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剂型:修订间差异

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{{noteTA|1=zh-hans:药物发现;zh-tw:藥物探索|G1=ME|G2=LS}}
'''剂型'''(英文:Dosage form)是[[药物制剂]]领域的术语,也称'''药物剂型'''或'''单位剂量'''(英文:Unit dose),是指用于上市销售的[[藥品|药物]]产品形式。剂型将[[有效成分|活性成分]]和非活性成分(非活性成分也称为[[賦形劑|辅料]])的特定混合物分配至一定的[[剂量]]比例,放入特定的装置中(如[[膠囊劑|胶囊]]壳)。<ref name="bhatta2006">{{Cite book | author=Bhattacharyya, Lokesh | editor=Katdare, Ashok | author2=Schuber, Stefan | author3=Sheehan, Catherine | author4=William, Roger | chapter=Excipients: Background/Introduction | editor2=Chaubal, Mahesh | title=Excipient Development for Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, and Drug Delivery Systems | publisher=[[CRC Press]] | year=2006 | isbn=9781420004137 | oclc=476062541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title = More than just the sugar in the pill |date = January 2001 |url = http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/tcaw/10/i01/html/01lesney.html |last = Lesney |first = Mark S. |journal = [[Today's Chemist at Work]] |accessdate = 2013-08-13 |issue = 1 |volume = 10 |pages = 30-6 |deadurl = no |issn = 1532-4494 |archive-date = 2019-04-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190406181607/http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/tcaw/10/i01/html/01lesney.html }}</ref>例如,两种药品均为[[阿莫西林]],一种为500 mg的胶囊剂,另一种为250 mg的咀嚼片剂。单位剂量除表示剂型之外,也可表示单剂量配方制(Unit dose dispensing system,UDDS)又称单元调剂或单剂量配发药品。<ref>{{Cite web|title=unit dose|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unit+dose|website=thefreedictionary.com|access-date=2023-06-07|archive-date=2018-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192124/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unit+dose|dead-url=no}}</ref>FDA通过单位剂量的英文“Packaging”或“Dispensing”来区分单剂量或单剂量配方制。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Affairs|first=Office of Regulatory|title=Compliance Policy Guides - CPG Sec 430.100 Unit Dose Labeling for Solid and Liquid Oral Dosage Forms|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074377.htm|website=www.fda.gov|access-date=2023-06-07|archive-date=2019-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422125730/https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074377.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=USFDA |title=combination |url=https://www.fda.gov/combination-products/about-combination-products |website=www.fda.gov |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415201406/https://www.fda.gov/combination-products/about-combination-products |dead-url=no }}</ref>


== 剂型局限性与给药途径 ==
'''剂型'''(英文:Dosage form)是[[药物制剂]]领域的术语,也称'''药物剂型'''或'''单位剂量'''(英文:Unit dose),是指上市销售的[[藥品|药物]]产品的形式。剂型将[[有效成分|活性成分]]和非活性成分(非活性成分也称为[[賦形劑|辅料]])的特定混合物,分配至一定的[[剂量]]比例,放入特定的装置中(如[[膠囊劑|胶囊]]壳)。例如,两种药品均为[[阿莫西林]],一种为500 mg的胶囊剂,另一种为250 mg的咀嚼片剂。单位剂量除了表示剂型以外,也可表示为不可重复使用的药品单独包装。<ref>{{Cite web|title=unit dose|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unit+dose|website=thefreedictionary.com}}</ref>FDA通过单位剂量的英文“Packaging”或“Dispensing”来区分单剂量或单剂型包装。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Affairs|first=Office of Regulatory|title=Compliance Policy Guides - CPG Sec 430.100 Unit Dose Labeling for Solid and Liquid Oral Dosage Forms|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074377.htm|website=www.fda.gov}}</ref>
[[药物递送]]的给药途径(Route of administration,ROA) 取决于相关[[化学物质|药物]]的剂型。<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/route+of+administration TheFreeDictionary.com > route of administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612045450/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/route+of+administration |date=2011-06-12}} Citing: Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005, Elsevier.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drug Delivery Systems (definition)|url=http://www.reference.md/files/D016/mD016503.html|access-date=2021-04-20|website=www.reference.md|archive-date=2017-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920202127/http://www.reference.md/files/D016/mD016503.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rayaprolu |first=Bindhu Madhavi |last2=Strawser |first2=Jonathan J. |last3=Anyarambhatla |first3=Gopal |date=2018-10-03 |title=Excipients in parenteral formulations: selection considerations and effective utilization with small molecules and biologics |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03639045.2018.1483392 |journal=Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy |language=en |volume=44 |issue=10 |page=1565–1571 |doi=10.1080/03639045.2018.1483392 |issn=0363-9045 |pmid=29863908 |s2cid=46934375 |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114507/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03639045.2018.1483392 |dead-url=no }}</ref>在某些特殊[[疾病|医疗状况]]下给药途径会受限,如失去知觉或持续[[恶心]]呕吐,则无法使用[[口服]]剂型,因此同一个药品存在多种剂型供临床选择。即使用其他替代剂型进行给药,如[[吸入|吸入给药]]、[[臉頰|含服给药]]、[[口腔黏膜吸收|舌下给药]]、经鼻给药、[[栓剂]]给药或[[给药途径|肠胃外给药]]等。此外,药物的某些特殊剂型是基于药物本身属性限制的考量,如较差的药物化学稳定性或药物的[[药物代谢动力学|药代动力学]]因素限制等。如[[胰岛素]]迄今为止还无法进行口服给药,胰岛素作为一种[[多肽]]化合物其化学稳定性较差,如进行口服给药,胰岛素进入[[循环系统|血液]]循环之前会先在[[消化道|胃肠道]]中发生化学降解而无法到达体内靶器官。<ref>唐欣,陈淑萍。胰岛素类似物研究进展。临床荟萃,2008年1月20日第23卷第2期,145-03</ref>类似的,[[对乙酰氨基酚|扑热息痛]]等药物也会因口服[[生物利用度]]的不同,导致其口服剂量与静脉剂量有所区别。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-04|title=Doctors 'missed' fatal overdoses|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12366870|via=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2023-06-07|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201072422/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12366870|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shms-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/media/editor/147459/Acetaminophen-_ClinicalKey.pdf|title=Acetaminophen / Paracetamol|publisher=ClinicalKey|date=2019年|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308221919/https://pdfhost.io/pdf/0ede2a65-72bd-4ed6-8c7d-34c3f09a1ceb/6802ea72-4116-4a1f-a22a-65d51f3a89e2.pdf|archive-date=2021-03-08|dead-url=no|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author = Shargel, L.; Yu, A.B. | year = 1999 | title = Applied biopharmaceutics & pharmacokinetics | edition = 4th ed. | location = New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill | id = ISBN 978-0-8385-0278-5}}</ref>


口服给药因方便、经济、安全且是非侵入式的给药途径,比静脉注射或肌肉注射等其他给药方式更广泛使用。口服给药通常[[药物设计]][[药物发现]]中优先考虑的给药方式。但口服给药相对其他给药方式存在吸收不完全、胃肠道不稳定和肝脏[[首过效应]]等问题,因此通常在药物设计之初,就要考虑药物活性成分的胃肠道稳定性、溶解度、渗透性,以及关键的生物利用度等因素。<ref name=IQWiG-oral>{{cite web|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|title=Oral medications|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0005195/|work=Informed Health Online|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|accessdate=2013-06-22}}</ref><ref name=PMPH>李端 殷明. 药理学. 第六版. [[人民卫生出版社]]. 32. ISBN 978-7-117-08905-0</ref>
根据给药方法或给药途径,剂型分为多种类型。按照外观形态,可分为:液体剂型、固体剂型和半固体剂型,它们分别典型的剂型如下:<ref name="FDA-dosage form">{{cite web |author1=FDA |title=FDA-dosage form |url=https://www.fda.gov/industry/structured-product-labeling-resources/dosage-forms |website=U.S. FDA |publisher=FDA}}</ref>

== 剂型分类 ==
根据给药方法、[[给药途径]]或外观等因素,剂型分为多种类型。按外观形态,剂型可分为:液体剂型、固体剂型和半固体剂型,其典型的具体剂型如下:<ref name="FDA-dosage form">{{cite web |author1=FDA |title=FDA-dosage form |url=https://www.fda.gov/industry/structured-product-labeling-resources/dosage-forms |website=U.S. FDA |publisher=FDA |access-date=2023-06-10 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001631/https://www.fda.gov/industry/structured-product-labeling-resources/dosage-forms |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="USP">{{cite web |title=usp |author1=USP |url=https://www.uspnf.com/notices/retired-compendial-notices/general-chapter-pharmaceutical-dosage-forms |website=www.uspnf.com |publisher=Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archive-date=2020-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030170508/https://www.uspnf.com/notices/retired-compendial-notices/general-chapter-pharmaceutical-dosage-forms |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* 常见的固体剂型:丸剂、[[片剂]]、[[胶囊剂]]、散剂、[[膜剂]]等
* 常见的固体剂型:丸剂、[[片剂]]、[[胶囊剂]]、散剂、[[膜剂]]等
* 常见的液体剂型:饮剂或[[糖漿|糖浆剂]]等
* 常见的液体剂型:饮剂或[[糖漿|糖浆剂]]等
* 常见的半固体剂型:[[软膏剂]]、糊剂、浸膏剂、[[栓剂]]等
* 常见的半固体剂型:[[软膏剂]]、糊剂、浸膏剂、[[栓剂]]等


一种药品如药片、胶囊或糖浆含超过一种药物成分或[[有效成分|活性成分]],且是一种固定剂量的组合物(Fixed-dose combination,FDC),则该产品称为[[複方藥]]。<ref name="Fixed-Dose">{{cite web |title=Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/fixed-dose-combination-fdc |website=clinicalinfo.hiv.gov |publisher=Clinical info |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205112252/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/fixed-dose-combination-fdc |dead-url=no }}</ref>在[[自然醫學|自然疗法]]中,制剂可采取[[煎熬|煎剂]]和[[草本茶]]的形式,或前面提到的更传统的方法。<ref>"Smith, Michael J., and Alan C. Logan. "Naturopathy." Medical Clinics of North America 86.1 (2002): 173-184." </ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hibiscus Delight (Loose Leaf Tea Blend) – 1/2 lb|website=Lone Star Botanicals|url=https://www.lonestarbotanicals.com/product/hibiscus-delight-loose-leaf-tea-blend-1-2-lb/|access-date=2021-08-04|archive-date=2021-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927035133/https://www.lonestarbotanicals.com/product/hibiscus-delight-loose-leaf-tea-blend-1-2-lb/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="WHO GHPP guidelines">{{cite journal |title=Annex 1: WHO guidelines on good herbal processing practices for herbal medicines |journal=WHO Technical Report Series |date=2018 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A545291563/GPS?u=edirect_gvrl&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=7f6bffc5 |access-date=2022-04-24 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerlandglish |issn=0512-3054 |archive-date=2024-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407214043/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=edirect_gvrl&id=GALE%7CA545291563&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-GPS&asid=7f6bffc5 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
一种药品如:药片、胶囊、糖浆含超过一种药物成分或[[有效成分|活性成分]]时,并是一种固定剂量的组合物时(Fixed-dose combination,FDC),该产品称为组合药物(Combination drug)。


而实际用药中,更常用的分类方法是通过给药途径或给药方法进行分类,如:口服剂型,眼药剂型,注射剂型,吸入剂型等。
在[[自然醫學|自然疗法]]中,剂量可以采取[[煎熬|煎剂]]和[[草本茶]]的形式,以及前面提到的更传统的方法。


== 口服剂 ==
[[药物递送]]的[[给药途径]](Route of administration,ROA) 取决于相关[[化学物质|物质]]的剂型。由于一些特殊的[[疾病|医疗状况]]会限制给药途径:如失去知觉或持续[[恶心]]呕吐,则无法使用[[口服]]剂型,因此同一个药品可存在多种剂型供选择。以上的特殊情况下,需要使用其他替代途径进行给药,如[[吸入|吸入给药]]、[[臉頰|含服给药]]、[[口腔黏膜吸收|舌下给药]]、经鼻给药、[[栓剂]]或[[给药途径|肠胃外给药]]等。此外,某些特殊的剂型可能是受药物本身的限制,如药物的化学稳定性较差或药物的[[药物代谢动力学|药代动力学]]因素限制等。例如,[[胰岛素]]迄今为止还不能进行口服给药,因为胰岛素作为一种[[多肽]]化合物其化学稳定性较差,胰岛素会在进入[[循环系统|血液]]循环之前,先在[[消化道|胃肠道]]中被降解而无法到达体内靶器官。类似的,[[对乙酰氨基酚|扑热息痛]]等药物的口服剂量与静脉剂量也会因口服[[生物利用度]]有所不同。<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 February 2011|title=Doctors 'missed' fatal overdoses|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12366870|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>


口服给药因为最方便、经济、安全且是非侵入式的给药途径,因此静脉注射给药或肌肉注射给药等其他给药方式是一种良好给药途径因此,口服给药始终是药物设计和药物发中优先考虑的给药方式。但口服给药相对其他给药方式存在吸收不完全、胃肠道不稳定和肝脏[[首过效应]]等问题,因此通常在药物设计之初,就要考虑药物活性成分的胃肠道稳定性、溶解度、渗透性,以及关键的生物利用度等因素。

== 口服剂 ==
[[File:Etizest-1_MD_Blister_Pill_opened.jpeg|thumb|吸塑包装中的药片]]
[[File:Etizest-1_MD_Blister_Pill_opened.jpeg|thumb|吸塑包装中的药片]]
[[File:Embalaje_monodosis_de_medicamentos.jpg|thumb|具有完整文本和条形码标识的单个单元包装]]
[[File:Embalaje_monodosis_de_medicamentos.jpg|thumb|具有完整文本和条形码标识的单个单元包装]]


* [[片剂|药片]],如片剂或胶囊剂
* [[片剂|药片]],如片剂或胶囊剂
* 液体制剂,如糖浆剂(Syrups)、溶液剂、酏剂(Elixers)、[[乳浊液|乳剂]]和[[酊剂]]
* 液体制剂,如糖浆剂(Syrups)、溶液剂、{{le|酏剂|Elixir}}(Elixers)、[[乳浊液|乳剂]]和[[酊剂]]
* 液体制剂,如汤剂(或煎剂,Decoctions)和草本茶
* 液体制剂,如汤剂(或煎剂,Decoctions)和草本茶
* 口腔崩解片剂
* {{le|口腔崩解片剂|Orally disintegrating tablet}}
* [[喉片|锭剂]](Lozenges)或糖果剂(乾药糖剂,Electuaries)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panati |first=Charles |authorlink= |title=Panati's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things |url=https://archive.org/details/panatisextraordi0000pana_u5v0|accessdate= |year=1989 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn=0060964197 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/panatisextraordi0000pana_u5v0/page/258 258]&ndash;260}}</ref>
* [[喉片|锭剂]](Lozenges)或糖果(干药糖剂,Electuaries)
* 薄膜剂(Thin films,例如[[李施德林]] 、[[硝酸甘油 (藥物)|硝酸甘油]]等)放上方或下方以及脸颊上
* {{le|薄膜剂|Thin-film drug delivery}}(Thin films,例如[[硝酸甘油 (藥物)|硝酸甘油]]等)舌上方或下方,或贴于脸颊上给药<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Nitroglycerin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitroglycerin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2016-12-08|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004220/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitroglycerin.html|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref>
* [[粉末]]或[[泡腾片]],通常被添加混合至食品中<ref>Nuernberg, B. and Brune, K. Buffering the stomach content enhances the absorption of diflunisal in man. Biopharm. Drug Disp. 1989: 10: 377-387.</ref><ref>Hespe, W., Vershoor, J.S.C., and Olthoff, M.Bioavailability of new formulations of amoxicillin in relation to its absorption kinetics. Arzneim. Forsch. 1987: 37:372-375.</ref>
* [[粉末]]或[[泡腾片|泡腾粉或片剂]],通常被添加混合至食品中
* 以各种方式制备的植物或种子,例如[[大麻食品]]
* 以各种方式制备的植物或种子,例如[[大麻食品]]
* 含氟[[牙膏]]等糊剂(Pastes)<ref name=ADA-toothpaste>American Dental Association Description of Toothpaste{{cite web| title=Toothpaste| url=http://www.ada.org/1322.aspx| date=2010-04-15| accessdate=2017-07-03| archive-date=2016-03-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154431/http://ada.org/1322.aspx| dead-url=no}}</ref>
* 高氟[[牙膏]]等糊剂(Pastes)
* [[氧療|氧气]]等气体(可以通过鼻腔递送)
* [[氧療|氧气]]等气体剂型(可以通过鼻腔递送)<ref name="FDA-dosage form"></ref><ref name="USP"></ref>


== 眼药 ==
== 眼药剂型 ==
[[File:Ögondroppar2.jpg|thumb|一次性滴眼液[[样本瓶|瓶]]]]
[[File:Ögondroppar2.jpg|thumb|一次性滴眼液[[样本瓶|瓶]]]]


* [[眼藥水|滴眼液]]
* [[眼藥水|滴眼液]]
* [[洗剂]](Lotions)
* [[洗剂]](Lotions)
* 药膏
* 药膏
* 乳剂(Emulsions)
* 乳剂(Emulsions)<ref name="FDA-dosage form"></ref><ref name="USP"></ref>


== 吸入剂 ==
== 吸入剂 ==


* [[氣霧劑|雾化吸入]]剂给药(Aerosolized)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nebulizer|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nebulizer|access-date=2010-11-01|author=Medical Dictionary|archive-date=2011-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612054153/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nebulizer}}</ref><ref>British Spelling of Nebulizer {{Cite web|title=Definition|url=http://science.thomsonreuters.com/support/patents/dwpiref/reftools/usukdict/|access-date=2010-11-01|author=Medical Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701194305/http://science.thomsonreuters.com/support/patents/dwpiref/reftools/usukdict/|archive-date=2010-07-01}}</ref>
* [[氣霧劑|雾化吸入]]给药(Aerosolized)
* 干粉吸入或定量吸入
* {{le|干粉吸入剂|Dry-powder inhaler}}{{le|定量吸入剂给药|Metered-dose inhaler}}
* [[雾化吸入器|气雾剂]]给药(Nebulizer)
* [[雾化吸入器|气雾剂]]给药(Nebulizer)<ref name="ReferenceB">{{US Patent|1800156}}&nbsp;— Method and Means for the Atomizing or Distribution of Liquid or Semiliquid Materials, issued April 7, 1931</ref>
* [[吸食|烟雾剂]]
* [[吸食|烟雾剂]]给药
* 蒸发给药(Vaporizer)
* {{le|蒸发给药|Vaporizer (inhalation device)}}(Vaporizer)<ref name="FDA-dosage form"></ref><ref name="USP"></ref>


=== 无意成分 ===
=== 无意成分 ===
滑石粉是一种常用于片剂的[[賦形劑|赋形剂]],片剂可能会在违背医疗建议下被粉碎成粉末使用。此外,纯白色粉末形式的违禁药物通常在处理时会混入[[滑石|滑石粉]]。天然滑石粉很便宜但含有[[石棉]],而吸入含有石棉的滑石粉被普遍认为与肺癌发生具有关联。根据[[美国癌症协会]]的报道,无石棉滑石粉是否致癌的证据还不确定。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talcum Powder and Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/talcum-powder-and-cancer.html|website=www.cancer.org|language=en}}</ref>
滑石粉是一种常用于片剂的[[賦形劑|赋形剂]],片剂可能会在违背医疗建议下被粉碎成粉末使用。此外,纯白色粉末形式的违禁药物通常在处理时会混入[[滑石|滑石粉]]。<ref>{{cite web|title = Talc Ingredients|publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration|year = 2010|url = https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/Ingredients/ucm293184.htm|access-date = 2022-09-04|archive-date = 2019-04-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190423045047/https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/Ingredients/ucm293184.htm|dead-url = no}}</ref>天然滑石粉很便宜但含有[[石棉]],而吸入含有石棉的滑石粉被普遍认为与肺癌发生具有关联。根据[[美国癌症协会]]的报道,无石棉滑石粉是否致癌的证据还不确定。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talcum Powder and Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/talcum-powder-and-cancer.html|website=www.cancer.org|language=en|access-date=2023-06-07|archive-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402063657/https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/talcum-powder-and-cancer.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asbestos |url=https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals-database/asbestos/ |website=Minerals Education Coalition |access-date=2022-09-04 |archive-date=2021-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601174527/https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals-database/asbestos/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>


== 注射剂 ==
== 注射剂 ==
第55行: 第56行:
=== 肠外 ===
=== 肠外 ===


* [[皮內注射|皮内]]给药(Intradermally,简写:ID)<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Taylor CR, Lillis C, LeMone P, Lynn P |title=Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of nursing care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg1uQgAACAAJ | location = Philadelphia |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9383-4 |edition=7th | pages = 749, 788 |year=2011 }}</ref>
* [[皮內注射|皮内]]给药(Intradermally,简写:ID)
* [[皮下注射|皮下]]给药(Subcutaneously,简写:SC)<ref name=Taylor>{{cite book | vauthors = Taylor C |title=Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of nursing care |date=2011 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0781793834 |edition=7th}}</ref>
* [[皮下注射|皮下]]给药(Subcutaneously,简写:SC)
* [[肌肉注射]](Intramuscularly,简写:IM)<ref name="Taylor1">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=C. |last2=Lillis |first2=C. |last3=LeMone |first3=P. |date=1990-01 |title=Fundamental of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care |url=https://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/Citation/1990/01000/Fundamental_of_Nursing__The_Art_and_Science_of.6.aspx |journal=Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing |language=en-US |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=0730-4625 |access-date=2021-05-07 |archive-date=2017-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213005218/http://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/Citation/1990/01000/Fundamental_of_Nursing__The_Art_and_Science_of.6.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[肌肉注射]](Intramuscularly,简写:IM)
* [[骨內給藥|骨内]]给药 (Intraossecous,简写:IO)
* [[骨內給藥|骨内]]给药 (Intraossecous,简写:IO)<ref>{{cite web |author1=台灣急診醫學會 |title=骨內針 |url=https://www.sem.org.tw/EJournal/Detail/143 |website=台灣急診醫學會}}</ref>
* [[腹膜|腹膜内]]给药(Intraperitoneally,简写:IP)
* [[腹膜|腹膜内]]给药(Intraperitoneally,简写:IP)
* [[靜脈注射|静脉内]]给药(Intravenously,简写:IV)<ref name="gregory">{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Gregory S. |name-list-style=vanc |title=An Update on Intravenous Fluids |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/503138 |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD |access-date=2020-08-25 |archive-date=2020-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412091428/https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/503138 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* [[靜脈注射|静脉内]]给药(Intravenously,简写:IV)
* 海绵体内给药(Intracavernously,简写:ICI)
* {{le|海绵注射给药|Intracavernous injection}}(Intracavernously,简写:ICI)<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Erection Problem Tests: NPT, Blood Tests, Intracavernosal Iinjection, and More
| access-date = 2013-01-10
| url = http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/tests-for-erection-problems
| archive-date = 2018-03-08
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180308142404/https://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/tests-for-erection-problems
| dead-url = no
}}</ref><ref name="FDA-dosage form"></ref><ref name="USP"></ref>


以上剂型通常为溶液和悬浮液。
以上剂型通常为溶液和悬浮液。


=== 意外成分 ===
== 局部给药 ==

==== 安全性 ====
[[眼藥水|眼药水]](一次性包装中的生理盐水)通过针头更换计划分发给注射器使用者。

==== 不安全性 ====
从压碎的药丸中注射滑石粉与静脉吸毒者的肺滑石病有关。 <ref name="pmid6655726">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=LL. |date=Dec 1983 |title=Pulmonary "mainline" granulomatosis: talcosis secondary to intravenous heroin abuse with characteristic x-ray findings of asbestosis. |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=75 |issue=12 |page=1225–8 |pmc=2561715 |pmid=6655726}}</ref>

== 局部的 ==


* [[乳霜|面霜]]、搽剂、香脂(如润唇膏或止汗剂和除臭剂)、乳液或软膏等
* [[乳霜|面霜]]、{{le|搽剂|Liniment}}、香脂(如润唇膏或止汗剂和除臭剂)、乳液或软膏等
* [[凝胶]]和水凝胶
* [[凝胶]]和{{le|水凝胶|Hydrogel}}
* 滴耳液
* {{le|滴耳液|Ear drop}}
* 应用于皮肤的透皮贴剂和真皮贴剂
* 应用于皮肤的{{le|透皮贴剂|Transdermal patch}}{{le|真皮贴剂|Dermal patch}}
* 粉末剂<ref name="FDA-dosage form"></ref><ref name="USP"></ref>
* 粉末


=== 非预期用途 ===
=== 非预期用途 ===


* 通过切割和称重医用皮肤贴片来计算分剂量是不安全的,因不能保证物质均匀分布在贴片表面。 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Michael R. |date=1 March 2013 |title=The danger with cutting medication patches: Institute for Safe Medication Practices |url=https://www.pharmacytoday.org/article/S1042-0991(15)31507-3/fulltext |journal=Pharmacy Today |language=English |volume=19 |issue=3 |page=88 |doi=10.1016/S1042-0991(15)31507-3 |issn=1042-0991 |access-date=17 May 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref>例如,[[芬太尼]]透皮贴剂设计用于3 天内缓慢释放物质。众所周知,口服切碎的芬太尼透皮剂会导致药物过量死亡。
* 通过切割和称重医用皮肤贴片,因不能保证物质均匀分布在贴片表面,因此用气计算分剂量(Divided dose)是不安全的。 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Michael R. |date=2013-03-01 |title=The danger with cutting medication patches: Institute for Safe Medication Practices |url=https://www.pharmacytoday.org/article/S1042-0991(15)31507-3/fulltext |journal=Pharmacy Today |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |page=88 |doi=10.1016/S1042-0991(15)31507-3 |issn=1042-0991 |access-date=2022-05-17 |doi-access=free}}</ref>例如,[[芬太尼]]透皮贴剂设计用于3天内缓慢释放物质。众所周知,口服切碎的芬太尼透皮剂因剂量不准确导致药物过量不良反应甚至死亡。
* 用于从注射器中的溶剂注入的非法药物的单[[吸液纸|吸墨纸]]也可能导致表面分布不均匀。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Drug-Like Properites: Concepts, Structure design and Methods Second Edition|last=Li Di, Edward H. Kerns|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|year=2016|isbn=9780128010761|pages=503-504}}</ref>
* 使用[[吸液纸|吸墨纸]]将非法药物溶剂进行注射,也可因纸张表面而导致分布不均匀。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Drug-Like Properites: Concepts, Structure design and Methods Second Edition|last=Li Di, Edward H. Kerns|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|year=2016|isbn=9780128010761|pages=503-504}}</ref>


== 其他剂型 ==
== 其他剂型 ==


* [[阴道内给药]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mulders |first=Titia |date=May 2001 |title=Use of the novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing for ovulation inhibition |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=75 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01689-2 |pmid= |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028201016892 |access-date=2016-09-16 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |pages=865–870}}</ref>
* [[阴道内给药]]
** [[陰道環|阴道环]]
** [[陰道環|阴道环]]
** 胶囊和片剂
** 胶囊和片剂
** 栓剂
** 栓剂
* {{le|直肠给药(肠内)|Rectal administration}}<ref name=Free_Dictionary_Enema>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Enema |title=Enema |work=The Free Dictionary |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]] |access-date=2019-04-15 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603073218/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/enema |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* 直肠给药(肠内)
** 栓剂
** 栓剂
** 悬浮液和溶液形式的[[灌肠 (医学)|灌肠剂]]
** 悬浮液和溶液形式的[[灌肠 (医学)|灌肠剂]]
** 凝胶剂
** 凝胶剂
* 尿道
* 尿道给药
* {{le|喷鼻剂给药|Nasal spray}}<ref name="FDA-dosage form"></ref><ref name="USP"></ref>
* 喷鼻剂


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==


* 药物治疗推荐的分类
* {{le|药物治疗参考分类|Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals}}
* [[药物递送]]
* [[药物递送]]
* [[给药途径]]
* [[给药途径]]
* 药品包装
* {{le|药品包装|Drug packaging}}


== 参考资料 ==
== 参考资料 ==
第112行: 第112行:


* {{Commons category-inline|Dosage forms}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Dosage forms}}
* [http://www.irisys.com Dosage From Development]
* [http://www.irisys.com Dosage From Development] {{Wayback|url=http://www.irisys.com/ |date=20201101072335 }}
{{剂型}}
{{剂型}}{{藥學相關條目}}
[[Category:药代动力学]]
[[Category:药代动力学]]
[[Category:剂型]]
[[Category:剂型]]

2024年11月9日 (六) 09:50的最新版本

剂型(英文:Dosage form)是药物制剂领域的术语,也称药物剂型单位剂量(英文:Unit dose),是指用于上市销售的药物产品形式。剂型将活性成分和非活性成分(非活性成分也称为辅料)的特定混合物分配至一定的剂量比例,放入特定的装置中(如胶囊壳)。[1][2]例如,两种药品均为阿莫西林,一种为500 mg的胶囊剂,另一种为250 mg的咀嚼片剂。单位剂量除表示剂型之外,也可表示单剂量配方制(Unit dose dispensing system,UDDS)又称单元调剂或单剂量配发药品。[3]FDA通过单位剂量的英文“Packaging”或“Dispensing”来区分单剂量或单剂量配方制。[4][5]

剂型局限性与给药途径

[编辑]

药物递送的给药途径(Route of administration,ROA) 取决于相关药物的剂型。[6][7][8]在某些特殊医疗状况下给药途径会受限,如失去知觉或持续恶心呕吐,则无法使用口服剂型,因此同一个药品存在多种剂型供临床选择。即使用其他替代剂型进行给药,如吸入给药含服给药舌下给药、经鼻给药、栓剂给药或肠胃外给药等。此外,药物的某些特殊剂型是基于药物本身属性限制的考量,如较差的药物化学稳定性或药物的药代动力学因素限制等。如胰岛素迄今为止还无法进行口服给药,胰岛素作为一种多肽化合物其化学稳定性较差,如进行口服给药,胰岛素进入血液循环之前会先在胃肠道中发生化学降解而无法到达体内靶器官。[9]类似的,扑热息痛等药物也会因口服生物利用度的不同,导致其口服剂量与静脉剂量有所区别。[10][11][12]

口服给药因其方便、经济、安全且是非侵入式的给药途径,而比静脉注射或肌肉注射等其他给药方式更广泛的使用。口服给药通常是药物设计药物发现中优先考虑的给药方式。但口服给药相对其他给药方式存在吸收不完全、胃肠道不稳定和肝脏首过效应等问题,因此通常在药物设计之初,就要考虑药物活性成分的胃肠道稳定性、溶解度、渗透性,以及关键的生物利用度等因素。[13][14]

剂型分类

[编辑]

根据给药方法、给药途径或外观等因素,剂型分为多种类型。按外观形态,剂型可分为:液体剂型、固体剂型和半固体剂型,其典型的具体剂型如下:[15][16]

一种药品如药片、胶囊或糖浆含超过一种药物成分或活性成分,且是一种固定剂量的组合物(Fixed-dose combination,FDC),则该产品称为複方藥[17]自然疗法中,制剂可采取煎剂草本茶的形式,或前面提到的更传统的方法。[18][19][20]

而实际用药中,更常用的分类方法是通过给药途径或给药方法进行分类,如:口服剂型,眼药剂型,注射剂型,吸入剂型等。

口服剂型

[编辑]
吸塑包装中的药片
具有完整文本和条形码标识的单个单元包装

眼药剂型

[编辑]
一次性滴眼液

吸入剂型

[编辑]

无意成分

[编辑]

滑石粉是一种常用于片剂的赋形剂,片剂可能会在违背医疗建议下被粉碎成粉末使用。此外,纯白色粉末形式的违禁药物通常在处理时会混入滑石粉[29]天然滑石粉很便宜但含有石棉,而吸入含有石棉的滑石粉被普遍认为与肺癌发生具有关联。根据美国癌症协会的报道,无石棉滑石粉是否致癌的证据还不确定。[30][31]

注射剂

[编辑]
装有浓度为1mL/0.5mg阿托品注射液的安瓿

肠外

[编辑]

以上剂型通常为溶液和悬浮液。

局部给药

[编辑]

非预期用途

[编辑]
  • 通过切割和称重医用皮肤贴片,因不能保证物质均匀分布在贴片表面,因此用气计算分剂量(Divided dose)是不安全的。 [38]例如,芬太尼透皮贴剂设计用于3天内缓慢释放物质。而众所周知,口服切碎的芬太尼透皮剂,会因剂量不准确导致药物过量不良反应甚至死亡。
  • 使用吸墨纸将非法药物溶剂进行注射,也可因纸张表面而导致分布不均匀。[39]

其他剂型

[编辑]

参见

[编辑]

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Bhattacharyya, Lokesh; Schuber, Stefan; Sheehan, Catherine; William, Roger. Excipients: Background/Introduction. Katdare, Ashok; Chaubal, Mahesh (编). Excipient Development for Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, and Drug Delivery Systems. CRC Press. 2006. ISBN 9781420004137. OCLC 476062541. 
  2. ^ Lesney, Mark S. More than just the sugar in the pill. Today's Chemist at Work. January 2001, 10 (1): 30–6 [2013-08-13]. ISSN 1532-4494. (原始内容存档于2019-04-06). 
  3. ^ unit dose. thefreedictionary.com. [2023-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-04). 
  4. ^ Affairs, Office of Regulatory. Compliance Policy Guides - CPG Sec 430.100 Unit Dose Labeling for Solid and Liquid Oral Dosage Forms. www.fda.gov. [2023-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-22). 
  5. ^ USFDA. combination. www.fda.gov. [2023-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-15). 
  6. ^ TheFreeDictionary.com > route of administration 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2011-06-12. Citing: Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005, Elsevier.
  7. ^ Drug Delivery Systems (definition). www.reference.md. [2021-04-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-20). 
  8. ^ Rayaprolu, Bindhu Madhavi; Strawser, Jonathan J.; Anyarambhatla, Gopal. Excipients in parenteral formulations: selection considerations and effective utilization with small molecules and biologics. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2018-10-03, 44 (10): 1565–1571 [2023-05-07]. ISSN 0363-9045. PMID 29863908. S2CID 46934375. doi:10.1080/03639045.2018.1483392. (原始内容存档于2022-03-06) (英语). 
  9. ^ 唐欣,陈淑萍。胰岛素类似物研究进展。临床荟萃,2008年1月20日第23卷第2期,145-03
  10. ^ Doctors 'missed' fatal overdoses. 2011-02-04 [2023-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-01) –通过www.bbc.co.uk. 
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