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冈瓦那兽目:修订间差异

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{{Translating|tfrom=[[:en:Gondwanatheria]]|tpercent=65|time=2018-10-31}}
{{Link style|time=2020-06-15T11:07:38+00:00}}
{{Translating|||tpercent=65|tfrom=[[:en:Gondwanatheria]]|time=2018-10-31}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Gondwanatheria
| taxon = Gondwanatheria
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| image_caption =''[[Sudamerica]]''属物种的下颌骨| authority = [[Álvaro Mones|Mones]], 1987
| image_caption =''[[Sudamerica]]''属物种的下颌骨| authority = [[Álvaro Mones|Mones]], 1987
| subdivision=* ?''[[Allostaffia]]''[[属]]
| subdivision=* ?''[[Allostaffia]]''[[属]]
*[[Sudamericidae]][[科]]
*[[Sudamericidae]][[科 (生物)|科]]
** ''[[Bharattherium]]''
** ''[[Bharattherium]]''
** ''[[Gondwanatherium]]''
** ''[[Gondwanatherium]]''
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* 未知的科
* 未知的科
** ''[[Greniodon]]''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero |year=2012 |title=Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=449–463 |doi=10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z |pmid=22584426}}</ref>|classis=[[哺乳纲]] Mammalia|subdivision_ranks=科|regnum=[[动物界]] Animalia|phylum=[[脊索动物门]] Chordata|subphylum=[[脊椎动物亚门]] Vertebrata|ordo=[[冈瓦那兽目]] Gondwanatheria}}
** ''[[Greniodon]]''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero |year=2012 |title=Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=449–463 |doi=10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z |pmid=22584426}}</ref>|classis=[[哺乳纲]] Mammalia|subdivision_ranks=科|regnum=[[动物界]] Animalia|phylum=[[脊索动物门]] Chordata|subphylum=[[脊椎动物亚门]] Vertebrata|ordo=[[冈瓦那兽目]] Gondwanatheria}}
'''冈瓦那兽目'''([[学名]]:Gondwanatheria,亦可称为'''冈瓦纳兽目''')是[[哺乳动物]]中一个已经灭绝的目,生活在[[上白垩世]]至[[中新世]](而且可能更早,如果将''Allostaffia''划为该目的成员<ref>Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016</ref>)的[[南半球]],包括[[南极洲]]。该类群为人所知的仅有数颗分离的牙齿,几片下颌骨,两块不完整的头骨和一块完整的头骨。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar|last=Kraus|first=David W.|authorlink=David W. Krause|publisher=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology|year=2014|location=[Lincoln, NE]|pages=1–2}}</ref>正是因为这种零碎的知识,其分类地位不甚清晰。
'''冈瓦那兽目'''([[学名]]:Gondwanatheria,亦可称为'''冈瓦纳兽目''')是[[哺乳动物]]中一个已经灭绝的目,生活在[[上白垩世]]至[[中新世]](而且可能更早,如果将''Allostaffia''划为该目的成员<ref name="#1">Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016</ref>)的[[南半球]],包括[[南极洲]]。该类群为人所知的仅有数颗分离的牙齿,几片下颌骨,两块不完整的头骨和一块完整的头骨。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar|last=Kraus|first=David W.|authorlink=David W. Krause|publisher=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology|year=2014|location=[Lincoln, NE]|pages=1–2}}</ref>正是因为这种零碎的知识,其分类地位不甚清晰。


== 分类关系 ==
== 分类关系 ==
[[File:Vintana_NT_small.jpg|缩略图|''Vintana sertichi''的复原图。除头部外的身体部分为想象。|替代=]]
[[File:Vintana_NT_small.jpg|缩略图|''Vintana sertichi''的复原图。除头部外的身体部分为想象。|替代=]]
该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年,其最开始被认为是早期的[[异关节总目]]动物,一种“无齿”的哺乳动物,接近现代的[[食蚁兽科|食蚁兽]]。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲,接近[[多瘤齒獸目|多瘤齿兽目]],甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目,比Cimolodonta亚目更接近于Plagiaulacida亚目。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref><ref name="Krause, et al">{{Cite journal|title=First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism|first1=David W.|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Simone|date=2014-11-05|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited|issue=|doi=10.1038/nature13922|others=O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., [[Raymond R. Rogers|Rogers, Raymond R.]], Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson|volume=515|pages=512–517|bibcode=2014Natur.515..512K|issn=1476-4687|pmid=25383528|last3=Wible|first3=John R.|last4=Kirk|first4=E. Christopher|last5=Schultz|first5=Julia A.|last6=von Koenigswald|first6=Wighart|last7=Groenke|first7=Joseph R.|last8=Rossie|first8=James B.|last1=Krause|authorlink1=David W. Krause}}</ref><ref name="Drake">{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141105-mammal-evolution-vintana-fossil-science/|title=Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses|accessdate=November 5, 2014|date=November 5, 2014|last=Drake|first=Nadia|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141105-JNW">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/science/madagascar-fossil-vintana-mammals-evolution.html|title=Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals|last=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=November 5, 2014|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=November 6, 2014}}</ref>然而,一项最近的研究表明,它们与[[贼兽目]]有关,并将它们列入非哺乳动物的[[犬齒獸亞目|犬齿兽亚目]]。<ref>Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</ref>
该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年,其最开始被认为是早期的[[异关节总目]]动物,一种“无齿”的哺乳动物,接近现代的[[食蚁兽科|食蚁兽]]。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲,接近[[多瘤齒獸目|多瘤齿兽目]],甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目,比Cimolodonta亚目更接近于Plagiaulacida亚目。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref><ref name="Krause, et al">{{Cite journal|title=First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism|first1=David W.|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Simone|date=2014-11-05|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited|issue=|doi=10.1038/nature13922|others=O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., [[Raymond R. Rogers|Rogers, Raymond R.]], Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson|volume=515|pages=512–517|bibcode=2014Natur.515..512K|issn=1476-4687|pmid=25383528|last3=Wible|first3=John R.|last4=Kirk|first4=E. Christopher|last5=Schultz|first5=Julia A.|last6=von Koenigswald|first6=Wighart|last7=Groenke|first7=Joseph R.|last8=Rossie|first8=James B.|last1=Krause|authorlink1=David W. Krause}}</ref><ref name="Drake">{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141105-mammal-evolution-vintana-fossil-science/|title=Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses|accessdate=November 5, 2014|date=November 5, 2014|last=Drake|first=Nadia|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|archive-date=2018-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707090806/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141105-mammal-evolution-vintana-fossil-science/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141105-JNW">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/science/madagascar-fossil-vintana-mammals-evolution.html|title=Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals|last=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=November 5, 2014|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=November 6, 2014|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024249/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/science/madagascar-fossil-vintana-mammals-evolution.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>然而,一项最近的研究表明,它们与[[贼兽目]]有关,并将它们列入非哺乳动物的[[犬齒獸亞目|犬齿兽亚目]]。<ref>Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</ref>


冈瓦那兽目下有3个已知的科,其中Sudamericidae科由Scillato-Yané及Pascual于1984年命名,包含该类群的绝大多数部分。Ferugliotheriidae科由José Bonaparte于1986年命名, 包含''Ferugliotherium''一个属,而且可能包括诸如''Trapalcotherium''等其他类群。Groeberiidae科最开始被认为是Paucituberculate目的[[有袋類|有袋类]],之后因该科中''Groeberia''属经检验后被归入冈瓦那兽目,所以整个科也被归入冈瓦那兽目。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref>
冈瓦那兽目下有3个已知的科,其中Sudamericidae科由Scillato-Yané及Pascual于1984年命名,包含该类群的绝大多数部分。Ferugliotheriidae科由José Bonaparte于1986年命名, 包含''Ferugliotherium''一个属,而且可能包括诸如''Trapalcotherium''等其他类群。Groeberiidae科最开始被认为是Paucituberculate目的[[有袋類|有袋类]],之后因该科中''Groeberia''属经检验后被归入冈瓦那兽目,所以整个科也被归入冈瓦那兽目。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref>
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于梅法拉诺[[组 (地质学)|组]]发现的具关节的样本,为研究者提供了有关这一类动物的非头部骨骼的深入信息。其中奇异而独特的特征包括:中间外侧扁平且前后弯曲的胫骨、具双滑车的[[距骨]]、发育完全的[[肱骨]]滑车,以及异常多的[[脊椎|躯椎]]。这一新类群拥有19节与肋骨相连的脊椎(胸椎)和11节不与肋骨相连的脊椎(腰椎)。除了这些衍生特征之外,这种来自[[马达加斯加]]的哺乳动物还拥有镶嵌的[[胸带]]形态:其前乌喙骨缺失,乌喙骨高度发达(形成一个扩大的过程,占关节窝的一半),间锁骨小,而且胸锁关节似乎可活动。有A ventrally facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of [[theria]]ns, a large parafibula, and the presence of an [[epipubic]] bone.<ref>HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016</ref>
于梅法拉诺[[组 (地质学)|组]]发现的具关节的样本,为研究者提供了有关这一类动物的非头部骨骼的深入信息。其中奇异而独特的特征包括:中间外侧扁平且前后弯曲的胫骨、具双滑车的[[距骨]]、发育完全的[[肱骨]]滑车,以及异常多的[[脊椎|躯椎]]。这一新类群拥有19节与肋骨相连的脊椎(胸椎)和11节不与肋骨相连的脊椎(腰椎)。除了这些衍生特征之外,这种来自[[马达加斯加]]的哺乳动物还拥有镶嵌的[[胸带]]形态:其前乌喙骨缺失,乌喙骨高度发达(形成一个扩大的过程,占关节窝的一半),间锁骨小,而且胸锁关节似乎可活动。有A ventrally facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of [[theria]]ns, a large parafibula, and the presence of an [[epipubic]] bone.<ref>HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016</ref>

== 分类学 ==
== 分类学 ==
Order †'''Gondwanatheria'''<ref name="mikko">[[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]] [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/] {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''†Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/allotheria/gondwanatheria.html |accessdate= 30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>[[Paleofile.com (net, info)]] {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=2016-01-11 |df= }}. {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/Lists/Mammalia.asp |title=''Taxonomic lists- Mammals'' |accessdate=30 December 2015 }}</ref> <small>McKenna 1971</small> [Gondwanatheroidea <small>Krause & Bonaparte 1993</small>]
†'''岡瓦那獸目 Gondwanatheria'''<ref name="mikko">[[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]] [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/ |date=20100522085538 }} {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''†Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres''|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/allotheria/gondwanatheria.html|accessdate=30 December 2015|archive-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930152748/http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/allotheria/gondwanatheria.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>[[Paleofile.com (net, info)]] {{cite web |url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=2016-01-11 |df= }}. {{cite web |url=http://www.paleofile.com/Lists/Mammalia.asp |title=''Taxonomic lists- Mammals'' |accessdate=30 December 2015 |archive-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204041056/http://www.paleofile.com/Lists/Mammalia.asp |dead-url=no }}</ref> <small>McKenna 1971</small> [Gondwanatheroidea <small>Krause & Bonaparte 1993</small>]的分类如下:
{{common taxon list|italic=no
*?†''Allostaffia'' <ref>Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016</ref>
*Family †Groeberiidae <small>Patterson, 1952</small>
|†格罗伯鼠科 |Groeberiidae |Patterson, 1952
** †''Groeberia minoprioi'' <small>Ryan Patterson, 1952</small>
* †''Groeberia minoprioi'' <small>Ryan Patterson, 1952</small>
** †''Groeberia pattersoni'' <small>G. G. Simpson, 1970</small>
* †''Groeberia pattersoni'' <small>G. G. Simpson, 1970</small>
** ?†''Klohnia charrieri'' <small>Flynn & Wyss 1999</small>
* ?†''Klohnia charrieri'' <small>Flynn & Wyss 1999</small>
** ?†''Klohnia major'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
* ?†''Klohnia major'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
** ?†''Epiklohnia verticalis'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
* ?†''Epiklohnia verticalis'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
** ?†''Praedens aberrans'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
* ?†''Praedens aberrans'' <small>Goin et all 2010</small>
*Family †Ferugliotheriidae <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>
|†費格奧獸科 |Ferugliotheriidae |Bonaparte 1986
** †''Ferugliotherium windhauseni'' <small>Bonaparte 1986a</small> [''Vucetichia'' <small>Bonaparte 1990</small>; ''Vucetichia gracilis'' <small>Bonaparte 1990</small>]
* †溫氏費格奧獸 ''Ferugliotherium windhauseni'' <small>Bonaparte 1986a</small> [''Vucetichia'' <small>Bonaparte 1990</small>; ''Vucetichia gracilis'' <small>Bonaparte 1990</small>]
** †''Trapalcotherium matuastensis'' <small>Rougier et al. 2008</small>
* †''Trapalcotherium matuastensis'' <small>Rougier et al. 2008</small>
*Family †Sudamericidae <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984</small> [Gondwanatheridae <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>]
|†南美獸科 |Sudamericidae |Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984 [Gondwanatheridae <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>]
** †''Greniodon sylvanicum'' <small>Goin et al. 2012</small>
* †''Greniodon sylvanicum'' <small>Goin et al. 2012</small>
** †''Vintana sertichi'' <small>Krause et al. 2014</small>
* †''Vintana sertichi'' <small>Krause et al. 2014</small>
** †''Dakshina jederi'' <small>Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007</small>
* †''Dakshina jederi'' <small>Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007</small>
** †''Gondwanatherium patagonicum'' <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>
* †''Gondwanatherium patagonicum'' <small>Bonaparte 1986</small>
** †''Sudamerica ameghinoi'' <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984</small>
* †''Sudamerica ameghinoi'' <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984</small>
** †''Lavanify miolaka'' <small>Krause et al. 1997</small>
* †''Lavanify miolaka'' <small>Krause et al. 1997</small>
** †''Bharattherium bonapartei'' <small>Prasad et al. 2007</small>
* †''Bharattherium bonapartei'' <small>Prasad et al. 2007</small>
** †''Patagonia peregrina'' <small>Pascual & Carlini 1987</small>
* †''Patagonia peregrina'' <small>Pascual & Carlini 1987</small>
** †TNM 02067
* †TNM 02067
}}
;存疑属:
*?†''Allostaffia'' <ref name="#1"/>


== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==
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== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021003215435/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/gondwanatheria.htm Mesozoic Mammals - Gondwanatheria]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021003215435/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/gondwanatheria.htm Mesozoic Mammals - Gondwanatheria]
{{犬齒獸亞目|M.}}
{{Taxonbar}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133234}}


[[Category:動物|W]]
[[Category:史前動物|W]]
[[Category:1987年描述的分类群|W]]
[[Category:1987年描述的分类群|W]]
[[Category:哺乳類|W]]
[[Category:哺乳類|W]]

2024年7月5日 (五) 02:29的最新版本

岡瓦那獸目
化石时期:坎帕期-中新世, 70.6–17.5 Ma
(可能在侏罗纪出现)
Sudamerica属物种的下颌骨
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
演化支 獸形類 Theriimorpha
演化支 獸型類 Theriiformes
亚纲: 异兽亚纲 (?) Allotheria
演化支 岡瓦那獸目 Gondwanatheria
Mones, 1987

冈瓦那兽目学名:Gondwanatheria,亦可称为冈瓦纳兽目)是哺乳动物中一个已经灭绝的目,生活在上白垩世中新世(而且可能更早,如果将Allostaffia划为该目的成员[3])的南半球,包括南极洲。该类群为人所知的仅有数颗分离的牙齿,几片下颌骨,两块不完整的头骨和一块完整的头骨。[4]正是因为这种零碎的知识,其分类地位不甚清晰。

分类关系

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Vintana sertichi的复原图。除头部外的身体部分为想象。

该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年,其最开始被认为是早期的异关节总目动物,一种“无齿”的哺乳动物,接近现代的食蚁兽。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲,接近多瘤齿兽目,甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目,比Cimolodonta亚目更接近于Plagiaulacida亚目。[1][5][6][7]然而,一项最近的研究表明,它们与贼兽目有关,并将它们列入非哺乳动物的犬齿兽亚目[8]

冈瓦那兽目下有3个已知的科,其中Sudamericidae科由Scillato-Yané及Pascual于1984年命名,包含该类群的绝大多数部分。Ferugliotheriidae科由José Bonaparte于1986年命名, 包含Ferugliotherium一个属,而且可能包括诸如Trapalcotherium等其他类群。Groeberiidae科最开始被认为是Paucituberculate目的有袋类,之后因该科中Groeberia属经检验后被归入冈瓦那兽目,所以整个科也被归入冈瓦那兽目。[1]

冈瓦那兽目的进化分枝图,根据Chimento et al. 2015。

另有化石在印度马达加斯加南极被发现。一个可能为Ferugliotherium属物种的化石在墨西哥马斯特里赫特期地层中被发现,使得此类群的分布范围扩展到北美洲[9]

中新世(Colhuehuapian英语Colhuehuapian期)的属Patagonia是该类群已知年代最近的代表。[1]

生物学

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从头部骨骼化石得知,冈瓦那兽目动物普遍具有深长而强壮有力的口鼻部,这有利于它们营专一的植食性生活。GroeberiaVintana两个属都具有奇特的轭骨凸缘,这与诸如地懒异关节类相似;但这两个属的咀嚼方式与大多数异兽亚纲动物一样为后移式(由前向后),而这一点与几乎所有的兽亚纲动物都不同。[10][1]大多数冈瓦那兽目动物是专一的牧食生物,它们是最早专一于食草的哺乳动物,远早于兽亚纲动物(Groeberiidae科与Ferugliotheriidae科除外,因为它们缺乏高冠齿,其植食性可能更广泛)。

于梅法拉诺发现的具关节的样本,为研究者提供了有关这一类动物的非头部骨骼的深入信息。其中奇异而独特的特征包括:中间外侧扁平且前后弯曲的胫骨、具双滑车的距骨、发育完全的肱骨滑车,以及异常多的躯椎。这一新类群拥有19节与肋骨相连的脊椎(胸椎)和11节不与肋骨相连的脊椎(腰椎)。除了这些衍生特征之外,这种来自马达加斯加的哺乳动物还拥有镶嵌的胸带形态:其前乌喙骨缺失,乌喙骨高度发达(形成一个扩大的过程,占关节窝的一半),间锁骨小,而且胸锁关节似乎可活动。有A ventrally facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of therians, a large parafibula, and the presence of an epipubic bone.[11]

分类学

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岡瓦那獸目 Gondwanatheria[12][13] McKenna 1971 [Gondwanatheroidea Krause & Bonaparte 1993]的分类如下:

  • 格罗伯鼠科 Groeberiidae Patterson, 1952
    • Groeberia minoprioi Ryan Patterson, 1952
    • Groeberia pattersoni G. G. Simpson, 1970
    • ?†Klohnia charrieri Flynn & Wyss 1999
    • ?†Klohnia major Goin et all 2010
    • ?†Epiklohnia verticalis Goin et all 2010
    • ?†Praedens aberrans Goin et all 2010
  • 費格奧獸科 Ferugliotheriidae Bonaparte 1986
    • †溫氏費格奧獸 Ferugliotherium windhauseni Bonaparte 1986a [Vucetichia Bonaparte 1990; Vucetichia gracilis Bonaparte 1990]
    • Trapalcotherium matuastensis Rougier et al. 2008
  • 南美獸科 Sudamericidae Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984 [Gondwanatheridae Bonaparte 1986]
    • Greniodon sylvanicum Goin et al. 2012
    • Vintana sertichi Krause et al. 2014
    • Dakshina jederi Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007
    • Gondwanatherium patagonicum Bonaparte 1986
    • Sudamerica ameghinoi Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
    • Lavanify miolaka Krause et al. 1997
    • Bharattherium bonapartei Prasad et al. 2007
    • Patagonia peregrina Pascual & Carlini 1987
    • †TNM 02067
存疑属:
  • ?†Allostaffia [3]

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas. The bizarre ‘metatherians’ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2015, 27 (5): 603–623. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945. 
  2. ^ Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero. Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia. Naturwissenschaften. 2012, 99 (6): 449–463. PMID 22584426. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016
  4. ^ Kraus, David W. Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. [Lincoln, NE]: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014: 1–2. 
  5. ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism. Nature (Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited). 2014-11-05, 515: 512–517. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..512K. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383528. doi:10.1038/nature13922. 
  6. ^ Drake, Nadia. Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses. National Geographic Society. November 5, 2014 [November 5, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-07). 
  7. ^ Wilford, John Noble. Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals. New York Times. November 5, 2014 [November 6, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12). 
  8. ^ Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  9. ^ SVP 2015
  10. ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.
  11. ^ HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016
  12. ^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Haaramo, Mikko. †Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres. 2007 [30 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-30). 
  13. ^ Paleofile.com (net, info) Archived copy. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-11). . Taxonomic lists- Mammals. [30 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-04). 

外部链接

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