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乌洛托品:修订间差异

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{{NoteTA|G1=Chemistry}}
{{NoteTA|G1=Chemistry}}
{{medical}}
{{chembox
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 457472844
| verifiedrevid = 457472844
| Name =
| Name =
| ImageFile =
| ImageFile =
| ImageFileL1 = Hexamine.svg
| ImageFileL1 = Hexamine.svg
| ImageFileR1 = Hexamine-3D-balls.png
| ImageFileR1 = Hexamine-3D-balls.png
| ImageFile2 = Hexamethylentetramin.jpg
| IUPACName = 1,3,5,7-Tetraazaadamantane
| IUPACName = 1,3,5,7-Tetraazaadamantane
| IUPACNameZh = 1,3,5,7-四氮雜金剛烷
| IUPACNameZh = 1,3,5,7-四氮雜金剛烷
| SystematicName = 1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.1<sup>3,7</sup>]decane
| OtherNames = 六亞甲基四胺<br>環六亞甲基四胺<br>六胺
| SystematicNameZh = 1,3,5,7-四氮雜三環[3.3.1.1<sup>3,7</sup>]癸烷
| OtherNames = 六亞甲基四胺<br>環六亞甲基四胺<br>六次甲基四<br>HMT
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
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| AutoignitionPtC = 410
| AutoignitionPtC = 410
}}
}}
}}
{{各地中文名
|name={{lang|en|Urotropin}}
|cn=乌洛托品
|hk=烏洛托品
|tw=優洛托品
}}
}}


'''乌洛托品'''({{lang-en|Urotropin}}),又称'''六亚甲基四胺'''是一種有機[[雜環化合物]],化學式為(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>N<sub>4</sub>。它是一種白色結晶,易溶於水和極性有機溶劑。它具有類似[[金刚烷]]的籠狀结构类似的多环[[杂环化合物]]。它可用於合成其他有機化合物,包括塑膠、藥物和橡膠添加劑。它在280 °C的真空中[[昇華]]。
'''乌洛托品'''({{lang-en|Urotropin}}),又称'''六亚甲基四胺'''(Hexamethylenetetramine,HMT),是一種有機[[雜環化合物]],化學式為(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>N<sub>4</sub>。它是一種白色結晶,易溶於水和極性有機溶劑。它具有類似[[金刚烷]]的籠狀结构类似的多环[[杂环化合物]]。它可用於合成其他有機化合物,包括塑膠、藥物和橡膠添加劑。它在280 °C的真空中[[昇華]]。


==合成與性質==
==合成與性質==
烏洛托品由[[亞歷山大·布特列洛夫]]於1859年發現。<ref name="Butlerow1859">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYs8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA242 | title=Ueber einige Derivate des Jodmethylens | author=Butlerow, A. | journal=[[Liebigs Annalen|Ann. Chem. Pharm.]] | year=1859 | volume=111 | issue=2 | pages=242–252 | language=de | doi=10.1002/jlac.18591110219 | trans-title=On some derivatives of methylene iodide}} In this article, Butlerov discovered formaldehyde, which he called "dioxymethylen" (methylene dioxide) [page 247] because his empirical formula for it was incorrect (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). On pages 249–250, he describes treating formaldehyde with ammonia gas, creating hexamine.</ref><ref name="Butlerow1860">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14lKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA322 | title=Ueber ein neues Methylenderivat | author=Butlerow, A. | journal=Ann. Chem. Pharm. | year=1860 | volume=115 | issue=3 | pages=322–327 | doi=10.1002/jlac.18601150325 | trans-title=On a new methylene derivative | language=de}}</ref>
烏洛托品由[[亞歷山大·布特列洛夫]]於1859年發現。<ref name="Butlerow1859">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYs8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA242 | title=Ueber einige Derivate des Jodmethylens | author=Butlerow, A. | journal=[[Liebigs Annalen|Ann. Chem. Pharm.]] | year=1859 | volume=111 | issue=2 | pages=242–252 | language=de | doi=10.1002/jlac.18591110219 | trans-title=On some derivatives of methylene iodide | access-date=2023-01-16 | archive-date=2023-01-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200056/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYs8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA242 | dead-url=no }} In this article, Butlerov discovered formaldehyde, which he called "dioxymethylen" (methylene dioxide) [page 247] because his empirical formula for it was incorrect (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). On pages 249–250, he describes treating formaldehyde with ammonia gas, creating hexamine.</ref><ref name="Butlerow1860">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14lKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA322 | title=Ueber ein neues Methylenderivat | author=Butlerow, A. | journal=Ann. Chem. Pharm. | year=1860 | volume=115 | issue=3 | pages=322–327 | doi=10.1002/jlac.18601150325 | trans-title=On a new methylene derivative | language=de}}</ref>
其在工業中通過[[甲醛]]和[[氨]]的化合製備:<ref name="Ullmann">{{cite encyclopedia | chapter=Amines, Aliphatic | encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH | year=2000 | isbn=9783527306732 | doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_001 | last1=Eller | last2=Henkes | last3=Rossbacher | last4=Höke | first1=K. | first2=E. | first3=R. | first4=H.}}</ref>
其在工業中通過[[甲醛]]和[[氨]]的化合製備:<ref name="Ullmann">{{cite encyclopedia | chapter=Amines, Aliphatic | encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH | year=2000 | isbn=9783527306732 | doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_001 | last1=Eller | last2=Henkes | last3=Rossbacher | last4=Höke | first1=K. | first2=E. | first3=R. | first4=H.}}</ref>


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烏洛托品與[[1,3,5-三噁烷]]作為烏洛托品燃料片的成分,露營者、愛好者、軍隊和救援組織使用這些燃料片來加熱野營食品或軍用口糧。它無菸燃燒,具有30.0 MJ/kg的高[[能量密度]],燃燒時不液化,不留灰燼,但其煙霧有毒。
烏洛托品與[[1,3,5-三噁烷]]作為烏洛托品燃料片的成分,露營者、愛好者、軍隊和救援組織使用這些燃料片來加熱野營食品或軍用口糧。它無菸燃燒,具有30.0 MJ/kg的高[[能量密度]],燃燒時不液化,不留灰燼,但其煙霧有毒。


標準化的0.149 克烏洛托品片劑被消防實驗室用作清洁和可重复的火源,以測試地毯和墊子的可燃性。<ref name="schon">Alan H. Schoen (2004), [http://www.cpsc.gov/BUSINFO/methtabs.pdf ''Re: Equialence of methenamine Tablets Standard for Flammability of Carpets and Rugs''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005165422/https://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/methtabs.pdf |date=2008-10-05 }}. U.S. Consumer product Safety Commission, Washington, DC, July 29, 2004. Many other countries who still produce this include Russia, Saudi Arabia, China and Australia.</ref>
標準化的0.149克烏洛托品片劑被消防實驗室用作清洁和可重复的火源,以測試地毯和墊子的可燃性。<ref name="schon">{{cite web |url= http://www.cpsc.gov/BUSINFO/methtabs.pdf|title=''Re: Equialence of methenamine Tablets Standard for Flammability of Carpets and Rugs'' |date=2004-07-29|publisher=Alan H. Schoen |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005165422/https://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/methtabs.pdf |archivedate=2008-10-05}}</ref>


===食品添加劑===
===食品添加劑===
烏洛托品可用作[[食品添加劑]]作為防腐劑([[INS編號]]為239)。它在歐盟已獲准,<ref>UK Food Standards Agency: {{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |access-date=2011-10-27}}</ref>[[E編號]]為E239,但在美國、俄羅斯、澳大利亞或新西蘭未獲批准。<ref>Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code{{cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00827 |title=Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients |access-date=2011-10-27}}</ref>
烏洛托品可用作[[食品添加劑]]作為防腐劑([[INS編號]]為239)。它在歐盟已獲准,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2010-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124435/http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist |dead-url=no }}</ref>[[E編號]]為E239,但在美國、俄羅斯、澳大利亞或新西蘭未獲批准。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00827 |title=Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902084805/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00827 |dead-url=no }}</ref>


===有機合成===
===有機合成===
烏洛托品是[[有機合成]]中的常用[[試劑]]。<ref name="Blazzevic1979">{{cite journal | title=Hexamethylenetetramine, A Versatile Reagent in Organic Synthesis | author=Blažzević, N. | journal=[[Synthesis (journal)|Synthesis]] | year=1979 | volume=1979 | issue=3 | pages=161–176 | doi=10.1055/s-1979-28602 | author2=Kolbah, D. | author3=Belin, B. | author4=Šunjić, V. | author5=Kajfež, F.}}</ref>可用於[[達夫反應]](芳烴的甲酰化)<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Allen, C. F. H. | author2 = Leubne, G. W. | title = Syringic Aldehyde| volume = 31 | pages = 92 | year = 1951 | prep = CV4P0866 |doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.031.0092}}</ref>[[索姆萊反應]](將芐基鹵化物轉化為醛)<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Wiberg, K. B. | title = 2-Thiophenaldehyde| collvol = 3 | collvolpages = 811| year = 1963 | prep = CV3P0811 |doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.000.0000}}</ref>和[[杜勒平反應]](從烷基鹵化物合成胺)<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Bottini, A. T. | author2 = Dev, V. | author3 = Klinck, J. | title = 2-Bromoallylamine| volume = 43 | pages = 6| year = 1963 | prep = CV5P0121 | doi=10.15227/orgsyn.043.0006}}</ref>。
烏洛托品是[[有機合成]]中的常用[[試劑]]。<ref name="Blazzevic1979">{{cite journal | title=Hexamethylenetetramine, A Versatile Reagent in Organic Synthesis | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_synthesis_1979-03_3/page/161 | author=Blažzević, N. | journal=[[Synthesis (journal)|Synthesis]] | year=1979 | volume=1979 | issue=3 | pages=161–176 | doi=10.1055/s-1979-28602 | author2=Kolbah, D. | author3=Belin, B. | author4=Šunjić, V. | author5=Kajfež, F.}}</ref>可用於[[達夫反應]](芳烴的甲酰化)<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Allen, C. F. H. | author2 = Leubne, G. W. | title = Syringic Aldehyde| volume = 31 | pages = 92 | year = 1951 | prep = CV4P0866 |doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.031.0092}}</ref>[[索姆萊反應]](將芐基鹵化物轉化為醛)<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Wiberg, K. B. | title = 2-Thiophenaldehyde| collvol = 3 | collvolpages = 811| year = 1963 | prep = CV3P0811 |doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.000.0000}}</ref>和[[杜勒平反應]](從烷基鹵化物合成胺)<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Bottini, A. T. | author2 = Dev, V. | author3 = Klinck, J. | title = 2-Bromoallylamine| volume = 43 | pages = 6| year = 1963 | prep = CV5P0121 | doi=10.15227/orgsyn.043.0006}}</ref>。


===炸藥===
===炸藥===
六亞甲基四胺是生產[[RDX]]、[[HMX]]、[[HMTD]]以及[[C4炸藥]]<ref name=Ullmann/>的基礎成分。
烏洛托品是生產[[RDX]]、[[HMX]]、[[HMTD]]以及[[C4炸藥]]<ref name=Ullmann/>的基礎成分。


==歷史用途==
==歷史用途==
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[[Category:三環雜環化合物]]
[[Category:三環雜環化合物]]
[[Category:金刚烷骨架化合物]]
[[Category:金刚烷骨架化合物]]
[[Category:有E编码的食品添加剂]]

2024年8月3日 (六) 08:35的最新版本

乌洛托品
IUPAC名
1,3,5,7-Tetraazaadamantane
1,3,5,7-四氮雜金剛烷
系统名
1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane
1,3,5,7-四氮雜三環[3.3.1.13,7]癸烷
别名 六亞甲基四胺
環六亞甲基四胺
六次甲基四胺
HMT
识别
CAS号 100-97-0  checkY
PubChem 4101
ChemSpider 3959
SMILES
 
  • C1N2CN3CN1CN(C2)C3
InChI
 
  • 1/C6H12N4/c1-7-2-9-4-8(1)5-10(3-7)6-9/h1-6H2
InChIKey VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYAW
Beilstein 2018
Gmelin 26964
UN编号 1328
EINECS 202-905-8
ChEBI 6824
RTECS MN4725000
DrugBank DB06799
KEGG D00393
MeSH Methenamine
性质
化学式 C6H12N4
摩尔质量 140.186 g·mol⁻¹
外观 白色結晶固體
氣味 魚腥味,氨味
密度 1.33 g/cm3(20 °C)
沸点 280 °C(升华)
溶解性 85.3 g/100 mL
溶解性 溶於氯仿甲醇乙醇丙酮二甲苯乙醚
溶解性氯仿 13.4 g/100 g(20 °C)
溶解性甲醇 7.25 g/100 g(20 °C)
溶解性乙醇 2.89 g/100 g(20 °C)
溶解性丙酮 0.65 g/100 g(20 °C)
溶解性 0.23 g/100 g(20 °C)
pKa 4.89[1]
药理学
ATC代码 J01XX05J01
危险性
GHS危险性符号
《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中易燃物的标签图案 《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中有害物质的标签图案
GHS提示词 WARNING
H-术语 H228, H317
P-术语 P210, P240, P241, P261, P272, P280, P302+352, P321, P333+313, P363, P370+378, P501
主要危害 高度易燃,有害
NFPA 704
3
2
1
 
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。
Urotropin」的各地常用名稱
中国大陸乌洛托品
臺灣優洛托品
港澳烏洛托品

乌洛托品(英語:Urotropin),又称六亚甲基四胺(Hexamethylenetetramine,HMT),是一種有機雜環化合物,化學式為(CH2)6N4。它是一種白色結晶,易溶於水和極性有機溶劑。它具有類似金刚烷的籠狀结构类似的多环杂环化合物。它可用於合成其他有機化合物,包括塑膠、藥物和橡膠添加劑。它在280 °C的真空中昇華

合成與性質

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烏洛托品由亞歷山大·布特列洛夫於1859年發現。[2][3] 其在工業中通過甲醛的化合製備:[4]

该反應可以在氣相和溶液中進行。

烏洛托品具有四面體籠狀結構,類似於金剛烷。四個頂點被原子取代,氮原子由亞甲基連接。虽然分子形狀像一個籠子,但內部沒有可用於結合其他原子或分子的空隙,這與冠醚或更大的穴状配体結構不同。

應用

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烏洛托品的主要用途是生產酚醛樹脂和酚醛樹脂模塑化合物的粉狀或液態製劑,並將其作為一種硬化成分添加。這些產品被用作粘合劑,例如用於煞車和離合器襯片、磨料產品、無紡布、模塑工藝生產的成型部件以及防火材料。[4]

醫療用途

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扁桃酸鹽或馬尿酸[5]用於治療尿路感染。在酸性環境中,甲胺被認為通過轉化為甲醛而起到抗菌作用。[5][6]

由於甲醛的收斂性,烏洛托品可作為非處方止汗劑使用。[7]

固體燃料

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烏洛托品與1,3,5-三噁烷作為烏洛托品燃料片的成分,露營者、愛好者、軍隊和救援組織使用這些燃料片來加熱野營食品或軍用口糧。它無菸燃燒,具有30.0 MJ/kg的高能量密度,燃燒時不液化,不留灰燼,但其煙霧有毒。

標準化的0.149克烏洛托品片劑被消防實驗室用作清洁和可重复的火源,以測試地毯和墊子的可燃性。[8]

食品添加劑

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烏洛托品可用作食品添加劑作為防腐劑(INS編號為239)。它在歐盟已獲准,[9]E編號為E239,但在美國、俄羅斯、澳大利亞或新西蘭未獲批准。[10]

有機合成

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烏洛托品是有機合成中的常用試劑[11]可用於達夫反應(芳烴的甲酰化)[12]索姆萊反應(將芐基鹵化物轉化為醛)[13]杜勒平反應(從烷基鹵化物合成胺)[14]

炸藥

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烏洛托品是生產RDXHMXHMTD以及C4炸藥[4]的基礎成分。

歷史用途

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來自拜耳法本公司)的烏洛托品

在1895年,烏洛托品首次作為泌尿消毒藥水引入醫療領域。[15]然而僅用於酸性尿液的情況,而硼酸用於治療鹼性尿液的尿路感染。[16]科學家 De Eds 發現,烏洛托品所處環境的酸度與其分解速度之間存在直接關聯。[17]因此它作為一種藥物的有效性在很大程度上取決於尿液的酸度,而不是給藥量。[16]在鹼性環境中,發現烏洛托品幾乎沒有活性。[16]

烏洛托品也被用作第一次世界大戰中接觸光氣的士兵的治療方法。隨後的研究表明,如果在接觸光氣之前服用大劑量的烏洛托品,則可以提供一定的保護作用,但在之後服用則沒有任何保護作用。[18]

參考資料

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  1. ^ Cooney, A. P.; Crampton, M. R.; Golding, P. The acid-base behaviour of hexamine and its N-acetyl derivatives. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2. 1986, (6): 835–839. doi:10.1039/P29860000835. 
  2. ^ Butlerow, A. Ueber einige Derivate des Jodmethylens [On some derivatives of methylene iodide]. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1859, 111 (2): 242–252 [2023-01-16]. doi:10.1002/jlac.18591110219. (原始内容存档于2023-01-12) (德语).  In this article, Butlerov discovered formaldehyde, which he called "dioxymethylen" (methylene dioxide) [page 247] because his empirical formula for it was incorrect (C4H4O4). On pages 249–250, he describes treating formaldehyde with ammonia gas, creating hexamine.
  3. ^ Butlerow, A. Ueber ein neues Methylenderivat [On a new methylene derivative]. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1860, 115 (3): 322–327. doi:10.1002/jlac.18601150325 (德语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Eller, K.; Henkes, E.; Rossbacher, R.; Höke, H. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. 2000. ISBN 9783527306732. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_001.  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)
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