西进运动：修订间差异
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'''西进运动'''（Westward Movement）是指[[美东]]居民向[[美西]]地区迁移和进行开发的群众性运动，始于[[美国独立]]之後的18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初。此运动大大促进了美国軍事與经济的发展，西进运动是美国拓宽疆土，吞并土地的一种推進行为，由於美東的土地與資源有限，美國人掀起了长达一个世纪的西进运动。它开发了如今的美国西部地区，也使美國變成一個軍事大國，但也消灭了众多原生生物與印地安部族。 |
'''西进运动'''（Westward Movement）是指[[美东]]居民向[[美西]]地区迁移和进行开发的群众性运动，始于[[美国独立]]之後的18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初。此运动大大促进了美国軍事與经济的发展，西进运动是美国[[美國領土變遷|拓宽疆土]]，吞并土地的一种推進行为，由於美東的土地與資源有限，美國人掀起了长达一个世纪的西进运动。它开发了如今的美国西部地区，也使美國變成一個軍事大國，但也消灭了众多原生生物與印地安部族。 |
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==簡介== |
==簡介== |
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[[美国]]除了民眾的西進，政府也積極向[[密西西比河]]以西扩张，用购买和[[战争]]手段兼并了[[法国]]、[[西班牙]]、[[英国]]的[[殖民地]]和[[墨西哥]]的大片[[国土]]。美國政府也積極對[[印地安人]]地區下手，1830年5月，[[美国总统]][[安德鲁·杰克逊]]签署《[[印第安人迁移法案]]》，把[[印第安人]]押送出[[密西西比河]]以东地区。 |
[[美国]]除了民眾的西進，政府也積極向[[密西西比河]]以西扩张，用购买和[[战争]]手段兼并了[[法国]]、[[西班牙]]、[[英国]]的[[殖民地]]和[[墨西哥]]的大片[[国土]]。美國政府也積極對[[印地安人]]地區下手，1830年5月，[[美国总统]][[安德鲁·杰克逊]]签署《[[印第安人迁移法案]]》，把[[印第安人]]押送出[[密西西比河]]以东地区。 |
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在[[南北戰爭]]之前，大批移民到西部[[拓荒]]，客观上 |
在[[南北戰爭]]之前，大批移民到西部[[拓荒]]，客观上扩大了国内市场，破坏了自由州与蓄奴州的平衡，为北方人[[內战]]的胜利打下基础。[[南北战争]]爆发后，[[聯邦]]为鼓勵人民参與對抗[[美利堅聯盟國]]，[[亚伯拉罕·林肯]]总统签署了《[[宅地法]]》。该法是[[美国]]西部开发中最具[[民主]]色彩的土地政策，它使大批百姓获得土地，大大促进西部的开发。 |
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西进运动对[[美国]]的[[政治]]、[[经济]]生活都有重大的影响。广大的西部土地并入[[美国]]，使[[美国]]成为幅员辽阔、自然资源丰富的[[国家]]；西部的开拓，带动了大规模[[铁路]]的建筑和大批移民的流入，使[[美国]]形成了广大的国内[[市场]]。从某种意义上说，没有西进运动，就没有后来美国在[[资本主义]]世界举足轻重的地位。 |
西进运动对[[美国]]的[[政治]]、[[经济]]生活都有重大的影响。广大的西部土地并入[[美国]]，使[[美国]]成为幅员辽阔、自然资源丰富的[[国家]]；西部的开拓，带动了大规模[[铁路]]的建筑和大批移民的流入，使[[美国]]形成了广大的国内[[市场]]。从某种意义上说，没有西进运动，就没有后来美国在[[资本主义]]世界举足轻重的地位。 |
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但是，随着西进运动的进行，大量印第安人遭[[屠杀]]，其他的被强迫迁移至贫瘠地区。并由此发生了[[第二次塞米诺尔战争]]。印第安人被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的“血泪之路” |
但是，随着西进运动的进行，大量印第安人遭[[屠杀]]，其他的被强迫迁移至贫瘠地区。并由此发生了[[第二次塞米诺尔战争]]。印第安人被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的“[[血泪之路]]”。 |
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== 纪念物 == |
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*[[聖路易斯拱門]] |
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== 参见 == |
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*{{link-en|去西部吧，年轻人|Go West, young man}} |
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==參考文獻== |
==參考文獻== |
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{{refbegin|2}} |
{{refbegin|2}} |
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*{{cite book |editor1-first=William |editor1-last=Anderson |title=Cherokee Removal: Before and After |year= 1991 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |location=Athens, Georgia |isbn=978-0-8203-1482-2}} |
*{{cite book |editor1-first=William |editor1-last=Anderson |title=Cherokee Removal: Before and After |year= 1991 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |location=Athens, Georgia |isbn=978-0-8203-1482-2}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Bealer|first1=Alex W.| authorlink1= |
*{{cite book|last1=Bealer|first1=Alex W.| authorlink1=Alex W. Bealer|title=Only the Names Remain: The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears|url=https://archive.org/details/onlynamesremainc00beal_0|origyear=1972|year=1996|publisher=Little, Brown |location=[[波士顿|Boston, Massachusetts]]|isbn=978-0-316-08519-9}} |
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*{{cite book |last1= Carter|first1=Samuel |title=Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed |year= 1976 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=0-385-06735-6}} |
*{{cite book |last1= Carter|first1=Samuel |title=Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed |url= https://archive.org/details/cherokeesunsetna00cart|year= 1976 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=0-385-06735-6}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Ehle |first1=John |authorlink1= |
*{{cite book |last1=Ehle |first1=John |authorlink1=John Ehle |title=Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1989 |origyear=1988 |publisher=Anchor Books |location=New York |isbn=0-385-23954-8}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=David |last2= King |first2=Duane |title=The Cherokee Trail of Tears |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2008 |publisher=Graphic Arts Books |isbn=978-0-88240-752-4}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=David |last2= King |first2=Duane |title=The Cherokee Trail of Tears |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2008 |publisher=Graphic Arts Books |isbn=978-0-88240-752-4}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Grant |title=Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians |edition=11 |origyear=1932|year= 1989 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=0-8061-1172-0}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Grant |title=Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians |edition=11 |origyear=1932|year= 1989 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=0-8061-1172-0}} |
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*{{cite book |last1= Jahoda |first1=Gloria |authorlink1= |
*{{cite book |last1= Jahoda |first1=Gloria |authorlink1=Gloria Jahoda |title=Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813-1855 |url= https://archive.org/details/trailoftears00jaho |publisher=Henry Holt & Co |year=1995 |origyear=1975 |isbn=978-0-517-14677-4}} |
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*{{cite book |last1= Mooney |first1=James |authorlink1= |
*{{cite book |last1= Mooney |first1=James |authorlink1=ames Mooney |editor1-first=Duane |editor1-last=King |title=Myths of the Cherokee |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=2007 |origyear=1888 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7607-8340-5}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |last2=Green |first2=Michael |title=The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears |year=2008 |origyear=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-311367-6}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |last2=Green |first2=Michael |title=The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears |year=2008 |origyear=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-311367-6}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Prucha |first1=Francis |title=The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians |year=1984 |publisher=Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=0-8032-3668-9}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Prucha |first1=Francis |title=The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/greatfatherun01pruc |year=1984 |publisher=Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=0-8032-3668-9}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Remini |first1=Robert |authorlink= |
*{{cite book |last1=Remini |first1=Robert |authorlink=Robert V. Remini |title=Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonhis00remi |year=2001 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=0-670-91025-2}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Anthony |title=The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians |edition= Hardback|year=1993 |publisher=Hill and Wang |location= New York |isbn=0-8090-6631-9}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Anthony |title=The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/longbittertraila0000wall |edition= Hardback|year=1993 |publisher=Hill and Wang |location= New York |isbn=0-8090-6631-9}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=James |title=The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America |year= 1998 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3680-0}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=James |title=The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America |year= 1998 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3680-0}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==記錄片== |
==記錄片== |
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*'' |
*''{{le|The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy|The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy}}'' (2006) - directed by Chip Richie; narrated by [[詹姆斯·厄爾·瓊斯|James Earl Jones]] |
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==外部連結== |
==外部連結== |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085819/http://cherokeeregistry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=349&Itemid=444%2F Trail of Tears List - a report to the U.S. Senate] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085819/http://cherokeeregistry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=349&Itemid=444%2F Trail of Tears List - a report to the U.S. Senate] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030419062541/http://169.203.4.233/trail_of_tears/index.htm Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030419062541/http://169.203.4.233/trail_of_tears/index.htm Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals] |
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*[http://www.nps.gov/trte/index.htm Trail of Tears National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)] |
*[http://www.nps.gov/trte/index.htm Trail of Tears National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nps.gov/trte/index.htm |date=20210414082149 }} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161005052203/http://nationaltota.org/ Trail of Tears Association] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161005052203/http://nationaltota.org/ Trail of Tears Association] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080603000054/http://www.anpa.ualr.edu/trail_of_tears/indian_removal_project/site_reports/north_little_rock/chickasaw.htm The North Little Rock Site: Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080603000054/http://www.anpa.ualr.edu/trail_of_tears/indian_removal_project/site_reports/north_little_rock/chickasaw.htm The North Little Rock Site: Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091016025057/http://www.seminoletribe.com/history/indian_removal.shtml Seminole Tribe of Florida History: Indian Resistance and Removal] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091016025057/http://www.seminoletribe.com/history/indian_removal.shtml Seminole Tribe of Florida History: Indian Resistance and Removal] |
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*[http://www.nps.gov/archive/ocmu/Removal.htm Muscogee (Creek) Removal] |
*[http://www.nps.gov/archive/ocmu/Removal.htm Muscogee (Creek) Removal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/ocmu/Removal.htm |date=20101129155132 }} |
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*[http://www.cherokeeregistry.com/ Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150815205110/http://www.cherokeeregistry.com/ Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080907225258/http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/History/TOT/Default.aspx Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center ] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080907225258/http://www.cherokee.org/Culture/History/TOT/Default.aspx Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center ] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090915182030/http://kingwoodkowboy.com/trailoftears.html Trail of Tears - The Dream We Dreamed] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090915182030/http://kingwoodkowboy.com/trailoftears.html Trail of Tears - The Dream We Dreamed] |
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*[http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1433 Cherokee Indian Removal, Encyclopedia of Alabama] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061224/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1433 Cherokee Indian Removal, Encyclopedia of Alabama] |
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*[http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118trail.htm ''The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] |
*[http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118trail.htm ''The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118trail.htm |date=20080512085436 }} |
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*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/trail_of_tears.htm Trail of Tears Roll], Access genealogy |
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/trail_of_tears.htm Trail of Tears Roll] {{Wayback|url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/trail_of_tears.htm |date=20130604101926 }}, Access genealogy |
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{{美国领土扩张}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:美国西部历史]] |
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[[Category:美國原住民]] |
[[Category:美國原住民]] |
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[[Category:19世纪美国]] |
[[Category:19世纪美国]] |
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2024年6月14日 (五) 09:28的最新版本
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| 種族滅絕 |
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| 分类 |
西进运动（Westward Movement）是指美东居民向美西地区迁移和进行开发的群众性运动，始于美国独立之後的18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初。此运动大大促进了美国軍事與经济的发展，西进运动是美国拓宽疆土，吞并土地的一种推進行为，由於美東的土地與資源有限，美國人掀起了长达一个世纪的西进运动。它开发了如今的美国西部地区，也使美國變成一個軍事大國，但也消灭了众多原生生物與印地安部族。
簡介
[编辑]美国除了民眾的西進，政府也積極向密西西比河以西扩张，用购买和战争手段兼并了法国、西班牙、英国的殖民地和墨西哥的大片国土。美國政府也積極對印地安人地區下手，1830年5月，美国总统安德鲁·杰克逊签署《印第安人迁移法案》，把印第安人押送出密西西比河以东地区。
在南北戰爭之前，大批移民到西部拓荒，客观上扩大了国内市场，破坏了自由州与蓄奴州的平衡，为北方人內战的胜利打下基础。南北战争爆发后，聯邦为鼓勵人民参與對抗美利堅聯盟國，亚伯拉罕·林肯总统签署了《宅地法》。该法是美国西部开发中最具民主色彩的土地政策，它使大批百姓获得土地，大大促进西部的开发。
西进运动对美国的政治、经济生活都有重大的影响。广大的西部土地并入美国，使美国成为幅员辽阔、自然资源丰富的国家；西部的开拓，带动了大规模铁路的建筑和大批移民的流入，使美国形成了广大的国内市场。从某种意义上说，没有西进运动，就没有后来美国在资本主义世界举足轻重的地位。
但是，随着西进运动的进行，大量印第安人遭屠杀，其他的被强迫迁移至贫瘠地区。并由此发生了第二次塞米诺尔战争。印第安人被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的“血泪之路”。
纪念物
[编辑]参见
[编辑]參考文獻
[编辑]- Anderson, William (编). Cherokee Removal: Before and After. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-8203-1482-2.
- Bealer, Alex W. Only the Names Remain: The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown. 1996 [1972]. ISBN 978-0-316-08519-9.
- Carter, Samuel. Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. New York: Doubleday. 1976. ISBN 0-385-06735-6.
- Ehle, John. Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Anchor Books. 1989 [1988]. ISBN 0-385-23954-8.
- Fitzgerald, David; King, Duane. The Cherokee Trail of Tears. Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0-88240-752-4.
- Foreman, Grant. Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians 11. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1989 [1932]. ISBN 0-8061-1172-0.
- Jahoda, Gloria. Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813-1855. Henry Holt & Co. 1995 [1975]. ISBN 978-0-517-14677-4.
- Mooney, James. King, Duane , 编. Myths of the Cherokee. New York: Barnes & Noble. 2007 [1888]. ISBN 978-0-7607-8340-5.
- Perdue, Theda; Green, Michael. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. New York: Penguin Books. 2008 [2007]. ISBN 978-0-14-311367-6.
- Prucha, Francis. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln, Nebraska: Nebraska Press. 1984. ISBN 0-8032-3668-9.
- Remini, Robert. Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars. New York: Viking. 2001. ISBN 0-670-91025-2.
- Wallace, Anthony. The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians Hardback. New York: Hill and Wang. 1993. ISBN 0-8090-6631-9.
- Wilson, James. The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America. New York: Grove Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-8021-3680-0.
文件
[编辑]- Cherokee Indian Removal Debate U.S. Senate, April 15-17, 1830
- Winfield Scott's Address to the Cherokee Nation, May 10, 1838
- Gen. Winfield Scott's Order to U.S. Troops
記錄片
[编辑]- The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy (2006) - directed by Chip Richie; narrated by James Earl Jones
外部連結
[编辑]
维基文库中的相关原始文献：Appeal of the Cherokee Nation
維基導遊上的相關旅行指南：Trail of Tears
- Trail of Tears List - a report to the U.S. Senate
- Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals
- Trail of Tears National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Trail of Tears Association
- The North Little Rock Site: Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw
- Seminole Tribe of Florida History: Indian Resistance and Removal
- Muscogee (Creek) Removal （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center
- Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center
- Trail of Tears - The Dream We Dreamed
- Cherokee Indian Removal, Encyclopedia of Alabama
- The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Trail of Tears Roll （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Access genealogy
