跳转到内容

鬚鯨:修订间差异

维基百科,自由的百科全书
删除的内容 添加的内容
淺藍雪留言 | 贡献
添加{{update}}标记到条目
无编辑摘要
 
(未显示22个用户的38个中间版本)
第1行: 第1行:
{{update|time=2017-02-06T22:17:11+00:00}}
{{update|time=2017-02-06T22:17:11+00:00}}
{{other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|34|0}}[[始新世]]晚期 → [[全新世|現代]]
| image = humpbackwhale37.jpg
| image = Humpback stellwagen edit.jpg
| image_width = 280px
| image_alt = 250px
| image_caption = [[座頭鯨]]躍出水面
| image_caption = [[美國]][[斯特勒威根海岸國家海洋保護區]],<br>一頭躍身擊浪的[[大翅鯨]]。
| taxon= Mysticeti
| taxon = Mysticeti
| authority = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1891
| authority = [[愛德華·德林克·科普|Cope]], 1891
| subdivision_ranks = [[科 (生物)|科]]
| subdivision_ranks = 下級分類
| subdivision =
| subdivision = <center>[[#下級分類|见正文]]</center>
*[[露脊鯨科]] Balaenidae
| synonyms =
*[[鬚鯨科]] Balaenopteridae
* Mystacoceti
*[[灰鯨科]] Eschrichtiidae
*[[小露脊鯨科]] Neobalaenidae
| diversity = 15个物种
| diversity_link = List of cetaceans#Mysticeti: baleen whales
}}
}}


'''鬚鯨小目'''([[學名]]:{{sname|Mysticeti}})是現生[[鯨類]]的兩大[[演化支]]之一,口內無齒,上[[頜]]有簾幕般的[[角蛋白|角質]][[鯨鬚]],濾食成群的小型動物,主要為[[磷蝦]]等[[甲殼類]],兼食小魚和[[貝類]],食物直接吞入腹中,不加以咀嚼。頭頂偏後處有一對[[噴氣孔 (生物學)|噴氣鼻孔]]。通常喜歡棲息於高緯度的低溫海域,但雌性在冬春季節會遷徙到[[赤道]]附近分娩,在此過程中可數月不進食,以其肥厚的[[鯨脂|脂肪]]儲備為能量來源。
'''鬚鯨小目'''([[學名]]:{{sname|Mysticeti}})是依[[生物分類法]]分類之一群[[鯨]]類動物。包括[[抹香鲸]],[[喙鲸]],[[海豚]],和[[鼠海豚]]。鬚鯨是分布广泛的[[肉食動物|肉食性]][[海洋哺乳动物]]和多样化的小目。目前分成四个科,现有15個種。尽管鲸类动物历史上被认为是从[[中爪獸目|中爪兽]]的后代,[[分子系统发生学]]证据支持它们是[[偶蹄目]]动物(Artiodactyla)的亲属。


鬚鯨由 3400 萬年前[[古鯨|原始的齒鯨]]分化而來,現存 4 [[科 (生物)|科]]約 15 [[種]],包括[[藍鯨]]、[[長鬚鯨]]、[[露脊鯨]]、[[大翅鯨]]、[[灰鯨]]等。它們的體型遠比[[齒鯨]]還大,而且雌性體型大於雄性。鬚鯨中最小的[[小露脊鯨]]體長超過5米,體重約3噸,而最大的藍鯨更是世界上最大的動物,可達33米長,約200噸重<ref name=G.S.Paul2010>{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|edition=Second|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PFuzDAAAQBAJ|page=19}}|date=25 October 2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8314-1|page=19}}</ref><ref name=Bortolotti>{{cite book|last=Bortolotti|first=Dan|title=Wild Blue: A Natural History of the World's Largest Animal|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=MGq3G2NIgjYC}}|date=14 October 2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4299-8777-6}}</ref>。鬚鯨也是壽命最長的一類[[哺乳動物]],據信部分種類能活 100 年以上<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF15/1529.html |title=Bowhead Whales May Be the World's Oldest Mammals |access-date=2007-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209053409/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF15/1529.html |archive-date=2009-12-09 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。
鬚鯨的共同特徵是没有牙齿而有[[鲸须]],大多以小动物为食。

鬚鯨因其肉、脂肪和鯨鬚的經濟價值而被人類捕殺,同時受到海洋污染的威脅。

== 下級分類 ==
=== 綜述 ===
[[File:小鬚鯨頭骨.jpg|200px|thumb|[[小鬚鯨]][[頭骨]]]]
鬚鯨現存約 15 [[種]],分屬 4 [[科 (生物)|科]]:[[露脊鯨科]]、[[新鬚鯨科]]、[[灰鯨科]]、[[鬚鯨科]]。

露脊鯨科 曾被認為只有 1 個[[屬]],直到 21 世紀初的研究報告稱,[[弓頭鯨]]和[[露脊鯨]]在頭骨形狀和[[系統發育]]上有差異,因此分為 [[露脊鯨屬]] 和 [[弓頭鯨|弓頭鯨屬]]。露脊鯨屬 現被劃為 3 種,據[[美國]]學者 [[Rosenbaum]] 等人所做的一項研究,[[北太平洋露脊鯨]]和[[南露脊鯨]]的親緣關係比和[[北大西洋露脊鯨]]更為密切。<ref name=":2" />

新鬚鯨科 僅存[[小露脊鯨]] 1 種。最初的描述可追溯至 1840 年代,因骨骼和鯨鬚板類似露脊鯨,被認為是一種小型的 露脊鯨屬。1864 年在另一個標本的頭骨被發現後,學者將其單列為一屬。1870 年又被歸為獨立的 [[小露脊鯨科]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cousteau|first1=Jacques |last2=Paccalet|first2=Yves|year=1986|title=Whales|publisher=H.N. Abrams|oclc=681455766}}</ref>。儘管名為“露脊鯨”,但小露脊鯨具有背鰭,且在基因上更接近 鬚鯨科 與 灰鯨科。2012 年發表的一項基於骨骼結構的研究,將小露脊鯨歸入曾被認為已完全滅絕的 [[新鬚鯨科]](Cetotheriidae),成為該科唯一現存的物種,小露脊鯨科 則被降級為 新鬚鯨科 的亞科<ref name="fordyce2012">{{cite journal|first1=R. E.|last1=Fordyce|first2=Felix G.|last2=Marx|year=2012|title=The pygmy right whale ''Caperea marginata'': the last of the cetotheres|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|volume=280|issue=1753|pages=20122645|doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.2645|pmid=23256199 |pmc= 3574355}}{{open access}}</ref>,但{{link-en|海洋哺乳動物學會|Society for Marine Mammalogy}}目前仍將 小露脊鯨科 作為一個有效的[[分類級別|分類階元]]保留。

鬚鯨科 現存 8-9 種,暫分為 2 屬,即 [[鬚鯨屬]] 的[[長鬚鯨]]、[[小須鯨]]、[[南極小須鯨]]、[[藍鯨]]、[[角島鯨]]、[[塞鯨]]、[[布氏鲸]]和[[鯷鯨|艾氏鯨]](也被歸為布氏鯨的[[亞種]]),以及[[座頭鯨|大翅鯨屬]]的[[大翅鯨]]。2012 年美國學者 [[Alexandre Hassanin]] 等人根據系統發育研究,建議將現代 鬚鯨科 劃為 4 屬,除 大翅鯨屬 保持不變外,傳統的 鬚鯨屬 僅包含長須鯨 1 種,而 2 種小須鯨劃歸新屬“''Pterobalaena''”,其他幾種鬚鯨則置於另一新屬“''Rorqualus''”。<ref name=":0" />

灰鯨科 僅[[灰鯨]] 1 種。根據系統發育關係,灰鯨是屬於單獨的 灰鯨科 還是應歸為 鬚鯨科 仍有爭議。


== 分類 ==
{{cladogram|align=right|title=
{{cladogram|align=right|title=
|clade=
|clade=
{{clade
{{clade
|style=font-size:81%;
|style=font-size:81%;line-height:90%;width:450px;
|label1='''鬚鯨小目 Mysticeti'''
|label1='''鬚鯨小目'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=
|label1=
第34行: 第46行:
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[小露脊鯨屬]] ''Caperea''
|label1=[[小露脊鯨屬]]
|1=[[小露脊鯨]] ''Caperea marginata'' [[File:Caperea marginata 3 flipped.jpg|50 px|Pygmy right whale illustration|alt=Pygmy right whale illustration with a dark gray top, a light grey underside, a light eyepatch, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
|1=[[小露脊鯨]] [[File:Caperea marginata 3 flipped.jpg|50 px|Pygmy right whale illustration|alt=Pygmy right whale illustration with a dark gray top, a light grey underside, a light eyepatch, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[灰鯨屬]] ''Eschrichtius''
|label1=[[灰鯨屬]]
|1=[[灰鯨]] ''Eschrichtius robustus'' [[File:Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg|50 px|Gray whale illustration|alt=Gray whale illustration with a sleet gray color, lightly colored spots mainly on the head and top, a robust body, and small bumps where the back slopes downwards]]
|1=[[灰鯨]][[File:Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg|50 px|Gray whale illustration|alt=Gray whale illustration with a sleet gray color, lightly colored spots mainly on the head and top, a robust body, and small bumps where the back slopes downwards]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=[[须鲸属]] ''Balaenoptera''
|label1=[[鬚鯨屬]]
|1=[[长须鲸]] ''Balaenoptera physalus'' [[File:Rorcual común (Balaenoptera physalus) flipped.jpg|50 px|Fin whale illustration|alt=Fin whale illustration with a dark backside, white underside, lightly colored head, a slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
|1=[[長鬚鯨]][[File:Rorcual común (Balaenoptera physalus) flipped.jpg|50 px|Fin whale illustration|alt=Fin whale illustration with a dark backside, white underside, lightly colored head, a slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
}}
}}
|3={{clade
|3={{clade
|label1=座頭鯨屬 Megaptera
|label1=[[座頭鯨|大翅鯨屬]]
|1=[[座頭鯨]] ''Megaptera novaeangliae'' [[File:Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg|50 px|Humpback whale illustration|alt=Humpback whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a robust body, and a small, stunted dorsal fin]]
|1=[[座頭鯨|大翅鯨]][[File:Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg|50 px|Humpback whale illustration|alt=Humpback whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a robust body, and a small, stunted dorsal fin]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
|4={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Bryde's whale]]
|1=[[布氏鯨]][[File:Rorcual de Bryde.jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Eden's whale]] [[File:Balaenoptera edeni.jpg|50 px|Eden's whale illustration|alt=Eden's whale illustration with a light top, white bottom, a long and slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
|2=[[鯷鯨|艾氏鯨]][[File:Balaenoptera edeni.jpg|50 px|Eden's whale illustration|alt=Eden's whale illustration with a light top, white bottom, a long and slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
|3=[[Omura's whale]]
|3=[[角島鯨]]
|4=[[Sei whale]] [[File:Balaenoptera borealis.jpg|50 px|Sei whale illustration|alt=Sei whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail]]
|4=[[塞鯨]][[File:Balaenoptera borealis.jpg|50 px|Sei whale illustration|alt=Sei whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail]]
|5=[[Blue whale]] [[File:Balaenoptera musculus NOAA.jpg|50 px|Blue whale illustration|alt=Blue whale illustration with a dark blue tail, a slightly lighter shade of blue overall, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
|5=[[藍鯨]][[File:Balaenoptera musculus NOAA.jpg|50 px|Blue whale illustration|alt=Blue whale illustration with a dark blue tail, a slightly lighter shade of blue overall, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
}}
}}
|5={{clade
|3={{clade
|1=[[Common minke whale]] [[File:Balaenoptera acutorostrata NOAA.jpg|50 px|Common minke whale illustration|alt=Common minke whale illustration with a dark top, creamy underside with a creamy stripe on the pectoral fins, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail]]
|1=[[小鬚鯨]][[File:Balaenoptera acutorostrata NOAA.jpg|50 px|Common minke whale illustration|alt=Common minke whale illustration with a dark top, creamy underside with a creamy stripe on the pectoral fins, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail]]
|2=[[Southern minke whale]] [[File:Rorcual austral 3 flipped.jpg|50px|Antarctic minke whale illustration|alt=Antarctic minke whale illustration with a dark top, a creamy underside, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin where the back begins to slope down]]
|2=[[南極小鬚鯨]][[File:Rorcual austral 3 flipped.jpg|50px|Antarctic minke whale illustration|alt=Antarctic minke whale illustration with a dark top, a creamy underside, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin where the back begins to slope down]]
}}
}}
|label1=........
|label1=........
|label2=........
|label2=''Rorqualus''
|label3=........
|label3=''Pterobalaena''
|label4=''Rorqualus''
|label5=''Pterobalaena''
}}}}}}}}}}}}
}}}}}}}}}}}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=''真露脊鯨屬''
|label1=[[露脊鯨屬]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[North Atlantic right whale]] [[File:Eubalaena glacialis NOAA.jpg|50 px|North Atlantic right whale illustration|alt=North Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body]]
|1=[[北大西洋露脊鯨]][[File:Eubalaena glacialis NOAA.jpg|50 px|North Atlantic right whale illustration|alt=North Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Southern right whale]] [[File:Eubalaena australis3 flipped.jpg|50px|South Atlantic right whale illustration|alt=South Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body]]
|1=[[南露脊鯨]][[File:Eubalaena australis3 flipped.jpg|50px|South Atlantic right whale illustration|alt=South Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body]]
|2=[[North Pacific right whale]]
|2=[[北太平洋露脊鯨]][[File:Eubalaena japonica drawing-removebg-preview.png|50 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
|3={{clade
|3={{clade
|1=[[Bowhead whale]] [[File:Balaena mysticetus NOAA.jpg|50 px|Bowhead whale illustration|alt=Bowhead whale illustration with an overall black body with a white patch on the jaw, and a large body]]
|1=[[弓頭鯨]][[File:Balaena mysticetus NOAA.jpg|50 px|Bowhead whale illustration|alt=Bowhead whale illustration with an overall black body with a white patch on the jaw, and a large body]]
|label1=''露脊鯨屬''
|label1=[[弓頭鯨|弓頭鯨屬]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
第85行: 第95行:
}}
}}
}}
}}
|caption=鬚鯨各物種間的[[系統發育]]關係<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Hassanin|first1=Alexandre|last2=Delsucc|first2=Frédéric|last3=Ropiquet|first3=Anne|last4=Hammere|first4=Catrin|last5=Van Vuurenf|first5=Bettine J.|last6=Mattheef|first6=Conrad|last7=Ruiz-Garcia|first7=Manuel|last8=Catzeflisc|first8=François|last9=Areskough|first9=Veronika|last10=Thanh Nguyena|first10=Trung|last11=Coulouxj|first11=Arnaud|year=2012|title=Histoire évolutive des Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) racontée par l'analyse des génomes mitochondriaux|journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies|language=fr|volume=335|issue=1|pages=32–50|doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002|pmid=22226162|ref={{harvid|Hassanin and Ropiquet, et al.}}}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |title=Mitochondrial Phylogenetics and Evolution of Mysticete Whales |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2005-02_54_1/page/77 |last1=Sasaki |first1=Takeshi |last2=Nikaido |first2=Masato |last3=Hamilton |first3=Healy |last4=Goto |first4=Mutsuo |last5=Kato |first5=Hidehiro |last6=Kanda |first6=Naohisa |last7=Pastene |first7=Luis |last8=Cao |first8=Ying |last9=Fordyce |first9=R. |last10=Hasegawa |first10=Masami |last11=Okada |first11=Norihiro |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=77–90 |year=2005 |doi=10.1080/10635150590905939 |pmid=15805012 |ref={{harvid|Sasaki and Nikaido, et al.}}}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Rosenbaum|first1=H. C.|first2=R. L.|last2=Brownell Jr.|first3=M. W.B.C.|last3= Schaeff|first4=V.|last4=Portway|first5=B. N.|last5=White|first6=S.|last6=Malik|first7=L. A.|last7=Pastene|first8=N. J.|last8= Patenaude|first9=C. S.|last9= Baker|first10=M.|last10=Goto|first11=P.|last11=Best|first12=P. J.|last12=Clapham|first13=P.|last13=Hamilton|first14=M.|last14=Moore|first15=R.|last15=Payne|first16=V.|last16=Rowntree|first17=C. T.|last17= Tynan|first18=J. L.|last18= Bannister|first19=R.|last19=Desalle|year=2000 |title=World-wide genetic differentiation of ''Eubalaena'': Questioning the number of right whale species|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-ecology_2000-11_9_11/page/1793|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1793–1802|doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01066.x|pmid=11091315|ref={{harvid|Rosenbaum and Brownell, Jr., et al.}}}}</ref>}}
|caption=须鲸各物种的亲缘关系图({{Harvnb|Hassanin and Ropiquet, et al.}}, {{Harvnb|Sasaki and Nikaido, et al.}}, and {{Harvnb|Rosenbaum and Brownell, Jr., et al.)}}}}

* [[露脊鲸科]] Balaenidae
** [[露脊鯨屬]] ''Balaena''
*** [[弓頭鯨]] ''Balaena mysticetus''
** [[真露脊鯨屬]] ''Eubalaena''
*** [[南露脊鯨]] ''Eubalaena australis''
*** [[北大西洋露脊鯨]] ''Eubalaena glacialis''
*** [[北太平洋露脊鯨]] ''Eubalaena japonica''
* [[鬚鯨科]] Balaenopteridae
** [[鬚鯨屬]] ''Balaenoptera''
*** [[小鬚鯨]] ''Balaenoptera acutorostrata''
*** [[南極小鬚鯨]] ''Balaenoptera bonaerensis''
*** [[塞鯨]] ''Balaenoptera borealis''
*** [[布氏鯨]] ''Balaenoptera edeni''
*** [[小布氏鯨]] ''Balaenoptera brydei''
*** [[藍鯨]] ''Balaenoptera musculus''
*** [[長鬚鯨]] ''Balaenoptera physalus''
*** [[角島鯨]] ''Balaenoptera omurai''
** [[座頭鯨屬]] ''Megaptera''
*** [[座頭鯨]] ''Megaptera novaeangliae''
* [[灰鲸科]] Eschrichtiidae
** [[灰鯨屬]] ''Eschrichtius''
*** [[灰鯨]] ''Eschrichtius robustus''
* [[小露脊鯨科]] Neobalaenidae
** [[小露脊鯨屬]] ''Caperea''
*** [[小露脊鯨]] ''Caperea marginata''

== 參見 ==
* [[鬚鯨科]]
* [[鲸须]]


== 参考资料 ==
=== 列表 ===
本列表自 '''鬚鯨小目 Mysticeti''' 往下逐級顯示,具體到[[科 (生物)|科級]],科級位置未定者,具體到[[屬|屬級]]。符號“†”表示已滅絕。
{{reflist}}
*†未定属 ''Coronodon''
*†[[艾什欧鲸科]] Aetiocetidae
*†科 Llanocetidae
*†[[乳齿鲸科]] Mammalodontidae
*†[[齿须鲸科]] Mystacodontidae
*[[无齿须鲸类]] Chaeomysticeti
** †''Chaeomysticeti'' Mitchell 1989<ref>James P. Rule, Ruairidh J. Duncan, Felix G. Marx, Tahlia I. Pollock, Alistair R. Evans† and Erich M.G. Fitzgerald. 2023. Giant Baleen Whales emerged from A Cold southern Cradle. Proc. R. Soc. B. 290: 20232177. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2177</ref>
**†[[古咽鲸属]] ''Horopeta''
**†未定属 ''Sitsqwayk''
**†未定属 ''Whakakai''
**†[[始须鲸总科]] Eomysticetoidea
***†科 Cetotheriopsidae
***†[[始须鲸科]] Eomysticetidae
**[[露脊鲸形类]] Balaenomorpha
***[[露脊鲸总科]] Balaenoidea
****[[露脊鲸科]] Balaenidae
***演化支 Thalassotherii
****†未定属 ''Hibacetus''
****†未定属 ''Isocetus''
****†未定属 ''Parietobalaena''
****†未定属 ''Isanacetus''
****†未定属 ''Mauicetus''
****†未定属 ''Pinocetus''
****†未定属 ''Taikicetus''
****†未定属 ''Tiphyocetus''
****†未定属 ''Uranocetus''
****†[[安格罗鲸科]] Aglaocetidae
****†[[蒂奥鲸科]] Diorocetidae
****†[[佩罗鲸科]] Pelocetidae
****†科 Tranatocetidae
****[[新须鲸科]] Cetotheriidae(除[[小露脊鲸屬]]外的所有物种均已灭绝)
****[[小露脊鲸科]] Neobalaenidae(另一分类法为[[新须鲸科]]的亚科)
***[[须鲸总科]] Balaenopteroidea
****†[[始鬚鯨|始须鲸属]] ''Eobalaenoptera''
****[[须鲸科]] Balaenopteridae
****[[灰鲸科]] Eschrichtiidae


== 外部链接 ==
== 參考文獻 ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Mysticeti}}
{{Commonscat|Mysticeti}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Mysticeti}}
{{Wikispecies|Mysticeti}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Baleen whales}}
{{Cetacea|M.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q168366}}


[[Category:鬚鯨目]]
[[Category:鬚鯨目]]
[[Category:1891年描述的分类群]]

2024年7月21日 (日) 12:29的最新版本

鬚鯨小目
化石时期:34–0 Ma
始新世晚期 → 現代
250px
美國斯特勒威根海岸國家海洋保護區
一頭躍身擊浪的大翅鯨
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
下目: 鲸下目 Cetacea
演化支 大洋鯨類 Pelagiceti
演化支 新鯨類 Neoceti
小目: 鬚鯨小目 Mysticeti
Cope, 1891
下級分類
见正文
異名
  • Mystacoceti

鬚鯨小目學名Mysticeti)是現生鯨類的兩大演化支之一,口內無齒,上有簾幕般的角質鯨鬚,濾食成群的小型動物,主要為磷蝦甲殼類,兼食小魚和貝類,食物直接吞入腹中,不加以咀嚼。頭頂偏後處有一對噴氣鼻孔。通常喜歡棲息於高緯度的低溫海域,但雌性在冬春季節會遷徙到赤道附近分娩,在此過程中可數月不進食,以其肥厚的脂肪儲備為能量來源。

鬚鯨由 3400 萬年前原始的齒鯨分化而來,現存 4 約 15 ,包括藍鯨長鬚鯨露脊鯨大翅鯨灰鯨等。它們的體型遠比齒鯨還大,而且雌性體型大於雄性。鬚鯨中最小的小露脊鯨體長超過5米,體重約3噸,而最大的藍鯨更是世界上最大的動物,可達33米長,約200噸重[1][2]。鬚鯨也是壽命最長的一類哺乳動物,據信部分種類能活 100 年以上[3]

鬚鯨因其肉、脂肪和鯨鬚的經濟價值而被人類捕殺,同時受到海洋污染的威脅。

下級分類

[编辑]

綜述

[编辑]
小鬚鯨頭骨

鬚鯨現存約 15 ,分屬 4 露脊鯨科新鬚鯨科灰鯨科鬚鯨科

露脊鯨科 曾被認為只有 1 個,直到 21 世紀初的研究報告稱,弓頭鯨露脊鯨在頭骨形狀和系統發育上有差異,因此分為 露脊鯨屬弓頭鯨屬。露脊鯨屬 現被劃為 3 種,據美國學者 Rosenbaum 等人所做的一項研究,北太平洋露脊鯨南露脊鯨的親緣關係比和北大西洋露脊鯨更為密切。[4]

新鬚鯨科 僅存小露脊鯨 1 種。最初的描述可追溯至 1840 年代,因骨骼和鯨鬚板類似露脊鯨,被認為是一種小型的 露脊鯨屬。1864 年在另一個標本的頭骨被發現後,學者將其單列為一屬。1870 年又被歸為獨立的 小露脊鯨科[5]。儘管名為“露脊鯨”,但小露脊鯨具有背鰭,且在基因上更接近 鬚鯨科 與 灰鯨科。2012 年發表的一項基於骨骼結構的研究,將小露脊鯨歸入曾被認為已完全滅絕的 新鬚鯨科(Cetotheriidae),成為該科唯一現存的物種,小露脊鯨科 則被降級為 新鬚鯨科 的亞科[6],但海洋哺乳動物學會英语Society for Marine Mammalogy目前仍將 小露脊鯨科 作為一個有效的分類階元保留。

鬚鯨科 現存 8-9 種,暫分為 2 屬,即 鬚鯨屬長鬚鯨小須鯨南極小須鯨藍鯨角島鯨塞鯨布氏鲸艾氏鯨(也被歸為布氏鯨的亞種),以及大翅鯨屬大翅鯨。2012 年美國學者 Alexandre Hassanin 等人根據系統發育研究,建議將現代 鬚鯨科 劃為 4 屬,除 大翅鯨屬 保持不變外,傳統的 鬚鯨屬 僅包含長須鯨 1 種,而 2 種小須鯨劃歸新屬“Pterobalaena”,其他幾種鬚鯨則置於另一新屬“Rorqualus”。[7]

灰鯨科 僅灰鯨 1 種。根據系統發育關係,灰鯨是屬於單獨的 灰鯨科 還是應歸為 鬚鯨科 仍有爭議。

鬚鯨小目
小露脊鯨屬

小露脊鯨 Pygmy right whale illustration with a dark gray top, a light grey underside, a light eyepatch, and a small dorsal fin near the tail

........
灰鯨屬

灰鯨Gray whale illustration with a sleet gray color, lightly colored spots mainly on the head and top, a robust body, and small bumps where the back slopes downwards

鬚鯨屬

長鬚鯨Fin whale illustration with a dark backside, white underside, lightly colored head, a slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail

大翅鯨屬

大翅鯨Humpback whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a robust body, and a small, stunted dorsal fin

Rorqualus

布氏鯨

艾氏鯨Eden's whale illustration with a light top, white bottom, a long and slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail

角島鯨

塞鯨Sei whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail

藍鯨Blue whale illustration with a dark blue tail, a slightly lighter shade of blue overall, and a small dorsal fin near the tail

Pterobalaena

小鬚鯨Common minke whale illustration with a dark top, creamy underside with a creamy stripe on the pectoral fins, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail

南極小鬚鯨Antarctic minke whale illustration with a dark top, a creamy underside, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin where the back begins to slope down

露脊鯨屬

北大西洋露脊鯨North Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body

南露脊鯨South Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body

北太平洋露脊鯨

弓頭鯨屬

弓頭鯨Bowhead whale illustration with an overall black body with a white patch on the jaw, and a large body

鬚鯨各物種間的系統發育關係[7][8][4]

列表

[编辑]

本列表自 鬚鯨小目 Mysticeti 往下逐級顯示,具體到科級,科級位置未定者,具體到屬級。符號“†”表示已滅絕。

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs Second. Princeton University Press. 25 October 2016: 19. ISBN 978-1-4008-8314-1. 
  2. ^ Bortolotti, Dan. Wild Blue: A Natural History of the World's Largest Animal. St. Martin's Press. 14 October 2008. ISBN 978-1-4299-8777-6. 
  3. ^ Bowhead Whales May Be the World's Oldest Mammals. [2007-03-31]. (原始内容存档于2009-12-09). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Rosenbaum, H. C.; Brownell Jr., R. L.; Schaeff, M. W.B.C.; Portway, V.; White, B. N.; Malik, S.; Pastene, L. A.; Patenaude, N. J.; Baker, C. S.; Goto, M.; Best, P.; Clapham, P. J.; Hamilton, P.; Moore, M.; Payne, R.; Rowntree, V.; Tynan, C. T.; Bannister, J. L.; Desalle, R. World-wide genetic differentiation of Eubalaena: Questioning the number of right whale species. Molecular Ecology. 2000, 9 (11): 1793–1802. PMID 11091315. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01066.x. 
  5. ^ Cousteau, Jacques; Paccalet, Yves. Whales. H.N. Abrams. 1986. OCLC 681455766. 
  6. ^ Fordyce, R. E.; Marx, Felix G. The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata: the last of the cetotheres. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2012, 280 (1753): 20122645. PMC 3574355可免费查阅. PMID 23256199. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2645. 开放获取
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Hassanin, Alexandre; Delsucc, Frédéric; Ropiquet, Anne; Hammere, Catrin; Van Vuurenf, Bettine J.; Mattheef, Conrad; Ruiz-Garcia, Manuel; Catzeflisc, François; Areskough, Veronika; Thanh Nguyena, Trung; Coulouxj, Arnaud. Histoire évolutive des Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) racontée par l'analyse des génomes mitochondriaux. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2012, 335 (1): 32–50. PMID 22226162. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002 (法语). 
  8. ^ Sasaki, Takeshi; Nikaido, Masato; Hamilton, Healy; Goto, Mutsuo; Kato, Hidehiro; Kanda, Naohisa; Pastene, Luis; Cao, Ying; Fordyce, R.; Hasegawa, Masami; Okada, Norihiro. Mitochondrial Phylogenetics and Evolution of Mysticete Whales. Systematic Biology. 2005, 54 (1): 77–90. PMID 15805012. doi:10.1080/10635150590905939. 
  9. ^ James P. Rule, Ruairidh J. Duncan, Felix G. Marx, Tahlia I. Pollock, Alistair R. Evans† and Erich M.G. Fitzgerald. 2023. Giant Baleen Whales emerged from A Cold southern Cradle. Proc. R. Soc. B. 290: 20232177. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2177