黑水公司巴格達槍擊案:修订间差异
小 正規化日期格式、清理引文模組未知參數 人工監視檢測中 (Category:含有未知参数的引用的页面) - log; df, date, access-date, archive-date; df, access-date, archive-date |
小 使用DisamAssist清理消歧义链接:綠區(链接至綠區 (巴格達))。 |
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[[File:Election campaign posters - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|發生在巴格達尼蘇爾廣場的黑水槍擊事件地點,現場擺放了選舉海報(2010年)]] |
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'''美國私人保安公司[[黑水國際]]護衛在巴格達 |
'''美國私人保安公司[[黑水國際]]護衛在巴格達屠殺平民案'''({{lang-en|Blackwater Baghdad shootings}}),或稱'''納蘇爾廣場屠殺'''({{lang-en|Nisour Square massacre}}),發生於2007年9月16日。事件中17名[[伊拉克]]平民被殺害,24人受傷<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/middleeast/03firefight.html |title=From Errand to Fatal Shot to Hail of Fire to 17 Deaths |last=Glanz |first=James |coauthors=Alissa Rubin |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=2007-10-03 |accessdate=2007-10-08 |page=1 |archive-date=2008-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309011908/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/middleeast/03firefight.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。射擊事件發生時,黑水私人保安分隊正護送[[美國國務院]]一列車隊,前往[[巴格達]]西部與[[美國國際開發署]]官員見面。 |
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事件發生後翌日,黑水公司被吊銷在伊拉克的[[營業執照]]<ref name="PentProbe1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,298152,00.html |title=Pentagon Dispatches Investigators to Iraq to Probe Private Security Contractors |access-date=2008-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102214433/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,298152,00.html |archive-date=2007-11-02 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。美國國務院稱「無辜生命遇害」<ref name="CNNBW-107">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/10/07/iraq.main/?iref=mpstoryview |title=U.S., Iraq to probe firefight involving Blackwater |accessdate=2008-12-14 |archive-date=2017-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916184253/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/10/07/iraq.main/?iref=mpstoryview |dead-url=no }}</ref>,而美國軍方報告表示黑水護衛未被挑釁而開火,過量動武<ref name="ReutBW-105">{{Cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN0439965120071005 |title=Blackwater faulted by U.S. military: report |accessdate=2008-12-14 |archive-date=2008-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208040018/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN0439965120071005 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。伊拉克一項偵查發現,護衛在納蘇爾廣場向平民開槍時,「連一塊石頭也沒碰到他們」;偵查結果出爐後,伊拉克政府宣稱必定嚴懲黑水公司<ref name="AFPBW-108">[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20071008/wl_afp/iraqusunrestblackwater_071008140024;_ylt=Ame.fKInDVxyrMjGkqe98ygUewgF Iraq determined to rein in private security guards]</ref>。至少有5組調查事件,當中包括[[美國聯邦調查局]]<ref name="ABCBW-107">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3699197&page=1 |title=FBI Opens Probe Into Blackwater |accessdate=2008-12-14 |archive-date=2018-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144604/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3699197&page=1 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。 |
事件發生後翌日,黑水公司被吊銷在伊拉克的[[營業執照]]<ref name="PentProbe1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,298152,00.html |title=Pentagon Dispatches Investigators to Iraq to Probe Private Security Contractors |access-date=2008-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102214433/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,298152,00.html |archive-date=2007-11-02 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。美國國務院稱「無辜生命遇害」<ref name="CNNBW-107">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/10/07/iraq.main/?iref=mpstoryview |title=U.S., Iraq to probe firefight involving Blackwater |accessdate=2008-12-14 |archive-date=2017-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916184253/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/10/07/iraq.main/?iref=mpstoryview |dead-url=no }}</ref>,而美國軍方報告表示黑水護衛未被挑釁而開火,過量動武<ref name="ReutBW-105">{{Cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN0439965120071005 |title=Blackwater faulted by U.S. military: report |accessdate=2008-12-14 |archive-date=2008-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208040018/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN0439965120071005 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。伊拉克一項偵查發現,護衛在納蘇爾廣場向平民開槍時,「連一塊石頭也沒碰到他們」;偵查結果出爐後,伊拉克政府宣稱必定嚴懲黑水公司<ref name="AFPBW-108">[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20071008/wl_afp/iraqusunrestblackwater_071008140024;_ylt=Ame.fKInDVxyrMjGkqe98ygUewgF Iraq determined to rein in private security guards]</ref>。至少有5組調查事件,當中包括[[美國聯邦調查局]]<ref name="ABCBW-107">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3699197&page=1 |title=FBI Opens Probe Into Blackwater |accessdate=2008-12-14 |archive-date=2018-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144604/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3699197&page=1 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。 |
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[[伊拉克總理]][[努里·馬利基]]一名高級助手稱,涉案的黑水傭兵之中有三名是伊拉克人,可以在伊拉克國內被[[起訴]];助手又稱,伊拉克政府正促求黑水公司謝罪,賠償受害者或其家屬,並促使涉案傭兵須就事件「負責」<ref name="FOXBW-922">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297719,00.html |title=Iraqi Investigators say Videotape Shows Blackwater Guards Fired Without Aggravation |access-date=2008-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223061009/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297719,00.html |archive-date=2007-12-23 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。[[羅伯特·蓋茨]]在美國國會上作證時,表示美國國防部有充足法律權限規管保案承辦商,但缺乏「途徑和資源」實行足夠監督。<ref name="PentProbe1" />[[美國眾議院]]通過一項護案,令所有在伊拉克和其他戰鬥地區營運的私人承辦商都可以被美國法院起訴。[[美國參議院]][[民主黨]]領袖稱,他們計劃盡早向[[美國總統]][[喬治·沃克·布什]]提交類似法案<ref name="FOXBW-104">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299370,00.html |title=House Passes Bill That Would Hike Penalties for U.S. Security Contractors in Iraq |access-date=2008-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102082529/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299370,00.html |archive-date=2012-11-02 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。 |
[[伊拉克總理]][[努里·馬利基]]一名高級助手稱,涉案的黑水傭兵之中有三名是伊拉克人,可以在伊拉克國內被[[起訴]];助手又稱,伊拉克政府正促求黑水公司謝罪,賠償受害者或其家屬,並促使涉案傭兵須就事件「負責」<ref name="FOXBW-922">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297719,00.html |title=Iraqi Investigators say Videotape Shows Blackwater Guards Fired Without Aggravation |access-date=2008-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223061009/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297719,00.html |archive-date=2007-12-23 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。[[羅伯特·蓋茨]]在美國國會上作證時,表示美國國防部有充足法律權限規管保案承辦商,但缺乏「途徑和資源」實行足夠監督。<ref name="PentProbe1" />[[美國眾議院]]通過一項護案,令所有在伊拉克和其他戰鬥地區營運的私人承辦商都可以被美國法院起訴。[[美國參議院]][[民主黨 (美國)|民主黨]]領袖稱,他們計劃盡早向[[美國總統]][[喬治·沃克·布什]]提交類似法案<ref name="FOXBW-104">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299370,00.html |title=House Passes Bill That Would Hike Penalties for U.S. Security Contractors in Iraq |access-date=2008-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102082529/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299370,00.html |archive-date=2012-11-02 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。 |
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== 事件經過 == |
== 事件經過 == |
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伊拉克一項調查報告指,當車隊駛近[[納蘇爾廣場]]時,遠方有一輛[[起亞汽車]]載著一名婦人和一名已成年孩子在車道上反向緩緩行駛,一名 |
伊拉克一項調查報告指,當車隊駛近[[納蘇爾廣場]]時,遠方有一輛[[起亞汽車]]載著一名婦人和一名已成年孩子在車道上反向緩緩行駛,一名伊拉克警察吹哨子示意車輛迴避讓車隊通過,但那輛汽車沒有理會。報告指保安隊鳴槍警告,然後向那輛汽車開槍。報告稱其後黑水護衛發射[[震撼彈]]清場,伊拉克警察[[伊拉克军事|伊军]]士兵誤以為有人投擲[[手榴彈]]而向黑水護衛開火,黑水護衛還击。<ref name="NYTBW-919">{{Cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/19/world/middleeast/19blackwater.html | title=Iraqi Report Says Blackwater Guards Fired First | last=Tavernise | first=Sabrina | coauthors=James Glanz | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | date=2007-09-19 | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2009-04-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411135958/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/19/world/middleeast/19blackwater.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>A [http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/09/21/washington/21blackwater_graphic.full.jpg ''New York Times'' graphic of the events that took place ] {{Wayback|url=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/09/21/washington/21blackwater_graphic.full.jpg |date=20070926025748 }}, according to the Iraqi investigation.</ref>根據伊拉克調查員所述,當時有一架黑水的[[直升機]]在場,從空中射擊了數次。黑水公司否認指控。<ref name="NYTBW-103">{{Cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/middleeast/03firefight.html | title=From Errand to Fatal Shot to Hail of Fire to 17 Deaths | last=Glanz | first=James | coauthors=Alissa Rubin | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | date=2007-10-03 | accessdate=2007-10-08 | page=2 | archive-date=2008-03-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309011908/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/middleeast/03firefight.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="WPBW-916">{{Cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601062.html | title=State Dept. Convoy Attacked in Baghdad, Sparking a Shootout | last=Partlow | first=Joshua | publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]'' | date=2007-09-17 | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190055/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601062.html | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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伊拉克[[准將]]Abdul-Karim Khalaf稱黑水公司「向平民胡亂開火」。被殺者中有一名伊拉克警察,但事件中沒有任何美國國務院人員受傷害。<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0917/iraq.html | title=US security firm Blackwater banned from Iraq | publisher=RTÉ News | date=2007-09-17 | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012234149/http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0917/iraq.html | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
伊拉克[[准將]]Abdul-Karim Khalaf稱黑水公司「向平民胡亂開火」。被殺者中有一名伊拉克警察,但事件中沒有任何美國國務院人員受傷害。<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0917/iraq.html | title=US security firm Blackwater banned from Iraq | publisher=RTÉ News | date=2007-09-17 | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012234149/http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0917/iraq.html | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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黑水公司指有[[汽車炸彈]]在會議地點附近爆炸<ref name="CNNBW-918">{{Cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/09/18/blackwater.iraq/index.html | title=U.S. suspends diplomatic convoys throughout Iraq | date=2007-09-18 | publisher=[[CNN]] | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-09-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918191738/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/09/18/blackwater.iraq/index.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>,之後他們的保安隊把國務院人員撤離。黑水稱他們的車隊駛經納蘇爾廣場,在[[遜尼派]]控制的[[Mansour district|al-Mansour]]和[[Yarmouk (Baghdad)|al-Yarmukh]]鄰近地區受到襲擊。根據黑水公司副總裁Marty Strong所述,車隊被「大型爆炸裝置」擊中,隨後有「重覆小型槍械射擊」毀掉一輛汽車。<ref name="CNNBW-918"/>數個消息方表示爆炸是由迫擊炮引起,但國務院報告沒有提及。<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2007/images/09/16/17sept07.pdf | format=[[PDF]] | title=SAF Attack on COM Team | publisher=U.S. Embassy Baghdad | last=Hanner | first=Darren | date=2007-09-16 | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926025748/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2007/images/09/16/17sept07.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="TIME Iraq Limits">{{Cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1662586,00.html | title=Iraq Limits Blackwater's Operations | last=Zagorin | first=Adam | coauthors=Brian Bennett | date=2007-09-17 | publisher=[[TIME]] | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-10-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018050020/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1662586,00.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>黑水公司否認伊拉克指控稱公司一架直升機當時從空中射擊。<ref name="NYTBW-103"/><ref name="WPBW-916"/> |
黑水公司指有[[汽車炸彈]]在會議地點附近爆炸<ref name="CNNBW-918">{{Cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/09/18/blackwater.iraq/index.html | title=U.S. suspends diplomatic convoys throughout Iraq | date=2007-09-18 | publisher=[[CNN]] | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-09-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918191738/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/09/18/blackwater.iraq/index.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>,之後他們的保安隊把國務院人員撤離。黑水稱他們的車隊駛經納蘇爾廣場,在[[遜尼派]]控制的[[Mansour district|al-Mansour]]和[[Yarmouk (Baghdad)|al-Yarmukh]]鄰近地區受到襲擊。根據黑水公司副總裁Marty Strong所述,車隊被「大型爆炸裝置」擊中,隨後有「重覆小型槍械射擊」毀掉一輛汽車。<ref name="CNNBW-918"/>數個消息方表示爆炸是由迫擊炮引起,但國務院報告沒有提及。<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2007/images/09/16/17sept07.pdf | format=[[PDF]] | title=SAF Attack on COM Team | publisher=U.S. Embassy Baghdad | last=Hanner | first=Darren | date=2007-09-16 | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926025748/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2007/images/09/16/17sept07.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="TIME Iraq Limits">{{Cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1662586,00.html | title=Iraq Limits Blackwater's Operations | last=Zagorin | first=Adam | coauthors=Brian Bennett | date=2007-09-17 | publisher=[[TIME]] | accessdate=2007-10-03 | archive-date=2007-10-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018050020/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1662586,00.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>黑水公司否認伊拉克指控稱公司一架直升機當時從空中射擊。<ref name="NYTBW-103"/><ref name="WPBW-916"/> |
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一份美國國務院報告稱有8到10名攻擊者開火,他們「在多個附近地點,有部份穿著平民衣服,其他穿著伊拉克警察制服」。報告稱當車隊準備離開,於下午12:08,道路被配備機關槍的武裝份子阻擋。報告又稱,離開現場前「保安隊向數個已辨認目標還火」,另外一隊正馳援車隊「被數名伊拉克警察和國民衛隊汽車和武裝人員阻攔或包圍」。<ref name="TIME Iraq Limits" />可能正是上述被伊拉克軍阻攔的一隊美軍車隊,在約半小時後抵達,在空中掩護下護水車隊返回[[綠區]]。<ref name="CNNBW-918"/> |
一份美國國務院報告稱有8到10名攻擊者開火,他們「在多個附近地點,有部份穿著平民衣服,其他穿著伊拉克警察制服」。報告稱當車隊準備離開,於下午12:08,道路被配備機關槍的武裝份子阻擋。報告又稱,離開現場前「保安隊向數個已辨認目標還火」,另外一隊正馳援車隊「被數名伊拉克警察和國民衛隊汽車和武裝人員阻攔或包圍」。<ref name="TIME Iraq Limits" />可能正是上述被伊拉克軍阻攔的一隊美軍車隊,在約半小時後抵達,在空中掩護下護水車隊返回[[綠區 (巴格達)|綠區]]。<ref name="CNNBW-918"/> |
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9月27日《[[紐約時報]]》報道,事發時一個黑水公司護衛不理會同事多次呼籲緊急停火,繼續向平民射擊,直到另一個黑水護衛用自己武器指向該名護衛,命令他停止。<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/28/world/middleeast/28blackwater.html | title=Blackwater Shooting Scene Was Chaotic | last=Glanz | first=James | coauthors=Sabrina Tavernise | date=2007-09-28 | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | accessdate=2007-10-08 | archive-date=2009-04-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410140405/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/28/world/middleeast/28blackwater.html | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
9月27日《[[紐約時報]]》報道,事發時一個黑水公司護衛不理會同事多次呼籲緊急停火,繼續向平民射擊,直到另一個黑水護衛用自己武器指向該名護衛,命令他停止。<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/28/world/middleeast/28blackwater.html | title=Blackwater Shooting Scene Was Chaotic | last=Glanz | first=James | coauthors=Sabrina Tavernise | date=2007-09-28 | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | accessdate=2007-10-08 | archive-date=2009-04-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410140405/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/28/world/middleeast/28blackwater.html | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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2014年10月22日,美國聯邦[[陪審團]]裁定,濫殺平民事件的三名黑水護衛——35歲的Paul Slough、33歲的Dustin Heard與32歲的Evan Liberty,成立[[故意殺人]]罪;因上列3人傷及至少11名伊拉克人,包括一名九歲男童,他們還被陪審團裁定成立謀殺未遂罪。濫殺平民事件的第四名黑水護衛——30歲的Nicolas Slatten,被陪審團裁定謀殺罪成立。2015年4月13日,Slatten被判处[[终身监禁]],而其他三名護衛分别被判处30年监禁<ref name=NYTsentence>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/us/ex-blackwater-guards-sentenced-to-prison-in-2007-killings-of-iraqi-civilians.html |title=Ex-Blackwater Guards Sentenced to Long Prison Terms in 2007 Killings of Iraqi Civilians |last=Apuzzo |first=Matt |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-04-13 |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205185200/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/us/ex-blackwater-guards-sentenced-to-prison-in-2007-killings-of-iraqi-civilians.html |archive-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>。 |
2014年10月22日,美國聯邦[[陪審團]]裁定,濫殺平民事件的三名黑水護衛——35歲的Paul Slough、33歲的Dustin Heard與32歲的Evan Liberty,成立[[故意殺人]]罪;因上列3人傷及至少11名伊拉克人,包括一名九歲男童,他們還被陪審團裁定成立謀殺未遂罪。濫殺平民事件的第四名黑水護衛——30歲的Nicolas Slatten,被陪審團裁定謀殺罪成立。2015年4月13日,Slatten被判处[[终身监禁]],而其他三名護衛分别被判处30年监禁<ref name=NYTsentence>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/us/ex-blackwater-guards-sentenced-to-prison-in-2007-killings-of-iraqi-civilians.html |title=Ex-Blackwater Guards Sentenced to Long Prison Terms in 2007 Killings of Iraqi Civilians |last=Apuzzo |first=Matt |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-04-13 |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205185200/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/us/ex-blackwater-guards-sentenced-to-prison-in-2007-killings-of-iraqi-civilians.html |archive-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>。 |
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2017年8月4日,[[美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院]]的3名法官组成的合议庭推翻了对Slatten的谋杀定罪,并下令对其他被告重新判刑,同时建议对Slatten进行重新审判,理由是将他与同案被告一起审判是不合理的,他应该被分开审判<ref name=afapppa>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/04/541616598/u-s-appeals-court-tosses-conviction-of-ex-blackwater-guard-in-2007-baghdad-massa|title=U.S. Appeals Court Tosses Ex-Blackwater Guard's Conviction in 2007 Baghdad Massacre|access-date=2018-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907112453/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/04/541616598/u-s-appeals-court-tosses-conviction-of-ex-blackwater-guard-in-2007-baghdad-massa|archive-date=2018-09-07|url-status=live}}</ref>。2018年12月,Slatten再次被陪审团判定谋杀罪名成立,2019年8月14日,Slatten再次被判处终身监禁<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/former-blackwater-security-contractor-sentenced-life-iraq-shootings-n1042366 Former Blackwater security contractor sentenced to life in Iraq shootings; In all, 10 men, two women and two boys, ages 9 and 11, were killed.] Aug. 14, 2019 Associated Press via nbcnews.com</ref>。2020年12月22日,四名被告均被美国总统特朗普赦免<ref>{{Cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|last2=Schmidt|first2=Michael S.|date=2020-12-23|title=Trump Pardons Two Russia Inquiry Figures and Blackwater Guards|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/22/us/politics/trump-pardons.html|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>。 |
2017年8月4日,[[美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院]]的3名法官组成的合议庭推翻了对Slatten的谋杀定罪,并下令对其他被告重新判刑,同时建议对Slatten进行重新审判,理由是将他与同案被告一起审判是不合理的,他应该被分开审判<ref name=afapppa>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/04/541616598/u-s-appeals-court-tosses-conviction-of-ex-blackwater-guard-in-2007-baghdad-massa|title=U.S. Appeals Court Tosses Ex-Blackwater Guard's Conviction in 2007 Baghdad Massacre|access-date=2018-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907112453/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/04/541616598/u-s-appeals-court-tosses-conviction-of-ex-blackwater-guard-in-2007-baghdad-massa|archive-date=2018-09-07|url-status=live}}</ref>。2018年12月,Slatten再次被陪审团判定谋杀罪名成立,2019年8月14日,Slatten再次被判处终身监禁<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/former-blackwater-security-contractor-sentenced-life-iraq-shootings-n1042366 Former Blackwater security contractor sentenced to life in Iraq shootings; In all, 10 men, two women and two boys, ages 9 and 11, were killed.] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/former-blackwater-security-contractor-sentenced-life-iraq-shootings-n1042366 |date=20210228202422 }} Aug. 14, 2019 Associated Press via nbcnews.com</ref>。2020年12月22日,四名被告均被[[美国总统]][[唐纳德·特朗普]]赦免<ref>{{Cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|last2=Schmidt|first2=Michael S.|date=2020-12-23|title=Trump Pardons Two Russia Inquiry Figures and Blackwater Guards|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/22/us/politics/trump-pardons.html|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223000451/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/22/us/politics/trump-pardons.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 |
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== 参考文献 == |
== 参考文献 == |
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[[Category:美国屠杀 |
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[[Category:美國軍事醜聞]] |
2024年10月28日 (一) 10:11的最新版本
33°18′08″N 44°21′23″E / 33.30222°N 44.35639°E
美國私人保安公司黑水國際護衛在巴格達屠殺平民案(英語:Blackwater Baghdad shootings),或稱納蘇爾廣場屠殺(英語:Nisour Square massacre),發生於2007年9月16日。事件中17名伊拉克平民被殺害,24人受傷[1]。射擊事件發生時,黑水私人保安分隊正護送美國國務院一列車隊,前往巴格達西部與美國國際開發署官員見面。
事件發生後翌日,黑水公司被吊銷在伊拉克的營業執照[2]。美國國務院稱「無辜生命遇害」[3],而美國軍方報告表示黑水護衛未被挑釁而開火,過量動武[4]。伊拉克一項偵查發現,護衛在納蘇爾廣場向平民開槍時,「連一塊石頭也沒碰到他們」;偵查結果出爐後,伊拉克政府宣稱必定嚴懲黑水公司[5]。至少有5組調查事件,當中包括美國聯邦調查局[6]。
伊拉克總理努里·馬利基一名高級助手稱,涉案的黑水傭兵之中有三名是伊拉克人,可以在伊拉克國內被起訴;助手又稱,伊拉克政府正促求黑水公司謝罪,賠償受害者或其家屬,並促使涉案傭兵須就事件「負責」[7]。羅伯特·蓋茨在美國國會上作證時,表示美國國防部有充足法律權限規管保案承辦商,但缺乏「途徑和資源」實行足夠監督。[2]美國眾議院通過一項護案,令所有在伊拉克和其他戰鬥地區營運的私人承辦商都可以被美國法院起訴。美國參議院民主黨領袖稱,他們計劃盡早向美國總統喬治·沃克·布什提交類似法案[8]。
事件經過
[编辑]伊拉克一項調查報告指,當車隊駛近納蘇爾廣場時,遠方有一輛起亞汽車載著一名婦人和一名已成年孩子在車道上反向緩緩行駛,一名伊拉克警察吹哨子示意車輛迴避讓車隊通過,但那輛汽車沒有理會。報告指保安隊鳴槍警告,然後向那輛汽車開槍。報告稱其後黑水護衛發射震撼彈清場,伊拉克警察伊军士兵誤以為有人投擲手榴彈而向黑水護衛開火,黑水護衛還击。[9][10]根據伊拉克調查員所述,當時有一架黑水的直升機在場,從空中射擊了數次。黑水公司否認指控。[11][12]
伊拉克准將Abdul-Karim Khalaf稱黑水公司「向平民胡亂開火」。被殺者中有一名伊拉克警察,但事件中沒有任何美國國務院人員受傷害。[13]
黑水公司指有汽車炸彈在會議地點附近爆炸[14],之後他們的保安隊把國務院人員撤離。黑水稱他們的車隊駛經納蘇爾廣場,在遜尼派控制的al-Mansour和al-Yarmukh鄰近地區受到襲擊。根據黑水公司副總裁Marty Strong所述,車隊被「大型爆炸裝置」擊中,隨後有「重覆小型槍械射擊」毀掉一輛汽車。[14]數個消息方表示爆炸是由迫擊炮引起,但國務院報告沒有提及。[15][16]黑水公司否認伊拉克指控稱公司一架直升機當時從空中射擊。[11][12]
一份美國國務院報告稱有8到10名攻擊者開火,他們「在多個附近地點,有部份穿著平民衣服,其他穿著伊拉克警察制服」。報告稱當車隊準備離開,於下午12:08,道路被配備機關槍的武裝份子阻擋。報告又稱,離開現場前「保安隊向數個已辨認目標還火」,另外一隊正馳援車隊「被數名伊拉克警察和國民衛隊汽車和武裝人員阻攔或包圍」。[16]可能正是上述被伊拉克軍阻攔的一隊美軍車隊,在約半小時後抵達,在空中掩護下護水車隊返回綠區。[14]
9月27日《紐約時報》報道,事發時一個黑水公司護衛不理會同事多次呼籲緊急停火,繼續向平民射擊,直到另一個黑水護衛用自己武器指向該名護衛,命令他停止。[17]
美軍報告看來支持伊拉克政府所堅稱的黑水公司在事件中犯錯。[4]
影響和後續
[编辑]濫殺平民事件發生後,黑水公司立刻被暫時吊銷在伊拉克的工作許可[18]。伊拉克和美國分別成立數個專案調查[19][20]。伊拉克總理努里·馬利基因應事件,呼籲美國政府終止和黑水公司合約[21],並要求伊拉克政府確使黑水公司及護衛承擔後果[7]。美國眾議院通過議案,允許美國法庭起訴在伊拉克等戰區工作的合約公司[8];參議院正準備相似法案[8]。
2014年10月22日,美國聯邦陪審團裁定,濫殺平民事件的三名黑水護衛——35歲的Paul Slough、33歲的Dustin Heard與32歲的Evan Liberty,成立故意殺人罪;因上列3人傷及至少11名伊拉克人,包括一名九歲男童,他們還被陪審團裁定成立謀殺未遂罪。濫殺平民事件的第四名黑水護衛——30歲的Nicolas Slatten,被陪審團裁定謀殺罪成立。2015年4月13日,Slatten被判处终身监禁,而其他三名護衛分别被判处30年监禁[22]。
2017年8月4日,美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院的3名法官组成的合议庭推翻了对Slatten的谋杀定罪,并下令对其他被告重新判刑,同时建议对Slatten进行重新审判,理由是将他与同案被告一起审判是不合理的,他应该被分开审判[23]。2018年12月,Slatten再次被陪审团判定谋杀罪名成立,2019年8月14日,Slatten再次被判处终身监禁[24]。2020年12月22日,四名被告均被美国总统唐纳德·特朗普赦免[25]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Glanz, James; Alissa Rubin. From Errand to Fatal Shot to Hail of Fire to 17 Deaths. The New York Times. 2007-10-03: 1 [2007-10-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-09).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Pentagon Dispatches Investigators to Iraq to Probe Private Security Contractors. [2008-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2007-11-02).
- ^ U.S., Iraq to probe firefight involving Blackwater. [2008-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-16).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Blackwater faulted by U.S. military: report. [2008-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-08).
- ^ Iraq determined to rein in private security guards
- ^ FBI Opens Probe Into Blackwater. [2008-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-07).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Iraqi Investigators say Videotape Shows Blackwater Guards Fired Without Aggravation. [2008-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-23).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 House Passes Bill That Would Hike Penalties for U.S. Security Contractors in Iraq. [2008-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-02).
- ^ Tavernise, Sabrina; James Glanz. Iraqi Report Says Blackwater Guards Fired First. The New York Times. 2007-09-19 [2007-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-11).
- ^ A New York Times graphic of the events that took place (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), according to the Iraqi investigation.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Glanz, James; Alissa Rubin. From Errand to Fatal Shot to Hail of Fire to 17 Deaths. The New York Times. 2007-10-03: 2 [2007-10-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-09).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Partlow, Joshua. State Dept. Convoy Attacked in Baghdad, Sparking a Shootout. The Washington Post. 2007-09-17 [2007-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-12).
- ^ US security firm Blackwater banned from Iraq. RTÉ News. 2007-09-17 [2007-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-12).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 U.S. suspends diplomatic convoys throughout Iraq. CNN. 2007-09-18 [2007-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-18).
- ^ Hanner, Darren. SAF Attack on COM Team (PDF). U.S. Embassy Baghdad. 2007-09-16 [2007-10-03]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-09-26).
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Zagorin, Adam; Brian Bennett. Iraq Limits Blackwater's Operations. TIME. 2007-09-17 [2007-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-18).
- ^ Glanz, James; Sabrina Tavernise. Blackwater Shooting Scene Was Chaotic. The New York Times. 2007-09-28 [2007-10-08]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-10).
- ^ Will Iraq Kick Out Blackwater? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Adam Zagorin & Brian Bennett, TIME, September 17, 2007: "A spokesman for Iraq's Interior Ministry has told reporters it has cancelled Blackwater's license and will launch an investigation into whether excessive force was used in the incident.
- ^ Iraq: Blackwater staff to face charges. [2008-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-24).
- ^ Blackwater Denies Any Wrongdoing in Shooting Incident
- ^ Iraqi leader urges U.S. to cancel Blackwater contract. [2008-12-14]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-14).
- ^ Apuzzo, Matt. Ex-Blackwater Guards Sentenced to Long Prison Terms in 2007 Killings of Iraqi Civilians. The New York Times. 2015-04-13 [2017-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-05).
- ^ U.S. Appeals Court Tosses Ex-Blackwater Guard's Conviction in 2007 Baghdad Massacre. [2018-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-07).
- ^ Former Blackwater security contractor sentenced to life in Iraq shootings; In all, 10 men, two women and two boys, ages 9 and 11, were killed. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Aug. 14, 2019 Associated Press via nbcnews.com
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. Trump Pardons Two Russia Inquiry Figures and Blackwater Guards. The New York Times. 2020-12-23 [2020-12-23]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2020-12-23) (美国英语).