變性別:修订间差异
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AnnaBeiyan(留言 | 贡献) 参考Talk:变性_(消歧义)相关讨论,该条目主要内容已完全被其它相关条目覆盖。执行合并。 标签:新重定向 移除或更換文件 |
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#REDIRECT[[跨性別#變性及其跟跨性別的關係]] |
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{{for2|动漫画、小说等作品里的性转换|'''[[TSF]]'''|与“变性”名称相近或相同的条目|'''[[变性 (消歧义)]]'''}} |
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{{Distinguish|跨性別|異裝癖|性別不一致}} |
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{{Infobox medical condition |
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| Name = 性轉換症<br>Transsexualism |
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| synonyms = 易性症<ref>{{cite journal|title=中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第三版(精神障碍分类) |author=中华医学会精神病学分会|publisher=中华精神科杂志|accessdate=2014-05-21|issue=3|doi=10.3760/j:issn:1006-7884.2001.03.028|year=2011|volume=34|language=zh-hans}}</ref> |
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| caption = 一位的[[跨性別女性]]的手掌上寫著一個字母為「XY」。 |
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{{Transgender sidebar}} |
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[[File:TransgenreatParis2005.JPG|thumb|200px|一位[[跨性別女性]]的手掌上寫著一個字母為「XY」。]] |
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'''變性'''({{lang-en|Transsexual}})是[[跨性別]]的子分類,<ref name="TR2006">''Transgender Rights'' (2006, {{ISBN|0816643121}}), edited by Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter</ref><ref name="Bevan">Thomas E. Bevan, ''The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism'' (2014, {{ISBN|1440831270}}), page 42: "The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince. The adjective ''transgendered'' should not be used [...]. Transsexuals constitute a subset of transgender people."</ref><ref name="Alegria">A. C. Alegria, ''Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation'', in the ''Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners'', volume 23, issue 4 (2011), pages 175–182: "Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002)."</ref>但是一些變性人拒絕[[跨性別]]的標籤<ref name="Valentine">Valentine, David. ''Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category'', Duke University, 2007</ref><ref name="Stryker">[[Susan Stryker|Stryker, Susan]]. Introduction. In Stryker and S. Whittle (Eds.), ''The Transgender Studies Reader,'' New York: Routledge, 2006. 1–17</ref><ref>Kelley Winters, "Gender Madness in American Psychiatry, essays from the struggle for dignity, 2008, p. 198. "Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not."</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|date=March 2014|title=Transsexualism|url=http://www.gendercentre.org.au/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090430/http://www.gendercentre.org.au/resources/fact-sheets/transsexualism.htm|archivedate=2016-03-04|accessdate=2016-07-05|website=Gender Centre|quote=Transsexualism is often included within the broader term 'transgender', which is generally considered an umbrella term for people who do not conform to typically accepted gender roles for the sex they were assigned at birth. The term 'transgender' is a word employed by activists to encompass as many groups of gender diverse people as possible. However, many of these groups individually don't identify with the term. Many health clinics and services set up to serve gender variant communities employ the term, however most of the people using these services again don't identify with this term. The rejection of this political category by those that it is designed to cover clearly illustrates the difference between self-identification and categories that are imposed by observers to understand other people.|dead-url=no}}</ref>。變性者經歷[[性別認同]]與其出生時的[[指定性別]]不一致,並希望[[生理性別]]和[[社會性別]]永久轉變為符合他們的[[性別認同]],通常尋求醫療援助进行[[性別重置療法]],例如[[性别肯定激素治疗]](GAHT)和[[性別重置手術]],以幫助他們將自己的[[生理性別]]與其[[性別認同]]對齊。 |
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如果一個人表達了渴望在生活中被接納為另一個[[生理性別]]的一員,<ref name="icd-10">{{cite web|title=ICD-10|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/gF60.htm#F640|url-status=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921055034/http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/gf60.htm#F640|archivedate=2008-09-21|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><!-- ICD 2016 is here: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F64.0 but does not support the claim-->並且由於其[[性別認同]]而遭受功能障礙或困擾,他們就可以在醫學上診斷為[[性別不安]]。<ref name="DSM-IV-TR">{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (Text Revision)|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2000|isbn=978-0-89042-025-6}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2016}} |
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== 醫學診斷 == |
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在[[國際疾病與相關健康問題統計分類]](ICD)中,易性症不再被列为精神障碍。在ICD-10中,將易性症、[[雙重角色異裝癖]]、兒童性別認同障礙纳入其性别认同障碍的范畴。它将易性症定义为「渴望在生活中被接納為异性的一员,通常伴随着对自己[[解剖學]][[性别]]的不适或不恰当的感觉,以及希望进行手术和激素治疗,使自己的身体尽可能与自己喜欢的性别一致。」 |
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== 换性/性別重置過程 == |
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换性/性別重置的過程,通常包括了實際生活體驗、[[荷爾蒙]]更換治療,以及旨在改造身體第一性徵的性別重置手術。在制度嚴謹的國家和地區,欲進行荷爾蒙或手術治療的换性者往往需要持久並反覆地向醫師表達強烈的治療慾望,他(她)們才會獲得合適的診斷。為了使身體與心理認同性別保持一致,很多换性的女性(MtF)亦會選擇進行除毛、[[隆胸]]和磨平[[喉結]]等整容手術,而很多换性的男性(FtM)亦會選擇儘早進行[[縮胸]]手術。 |
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在[[英語]]中有時會用transsexual,以用來減少它和精神病以及醫學上的關聯性。 |
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另外也有部分的"非手術的訴求" 跨性别者,在[[英語]]中會用 On-op TS (non-operative Transexual) |
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不同的選擇都應該被保障,改採用其他軟性美容建設或穿戴式肢體裝置...等其他途徑與方式來達成心理與生理之平衡。 |
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== 歧視 == |
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「[[人妖]]」是中文中常用的一种[[蔑称]],原意指女扮男、男扮女、行為怪異、不守常法的人。《[[南史]]·卷四十五·崔慧景傳》:「東陽女子偵闛變服詐為丈夫,粗知圍棋,解文義,遍游公卿,仕至揚州議曹從事。……此人妖也。」。 |
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== 各地 == |
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=== 泰國 === |
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{{main|泰國變性女性}} |
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[[File:Kathoy1649.jpg|thumb|250px|在[[芭塔雅]]作歌舞秀的泰國换性别的女性]] |
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[[泰國變性人|泰國换性女性]](泰文:กะเทย,羅馬拼音:Kathoey或Katoey,[[國際音標|IPA]]:[kaʔtʰɤːj])是[[泰國]]男性换女性'''换性'''人,又名'''ladyboy'''。許多華人常將其稱之為「'''泰國人妖'''」。 |
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在古代,กะเทย是指[[雌雄同體]],與現代所指的[[異裝者]]、[[變性者]]或[[男同性戀者]]不同。{{ref|jackson}}現代幾乎所有的กะเทย都有接荷爾蒙補充療法,大部分有作過[[隆胸]]手術,有些已接受[[變性手術]]以及其他[[整形]]手術。通常กะเทย很年輕就開始[[異裝]]、注射[[荷爾蒙]]、整形等等。กะเทย的異裝形象與身材通常非常女性化。กะเทย通常在娛樂業與旅遊業作舞者,歌舞秀,以及[[性工作]]。也常有聽說kathoey在觀光區行竊。從事娛樂業與旅遊業之外的並不多,有些則是知名[[美容]][[理髮]]師。在泰國,多數家庭如果有個成為กะเทย的兒子會很失望。法律則完全不承認變性女人。即使在變性手術之後,换性的女人也不能變更其法定性別{{ref|matzner}}。กะเทย很久以前通常來自社會低層,很久很久以前一部分幼年时期因生活所迫被贩卖后被改造成กะเทย,自殺率顯著高出一般人,平均寿命一般不超过五十岁。{{来源请求}} |
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换性者研究員、活動家普蘭普里達·巴莫·娜·阿育塔雅(Prempreeda Pramoj Na Ayutthaya)指出,泰國存在對换性人教育與就業機會方面的性別歧視。<ref>http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/303850/sex-drugs-stigma-put-thai-transsexuals-at-hiv-risk</ref>。2013年的多篇報導也指出,泰國尚未發現换性人從事高層官員、醫生、律師、科學家以及公辦學校教師等職位,在商業機構也不存在任職管理人員的换性人。簡言之,對换性的女性來說,政府機構和大型企業的大門依舊緊閉。而這也是他們成為自僱人士或自由職業者的原因<ref>[http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/355011/katoey-face-closed-doors Katoey face closed doors]</ref>。无论是否为政府職員,泰国法律都不给予进行手術後的男性换女性的人在工作场合中穿着女性制服的权利<ref>http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/301113/transgender-official-right-to-wear-dress</ref>。 |
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1996年,一個大半由[[男同性戀]]與กะเทย組成的排球隊(外號「鐵娘子」)贏得全國[[排球]]大賽冠軍。但是泰國政府以國家形象為由禁止其中兩個kathoey參加國手隊作國際比賽。กะเทย排球隊的事件在2000年改編成賣座電影《[[人妖打排球]]》,並於2003年推出續集。 |
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根據[[東森新聞]]2004年6月與7月的報導,已常常見到娛樂業與旅遊業之外的换性女人,一所技術學校也設立了换性女人專用廁所,同志和换性女人並且於此時成立「泰國同性戀政治群」,目的是向政府在同志權利議題施壓。[[帕莉亞]]是一位參加[[泰拳]]比賽的知名换性别的女性。 |
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=== 伊朗 === |
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{{main|伊朗的變性}} |
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[[伊朗]]是第一個認可换性别權利的[[伊斯蘭]]國家。在1979年[[伊朗革命]]前,政府從未正式關注變性議題。從1980年代中期開始,伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府正式認可跨性別人士並且准許進行换性手術,惟與同性戀者一樣,跨性別人士受到極大的歧視。 |
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== 相關電影 == |
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* [[玫瑰少年 (電影)|玫瑰少年]](比利時1997) |
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* [[男孩別哭|-{zh-tw:男孩別哭; zh-hk:沒哭聲的抉擇; zh-cn:男孩别哭;}-]](美國1999)美國[[布兰登·蒂纳]]的真實故事改編。 |
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* [[人妖打排球]](泰國2000)1996年一個大半由[[男同性戀]]與跨性别者組成的排球隊(外號「鐵娘子」)贏得全國[[排球]]大賽冠軍的故事。 |
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* [[人妖打排球續集]](泰國2003) |
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* [[美麗拳王]](泰國2003)泰國有名的跨性别女性泰拳冠軍[[帕莉亞]]的真實故事改編。 |
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* [[窈窕老爸|-{zh-hans:穿越美國;zh-hk:尋找他媽...的故事;zh-tw:窈窕老爸;}-]](美國2005)美國一位還未動手術的MtF跨性别女人與兒子相處的故事。 |
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* [[肥皂 (電影)|肥皂]](丹麦/瑞典2006) |
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* [[為己而生]](日本2006) |
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* [[穿高跟鞋的男生]] The Boy Who Wears High Heels (香港2013) |
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* [[丹麥女孩]](英國2015)英國劇情傳記電影,講述一名名叫[[莉莉·艾尔伯]]的女跨性别者的故事。莉莉·埃尔伯于1930接受了[[性別重置手術|性别重置手术]],成为世界上有记载最早接受性别重置手术的人之一。<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181226033626/http://www.transmediawatch.org/timeline.html "A Trans Timeline - Trans Media Watch"]. ''Trans Media Watch''. [http://www.transmediawatch.org/timeline.html Archived] from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Worthen |first=Meredith |date=2019-04-12 |orig-year=2015-09-08 |title=Lili Elbe Biography |url=https://www.biography.com/artist/lili-elbe |website=The Biography.com website |publisher=A&E Television Networks |access-date=2022-08-02}}</ref> |
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* [[當他們認真編織時]]( 日本2017 ) |
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* [[翠絲 (電影)|翠絲]](香港2018)讲述51岁主角变性的过程和挣扎。 |
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== 參見 == |
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{{Portal|跨性别}} |
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* [[跨性別]] |
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* [[性別不安]] |
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* [[異裝]] |
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* [[偽娘]] |
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* [[藥娘]] |
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* [[性转换作品]] |
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* [[女体化]] |
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* [[身体交换]] |
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== 注釋 == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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== 外部連結 == |
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* {{note|jackson}}Peter Jackson, [http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures]{{Wayback|url=http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html |date=20070403051912 }}.("The Homosexualisation of Cross-Dressing"那段) |
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* {{note|matzner}}Andrew Matzner: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041120094937/http://home.att.net/~leela2/inlegallimbo.htm In Legal Limbo: Thailand, Transgendered Men, and the Law], 1999.描述1999年時kathoey的一般社會與法律狀況。{{en}} |
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* {{source|author=貝月清|url=http://nownews.com/2004/07/05/11183-1653694.htm|title=泰國人妖探秘/變男變女變變變! 人妖處處在身邊以及其他相關報導|pub=東森新聞|date=2004年6月與7月}} {{Wayback|url=http://nownews.com/2004/07/05/11183-1653694.htm |date=20100125100428 }} |
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{{跨性別}} |
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{{性別和性身份}} |
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{{LGBT|identities}} |
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[[Category:跨性別與醫學| ]] |
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[[Category:性別]] |
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[[Category:性別轉換| ]] |
2024年9月22日 (日) 14:17的最新版本
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