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俄羅斯化：修订间差异

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'''俄羅斯化'''（{{lang-ru|'''русификация rusifikátsiya'''}}）是指俄羅斯人將其境內非俄羅斯民族進形同化、民族融合的手段。此政策在19世紀的[[俄羅斯帝國]]、20世紀的[[蘇聯]]和21世紀的[[俄羅斯聯邦]]皆採取過，歷史上曾受俄羅斯人統治的[[波羅的海三國]]民族、[[芬蘭人]]、[[波蘭人]]、[[車臣人]]與[[白俄羅斯人]]皆曾受到此政策的影響、本國文化受到鎮壓，蘇聯於[[史達林時期]]更曾大規模推動此政策，更將軍事佔領的波蘭境內的民族主義者大量屠殺。
{{no footnotes|time=2018-06-27T05:15:07+00:00}}
==相關條目==
[[File:Suomineito.jpg|thumb|250px|"攻擊"(Hyökkäys)，1899年{{le|愛德華·伊斯托|Edvard Isto}}所繪的[[油畫]]，畫中將[[芬蘭俄羅斯化]]描繪成一隻[[雙頭鷹]]在攻擊[[芬蘭少女]]、並且撕毀她的法律書籍]]

⚫
'''俄羅斯化'''（{{lang-ru|русификация|rusifikatsiya}}）是指[[俄羅斯歷史|俄羅斯政權]]或[[俄羅斯人|人民]]將其境內非俄羅斯民族進行同化、民族融合的手段。此政策在19世紀的[[俄羅斯帝國]]、20世紀的[[蘇聯]]和21世紀的[[俄羅斯聯邦]]皆採取過，歷史上曾受俄羅斯人統治的[[波羅的海三國]]民族、[[芬蘭人]]、[[波蘭人]]、[[車臣人]]與[[白俄羅斯人]]、[[哈薩克人]]皆曾受到此政策的影響、本國文化受到鎮壓，蘇聯於[[史達林]]時期更曾大規模推動此政策，更將軍事佔領的[[波蘭]]境內的民族主義者大量屠殺。

==延伸閲讀==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. 1984. "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy: 1934–1980," ''American Political Science Review'' 78 (December): 1019–1039.
* Armstrong, John A. 1968. "The Ethnic Scene in the Soviet Union: The View of the Dictatorship," in Erich Goldhagen, Ed., ''Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union'' (New York: Praeger): 3–49.
* Aspaturian, Vernon V. 1968. "The Non-Russian Peoples," in Allen Kassof, Ed., ''Prospects for Soviet Society''. New York: Praeger: 143–198.
* Azrael, Jeremy R., Ed. 1978. ''Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices.'' New York: Praeger.
* {{cite book | author=Włodzimierz Bączkowski | year=1958 | title=Russian colonialism: the Tsarist and Soviet empires | page=97 | publisher=New York, Frederick A. Praeger }}
* Bilinsky, Yaroslav. 1962. "The Soviet Education Laws of 1958–59 and Soviet Nationality Policy," ''[[Soviet Studies]]'' 14 (Oct. 1962): 138–157.
* {{cite book | author=[[Hélène Carrère d'Encausse|Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène]] | year=1992 | title=Grand défi (Grand Defile; Bolsheviks and Nations 1917–1930) | page=186 | publisher=Warsaw, Most }}
* {{cite book | author=Conquest, Robert | year=1977 | title=The nation killers | page=222 | publisher=Houndmills, Macmillan Press | isbn=0-333-10575-3 }}
* {{cite book | author=Andrzej Chwalba | year=1999 | title=Polacy w służbie Moskali (Poles in the Muscovite Service)| page=257 | publisher=Kraków, [[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|PWN]] | isbn=83-01-12753-8 }}
* {{cite book | author=[[Jan Tomasz Gross|Gross, J. T.]] | year=2000 | title=Revolution from abroad; the soviet conquest of Poland's western Ukraine and western Belorussia | page=396 | publisher=Princeton, [[Princeton University Press]] | isbn=0-691-09603-1 }}
* Gasimov, Zaur (Ed.), Kampf um Wort und Schrift. Russifizierung in Osteuropa im 19.-20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen:V&R 2012.
* Hajda, Lubomyr, and Mark Beissinger, Eds. 1990. ''The Nationality Factor in Soviet Politics and Society.'' Boulder, CO: Westview.
* Kaiser, Robert, and Jeffrey Chinn. 1996. ''The Russians as the New Minority in the Soviet Successor States''. Boulder, CO: Westview.
* Karklins, Rasma. 1986. ''Ethnic Relations in the USSR: The Perspective from Below''. Boston and London: Allen & Unwin.
* Kreindler, Isabelle. 1982. "The Changing Status of Russian in the Soviet Union," ''International Journal of the Sociology of Language'' 33: 7–39.
* Lewis, E. Glyn. 1972. ''Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and its Implementation.'' The Hague: Mouton.
* Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. ''Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries.'' Multilingual Matters, Tonawanda, NY. {{ISBN|1-84769-087-4}}.
* {{cite book | author=Rodkiewicz, Witold | year=1998 | title=Russian nationality policy in the Western provinces of the Empire (1863–1905) | page=295 | publisher=Lublin, Scientific Society of Lublin | isbn=83-87833-06-1 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Rouland|first=Michael|year=2004|chapter=A nation on stage: music and the 1936 Festival of Kazak Arts|title=''In Neil Edmunds, ed.,'' Soviet Music and Society under Lenin and Stalin: The baton and sickle ''(pp. 181–208)''|location=Abingdon & New York, NY|publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]]|isbn=978-0-415-30219-7}}
* {{cite book | author=Serbak, Mykola | year=1997 | title=Natsional'na politika tsarizmu na pravoberežniy Ukrayni (National Politics of Tsardom in Right-bank Ukraine)| page=89 | publisher=Kyiv, [[Kyiv Shevchenko University|Kyiv Shevchenko University Press]] | isbn=5-7763-9036-2 }}
* Silver, Brian D. 1974. "The Status of National Minority Languages in Soviet Education: An Assessment of Recent Changes," ''[[Soviet Studies]]'' 26 (January): 28–40.
*Silver, Brian D. 1986. "The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses," in Ralph S. Clem, Ed., ''Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses'' (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press): 70–97.
* {{cite book | author=Leonard Szymański | year=1983 | title=Zarys polityki caratu wobec szkolnictwa ogólnokształcącego w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1815–1915 (Sketch of the Tsarist Politics Regarding General Education in the Kingdom of Poland Between 1815 and 1915)| page=1982 | publisher=Wrocław, AWF }}
* Thaden, Edward C., Ed. 1981. ''Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-05314-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Weeks | first=Theodore R. | year=1996 | title=Nation and state in late Imperial Russia: nationalism and Russification on the western frontier, 1863–1914 | page=297 | publisher=[[DeKalb, Illinois|DeKalb]], [[Northern Illinois University]] Press | isbn=0-87580-216-8 }}
* {{cite journal |last= Weeks |first= Theodore R. |year= 2001 |title= Russification and the Lithuanians, 1863–1905 |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-review_spring-2001_60_1/page/96 |journal= [[Slavic Review]] |volume= 60 |issue= 1 |pages= 96–114 |jstor= 2697645 |doi= 10.2307/2697645 |s2cid= 163956911 }}
* {{cite journal |last= Weeks |first= Theodore R. |year= 2004 |title= ''Russification'': Word and Practice 1863–1914 |url= http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/480407.pdf |journal= [[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] |volume= 148 |issue= 4 |pages= 471–489 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232533/http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/480407.pdf |archive-date= 23 May 2012}}
* {{cite book | author=Weeks, Theodore R. | year=2011 | title=Russification / Sovietization | publisher=[[Institute of European History]] | url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2010101141 }}
* Wixman, Ronald. 1984. ''The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook''. New York: M.E. Sharpe and London, Macmillan.
* {{cite book | year=2000 | title=Ethnic and national issues in Russian and East European history; selected papers from the Fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies | editor=John Morison | page=337 | publisher=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Macmillan Press; New York, St. Martin's Press | isbn=0-333-69550-X }}
* {{cite book | year=2003 | title=Problemy natsional'nogo soznaniâ pol'skogo naseleniâ na Belarusi (Problems of National Identity of Poles in Belarus)| page=288 | publisher=Grodno, [[Society of Poles in Belarus]] }}
{{refend}}

==參閲==
{{div col|2}}
*[[民族主義]]
*[[民族主義]]
*[[德意志化]]
*[[德意志化]]
*[[蘇維埃化]]
*[[大民族主义]]
*[[黃俄羅斯計劃]]
{{div col end}}


==外部鏈接==
==外部連結==
* [http://www.spaudos.lt/LietKalba/Rusifikavimas.en.htm Russification in Lithuania]
* [http://www.spaudos.lt/LietKalba/Rusifikavimas.en.htm Russification in Lithuania]{{Wayback|url=http://www.spaudos.lt/LietKalba/Rusifikavimas.en.htm |date=20050827104030 }}
*[http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/seminars_conferences/DOLBILOV.pdf The Civic Identity of Russifying Officials in the Empire’s Northwestern Region after 1863 by Mikhail Dolbilov] ([[PDF]])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040930051204/http://www.daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/seminars_conferences/DOLBILOV.pdf The Civic Identity of Russifying Officials in the Empire’s Northwestern Region after 1863 by Mikhail Dolbilov] ([[PDF]])
* [http://www.regnum.ru/english/557899.html Permanent mission of Caucasian Institute for Democracy Foundation opened in Tskhinvali] – Regnum News Agency (Russia), 9 December 2005
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224745/http://www.regnum.ru/english/557899.html Permanent mission of Caucasian Institute for Democracy Foundation opened in Tskhinvali] – Regnum News Agency (Russia), 9 December 2005
* [http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?idr=527&id=655196 Tatarstan Rejects Dominant Role of Russians] – [[Kommersant]], 6 March 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191005/http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?idr=527&id=655196 Tatarstan Rejects Dominant Role of Russians] – [[Kommersant]], 6 March 2006


[[Category:俄罗斯民族主义]]
[[Category:俄罗斯民族主义]]
[[category:文化同化]]
[[category:文化同化]]
[[Category:苏联国内政治]]
[[Category:俄罗斯化| ]]
[[Category:立陶宛歷史 (1795年—1918年)]]

2024年8月27日 (二) 05:11的最新版本

"攻擊"(Hyökkäys)，1899年愛德華·伊斯托（英语：Edvard Isto）所繪的油畫，畫中將芬蘭俄羅斯化描繪成一隻雙頭鷹在攻擊芬蘭少女、並且撕毀她的法律書籍

俄羅斯化（俄语：русификация，羅馬化：rusifikatsiya）是指俄羅斯政權或人民將其境內非俄羅斯民族進行同化、民族融合的手段。此政策在19世紀的俄羅斯帝國、20世紀的蘇聯和21世紀的俄羅斯聯邦皆採取過，歷史上曾受俄羅斯人統治的波羅的海三國民族、芬蘭人、波蘭人、車臣人與白俄羅斯人、哈薩克人皆曾受到此政策的影響、本國文化受到鎮壓，蘇聯於史達林時期更曾大規模推動此政策，更將軍事佔領的波蘭境內的民族主義者大量屠殺。

延伸閲讀

[编辑]
  • Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. 1984. "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy: 1934–1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December): 1019–1039.
  • Armstrong, John A. 1968. "The Ethnic Scene in the Soviet Union: The View of the Dictatorship," in Erich Goldhagen, Ed., Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger): 3–49.
  • Aspaturian, Vernon V. 1968. "The Non-Russian Peoples," in Allen Kassof, Ed., Prospects for Soviet Society. New York: Praeger: 143–198.
  • Azrael, Jeremy R., Ed. 1978. Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices. New York: Praeger.
  • Włodzimierz Bączkowski. Russian colonialism: the Tsarist and Soviet empires. New York, Frederick A. Praeger. 1958: 97. 
  • Bilinsky, Yaroslav. 1962. "The Soviet Education Laws of 1958–59 and Soviet Nationality Policy," Soviet Studies 14 (Oct. 1962): 138–157.
  • Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène. Grand défi (Grand Defile; Bolsheviks and Nations 1917–1930). Warsaw, Most. 1992: 186. 
  • Conquest, Robert. The nation killers. Houndmills, Macmillan Press. 1977: 222. ISBN 0-333-10575-3. 
  • Andrzej Chwalba. Polacy w służbie Moskali (Poles in the Muscovite Service). Kraków, PWN. 1999: 257. ISBN 83-01-12753-8. 
  • Gross, J. T. Revolution from abroad; the soviet conquest of Poland's western Ukraine and western Belorussia. Princeton, Princeton University Press. 2000: 396. ISBN 0-691-09603-1. 
  • Gasimov, Zaur (Ed.), Kampf um Wort und Schrift. Russifizierung in Osteuropa im 19.-20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen:V&R 2012.
  • Hajda, Lubomyr, and Mark Beissinger, Eds. 1990. The Nationality Factor in Soviet Politics and Society. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Kaiser, Robert, and Jeffrey Chinn. 1996. The Russians as the New Minority in the Soviet Successor States. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Karklins, Rasma. 1986. Ethnic Relations in the USSR: The Perspective from Below. Boston and London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Kreindler, Isabelle. 1982. "The Changing Status of Russian in the Soviet Union," International Journal of the Sociology of Language 33: 7–39.
  • Lewis, E. Glyn. 1972. Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and its Implementation. The Hague: Mouton.
  • Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries. Multilingual Matters, Tonawanda, NY. ISBN 1-84769-087-4.
  • Rodkiewicz, Witold. Russian nationality policy in the Western provinces of the Empire (1863–1905). Lublin, Scientific Society of Lublin. 1998: 295. ISBN 83-87833-06-1. 
  • Rouland, Michael. A nation on stage: music and the 1936 Festival of Kazak Arts. In Neil Edmunds, ed., Soviet Music and Society under Lenin and Stalin: The baton and sickle (pp. 181–208). Abingdon & New York, NY: RoutledgeCurzon. 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-30219-7. 
  • Serbak, Mykola. Natsional'na politika tsarizmu na pravoberežniy Ukrayni (National Politics of Tsardom in Right-bank Ukraine). Kyiv, Kyiv Shevchenko University Press. 1997: 89. ISBN 5-7763-9036-2. 
  • Silver, Brian D. 1974. "The Status of National Minority Languages in Soviet Education: An Assessment of Recent Changes," Soviet Studies 26 (January): 28–40.
  • Silver, Brian D. 1986. "The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses," in Ralph S. Clem, Ed., Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press): 70–97.
  • Leonard Szymański. Zarys polityki caratu wobec szkolnictwa ogólnokształcącego w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1815–1915 (Sketch of the Tsarist Politics Regarding General Education in the Kingdom of Poland Between 1815 and 1915). Wrocław, AWF. 1983: 1982. 
  • Thaden, Edward C., Ed. 1981. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05314-6
  • Weeks, Theodore R. Nation and state in late Imperial Russia: nationalism and Russification on the western frontier, 1863–1914. DeKalb, Northern Illinois University Press. 1996: 297. ISBN 0-87580-216-8. 
  • Weeks, Theodore R. Russification and the Lithuanians, 1863–1905. Slavic Review. 2001, 60 (1): 96–114. JSTOR 2697645. S2CID 163956911. doi:10.2307/2697645. 
  • Weeks, Theodore R. Russification: Word and Practice 1863–1914 (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 2004, 148 (4): 471–489. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于23 May 2012）. 
  • Weeks, Theodore R. Russification / Sovietization. Institute of European History. 2011. 
  • Wixman, Ronald. 1984. The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. New York: M.E. Sharpe and London, Macmillan.
  • John Morison (编). Ethnic and national issues in Russian and East European history; selected papers from the Fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Macmillan Press; New York, St. Martin's Press. 2000: 337. ISBN 0-333-69550-X. 
  • Problemy natsional'nogo soznaniâ pol'skogo naseleniâ na Belarusi (Problems of National Identity of Poles in Belarus). Grodno, Society of Poles in Belarus. 2003: 288. 

參閲

[编辑]

外部連結

[编辑]
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=俄羅斯化&oldid=83977830”