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西进运动:修订间差异

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'''西进运动'''(Westward Movement)是指[[美东]]居民向[[美西]]地区迁移和进行开发的群众性运动,始于[[美国独立]]之後的18世纪末,终于19世纪末20世纪初。此运动大大促进了美国軍事與经济的发展,西进运动是美国[[美國領土變遷|拓宽疆土]],吞并土地的一种推進行为,由於美東的土地與資源有限,美國人掀起了长达一个世纪的西进运动。它开发了如今的美国西部地区,也使美國變成一個軍事大國,但也消灭了众多原生生物與印地安部族。
[[File:Trails of Tears en.png|300px|thumb|“血泪之路”]]


==簡介==
'''美国西进运动''',也称为'''血泪之路'''({{lang-en|'''Trail of Tears'''}}),是指在[[北美]][[殖民地]]时期开始的向西移民的活动和对西部的开发,同时也是[[美国]]文化本土化的发展历程。
[[美国]]除了民眾的西進,政府積極向[[密西西比河]]以西扩张,用购买和[[战争]]手段兼并了[[法国]]、[[西班牙]]、[[英国]]的[[殖民地]]和[[墨西哥]]的大片[[国土]]。美國政府也積極對[[印地安人]]地區下手,1830年5月,[[美国总统]][[安德鲁·杰克逊]]签署《[[印第安人迁移法案]]》,把[[印第安人]]押送出[[密西西比河]]以东地区


在[[南北戰爭]]之前,大批移民到西部[[拓荒]],客观上扩大了国内市场,破坏了自由州与蓄奴州的平衡,为北方人[[內战]]的胜利打下基础。[[南北战争]]爆发后,[[聯邦]]为鼓勵人民参與對抗[[美利堅聯盟國]],[[亚伯拉罕·林肯]]总统签署了《[[宅地法]]》。该法是[[美国]]西部开发中最具[[民主]]色彩的土地政策,它使大批百姓获得土地,大大促进西部的开发。
==事件经过==
1830年5月,[[美国总统]][[安德鲁·杰克逊]]签署《[[印第安人迁移法案]]》,把[[印第安人]]押送出[[密西西比河]]以东地区。美国西进运动中大量的印第安人遭[[屠杀]],其他的被强迫迁移到西部的贫瘠地区。并由此发生了[[第二次塞米诺尔战争]]。


西进运动对[[美国]]的[[政治]]、[[经济]]生活都有重大的影响。广大的西部土地并入[[美国]],使[[美国]]成为幅员辽阔、自然资源丰富的[[国家]];西部的开拓,带动了大规模[[铁路]]的建筑和大批移民的流,使[[美国]]形成了广大的国内[[市场]]。从某种意义上说,没有西进运动,就没有后来美国在[[资本主义]]世界举足轻重的地位
==相关事件和影响==
与此同时,[[美国]]也向[[密西西比河]]以西扩张,用购买和[[战争]]手段兼并了[[法国]]、[[西班牙]]、[[英国]]的[[殖民地]]和[[墨西哥]]的大片[[国土]]。


但是,随着西进运动的进行,大量印第安人遭[[屠杀]],其他的被强迫迁移至贫瘠地区。并由此发生了[[第二次塞米诺尔战争]]。印第安人被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的“[[血泪之路]]”。
[[美国]][[南北战争]]爆发后,为鼓勵人民参與對抗[[美利堅聯盟國]],[[亚伯拉罕·林肯]]总统签署了《[[宅地法]]》。该法是[[美国]]西部开发中最具[[民主]]色彩的土地政策,它使大批贫苦百姓获得土地,大大促进西部的开发。西进运动对[[美国]]的[[政治]]、[[经济]]生活都有重大的影响。广大的西部土地并入[[美国]],使[[美国]]成为幅员辽阔、自然资源丰富的[[国家]];西部的开拓,带动了大规模[[铁路]]的建筑和大批移民的流,使[[美国]]形成了广大的国内[[市场]]。

== 纪念物 ==
*[[聖路易斯拱門]]

== 参见 ==
*{{link-en|去西部吧,年轻人|Go West, young man}}


==參考文獻==
==參考文獻==
{{refbegin|2}}
{{refbegin|2}}

*{{cite book |editor1-first=William |editor1-last=Anderson |title=Cherokee Removal: Before and After |year= 1991 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |location=Athens, Georgia |isbn=978-0-8203-1482-2}}
*{{cite book |editor1-first=William |editor1-last=Anderson |title=Cherokee Removal: Before and After |year= 1991 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |location=Athens, Georgia |isbn=978-0-8203-1482-2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bealer|first1=Alex W.| authorlink1=:en:Alex W. Bealer|title=Only the Names Remain: The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears|origyear=1972|year=1996|publisher=Little, Brown |location=[[波士顿|Boston, Massachusetts]]|isbn=978-0-316-08519-9}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bealer|first1=Alex W.| authorlink1=Alex W. Bealer|title=Only the Names Remain: The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears|url=https://archive.org/details/onlynamesremainc00beal_0|origyear=1972|year=1996|publisher=Little, Brown |location=[[波士顿|Boston, Massachusetts]]|isbn=978-0-316-08519-9}}
*{{cite book |last1= Carter|first1=Samuel |title=Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed |year= 1976 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=0-385-06735-6}}
*{{cite book |last1= Carter|first1=Samuel |title=Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed |url= https://archive.org/details/cherokeesunsetna00cart|year= 1976 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=0-385-06735-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ehle |first1=John |authorlink1=:en:John Ehle |title=Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1989 |origyear=1988 |publisher=Anchor Books |location=New York |isbn=0-385-23954-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ehle |first1=John |authorlink1=John Ehle |title=Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1989 |origyear=1988 |publisher=Anchor Books |location=New York |isbn=0-385-23954-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=David |last2= King |first2=Duane |title=The Cherokee Trail of Tears |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2008 |publisher=Graphic Arts Books |isbn=978-0-88240-752-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=David |last2= King |first2=Duane |title=The Cherokee Trail of Tears |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2008 |publisher=Graphic Arts Books |isbn=978-0-88240-752-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Grant |title=Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians |edition=11 |origyear=1932|year= 1989 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=0-8061-1172-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Grant |title=Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians |edition=11 |origyear=1932|year= 1989 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=0-8061-1172-0}}
*{{cite book |last1= Jahoda |first1=Gloria |authorlink1=:en:Gloria Jahoda |title=Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813-1855 |publisher=Henry Holt & Co |year=1995 |origyear=1975 |isbn=978-0-517-14677-4}}
*{{cite book |last1= Jahoda |first1=Gloria |authorlink1=Gloria Jahoda |title=Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813-1855 |url= https://archive.org/details/trailoftears00jaho |publisher=Henry Holt & Co |year=1995 |origyear=1975 |isbn=978-0-517-14677-4}}
*{{cite book |last1= Mooney |first1=James |authorlink1=James Mooney |editor1-first=Duane |editor1-last=King |title=Myths of the Cherokee |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=2007 |origyear=1888 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7607-8340-5}}
*{{cite book |last1= Mooney |first1=James |authorlink1=ames Mooney |editor1-first=Duane |editor1-last=King |title=Myths of the Cherokee |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=2007 |origyear=1888 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7607-8340-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |last2=Green |first2=Michael |title=The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears |year=2008 |origyear=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-311367-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |last2=Green |first2=Michael |title=The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears |year=2008 |origyear=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-311367-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Prucha |first1=Francis |title=The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians |year=1984 |publisher=Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=0-8032-3668-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Prucha |first1=Francis |title=The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/greatfatherun01pruc |year=1984 |publisher=Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=0-8032-3668-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Remini |first1=Robert |authorlink=Robert V. Remini |title=Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars |year=2001 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=0-670-91025-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Remini |first1=Robert |authorlink=Robert V. Remini |title=Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonhis00remi |year=2001 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=0-670-91025-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Anthony |title=The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians |edition= Hardback|year=1993 |publisher=Hill and Wang |location= New York |isbn=0-8090-6631-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Anthony |title=The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/longbittertraila0000wall |edition= Hardback|year=1993 |publisher=Hill and Wang |location= New York |isbn=0-8090-6631-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=James |title=The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America |year= 1998 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3680-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=James |title=The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America |year= 1998 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3680-0}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==文件==
==文件==
*[http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/chdebate.htm Cherokee Indian Removal Debate U.S. Senate, April 15-17, 1830]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090206201426/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/chdebate.htm Cherokee Indian Removal Debate U.S. Senate, April 15-17, 1830]
*[http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/CulInfo/TOT/125/Default.aspx Winfield Scott's Address to the Cherokee Nation, May 10, 1838]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006002910/http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/CulInfo/TOT/125/Default.aspx Winfield Scott's Address to the Cherokee Nation, May 10, 1838]
*[http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/scottord.htm Gen. Winfield Scott's Order to U.S. Troops ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227033848/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/scottord.htm Gen. Winfield Scott's Order to U.S. Troops ]


==記錄片==
==記錄片==
*''[[:en:The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy|The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy]]'' (2006) - directed by Chip Richie; narrated by [[:en:James Earl Jones|James Earl Jones]]
*''{{le|The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy|The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy}}'' (2006) - directed by Chip Richie; narrated by [[詹姆斯·厄爾·瓊斯|James Earl Jones]]


==外部鏈接==
==外部連結==
{{Commonscat|Trail of Tears|美国西进运动}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource|Appeal of the Cherokee Nation}}
{{Wikisource|Appeal of the Cherokee Nation}}
{{wikivoyage|Trail of Tears}}
{{wikivoyage|Trail of Tears}}
*[http://cherokeeregistry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=349&Itemid=444/ Trail of Tears List - a report to the U.S. Senate]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085819/http://cherokeeregistry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=349&Itemid=444%2F Trail of Tears List - a report to the U.S. Senate]
*[http://169.203.4.233/trail_of_tears/index.htm Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030419062541/http://169.203.4.233/trail_of_tears/index.htm Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals]
*[http://www.nps.gov/trte/index.htm Trail of Tears National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)]
*[http://www.nps.gov/trte/index.htm Trail of Tears National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nps.gov/trte/index.htm |date=20210414082149 }}
*[http://nationaltota.org/ Trail of Tears Association]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161005052203/http://nationaltota.org/ Trail of Tears Association]
*[http://www.anpa.ualr.edu/trail_of_tears/indian_removal_project/site_reports/north_little_rock/chickasaw.htm The North Little Rock Site: Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080603000054/http://www.anpa.ualr.edu/trail_of_tears/indian_removal_project/site_reports/north_little_rock/chickasaw.htm The North Little Rock Site: Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw]
*[http://www.seminoletribe.com/history/indian_removal.shtml Seminole Tribe of Florida History: Indian Resistance and Removal]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091016025057/http://www.seminoletribe.com/history/indian_removal.shtml Seminole Tribe of Florida History: Indian Resistance and Removal]
*[http://www.nps.gov/archive/ocmu/Removal.htm Muscogee (Creek) Removal]
*[http://www.nps.gov/archive/ocmu/Removal.htm Muscogee (Creek) Removal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/ocmu/Removal.htm |date=20101129155132 }}
*[http://www.cherokeeregistry.com/ Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150815205110/http://www.cherokeeregistry.com/ Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center]
*[http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/History/TOT/Default.aspx Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080907225258/http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/History/TOT/Default.aspx Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center ]
*[http://kingwoodkowboy.com/trailoftears.html Trail of Tears - The Dream We Dreamed]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090915182030/http://kingwoodkowboy.com/trailoftears.html Trail of Tears - The Dream We Dreamed]
*[http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1433 Cherokee Indian Removal, Encyclopedia of Alabama]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061224/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1433 Cherokee Indian Removal, Encyclopedia of Alabama]
*[http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118trail.htm ''The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan]
*[http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118trail.htm ''The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118trail.htm |date=20080512085436 }}
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/trail_of_tears.htm Trail of Tears Roll], Access genealogy
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/trail_of_tears.htm Trail of Tears Roll] {{Wayback|url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/trail_of_tears.htm |date=20130604101926 }}, Access genealogy


{{美国领土扩张}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:美国西部历史]]
[[Category:美國原住民]]
[[Category:美國原住民]]
[[Category:19世纪美国]]
[[Category:19世纪美国]]
[[Category:被迫遷徙]]
[[Category:被迫遷徙]]
[[Category:美国历史 (1789年-1849年)]]
[[Category:北卡罗来纳州历史]]
[[Category:喬治亞州歷史]]

2024年6月14日 (五) 09:28的最新版本

西进运动(Westward Movement)是指美东居民向美西地区迁移和进行开发的群众性运动,始于美国独立之後的18世纪末,终于19世纪末20世纪初。此运动大大促进了美国軍事與经济的发展,西进运动是美国拓宽疆土,吞并土地的一种推進行为,由於美東的土地與資源有限,美國人掀起了长达一个世纪的西进运动。它开发了如今的美国西部地区,也使美國變成一個軍事大國,但也消灭了众多原生生物與印地安部族。

簡介

[编辑]

美国除了民眾的西進,政府也積極向密西西比河以西扩张,用购买和战争手段兼并了法国西班牙英国殖民地墨西哥的大片国土。美國政府也積極對印地安人地區下手,1830年5月,美国总统安德鲁·杰克逊签署《印第安人迁移法案》,把印第安人押送出密西西比河以东地区。

南北戰爭之前,大批移民到西部拓荒,客观上扩大了国内市场,破坏了自由州与蓄奴州的平衡,为北方人內战的胜利打下基础。南北战争爆发后,聯邦为鼓勵人民参與對抗美利堅聯盟國亚伯拉罕·林肯总统签署了《宅地法》。该法是美国西部开发中最具民主色彩的土地政策,它使大批百姓获得土地,大大促进西部的开发。

西进运动对美国政治经济生活都有重大的影响。广大的西部土地并入美国,使美国成为幅员辽阔、自然资源丰富的国家;西部的开拓,带动了大规模铁路的建筑和大批移民的流入,使美国形成了广大的国内市场。从某种意义上说,没有西进运动,就没有后来美国在资本主义世界举足轻重的地位。

但是,随着西进运动的进行,大量印第安人遭屠杀,其他的被强迫迁移至贫瘠地区。并由此发生了第二次塞米诺尔战争。印第安人被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的“血泪之路”。

纪念物

[编辑]

参见

[编辑]

參考文獻

[编辑]

文件

[编辑]

記錄片

[编辑]

外部連結

[编辑]