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冈瓦那兽目:修订间差异

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{{Translating|||tpercent=40|tfrom=[[:en:Gondwanatheria]]|time=2018-10-31}}
{{Translating|tfrom=[[:en:Gondwanatheria]]|tpercent=65|time=2018-10-31}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| taxon = Gondwanatheria
|fossil_range=[[坎帕]]-[[中新世]], {{Fossil range|70.6|17.5|earliest=152}} (可能在[[侏罗纪]]出现)
| fossil_range=[[坎帕]]-[[中新世]], {{Fossil range|70.6|17.5|earliest=152}} (可能在[[侏罗纪]]出现)
|authority=[[Álvaro Mones|Mones]], 1987
| image = Sudamerica jaw.svg
|name=冈瓦那兽目
| image_caption =''[[Sudamerica]]''属物种的下颌骨| authority = [[Álvaro Mones|Mones]], 1987
|image=Sudamerica jaw.svg
|image caption=''[[Sudamerica]]''属物种的下颌骨
| subdivision=* ?''[[Allostaffia]]''[[]]
|subdivision=* ?''[[Allostaffia]]''[[科]]
*[[Sudamericidae]][[科 (生物)|科]]
*[[Sudamericidae]][[科]]
** ''[[Bharattherium]]''
** ''[[Bharattherium]]''
** ''[[Gondwanatherium]]''
** ''[[Gondwanatherium]]''
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* 未知的科
* 未知的科
** ''[[Greniodon]]''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero |year=2012 |title=Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=449–463 |doi=10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z |pmid=22584426}}</ref>|classis=[[哺乳纲]] Mammalia|subdivision_ranks=科|regnum=[[动物界]] Animalia|phylum=[[脊索动物门]] Chordata|subphylum=[[脊椎动物亚门]] Vertebrata|ordo=[[冈瓦那兽目]] Gondwanatheria}}
** ''[[Greniodon]]''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero |year=2012 |title=Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=449–463 |doi=10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z |pmid=22584426}}</ref>|classis=[[哺乳纲]] Mammalia|subdivision_ranks=科|regnum=[[动物界]] Animalia|phylum=[[脊索动物门]] Chordata|subphylum=[[脊椎动物亚门]] Vertebrata|ordo=[[冈瓦那兽目]] Gondwanatheria}}
'''冈瓦那兽目'''([[学名]]:Gondwanatheria,亦可称为'''冈瓦纳兽目''')是[[哺乳动物]]中一个已经灭绝的目,生活在[[上白垩世]]至[[中新世]](且可能更早,如果将''Allostaffia划为''该目的成员<ref>Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016</ref>)的[[南半球]],包括[[南极洲]]。该类群为人所知的仅有数颗分离的牙齿,几片下颌骨,两块不完整的头骨和一完整的头骨。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar|last=Kraus|first=David W.|authorlink=David W. Krause|publisher=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology|year=2014|location=[Lincoln, NE]|pages=1–2}}</ref> 正是因为这种零碎的知识,其分类地位不甚清晰。
'''冈瓦那兽目'''([[学名]]:Gondwanatheria,亦可称为'''冈瓦纳兽目''')是[[哺乳动物]]中一个已经灭绝的目,生活在[[上白垩世]]至[[中新世]](且可能更早,如果将''Allostaffia''划为该目的成员<ref name="#1">Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016</ref>)的[[南半球]],包括[[南极洲]]。该类群为人所知的仅有数颗分离的牙齿,几片下颌骨,两块不完整的头骨和一完整的头骨。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar|last=Kraus|first=David W.|authorlink=David W. Krause|publisher=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology|year=2014|location=[Lincoln, NE]|pages=1–2}}</ref>正是因为这种零碎的知识,其分类地位不甚清晰。


== 分类 ==
== 分类关系 ==
[[File:Vintana_NT_small.jpg|缩略图|''Vintana sertichi''的复原图。除头部外的身体部分为想象。|替代=]]
[[File:Vintana_NT_small.jpg|缩略图|''Vintana sertichi''的复原图。除头部外的身体部分为想象。|替代=]]
该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年,其最开始被认为是早期的[[异关节总目]]动物,一种“无齿”的哺乳动物,接近现代的[[食蚁兽科|食蚁兽]]。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲,接近[[多瘤齒獸目|多瘤齿兽目]],甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目,比Cimolodonta亚目更接近于Plagiaulacida亚目。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref><ref name="Krause, et al">{{Cite journal|title=First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism|first1=David W.|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Simone|date=2014-11-05|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited|issue=|doi=10.1038/nature13922|others=O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., [[Raymond R. Rogers|Rogers, Raymond R.]], Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson|volume=515|pages=512–517|bibcode=2014Natur.515..512K|issn=1476-4687|pmid=25383528|last3=Wible|first3=John R.|last4=Kirk|first4=E. Christopher|last5=Schultz|first5=Julia A.|last6=von Koenigswald|first6=Wighart|last7=Groenke|first7=Joseph R.|last8=Rossie|first8=James B.|last1=Krause|authorlink1=David W. Krause}}</ref><ref name="Drake">{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141105-mammal-evolution-vintana-fossil-science/|title=Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses|accessdate=November 5, 2014|date=November 5, 2014|last=Drake|first=Nadia|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141105-JNW">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/science/madagascar-fossil-vintana-mammals-evolution.html|title=Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals|last=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=November 5, 2014|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=November 6, 2014}}</ref>然而,一项最近的研究表明,它们与[[贼兽目]]有关,并将它们列入非哺乳动物的[[犬齒獸亞目|犬齿兽亚目]]。<ref>Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</ref>
该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年,其最开始被认为是早期的[[异关节总目]]动物,一种“无齿”的哺乳动物,接近现代的[[食蚁兽科|食蚁兽]]。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲,接近[[多瘤齒獸目|多瘤齿兽目]],甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目,比Cimolodonta亚目更接近于Plagiaulacida亚目。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref><ref name="Krause, et al">{{Cite journal|title=First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism|first1=David W.|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Simone|date=2014-11-05|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited|issue=|doi=10.1038/nature13922|others=O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., [[Raymond R. Rogers|Rogers, Raymond R.]], Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson|volume=515|pages=512–517|bibcode=2014Natur.515..512K|issn=1476-4687|pmid=25383528|last3=Wible|first3=John R.|last4=Kirk|first4=E. Christopher|last5=Schultz|first5=Julia A.|last6=von Koenigswald|first6=Wighart|last7=Groenke|first7=Joseph R.|last8=Rossie|first8=James B.|last1=Krause|authorlink1=David W. Krause}}</ref><ref name="Drake">{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141105-mammal-evolution-vintana-fossil-science/|title=Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses|accessdate=November 5, 2014|date=November 5, 2014|last=Drake|first=Nadia|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|archive-date=2018-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707090806/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141105-mammal-evolution-vintana-fossil-science/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141105-JNW">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/science/madagascar-fossil-vintana-mammals-evolution.html|title=Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals|last=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=November 5, 2014|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=November 6, 2014|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024249/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/science/madagascar-fossil-vintana-mammals-evolution.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>然而,一项最近的研究表明,它们与[[贼兽目]]有关,并将它们列入非哺乳动物的[[犬齒獸亞目|犬齿兽亚目]]。<ref>Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</ref>


冈瓦那兽目下有3个已知的科,其中Sudamericidae科由Scillato-Yané及Pascual于1984年命名,包含该类群的绝大多数部分。Ferugliotheriidae科由José Bonaparte于1986年命名, 包含''Ferugliotherium''一个属,而且可能包括诸如''Trapalcotherium''等其他类群。Groeberiidae科最开始被认为是paucituberculate科的有袋类,之后被认为是冈瓦那兽目的一员,尽管该科中只有''Groeberia''检验过是这样。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref>
冈瓦那兽目下有3个已知的科,其中Sudamericidae科由Scillato-Yané及Pascual于1984年命名,包含该类群的绝大多数部分。Ferugliotheriidae科由José Bonaparte于1986年命名, 包含''Ferugliotherium''一个属,而且可能包括诸如''Trapalcotherium''等其他类群。Groeberiidae科最开始被认为是Paucituberculate目[[有袋類|有袋类]],之后该科中''Groeberia''属经检验后被归入冈瓦那兽目,所以整个科也被归入冈瓦那兽目。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref>
[[File:Allotheria Cladogram Per Chimento 2015.png|thumb|Gondwanatheria cladogram per Chimento et al. 2015.]]
[[File:Allotheria Cladogram Per Chimento 2015.png|thumb|冈瓦那兽目的进化分枝图,根据Chimento et al. 2015。|替代=]]
另有化石在[[印度]]、[[马达加斯加]]、[[南极洲|南极]]被发现。一个可能为''Ferugliotherium''属物种的化石在[[墨西哥]]的[[马斯特里赫特期]]地层中被发现,使得此类群的分布范围扩展到[[北美洲]]。<ref>SVP 2015</ref>


中新世({{Tsl|en|Colhuehuapian}}期)的属''Patagonia''是该类群已知年代最近的代表。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref>
Further [[fossil]]s have come from [[India]], [[Madagascar]] and Antarctica. A possible ''Ferugliotherium''-like species occurs in [[Maastrichtian]] deposits of [[Mexico]], extending the clade to [[North America]].<ref>SVP 2015</ref>


The Miocene ([[Colhuehuapian]]) genus ''[[Patagonia (mammal)|Patagonia]]'' is the youngest known representative.<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref>
== 生物学 ==
== 生物学 ==
Gondwanatheres known from cranial remains almost universally have deep, robust snouts, as befitting their specialised herbivorous lifestyle. ''[[Groeberia]]'' and ''[[Vintana]]'' both possess bizarre [[jugal]] flanges similar to those of [[xenarthra]]ns like [[ground sloth]]s, though they had a palinal (front-to-back) chewing method as in most allotheres and unlike almost any therian.<ref>Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.</ref><ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> Most gondwanatheres are specialised [[grazers]], even being among the first mammals to have specialised for [[grass]]-eating long before any therians did, with the exceptions of [[Groeberidae]] and [[Ferugliotheriidae]], which lack hyopsodont teeth and therefore had more generalistic herbivorous habits.
从头部骨骼化石得知,冈瓦那兽目动物普遍具有深长而强壮有力的口鼻部,这有利于它们营专一的[[植食性]]生活。''Groeberia''和''Vintana''两个属都具有奇特的轭骨凸缘,这与诸如[[地懒]][[异关节总目|异关节类]]相似;但这两个属的咀嚼方式与大多数[[异兽亚纲]]动物一样为后移式(由前向后),而这一点与几乎所有的[[獸亞綱|兽亚纲]]动物都不同。<ref>Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.</ref><ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref>大多数冈瓦那兽目动物是专一的[[放牧|牧食生物]],它们是最早专一于食草的哺乳动物,远早于[[獸亞綱|兽亚纲]]动物(Groeberiidae科与Ferugliotheriidae科除外,因为它们缺乏高冠齿,其植食性可能更广泛)。


于梅法拉诺[[组 (地质学)|组]]发现的具关节的样本,为研究者提供了有关这一类动物的非头部骨骼的深入信息。其中奇异而独特的特征包括:中间外侧扁平且前后弯曲的胫骨、具双滑车的[[距骨]]、发育完全的[[肱骨]]滑车,以及异常多的[[脊椎|躯椎]]。这一新类群拥有19节与肋骨相连的脊椎(胸椎)和11节不与肋骨相连的脊椎(腰椎)。除了这些衍生特征之外,这种来自[[马达加斯加]]的哺乳动物还拥有镶嵌的[[胸带]]形态:其前乌喙骨缺失,乌喙骨高度发达(形成一个扩大的过程,占关节窝的一半),间锁骨小,而且胸锁关节似乎可活动。有A ventrally facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of [[theria]]ns, a large parafibula, and the presence of an [[epipubic]] bone.<ref>HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016</ref>
An articulated specimen found in the [[Maevarano Formation]] offers insight to the postcranial skeleton of these animals. Among the bizarre and unique features are a mediolaterally compressed and antero-posteriorly bowed tibia, a double trochlea on the astragalus, a fully developed humeral trochlea, and an unusually high number of trunk vertebrae. The new taxon has at least 19 rib-bearing (thoracic) and 11 non-rib-bearing (lumbar) vertebrae. Aside from these derived features, the Malagasy mammal has a mosaic pectoral girdle morphology: the procoracoid is lost, the coracoid is extremely well developed (into an enlarged process that contributes

to half of the glenoid fossa), the interclavicle is small, and the sternoclavicular joint appears mobile. A ventrally facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of [[theria]]ns, a large parafibula, and the presence of an [[epipubic]] bone.<ref>HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016</ref>
== 分类 ==
== 分类 ==
Order †'''Gondwanatheria'''<ref name="mikko">[[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]] [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/] {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''†Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/allotheria/gondwanatheria.html |accessdate= 30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>[[Paleofile.com (net, info)]] {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=2016-01-11 |df= }}. {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/Lists/Mammalia.asp |title=''Taxonomic lists- Mammals'' |accessdate=30 December 2015 }}</ref> <small>McKenna 1971</small> [Gondwanatheroidea <small>Krause & Bonaparte 1993</small>]
†'''岡瓦那獸目 Gondwanatheria'''<ref name="mikko">[[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]] [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/ |date=20100522085538 }} {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''†Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres''|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/allotheria/gondwanatheria.html|accessdate=30 December 2015|archive-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930152748/http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/allotheria/gondwanatheria.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>[[Paleofile.com (net, info)]] {{cite web |url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=2016-01-11 |df= }}. {{cite web |url=http://www.paleofile.com/Lists/Mammalia.asp |title=''Taxonomic lists- Mammals'' |accessdate=30 December 2015 |archive-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204041056/http://www.paleofile.com/Lists/Mammalia.asp |dead-url=no }}</ref> <small>McKenna 1971</small> [Gondwanatheroidea <small>Krause & Bonaparte 1993</small>]的分类如下:
{{common taxon list|italic=no
*?†''[[Allostaffia]]'' <ref>Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016</ref>
*Family [[Groeberiidae]] <small>Patterson, 1952</small>
|格罗伯鼠科 |Groeberiidae |Patterson, 1952
** †''[[Groeberia minoprioi]]'' <small>[[Ryan Patterson]], 1952</small>
* †''Groeberia minoprioi'' <small>Ryan Patterson, 1952</small>
** †''[[Groeberia pattersoni]]'' <small>[[G. G. Simpson]], 1970</small>
* †''Groeberia pattersoni'' <small>G. G. Simpson, 1970</small>
** ?†''[[Klohnia charrieri]]'' <small>Flynn & Wyss 1999</small>
* ?†''Klohnia charrieri'' <small>Flynn & Wyss 1999</small>
** ?†''[[Klohnia major]]'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
* ?†''Klohnia major'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
** ?†''[[Epiklohnia verticalis]]'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
* ?†''Epiklohnia verticalis'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
** ?†''[[Praedens aberrans]]'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
* ?†''Praedens aberrans'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
*Family [[Ferugliotheriidae]] <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>
|費格奧獸科 |Ferugliotheriidae |Bonaparte 1986
** †''[[Ferugliotherium windhauseni]]'' <small>Bonaparte 1986a</small> [''[[Vucetichia]]'' <small>Bonaparte 1990</small>; ''[[Vucetichia gracilis]]'' <small>Bonaparte 1990</small>]
* †溫氏費格奧獸 ''Ferugliotherium windhauseni'' <small>Bonaparte 1986a</small> [''Vucetichia'' <small>Bonaparte 1990</small>; ''Vucetichia gracilis'' <small>Bonaparte 1990</small>]
** †''[[Trapalcotherium matuastensis]]'' <small>Rougier et al. 2008</small>
* †''Trapalcotherium matuastensis'' <small>Rougier et al. 2008</small>
*Family [[Sudamericidae]] <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984</small> [Gondwanatheridae <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>]
|南美獸科 |Sudamericidae |Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984 [Gondwanatheridae <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>]
** †''[[Greniodon sylvanicum]]'' <small>Goin et al. 2012</small>
* †''Greniodon sylvanicum'' <small>Goin et al. 2012</small>
** †''[[Vintana sertichi]]'' <small>Krause et al. 2014</small>
* †''Vintana sertichi'' <small>Krause et al. 2014</small>
** †''[[Dakshina (genus)|Dakshina jederi]]'' <small>Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007</small>
* †''Dakshina jederi'' <small>Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007</small>
** †''[[Gondwanatherium patagonicum]]'' <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>
* †''Gondwanatherium patagonicum'' <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>
** †''[[Sudamerica ameghinoi]]'' <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984</small>
* †''Sudamerica ameghinoi'' <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984</small>
** †''[[Lavanify miolaka]]'' <small>Krause et al. 1997</small>
* †''Lavanify miolaka'' <small>Krause et al. 1997</small>
** †''[[Bharattherium bonapartei]]'' <small>Prasad et al. 2007</small>
* †''Bharattherium bonapartei'' <small>Prasad et al. 2007</small>
** †''[[Patagonia peregrina]]'' <small>Pascual & Carlini 1987</small>
* †''Patagonia peregrina'' <small>Pascual & Carlini 1987</small>
** †[[TNM 02067]]
* †TNM 02067
}}
;存疑属:
*?†''Allostaffia'' <ref name="#1"/>


== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== 外部联系 ==
== 外部链接 ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021003215435/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/gondwanatheria.htm Mesozoic Mammals - Gondwanatheria]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021003215435/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/gondwanatheria.htm Mesozoic Mammals - Gondwanatheria]
{{犬齒獸亞目|M.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133234}}


[[Category:已灭绝动物]]
[[Category:史前動|W]]
[[Category:1987年描述的分类群|W]]
[[Category:哺乳類|W]]
[[Category:冈瓦那兽目| ]]

2024年7月5日 (五) 02:29的最新版本

岡瓦那獸目
化石时期:坎帕期-中新世, 70.6–17.5 Ma
(可能在侏罗纪出现)
Sudamerica属物种的下颌骨
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
演化支 獸形類 Theriimorpha
演化支 獸型類 Theriiformes
亚纲: 异兽亚纲 (?) Allotheria
演化支 岡瓦那獸目 Gondwanatheria
Mones, 1987

冈瓦那兽目学名:Gondwanatheria,亦可称为冈瓦纳兽目)是哺乳动物中一个已经灭绝的目,生活在上白垩世中新世(而且可能更早,如果将Allostaffia划为该目的成员[3])的南半球,包括南极洲。该类群为人所知的仅有数颗分离的牙齿,几片下颌骨,两块不完整的头骨和一块完整的头骨。[4]正是因为这种零碎的知识,其分类地位不甚清晰。

分类关系

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Vintana sertichi的复原图。除头部外的身体部分为想象。

该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年,其最开始被认为是早期的异关节总目动物,一种“无齿”的哺乳动物,接近现代的食蚁兽。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲,接近多瘤齿兽目,甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目,比Cimolodonta亚目更接近于Plagiaulacida亚目。[1][5][6][7]然而,一项最近的研究表明,它们与贼兽目有关,并将它们列入非哺乳动物的犬齿兽亚目[8]

冈瓦那兽目下有3个已知的科,其中Sudamericidae科由Scillato-Yané及Pascual于1984年命名,包含该类群的绝大多数部分。Ferugliotheriidae科由José Bonaparte于1986年命名, 包含Ferugliotherium一个属,而且可能包括诸如Trapalcotherium等其他类群。Groeberiidae科最开始被认为是Paucituberculate目的有袋类,之后因该科中Groeberia属经检验后被归入冈瓦那兽目,所以整个科也被归入冈瓦那兽目。[1]

冈瓦那兽目的进化分枝图,根据Chimento et al. 2015。

另有化石在印度马达加斯加南极被发现。一个可能为Ferugliotherium属物种的化石在墨西哥马斯特里赫特期地层中被发现,使得此类群的分布范围扩展到北美洲[9]

中新世(Colhuehuapian英语Colhuehuapian期)的属Patagonia是该类群已知年代最近的代表。[1]

生物学

[编辑]

从头部骨骼化石得知,冈瓦那兽目动物普遍具有深长而强壮有力的口鼻部,这有利于它们营专一的植食性生活。GroeberiaVintana两个属都具有奇特的轭骨凸缘,这与诸如地懒异关节类相似;但这两个属的咀嚼方式与大多数异兽亚纲动物一样为后移式(由前向后),而这一点与几乎所有的兽亚纲动物都不同。[10][1]大多数冈瓦那兽目动物是专一的牧食生物,它们是最早专一于食草的哺乳动物,远早于兽亚纲动物(Groeberiidae科与Ferugliotheriidae科除外,因为它们缺乏高冠齿,其植食性可能更广泛)。

于梅法拉诺发现的具关节的样本,为研究者提供了有关这一类动物的非头部骨骼的深入信息。其中奇异而独特的特征包括:中间外侧扁平且前后弯曲的胫骨、具双滑车的距骨、发育完全的肱骨滑车,以及异常多的躯椎。这一新类群拥有19节与肋骨相连的脊椎(胸椎)和11节不与肋骨相连的脊椎(腰椎)。除了这些衍生特征之外,这种来自马达加斯加的哺乳动物还拥有镶嵌的胸带形态:其前乌喙骨缺失,乌喙骨高度发达(形成一个扩大的过程,占关节窝的一半),间锁骨小,而且胸锁关节似乎可活动。有A ventrally facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of therians, a large parafibula, and the presence of an epipubic bone.[11]

分类学

[编辑]

岡瓦那獸目 Gondwanatheria[12][13] McKenna 1971 [Gondwanatheroidea Krause & Bonaparte 1993]的分类如下:

  • 格罗伯鼠科 Groeberiidae Patterson, 1952
    • Groeberia minoprioi Ryan Patterson, 1952
    • Groeberia pattersoni G. G. Simpson, 1970
    • ?†Klohnia charrieri Flynn & Wyss 1999
    • ?†Klohnia major Goin et all 2010
    • ?†Epiklohnia verticalis Goin et all 2010
    • ?†Praedens aberrans Goin et all 2010
  • 費格奧獸科 Ferugliotheriidae Bonaparte 1986
    • †溫氏費格奧獸 Ferugliotherium windhauseni Bonaparte 1986a [Vucetichia Bonaparte 1990; Vucetichia gracilis Bonaparte 1990]
    • Trapalcotherium matuastensis Rougier et al. 2008
  • 南美獸科 Sudamericidae Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984 [Gondwanatheridae Bonaparte 1986]
    • Greniodon sylvanicum Goin et al. 2012
    • Vintana sertichi Krause et al. 2014
    • Dakshina jederi Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007
    • Gondwanatherium patagonicum Bonaparte 1986
    • Sudamerica ameghinoi Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
    • Lavanify miolaka Krause et al. 1997
    • Bharattherium bonapartei Prasad et al. 2007
    • Patagonia peregrina Pascual & Carlini 1987
    • †TNM 02067
存疑属:
  • ?†Allostaffia [3]

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas. The bizarre ‘metatherians’ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2015, 27 (5): 603–623. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945. 
  2. ^ Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero. Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia. Naturwissenschaften. 2012, 99 (6): 449–463. PMID 22584426. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016
  4. ^ Kraus, David W. Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. [Lincoln, NE]: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014: 1–2. 
  5. ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism. Nature (Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited). 2014-11-05, 515: 512–517. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..512K. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383528. doi:10.1038/nature13922. 
  6. ^ Drake, Nadia. Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses. National Geographic Society. November 5, 2014 [November 5, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-07). 
  7. ^ Wilford, John Noble. Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals. New York Times. November 5, 2014 [November 6, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12). 
  8. ^ Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  9. ^ SVP 2015
  10. ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.
  11. ^ HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016
  12. ^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Haaramo, Mikko. †Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres. 2007 [30 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-30). 
  13. ^ Paleofile.com (net, info) Archived copy. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-11). . Taxonomic lists- Mammals. [30 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-04). 

外部链接

[编辑]