at the time<ref>{{cite web|url=/article.asp?id=2331462|title=Mixed Reviews On National EAS Test|coauthors=Staff report|date=November 10, 2011|publisher={{tsl|en|FMQB}}|accessdate=November 13, 2011}}</ref>).

* On March 13, 2012, just after the broadcast of the ''[[今天 (NBC)|Today Show]]'' at 9:56 am, {{tsl|en|WDIV-TV}} accidentally launched the Emergency Alert System seconds before their local newscast started to air. The Emergency Alert System froze for 5 seconds, then returning to the newscast. This is WDIV's shortest—yet glitched—EAS running only for 10 seconds. It's unknown if this was implied to air before the newscast starts, or the commercials delayed the EAS from airing.

*On May 21, 2012, the Emergency Alert System in [[田纳西州]] was activated for a Required Weekly Test. However, a familiar bug in the system caused as many as 9 weekly tests to be transmitted that night. Later that night, a Required Monthly Test was transmitted but contained a Flash Flood Warning message. No explanation has been given for this error.

*On February 11, 2013, [[黑客 (电脑安全)|hackers]] broke into the EAS networks in [[大瀑布城]] and {{tsl|en|Marquette, Michigan}} to broadcast an emergency alert that [[zombie]]s have risen from their graves in several counties in [[蒙大拿州]] and [[密歇根州]]'s [[密西根上半島]]. Stations {{tsl|en|KRTV}} in Great Falls, {{tsl|en|WBUP}} and {{tsl|en|WNMU-TV}} in Marquette broke into programming to broadcast the false alerts.<ref>[http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=859352#.URnQqPW8F8F WLUC-TV: "Emergency Broadcast System hacked", February 11, 2013.]</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/11/dead-bodies-are-rising-from-their-graves-hackers-use-emergency-alert-system-to-warn-of-zombie-apocalypse/ Associated Press, via National Post: "‘Dead bodies are rising from their graves’: Hackers use emergency alert system to warn of zombie apocalypse", February 11, 2013.]</ref> Details on the hacking incident remain unknown at present, though a representative for Monroe Electronics, a maker and distributor of EAS equipment, mentioned that some stations do not change their logins or passwords, opting to use factory presets instead. Because of this, trade groups, including the {{tsl|en|Michigan Association of Broadcasters}}, urged broadcasters to change their passwords and to recheck their security measures.<ref>[http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/02/zombie_apocalypse_now_michigan.html Mlive.com: "Zombie apocalypse now? Michigan TV stations' Emergency Alert Systems hacked with notice of walking dead", February 12, 2013.]</ref> On February 13, 2013, {{tsl|en|WIZM-FM}} in {{tsl|en|La Crosse, Wisconsin}} inadvertently triggered the EAS on {{tsl|en|WKBT-DT}} by playing a recording of the fake alert during its morning show.<ref>{{cite web|title=TV zombie-attack warning a false alarm|url=/news/local/tv-zombie-attack-warning-a-false-alarm/article_96312830-759f-11e2-bb49-0019bb2963f4.html|publisher=LaCrosse Tribune|accessdate=14 February 2013}}</ref>

==EAS event codes==
{{Main|Specific Area Message Encoding}}

==In popular culture==
* In the 2009 video game ''[[決勝時刻：現代戰爭2]]'', during a [[俄罗斯]]n invasion of the [[美国]], one of the loading screen videos is simply a warning loosely based on the Emergency Alert System. A message scrolls across the screen giving evacuation instructions for residents of [[乔治王子县 (马里兰州)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=/watch?v=xeXD7t16v8s|title=Modern Warfare 2 Cutscene - Emergency Broadcast System|date=November 15, 2009|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref> {{cn-span|text=Strangely, the scrolling message says "EMERGENCY BROADCAST SYSTEM" when the tone is actually the EAS tone. Also, the SAME tone is for a Required Weekly Test.|date=June 2013}}

* {{cn-span|text=In the 2009 science fiction film ''[[末日預言|Knowing]]'', when Diana pulls in at the gas station and goes to the clerk for gasoline, the television in the background is displaying a 24 hour news broadcast, when suddenly the screen changes with both the "Emergency Alert System" alert tones and an alert message stating, "This is an Emergency Broadcast Transmission!" "This is not a test!" The message repeats again and you see a portrayal of a fictionalized presidential cabinet alerting the public of the impending solar flares.|date=June 2013}}

* {{cn-span|text=In the 2013 film ''[[地球末日戰|World War Z]]'', the Emergency Alert System was used by {{tsl|en|New Jersey State Police}}, instructing residents to seek shelter and to pack food enough for at least a week. Also, at the credits scene a scrolling ticker using the EAS format warned viewers not to leave their mobile phones behind in the cinema.|date=June 2013}}

* {{cn-span|text=Also in the 2013 film ''{{tsl|en|The Purge}}'' The "Emergency Broadcast System" [''[[Sic]]''] is used to inform the populace that the yearly purge will be starting and lasting for 12 hours. The warning signal is also played in the trailer. The producers probably used the EBS instead of EAS to avoid legal ramifications.|date=June 2013}}

==See also==
* {{tsl|en|Common Alerting Protocol}}
* {{tsl|en|Common Alerting Protocol}}
* {{tsl|en|Commercial Mobile Alert System}} (CMAS)
* {{tsl|en|Commercial Mobile Alert System}} (CMAS)
第135行： 第29行：
* {{tsl|en|Emergency Public Warning System}}
* {{tsl|en|Emergency Public Warning System}}
* {{tsl|en|HANDEL}} (UK's National Attack Warning System)
* {{tsl|en|HANDEL}} (UK's National Attack Warning System)
* [[日本全国瞬时警报系统]]（J-Alert）
* {{tsl|en|J-Alert}}
* [[NOAA气象广播]]
* [[NOAA气象广播]]
* {{tsl|en|Weatheradio Canada}}
* {{tsl|en|Weatheradio Canada}}
第144行： 第38行：
* {{tsl|en|Standard Emergency Warning Signal}} (Australia)
* {{tsl|en|Standard Emergency Warning Signal}} (Australia)
* {{tsl|en|Wartime Broadcasting Service}}
* {{tsl|en|Wartime Broadcasting Service}}
* [[災防告警細胞廣播訊息系統]]（PWS）


==References==
==参考==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{transF}}


==External links==
==外部链接==
* [http://fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html Consumer facts page]
* [http://fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html Consumer facts page] {{Wayback|url=http://fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html |date=20110510092016 }}
* [http://www.fcc.gov/eb/Orders/2004/FCC-04-189A1.html FCC notice regarding possible improvements]
* [http://www.fcc.gov/eb/Orders/2004/FCC-04-189A1.html FCC notice regarding possible improvements] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fcc.gov/eb/Orders/2004/FCC-04-189A1.html |date=20101215004621 }}
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYIQ9RKjv4I Required Weekly Test on WTKR-TV, Norfolk, VA]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYIQ9RKjv4I Required Weekly Test on WTKR-TV，Norfolk，VA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYIQ9RKjv4I |date=20190121204034 }}
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nE8WVfXpKc Actual EAS Activation for a Severe Thunderstorm Warning, Washington County PA]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nE8WVfXpKc Actual EAS Activation for a Severe Thunderstorm Warning，Washington County PA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nE8WVfXpKc |date=20201121100331 }}
* [http://www.digitalalertsystems.com/ DASDEC Digital EAS Encoder/Decoder Information]
* [http://www.digitalalertsystems.com/ DASDEC Digital EAS Encoder/Decoder Information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.digitalalertsystems.com/ |date=20210410200054 }}
* [http://www.broadcast.harris.com/servicesandsupport/sage/Default.asp SAGE Digital ENDEC Information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101018045513/http://www.broadcast.harris.com/servicesandsupport/sage/Default.asp SAGE Digital ENDEC Information]
* [http://www.gorman-redlich.com/downloads.html#audio EAS Test Messages in .mp3 audio ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921164540/http://gorman-redlich.com/downloads.html#audio EAS Test Messages in .mp3 audio ]
* [http://www.lightnerelectronics.com/downloads/SAGEENDECMANUAL.pdf SAGE ENDEC MANUAL - ENDEC Manual]
* [http://www.lightnerelectronics.com/downloads/SAGEENDECMANUAL.pdf SAGE ENDEC MANUAL - ENDEC Manual] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lightnerelectronics.com/downloads/SAGEENDECMANUAL.pdf |date=20191113155519 }}
* [http://www.broadcast.harris.com/servicesandsupport/sage/sage.pdf Sage ENDEC Alerting Systems Product Datasheet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717020941/http://www.broadcast.harris.com/servicesandsupport/sage/sage.pdf Sage ENDEC Alerting Systems Product Datasheet]


{{Telecommunications}}


[[Category:民防]]
[[Category:民防]]
{{tsl|en|Category:Emergency Alert System|| }}
[[Category:美国灾害防备]]
[[Category:美国灾害防备]]
[[Category:1997年美國建立]]

2024年5月5日 (日) 13:56的最新版本

此條目介紹的是美國警報系統。关于香港警報系統，请见「緊急警示系統」。关于日本的警報系統，请见「全國瞬時警報系統」。
Emergency Alert System
公司類型紧急公共警报 编辑维基数据
成立1997年 编辑维基数据

紧急警报系统（Emergency Alert System ，缩写：EAS）是一套美国的警报系统，正式启用于1997年1月，取代了原用以代替电磁发射管制系统的紧急广播系统 （Emergency Broadcast System）。除了提醒公众当地天气突发事件，如龙卷风和山洪，官方的目的是为了能让美国总统在10分钟内与全国通话，[1] 在2011年11月9日，东部标准时间下午2点，进行了全国性质的EAS测试，但是全国的EAS从未被激活过。[2][3]

EAS由联邦紧急事務管理署（FEMA），美国联邦通信委员会（FCC），以及美国国家气象局（NOAA/NWS）共同协调。EAS规定和标准均受美国联邦通信委员会下属的公共安全和国土安全局管理。每個州份和一些領地有自己的EAS计划。[4]EAS已经成为综合公共警报和预警系统（IPAWS（英语：IPAWS））的一部分，全称为The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System，同样作为聯邦緊急事務管理署程序的一部分（FEMA）。

在大众文化中

[编辑]

在2009年的游戏《決勝時刻：現代戰爭2》，在俄罗斯入侵美国时，载入画面视频出现了简易的紧急警报系统的警告。一则消息在畫面上滚动，给马里兰州乔治王子县的居民的疏散指示。[5]奇怪的是，滚动的消息说，“紧急广播系统”时的语气实际上是EAS音。此外，相同的基调是一个每周一次的测试。

在2009年的科幻电影《末日預言》，当戴安娜拉在加油站店加油时，后方的电视显示的是一个24小时新闻播报，突然发出了“紧急警报系统”提示音，并提示警报消息“这里是紧急广播！”、“这不是一个测试！”。该消息再次重复时，你会看到一个虚构的总统内阁的写照，并提醒公众即将发生的太阳耀斑。

在2013年的科幻电影《地球末日戰》，紧急系统被新泽西州警察（英语：New Jersey State Police）利用。紧急警报系统指导居民寻求庇护，并准备足够一个星期的食物。同样，在电影结束时使用EAS格式的滚动跑马灯警告观众不要把自己的手机落在电影院。

同样在2013年的科幻电影《人类清除计划》，“紧急广播系统”（EBS）[Sic] 用来告知民众，清洗将开始并持续12小时。[6]在预告片中也提到了预警系统。[7]制片方使用EBS来代替EAS，可能是为了避免法律后果。

参见

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参考

[编辑]
  1. ^ 存档副本. [2013-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-11）. 
  2. ^ Review of the Emergency Alert System. Federal Communications Commission. （原始内容存档于2013-12-27）. 
  3. ^ Collins, Glenn. The Silence of the Alert System; Experts Urge Overhaul of Plan Unused Even on Sept. 11. The New York Times. December 21, 2001 [September 5, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）. 
  4. ^ Emergency Alert System. FCC. November 9, 2011 [July 16, 2012]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-14）. 
  5. ^ Modern Warfare 2 Cutscene - Emergency Broadcast System. YouTube. November 15, 2009 [November 29, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-20）. 
  6. ^ Emergency Broadcast System - The Purge. Youtube. October 4, 2013 [November 26, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-25）. 
  7. ^ The Purge Official Trailer #1 (2013). MOVIECLIPS Trailers(Youtube). April 3, 2013 [November 27, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-30）. 

外部链接

[编辑]
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=紧急警报系统&oldid=82526313”