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酮咯酸:修订间差异

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'''酮咯酸'''({{lang-en|Ketorolac}},也稱為克多羅多克以商品名ToradolBiorolac等在市面銷售,是一種用於治療[[疼痛]]的[[非類固醇類抗發炎藥]] (NSAID)。<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mallinson T |title=A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic |journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice |date=2017 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=522–526 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321640488 |access-date=2018-06-02 |language=en |doi=10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=AHFS2019/>特別用於治療中度至重度疼痛用途<ref name=BNF76/>建議治療時間不超過六天<ref name=AHFS2019/>在[[瑞士]]的建議治療時間為不超過兩天<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://compendium.ch/product/30303-tora-dol-inj-los-30-mg-ml/mpro |title=TORA-DOL Inj Lös 30 mg/ml |date=2022-03-01 |website=Kompendium |language=de |quote=Die Behandlung mit Ampullen ist bei akuten und schweren Schmerzzuständen angezeigt und sollte nicht länger als 2 Tage dauern.}}</ref>它透過[[口服給藥|口服]]、[[鼻腔給藥|鼻腔]]、[[靜脈注射]]或[[肌肉注射]]的方式給藥,另有[[眼藥水]]的形式<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1144, 1302–1303|edition=76}}</ref>給藥後一小時內開始作用,持續時間達八小時<ref name=AHFS2019/>
'''酮咯酸'''([[INN]]:ketorolac)或音译'''克多羅多克''',以商品名 ToradolBiorolac等銷售,是一種用於治療[[疼痛]]的[[非類固醇類抗發炎藥]](NSAID),属非选择性[[环氧合酶]]抑制剂<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mallinson T |title=A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic |journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice |date=2017 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=522–526 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321640488 |access-date=2018-06-02 |language=en |doi=10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2018-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605033254/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321640488_A_review_of_ketorolac_as_a_prehospital_analgesic |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=AHFS2019/>特別用於治療中度至重度疼痛用途<ref name=BNF76/>建議治療時間不超過六天<ref name=AHFS2019/>在[[瑞士]]的建議治療時間為不超過兩天<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://compendium.ch/product/30303-tora-dol-inj-los-30-mg-ml/mpro |title=TORA-DOL Inj Lös 30 mg/ml |date=2022-03-01 |website=Kompendium |language=de |quote=Die Behandlung mit Ampullen ist bei akuten und schweren Schmerzzuständen angezeigt und sollte nicht länger als 2 Tage dauern. |access-date=2024-02-07 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607181444/https://compendium.ch/product/30303-tora-dol-inj-los-30-mg-ml/mpro |dead-url=no }}</ref>它透過[[口服給藥|口服]]、[[鼻腔給藥|鼻腔]]、[[靜脈注射]]或[[肌肉注射]]的方式給藥,另有[[眼藥水]]的形式<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1144, 1302–1303|edition=76}}</ref>給藥後一小時內開始作用,持續時間達八小時<ref name=AHFS2019/>


常見的副作用包括[[昏睡|嗜睡]]、[[頭暈]]、腹痛、腫脹和[[噁心]]。<ref name=AHFS2019/>嚴重的副作用有[[上消化道出血]]、[[腎衰竭]]、[[心臟病]]、[[支氣管痙攣]]、[[心臟衰竭]]和[[過敏性休克]]。<ref name=AHFS2019/>不建議個體在[[妊娠|懷孕]]後期或[[母乳哺育|哺乳]]期間使用。<ref name=AHFS2019/>酮咯酸發揮作用的方式是透過阻斷[[環氧合酶]] 1和 2(COX1和COX2)而減少[[前列腺素]]產生。<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>
常見的副作用包括[[昏睡|嗜睡]]、[[頭暈]]、腹痛、腫脹和[[噁心]]。<ref name=AHFS2019/>嚴重的副作用有[[上消化道出血]]、[[腎衰竭]]、[[心臟病]]、[[支氣管痙攣]]、[[心臟衰竭]]和[[過敏性休克]]。<ref name=AHFS2019/>不建議個體在[[妊娠|懷孕]]後期或[[母乳哺育|哺乳]]期間使用。<ref name=AHFS2019/>酮咯酸發揮作用的方式是透過阻斷[[環氧合酶]] 1和 2(COX1和COX2)而減少[[前列腺素]]產生。<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=2019-04-14 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813001442/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |dead-url=no }}</ref>


此藥物於1976年獲得[[專利]],並於1989年獲得批准用於醫療用途。<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA521 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date= 2019-04-13 |language=en}}</ref>它有[[非處方藥]]的形式出售。<ref name=BNF76/>此藥物在2020年是美國最常使用處方藥中排名第249,開立的處方箋超過100萬張。<ref>{{cite web | title = The Top 300 of 2020 | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website = ClinCalc | access-date = 2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Ketorolac - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ketorolac | access-date = 2022-10-07 }}</ref>
此藥物於1976年獲得[[專利]],並於1989年獲得批准用於醫療用途。<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA521 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=2019-04-13 |language=en |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408214139/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>它有[[非處方藥]]的形式出售。<ref name=BNF76/>此藥物在2020年是美國最常使用處方藥中排名第249,開立的處方箋超過100萬張。<ref>{{cite web | title = The Top 300 of 2020 | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website = ClinCalc | access-date = 2022-10-07 | archive-date = 2017-03-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170316102646/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Ketorolac - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ketorolac | access-date = 2022-10-07 | archive-date = 2024-02-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240229213617/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ketorolac | dead-url = no }}</ref>


由於酮咯酸導致上消化道出血和腎衰竭,造成一系列死亡案例,而於1993年有[[德國]][[鎮痛藥]]市場撤出。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |title=Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt |year=1993 |language= |trans-title=Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped}}</ref>最初此藥物引入德國時,因其副作用被認為輕很多,不會產生任何[[物質依賴]],一次劑量有效時間達7-8小時([[嗎啡]]只有3-4小時),而經常被誤用作疼痛治療中的[[類阿片]]藥物替代品。由於酮咯酸是一種非常有效的前列腺素抑制劑,會削弱腎臟對[[血管收縮]]相關效應而產生的防禦能力(例如失血或[[內源]]性[[兒茶酚胺]]濃度較高時)。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |title=Warnhinweis: Wie lange noch Analgetikum Ketorolac (Toratex)? |publisher=Arznei-Telegramm |year=1993 |language=de |trans-title=Warning notice: How long anymore analgesic Ketorolac (Toratex)?}}</ref>
由於酮咯酸導致上消化道出血和腎衰竭,造成一系列死亡案例,而於1993年有[[德國]][[鎮痛藥]]市場撤出。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |title=Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt |year=1993 |language= |trans-title=Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped |access-date=2024-02-07 |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003042337/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>最初此藥物引入德國時,因其副作用被認為輕很多,不會產生任何[[物質依賴]],一次劑量有效時間達7-8小時([[嗎啡]]只有3-4小時),而經常被誤用作疼痛治療中的[[類阿片]]藥物替代品。由於酮咯酸是一種非常有效的前列腺素抑制劑,會削弱腎臟對[[血管收縮]]相關效應而產生的防禦能力(例如失血或[[內源]]性[[兒茶酚胺]]濃度較高時)。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |title=Warnhinweis: Wie lange noch Analgetikum Ketorolac (Toratex)? |publisher=Arznei-Telegramm |year=1993 |language=de |trans-title=Warning notice: How long anymore analgesic Ketorolac (Toratex)? |access-date=2024-02-07 |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324114422/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>


==醫療用途==
==醫療用途==
[[File:Ketorolac (Toradol).jpg|thumb|left|於[[俄羅斯]]販售的酮咯酸。]]
[[File:Ketorolac (Toradol).jpg|thumb|left|於[[俄羅斯]]販售的酮咯酸。]]


酮咯酸用於短期治療中度至重度疼痛。<ref name="researchgate.net"/>因為它可能會導致腎臟損傷,<ref name = "Henry_2016" />{{rp|280}}通常施用時間不會超過五天。<ref name=Vallertand>{{cite book | vauthors = Vallerand AH |publisher= F.A. Davis Company |location= Philadelphia |year= 2017 |title= Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses| url = https://archive.org/details/davissdrugguidef0000vall_u2j2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/davissdrugguidef0000vall_u2j2/page/730 730] | isbn = 9780803657052}}</ref><ref name=PDR/><ref name=AHFS>{{cite web |title= Ketorolac-tromethamine |url= https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |work= The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref><ref name = "Henry_2016">{{cite book | vauthors = Henry N | title = RN pharmacology for nursing : review module | url = https://archive.org/details/rnpharmacologyfo0000unse | publisher = Assessment Technologies Institute | location = Overland Park, KS | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-56533-573-8 }}</ref>{{rp|291}}
酮咯酸用於短期治療中度至重度疼痛。<ref name="researchgate.net"/>因為它可能會導致腎臟損傷,<ref name = "Henry_2016" />{{rp|280}}通常施用時間不會超過五天。<ref name=Vallertand>{{cite book | vauthors = Vallerand AH |publisher= F.A. Davis Company |location= Philadelphia |year= 2017 |title= Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses| url = https://archive.org/details/davissdrugguidef0000vall_u2j2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/davissdrugguidef0000vall_u2j2/page/730 730] | isbn = 9780803657052}}</ref><ref name=PDR/><ref name=AHFS>{{cite web |title= Ketorolac-tromethamine |url= https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |work= The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date= 3 April 2011 |archive-date= 2019-04-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190408214139/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |dead-url= no }}</ref><ref name = "Henry_2016">{{cite book | vauthors = Henry N | title = RN pharmacology for nursing : review module | url = https://archive.org/details/rnpharmacologyfo0000unse | publisher = Assessment Technologies Institute | location = Overland Park, KS | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-56533-573-8 }}</ref>{{rp|291}}


酮咯酸與撲熱息痛([[乙醯胺酚]])一起服用可有效控制新生兒疼痛,它不會像類阿片藥物那樣抑制[[呼吸]]。<ref name="MartinJimenez2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin LD, Jimenez N, Lynn AM | title = A review of perioperative anesthesia and analgesia for infants: updates and trends to watch | journal = F1000Research | volume = 6 | pages = 120 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28232869 | pmc = 5302152 | doi = 10.12688/f1000research.10272.1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>酮咯酸也是類阿片藥物的佐劑,可增強疼痛緩解作用。它也用於治療婦女的[[經痛]]。<ref name = "Henry_2016" />{{rp|291}} 此藥物也因可減輕發炎而用於治療特發性[[心包炎]]。<ref name="SchwierTran2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwier N, Tran N | title = Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Aspirin Therapy for the Treatment of Acute and Recurrent Idiopathic Pericarditis | journal = Pharmaceuticals | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 17 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 27023565 | pmc = 4932535 | doi = 10.3390/ph9020017 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
酮咯酸與撲熱息痛([[乙醯胺酚]])一起服用可有效控制新生兒疼痛,它不會像類阿片藥物那樣抑制[[呼吸]]。<ref name="MartinJimenez2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin LD, Jimenez N, Lynn AM | title = A review of perioperative anesthesia and analgesia for infants: updates and trends to watch | journal = F1000Research | volume = 6 | pages = 120 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28232869 | pmc = 5302152 | doi = 10.12688/f1000research.10272.1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>酮咯酸也是類阿片藥物的佐劑,可增強疼痛緩解作用。它也用於治療婦女的[[經痛]]。<ref name = "Henry_2016" />{{rp|291}} 此藥物也因可減輕發炎而用於治療特發性[[心包炎]]。<ref name="SchwierTran2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwier N, Tran N | title = Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Aspirin Therapy for the Treatment of Acute and Recurrent Idiopathic Pericarditis | journal = Pharmaceuticals | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 17 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 27023565 | pmc = 4932535 | doi = 10.3390/ph9020017 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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在全身性使用時,可透過口服、[[口腔黏膜吸收|舌下]]、肌肉注射、靜脈注射和{{le|鼻腔噴霧|nasal spray}}方式給藥。<ref name=Vallertand/>通常的做法是先透過肌肉注射或靜脈注射,<ref name="researchgate.net"/>繼而採口服給藥。<ref name=Vallertand/><ref name="MartinJimenez2017"/>
在全身性使用時,可透過口服、[[口腔黏膜吸收|舌下]]、肌肉注射、靜脈注射和{{le|鼻腔噴霧|nasal spray}}方式給藥。<ref name=Vallertand/>通常的做法是先透過肌肉注射或靜脈注射,<ref name="researchgate.net"/>繼而採口服給藥。<ref name=Vallertand/><ref name="MartinJimenez2017"/>


酮咯酸也用作眼藥水。在眼科手術期間幫助緩解疼痛,<ref name="Saenz-de-ViteriGonzalez-Salinas2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gonzalez-Salinas R, Guarnieri A, Guirao Navarro MC, Saenz-de-Viteri M | title = Patient considerations in cataract surgery - the role of combined therapy using phenylephrine and ketorolac | journal = Patient Preference and Adherence | volume = 10 | pages = 1795–1801 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27695298 | pmc = 5029911 | doi = 10.2147/PPA.S90468 | doi-access = free }}</ref>且可有效治療眼部發[[癢]]。<ref name=Karch>{{cite book | vauthors = Karch A |page = [https://archive.org/details/focusonnursingph0000karc/page/272 272]| title = Focus on nursing pharmacology | url = https://archive.org/details/focusonnursingph0000karc | publisher = Wolters Kluwer | location = Philadelphia | year = 2017 | isbn = 9781496318213 }}</ref>無足夠的證據顯示非類固醇抗發炎藥有助於預防[[黃斑水腫]]。<ref name="LimLim2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim BX, Lim CH, Lim DK, Evans JR, Bunce C, Wormald R | title = Prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | pages = CD006683 | date = November 2016 | issue = 11 | pmid = 27801522 | pmc = 6464900 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006683.pub3 | url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1529414/ }}</ref><ref name="SivaprasadBunce2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wingert AM, Liu SH, Lin JC, Sridhar J |date=December 2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for treating cystoid macular oedema following cataract surgery |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue= 12|pages= CD004239|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004239.pub4 |pmid=36520144|pmc=9754896 }}</ref>酮咯酸眼藥水也用於治療[[角膜刮傷]]而引起的疼痛。<ref name="Wakai">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wakai A, Lawrenson JG, Lawrenson AL, Wang Y, Brown MD, Quirke M, Ghandour O, McCormick R, Walsh CD, Amayem A, Lang E, Harrison N | display-authors = 6 | title = Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in traumatic corneal abrasions | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | pages = CD009781 | date = May 2017 | issue = 5 | pmid = 28516471 | pmc = 6481688 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009781.pub2 }}</ref>
酮咯酸也用作眼藥水。在眼科手術期間幫助緩解疼痛,<ref name="Saenz-de-ViteriGonzalez-Salinas2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gonzalez-Salinas R, Guarnieri A, Guirao Navarro MC, Saenz-de-Viteri M | title = Patient considerations in cataract surgery - the role of combined therapy using phenylephrine and ketorolac | journal = Patient Preference and Adherence | volume = 10 | pages = 1795–1801 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27695298 | pmc = 5029911 | doi = 10.2147/PPA.S90468 | doi-access = free }}</ref>且可有效治療眼部發[[癢]]。<ref name=Karch>{{cite book | vauthors = Karch A |page = [https://archive.org/details/focusonnursingph0000karc/page/272 272]| title = Focus on nursing pharmacology | url = https://archive.org/details/focusonnursingph0000karc | publisher = Wolters Kluwer | location = Philadelphia | year = 2017 | isbn = 9781496318213 }}</ref>無足夠的證據顯示非類固醇抗發炎藥有助於預防[[黃斑水腫]]。<ref name="LimLim2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim BX, Lim CH, Lim DK, Evans JR, Bunce C, Wormald R | title = Prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | pages = CD006683 | date = November 2016 | issue = 11 | pmid = 27801522 | pmc = 6464900 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006683.pub3 | url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1529414/ | access-date = 2024-02-07 | archive-date = 2021-08-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134945/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1529414/ | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref name="SivaprasadBunce2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wingert AM, Liu SH, Lin JC, Sridhar J |date=December 2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for treating cystoid macular oedema following cataract surgery |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue= 12|pages= CD004239|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004239.pub4 |pmid=36520144|pmc=9754896 }}</ref>酮咯酸眼藥水也用於治療[[角膜刮傷]]而引起的疼痛。<ref name="Wakai">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wakai A, Lawrenson JG, Lawrenson AL, Wang Y, Brown MD, Quirke M, Ghandour O, McCormick R, Walsh CD, Amayem A, Lang E, Harrison N | display-authors = 6 | title = Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in traumatic corneal abrasions | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | pages = CD009781 | date = May 2017 | issue = 5 | pmid = 28516471 | pmc = 6481688 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009781.pub2 }}</ref>


使用酮咯酸期間,臨床醫師會監測不良反應表現,經常化驗例如[[肝功能測試|肝功能]]、{{le|出血時間|bleeding time}}、及[[尿素氮]]、血清[[肌酸酐]]和[[電解質]]水平,協助識別潛在的併發症。<ref name=Vallertand/><ref name=PDR>{{cite book | title = Physician's Desk Reference 2017 | pages = S–474–5|publisher = PDR, LLC| location = Montvale, New Jersey | year = 2017 | isbn = 9781563638381| title-link = Physicians' Desk Reference}}</ref>
使用酮咯酸期間,臨床醫師會監測不良反應表現,經常化驗例如[[肝功能測試|肝功能]]、{{le|出血時間|bleeding time}}、及[[尿素氮]]、血清[[肌酸酐]]和[[電解質]]水平,協助識別潛在的併發症。<ref name=Vallertand/><ref name=PDR>{{cite book | title = Physician's Desk Reference 2017 | pages = S–474–5|publisher = PDR, LLC| location = Montvale, New Jersey | year = 2017 | isbn = 9781563638381| title-link = Physicians' Desk Reference}}</ref>
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==不良影響==
==不良影響==
常見(>10%)的副作用是嗜睡。不常見(<1%)的副作用有{{le|感覺異常|paresthesia}}、出血時間延長、注射部位疼痛、[[紫癜|紫斑]]、出汗、思維異常、眼淚增加、[[水腫]]、[[面色蒼白]]、口乾、味覺異常、[[頻尿症|頻尿]]、肝酵素升高、發癢以及其他症狀。酮咯酸會降低[[血小板]]功能。<ref name = "Henry_2016" />{{rp|279}}
常見(>10%)的副作用是嗜睡。不常見(<1%)的副作用有[[感覺異常]]、出血時間延長、注射部位疼痛、[[紫癜|紫斑]]、出汗、思維異常、眼淚增加、[[水腫]]、[[面色蒼白]]、口乾、味覺異常、[[頻尿症|頻尿]]、肝酵素升高、發癢以及其他症狀。酮咯酸會降低[[血小板]]功能。<ref name = "Henry_2016" />{{rp|279}}


潛在致命的不良反應雖然不常見,但包含有中風、心肌梗塞、上消化道出血、[[史蒂芬斯-強森症候群]]、{{le|中毒性表皮壞死鬆解症| toxic epidermal necrolysis}}和過敏性休克。就安全性而言,酮咯酸被評估為較[[醋氯芬酸]]、[[塞來昔布]]和[[布洛芬]](均為非類固醇抗發炎藥)具有相對較高的風險。<ref name="SchwierTran2016" />
潛在致命的不良反應雖然不常見,但包含有中風、心肌梗塞、上消化道出血、[[史蒂芬斯-強森症候群]]、{{le|中毒性表皮壞死鬆解症| toxic epidermal necrolysis}}和過敏性休克。就安全性而言,酮咯酸被評估為較[[醋氯芬酸]]、[[塞來昔布]]和[[布洛芬]](均為非類固醇抗發炎藥)具有相對較高的風險。<ref name="SchwierTran2016" />
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如果個體在懷孕晚期服用酮咯酸,會導致嬰兒[[動脈導管]]過早收縮,與所有非類固醇抗發炎藥物的作用相同。<ref name=Vallertand/><ref name=PDR/>
如果個體在懷孕晚期服用酮咯酸,會導致嬰兒[[動脈導管]]過早收縮,與所有非類固醇抗發炎藥物的作用相同。<ref name=Vallertand/><ref name=PDR/>


[[美國食品藥物管理局]] (FDA) 於2020年10月要求更新所有非類固醇抗發炎藥物的{{le|藥品標籤|Drug labelling}},標明這類藥物對未出生嬰兒可能會產生腎臟問題,而導致[[羊水]]過低的風險。<ref name="FDA PR 20201015" /><ref name="FDA safety 20201015" />標籤建議孕婦在懷孕20週或之後避免使用非類固醇抗發炎藥物。<ref name="FDA PR 20201015">{{cite press release | title=FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date= 2020-10-15 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-using-type-pain-and-fever-medication-second-half-pregnancy-could-lead-complications | access-date=2020-10-15}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="FDA safety 20201015">{{cite web | title=NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date= 2017-07-21 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic | access-date= 2020-10-15}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
[[美國食品藥物管理局]] (FDA) 於2020年10月要求更新所有非類固醇抗發炎藥物的{{le|藥品標籤|Drug labelling}},標明這類藥物對未出生嬰兒可能會產生腎臟問題,而導致[[羊水]]過低的風險。<ref name="FDA PR 20201015" /><ref name="FDA safety 20201015" />標籤建議孕婦在懷孕20週或之後避免使用非類固醇抗發炎藥物。<ref name="FDA PR 20201015">{{cite press release | title=FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=2020-10-15 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-using-type-pain-and-fever-medication-second-half-pregnancy-could-lead-complications | access-date=2020-10-15 | archive-date=2020-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016180003/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-using-type-pain-and-fever-medication-second-half-pregnancy-could-lead-complications | dead-url=no }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="FDA safety 20201015">{{cite web | title=NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=2017-07-21 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic | access-date=2020-10-15 | archive-date=2020-10-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017014419/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic | dead-url=no }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>


==交互作用==
==交互作用==
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==作用機轉==
==作用機轉==
多克羅克多在化學上是一種[[羧酸]]衍生物,透過抑制[[環氧合酶]] 1和 2,非選擇性阻斷前列腺素合成。前列腺素在體內充當平滑肌收縮/鬆弛和調節發炎的信使。抑制前列腺素合成可預防發炎。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3826|title=Ketorolac| work = PubChem| publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine |language=en|access-date= 2020-04-18}}</ref>此藥物的抗發炎、解熱和鎮痛作用的主要機轉是透過競爭性阻斷環氧合酶(COX)來抑制前列腺素合成。多克羅克多是一種非選擇性環氧合酶抑制劑。<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee IO, Seo Y | title = The effects of intrathecal cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, or nonselective inhibitors on pain behavior and spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 972–7, table of contents | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18292448 | doi = 10.1213/ane.0b013e318163f602 | s2cid = 5894373 | doi-access = free }}</ref>它被認為是第一代的非類固醇抗發炎藥(NSAID)。<ref name = "Henry_2016" />{{rp|279}}
多克羅克多在化學上是一種[[羧酸]]衍生物,透過抑制[[環氧合酶]] 1和 2,非選擇性阻斷前列腺素合成。前列腺素在體內充當平滑肌收縮/鬆弛和調節發炎的信使。抑制前列腺素合成可預防發炎。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3826|title=Ketorolac|work=PubChem|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine|language=en|access-date=2020-04-18|archive-date=2020-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813183146/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3826|dead-url=no}}</ref>此藥物的抗發炎、解熱和鎮痛作用的主要機轉是透過競爭性阻斷環氧合酶(COX)來抑制前列腺素合成。多克羅克多是一種非選擇性環氧合酶抑制劑。<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee IO, Seo Y | title = The effects of intrathecal cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, or nonselective inhibitors on pain behavior and spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_anesthesia-and-analgesia_2008-03_106_3/page/972 | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 972–7, table of contents | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18292448 | doi = 10.1213/ane.0b013e318163f602 | s2cid = 5894373 | doi-access = free }}</ref>它被認為是第一代的非類固醇抗發炎藥(NSAID)。<ref name = "Henry_2016" />{{rp|279}}


==歷史==
==歷史==
克多羅克多是美國唯一受廣泛使用的靜脈注射非類固醇抗發炎藥。<ref name="MartinJimenez2017"/>
克多羅克多是美國唯一受廣泛使用的靜脈注射非類固醇抗發炎藥。<ref name="MartinJimenez2017"/>


位於[[加利福尼亞州]][[帕羅奧圖]]的{{le|Syntex|Syntex}}藥廠於2006年左右開發眼科用藥Aulous(愛克樂眼藥水),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acular (Ketorolac Tromethamine): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning|url=https://www.rxlist.com/acular-drug.htm|access-date=2021-05-06|website=RxList|language=en}}</ref>目前由美國全球性藥品公司{{le|Allergan|Allergan, Inc.}}取得銷售授權。<ref>{{cite web | title = Label: ACULAR® Eye Drops (ketorolac trometamol) | url = https://allergan-web-cdn-prod.azureedge.net/allergan/allergannewzealand/media/allergannewzealand/products/acular-nz-cmi.pdf | date = December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Label: ACULAR® (ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution) | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/019700s028lbl.pdf | work = Allergan, Inc. | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration }}</ref>
位於[[加利福尼亞州]][[帕羅奧圖]]的{{le|Syntex|Syntex}}藥廠於2006年左右開發眼科用藥Aulous(愛克樂眼藥水),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acular (Ketorolac Tromethamine): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning|url=https://www.rxlist.com/acular-drug.htm|access-date=2021-05-06|website=RxList|language=en|archive-date=2024-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224233950/https://www.rxlist.com/acular-drug.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>目前由美國全球性藥品公司{{le|Allergan|Allergan, Inc.}}取得銷售授權。<ref>{{cite web | title = Label: ACULAR® Eye Drops (ketorolac trometamol) | url = https://allergan-web-cdn-prod.azureedge.net/allergan/allergannewzealand/media/allergannewzealand/products/acular-nz-cmi.pdf | date = December 2011 | access-date = 2024-02-07 | archive-date = 2021-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210924221743/https://allergan-web-cdn-prod.azureedge.net/allergan/allergannewzealand/media/allergannewzealand/products/acular-nz-cmi.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Label: ACULAR® (ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution) | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/019700s028lbl.pdf | work = Allergan, Inc. | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration | access-date = 2024-02-07 | archive-date = 2024-04-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185248/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/019700s028lbl.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>


人們於2007年因此藥物副作用發生率很高而感到擔憂。導致對使用劑量和最長使用時間予以限制。在[[英國]],僅能在醫院開始使用此藥物,但並不排除在住院前護理和山區救援行動中使用。<ref name="researchgate.net"/>當時也發佈有使用劑量指南。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ketoprofen and ketorolac: gastrointestinal risk | journal = MHRA Drug Safety Update | date = October 2007 | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 3–4 | publisher = Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) | url = https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20150110161836mp_/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/pl-p/documents/publication/con2032519.pdf }}</ref>
人們於2007年因此藥物副作用發生率很高而感到擔憂。導致對使用劑量和最長使用時間予以限制。在[[英國]],僅能在醫院開始使用此藥物,但並不排除在住院前護理和山區救援行動中使用。<ref name="researchgate.net"/>當時也發佈有使用劑量指南。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ketoprofen and ketorolac: gastrointestinal risk | journal = MHRA Drug Safety Update | date = October 2007 | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 3–4 | publisher = Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) | url = https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20150110161836mp_/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/pl-p/documents/publication/con2032519.pdf | access-date = 2024-02-07 | archive-date = 2023-01-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230126163050/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20150110161836mp_/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/pl-p/documents/publication/con2032519.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>


由於擔心多克羅克多氨丁三醇(ketorolac trometamol,一種鹽形式(salt form,為一種化合物,由陽離子和陰離子結合而成)的多克羅克多副作用發生率高,導致其在一些國家遭到撤回(眼科製劑除外),而在其他國家,使用的劑量和最長治療持續時間已被要求減少。全世界於1990年到1993年期間有97起致命反應報告。<ref>{{cite journal | author = Committee on Safety of Medicines | title = Ketorolac: new restrictions on dose and duration of treatment. | journal = Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance | date = 1993 | volume = 19 | pages = 5–6 | url = }}</ref>
由於擔心多克羅克多氨丁三醇(ketorolac trometamol,一種鹽形式(salt form,為一種化合物,由陽離子和陰離子結合而成)的多克羅克多副作用發生率高,導致其在一些國家遭到撤回(眼科製劑除外),而在其他國家,使用的劑量和最長治療持續時間已被要求減少。全世界於1990年到1993年期間有97起致命反應報告。<ref>{{cite journal | author = Committee on Safety of Medicines | title = Ketorolac: new restrictions on dose and duration of treatment. | journal = Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance | date = 1993 | volume = 19 | pages = 5–6 | url = }}</ref>


此藥物的眼藥水配方於1992年獲得FDA批准。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/ketorolac-ophthalmic.html |title=Ketorolac ophthalmic medical facts from |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=2013-10-06}}</ref>
此藥物的眼藥水配方於1992年獲得FDA批准。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/ketorolac-ophthalmic.html |title=Ketorolac ophthalmic medical facts from |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-date=2013-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927012914/http://www.drugs.com/mtm/ketorolac-ophthalmic.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>


鼻腔噴霧劑 (Sprix) 於2010年獲得FDA批准,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sprix.html |title=Sprix Information from |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>用於治療需要用到類阿片藥物的中度至中重度疼痛。
鼻腔噴霧劑 (Sprix) 於2010年獲得FDA批准,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/sprix.html |title=Sprix Information from |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=6 October 2013 |archive-date=2013-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917105809/http://www.drugs.com/sprix.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>用於治療需要用到類阿片藥物的中度至中重度疼痛。


多克羅克多也在大學和職業運動場合中使用,報導稱會在[[國家美式足球聯盟]]和[[國家冰球聯盟]]競賽中常規使用。競技運動員,特別是從事接觸性運動的,通常被教練和/或隊友期望在受傷後繼續比賽,因此經常得依靠止痛藥協助。然而最近的研究顯示鼓勵球員在受傷狀態下比賽,往往會導致更嚴重的傷害。<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/03/28/nfl-toradol-lawsuit-painkillers-nflpa-union-team-doctor-conflict-interest|title=Toradol Lawsuit: NFL Can't Outrun Legacy of Abuse| vauthors = Klemko R |magazine=Sports Illustrated|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matava M, Brater DC, Gritter N, Heyer R, Rollins D, Schlegel T, Toto R, Yates A | display-authors = 6 | title = Recommendations of the national football league physician society task force on the use of toradol(®) ketorolac in the national football league | journal = Sports Health | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = 377–383 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23016110 | pmc = 3435943 | doi = 10.1177/1941738112457154 }}</ref>一批國家美式足球聯盟前球員於2017年對聯盟提起訴訟,指控聯盟准許球員濫用止痛藥的情事。<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Maese R |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins/nfl-abuse-of-painkillers-and-other-drugs-described-in-court-filings/2017/03/09/be1a71d8-035a-11e7-ad5b-d22680e18d10_story.html|title=NFL abuse of painkillers and other drugs described in court filings|date=2017-03-09|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2020-04-18|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>迄2023年,此案仍在美國最高法院審理中。
多克羅克多也在大學和職業運動場合中使用,報導稱會在[[國家美式足球聯盟]]和[[國家冰球聯盟]]競賽中常規使用。競技運動員,特別是從事接觸性運動的,通常被教練和/或隊友期望在受傷後繼續比賽,因此經常得依靠止痛藥協助。然而最近的研究顯示鼓勵球員在受傷狀態下比賽,往往會導致更嚴重的傷害。<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/03/28/nfl-toradol-lawsuit-painkillers-nflpa-union-team-doctor-conflict-interest|title=Toradol Lawsuit: NFL Can't Outrun Legacy of Abuse|vauthors=Klemko R|magazine=Sports Illustrated|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-18|archive-date=2020-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423072928/https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/03/28/nfl-toradol-lawsuit-painkillers-nflpa-union-team-doctor-conflict-interest|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matava M, Brater DC, Gritter N, Heyer R, Rollins D, Schlegel T, Toto R, Yates A | display-authors = 6 | title = Recommendations of the national football league physician society task force on the use of toradol(®) ketorolac in the national football league | journal = Sports Health | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = 377–383 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23016110 | pmc = 3435943 | doi = 10.1177/1941738112457154 }}</ref>一批國家美式足球聯盟前球員於2017年對聯盟提起訴訟,指控聯盟准許球員濫用止痛藥的情事。<ref>{{Cite news|vauthors=Maese R|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins/nfl-abuse-of-painkillers-and-other-drugs-described-in-court-filings/2017/03/09/be1a71d8-035a-11e7-ad5b-d22680e18d10_story.html|title=NFL abuse of painkillers and other drugs described in court filings|date=2017-03-09|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2020-04-18|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=2020-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190330/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins/nfl-abuse-of-painkillers-and-other-drugs-described-in-court-filings/2017/03/09/be1a71d8-035a-11e7-ad5b-d22680e18d10_story.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>迄2023年,此案仍在美國最高法院審理中。


== 參見 ==
== 參見 ==
第138行: 第138行:


== 外部連結 ==
== 外部連結 ==
* {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/ketorolac | publisher = [[United States National Library of Medicine|U.S. National Library of Medicine]] | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Ketorolac }}
* {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/ketorolac | publisher = [[United States National Library of Medicine|U.S. National Library of Medicine]] | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Ketorolac | access-date = 2024-02-07 | archive-date = 2020-06-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200617074639/https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/ketorolac | dead-url = no }}


{{模板:鎮痛藥
{{模板:鎮痛藥

2024年11月25日 (一) 20:10的最新版本

酮咯酸
臨床資料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureToradol、Acular(愛克樂眼藥水)、Sprix, 及其他
其他名稱Ketorolac tromethamine(一種鹽形式的克多羅多克)
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa693001
核准狀況
懷孕分級
  • : C
给药途径口服給藥舌下肌肉注射靜脈注射眼藥水鼻腔給藥
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度80–100% (口服),100% (靜脈注射/肌肉注射)
药物代谢肝臟
生物半衰期3.5到9.2小時(年輕成人患者)、
4.7至8.6小時(平均72歲患者)
排泄途徑: 91.4% (平均)
膽汁: 6.1% (平均)
识别信息
  • (±)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid
CAS号74103-06-3  ☒N
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB配體ID
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.110.314 編輯維基數據鏈接
化学信息
化学式C15H13NO3
摩尔质量255.27 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
手性外消旋體
  • O=C(c1ccc2n1CCC2C(=O)O)c3ccccc3
  • InChI=1S/C15H13NO3/c17-14(10-4-2-1-3-5-10)13-7-6-12-11(15(18)19)8-9-16(12)13/h1-7,11H,8-9H2,(H,18,19) checkY
  • Key:OZWKMVRBQXNZKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

酮咯酸INN:ketorolac)或音译克多羅多克,以商品名 Toradol、Biorolac 等等銷售,是一種用於治療疼痛非類固醇類抗發炎藥(NSAID),属非选择性环氧合酶抑制剂[1][2]。特別用於治療中度至重度疼痛用途[3]。建議治療時間不超過六天[2],在瑞士的建議治療時間為不超過兩天[4]。它透過口服鼻腔靜脈注射肌肉注射的方式給藥,另有眼藥水的形式[2][3]。給藥後一小時內開始作用,持續時間達八小時[2]

常見的副作用包括嗜睡頭暈、腹痛、腫脹和噁心[2]嚴重的副作用有上消化道出血腎衰竭心臟病支氣管痙攣心臟衰竭過敏性休克[2]不建議個體在懷孕後期或哺乳期間使用。[2]酮咯酸發揮作用的方式是透過阻斷環氧合酶 1和 2(COX1和COX2)而減少前列腺素產生。[2][5]

此藥物於1976年獲得專利,並於1989年獲得批准用於醫療用途。[6][2]它有非處方藥的形式出售。[3]此藥物在2020年是美國最常使用處方藥中排名第249,開立的處方箋超過100萬張。[7][8]

由於酮咯酸導致上消化道出血和腎衰竭,造成一系列死亡案例,而於1993年有德國鎮痛藥市場撤出。[9]最初此藥物引入德國時,因其副作用被認為輕很多,不會產生任何物質依賴,一次劑量有效時間達7-8小時(嗎啡只有3-4小時),而經常被誤用作疼痛治療中的類阿片藥物替代品。由於酮咯酸是一種非常有效的前列腺素抑制劑,會削弱腎臟對血管收縮相關效應而產生的防禦能力(例如失血或內源兒茶酚胺濃度較高時)。[10]

醫療用途

[编辑]
俄羅斯販售的酮咯酸。

酮咯酸用於短期治療中度至重度疼痛。[1]因為它可能會導致腎臟損傷,[11]:280通常施用時間不會超過五天。[12][13][14][11]:291

酮咯酸與撲熱息痛(乙醯胺酚)一起服用可有效控制新生兒疼痛,它不會像類阿片藥物那樣抑制呼吸[15]酮咯酸也是類阿片藥物的佐劑,可增強疼痛緩解作用。它也用於治療婦女的經痛[11]:291 此藥物也因可減輕發炎而用於治療特發性心包炎[16]

在全身性使用時,可透過口服、舌下、肌肉注射、靜脈注射和鼻腔噴霧英语nasal spray方式給藥。[12]通常的做法是先透過肌肉注射或靜脈注射,[1]繼而採口服給藥。[12][15]

酮咯酸也用作眼藥水。在眼科手術期間幫助緩解疼痛,[17]且可有效治療眼部發[18]無足夠的證據顯示非類固醇抗發炎藥有助於預防黃斑水腫[19][20]酮咯酸眼藥水也用於治療角膜刮傷而引起的疼痛。[21]

使用酮咯酸期間,臨床醫師會監測不良反應表現,經常化驗例如肝功能出血時間英语bleeding time、及尿素氮、血清肌酸酐電解質水平,協助識別潛在的併發症。[12][13]

用藥禁忌

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酮咯酸禁用於有過敏反應、對藥物過敏、對其他非類固醇抗發炎藥物交叉過敏、手術之前、有消化性潰瘍病史、上消化道出血、酒精不耐受、腎功能不全、腦血管出血、鼻息肉血管性水腫氣喘的患者。[12][13]建議患有心血管疾病心肌梗塞中風、心臟衰竭、凝血障礙、腎功能不全和肝功能不全的患者謹慎使用此藥物。[12][13]

不良影響

[编辑]

常見(>10%)的副作用是嗜睡。不常見(<1%)的副作用有感覺異常、出血時間延長、注射部位疼痛、紫斑、出汗、思維異常、眼淚增加、水腫面色蒼白、口乾、味覺異常、頻尿、肝酵素升高、發癢以及其他症狀。酮咯酸會降低血小板功能。[11]:279

潛在致命的不良反應雖然不常見,但包含有中風、心肌梗塞、上消化道出血、史蒂芬斯-強森症候群中毒性表皮壞死鬆解症英语toxic epidermal necrolysis和過敏性休克。就安全性而言,酮咯酸被評估為較醋氯芬酸塞來昔布布洛芬(均為非類固醇抗發炎藥)具有相對較高的風險。[16]

如果個體在懷孕晚期服用酮咯酸,會導致嬰兒動脈導管過早收縮,與所有非類固醇抗發炎藥物的作用相同。[12][13]

美國食品藥物管理局 (FDA) 於2020年10月要求更新所有非類固醇抗發炎藥物的藥品標籤英语Drug labelling,標明這類藥物對未出生嬰兒可能會產生腎臟問題,而導致羊水過低的風險。[22][23]標籤建議孕婦在懷孕20週或之後避免使用非類固醇抗發炎藥物。[22][23]

交互作用

[编辑]

酮咯酸會與其他藥物產生交互作用。本妥昔林英语Probenecid與酮咯酸一起服用會升高不良反應的可能性。與五羥色酮英语Pentoxifylline一起服用會增加出血風險。與阿斯匹靈一起服用會降低療效。如果同時服用補充劑、阿斯匹靈、其他非類固醇抗發炎藥、皮質類固醇酒精,消化道問題會疊加,且更有可能發生。抗高血壓藥利尿劑的有效性有降低可能。使用酮咯酸會使血清鋰濃度升高至中毒程度。如果同時服用酮咯酸和化療藥物和免疫抑制劑氨甲蝶呤,會增加後者毒性的風險。

服用酮咯酸,同時服用氯吡格雷頭孢哌酮丙戊酸頭孢替坦英语cefotetan依替菲巴肽英语eptifibatide替羅非班英语tirofiban替洛比丁英语ticlopidine時,出血風險會增加。同時服用抗凝劑血栓溶解英语Thrombolysis藥物也會增加出血的可能性。用於治療癌症的藥物會在放射治療時與酮咯酸相互作用。當酮咯酸與環孢素一起服用時,腎臟毒性的風險會增加。[12][13]

一些草藥補充劑也會與酮咯酸發生交互作用。它與高麗參丁子香山金車短舌匹菊當歸洋甘菊銀杏一起服用會增加出血風險。[12][13]

作用機轉

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多克羅克多在化學上是一種羧酸衍生物,透過抑制環氧合酶 1和 2,非選擇性阻斷前列腺素合成。前列腺素在體內充當平滑肌收縮/鬆弛和調節發炎的信使。抑制前列腺素合成可預防發炎。[24]此藥物的抗發炎、解熱和鎮痛作用的主要機轉是透過競爭性阻斷環氧合酶(COX)來抑制前列腺素合成。多克羅克多是一種非選擇性環氧合酶抑制劑。[25]它被認為是第一代的非類固醇抗發炎藥(NSAID)。[11]:279

歷史

[编辑]

克多羅克多是美國唯一受廣泛使用的靜脈注射非類固醇抗發炎藥。[15]

位於加利福尼亞州帕羅奧圖Syntex英语Syntex藥廠於2006年左右開發眼科用藥Aulous(愛克樂眼藥水),[26]目前由美國全球性藥品公司Allergan英语Allergan, Inc.取得銷售授權。[27][28]

人們於2007年因此藥物副作用發生率很高而感到擔憂。導致對使用劑量和最長使用時間予以限制。在英國,僅能在醫院開始使用此藥物,但並不排除在住院前護理和山區救援行動中使用。[1]當時也發佈有使用劑量指南。[29]

由於擔心多克羅克多氨丁三醇(ketorolac trometamol,一種鹽形式(salt form,為一種化合物,由陽離子和陰離子結合而成)的多克羅克多副作用發生率高,導致其在一些國家遭到撤回(眼科製劑除外),而在其他國家,使用的劑量和最長治療持續時間已被要求減少。全世界於1990年到1993年期間有97起致命反應報告。[30]

此藥物的眼藥水配方於1992年獲得FDA批准。[31]

鼻腔噴霧劑 (Sprix) 於2010年獲得FDA批准,[32]用於治療需要用到類阿片藥物的中度至中重度疼痛。

多克羅克多也在大學和職業運動場合中使用,報導稱會在國家美式足球聯盟國家冰球聯盟競賽中常規使用。競技運動員,特別是從事接觸性運動的,通常被教練和/或隊友期望在受傷後繼續比賽,因此經常得依靠止痛藥協助。然而最近的研究顯示鼓勵球員在受傷狀態下比賽,往往會導致更嚴重的傷害。[33][34]一批國家美式足球聯盟前球員於2017年對聯盟提起訴訟,指控聯盟准許球員濫用止痛藥的情事。[35]迄2023年,此案仍在美國最高法院審理中。

參見

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Mallinson T. A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic. Journal of Paramedic Practice. 2017, 9 (12): 522–526 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2018-06-05) (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [2019-04-13]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-08) (英语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 British national formulary : BNF 76 76. Pharmaceutical Press. 2018: 1144, 1302–1303. ISBN 9780857113382. 
  4. ^ TORA-DOL Inj Lös 30 mg/ml. Kompendium. 2022-03-01 [2024-02-07]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-07) (德语). Die Behandlung mit Ampullen ist bei akuten und schweren Schmerzzuständen angezeigt und sollte nicht länger als 2 Tage dauern. 
  5. ^ DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. [2019-04-14]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-13). 
  6. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR. Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 521. ISBN 9783527607495 (英语). 
  7. ^ The Top 300 of 2020. ClinCalc. [2022-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-16). 
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  9. ^ Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt [Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped]. 1993 [2024-02-07]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-03). 
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