第三次英缅战争：修订间差异
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{{Infobox Military Conflict |
{{Infobox Military Conflict |
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|conflict='''第三次英缅战争''' |
|conflict='''第三次英缅战争''' |
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|partof =[[英緬戰爭]] |
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|image= |
|image= |
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|caption= |
|caption= |
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|date=1885 |
|date=1885年 |
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|place=[[缅甸 |
|place=[[缅甸]] |
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|result=英国胜利，缅甸并入 |
|result=英国胜利，缅甸并入[[英属印度]] |
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|casus=对缅甸的扩张 |
|casus=对缅甸的扩张 |
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|combatant1={{ |
|combatant1={{flag|British Empire}} |
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|combatant2=[[File:Royal Standard of Konbaung Dynasty (1753-1885).svg|border|22x20px]] [[贡榜王朝]] |
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|combatant2={{MMR}} |
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|commander1= |
|commander1={{link-en|哈利·普倫德|Harry Prendergast}} |
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|commander2=[[ |
|commander2=[[錫袍]] |
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|strength1= |
|strength1= |
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|strength2= |
|strength2= |
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| 第18行： | 第17行： | ||
|casualties2= |
|casualties2= |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Campaignbox 英緬戰爭}} |
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==背景== |
==背景== |
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缅甸在1878年發生繼承危机後，英国和缅甸中断了外交关系，并撤出了駐缅甸的英国官員。英国打算發动一场新的战争，但是由于在[[祖魯戰爭|非洲]]和[[第二次英國-阿富汗戰爭|阿富汗]]的持续的战争，使英国不得不放弃即時对缅甸開战。 |
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在19 |
在19世紀80年代，英国开始关注缅甸和[[法国]]之间的联系。[[印度支那]]的战争让法国人进入了缅甸。1883年，一个缅甸的高级代表团动身前往欧洲。 |
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Officially it was to gather industrial knowledge, but it soon made its way to Paris where it began negotiations with the French Foreign Minister [[Jules Ferry]]. Ferry eventually admitted to the British ambassador that the Burmese were attempting to negotiate a political alliance along with a purchase of military equipment. The British were troubled by the Burmese action and relations worsened between the two countries. |
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During the discussions between the French and Burmese in Paris, a boundary dispute on the frontier of India and Burma broke out. In 1881, the British authorities in India appointed a commission to unilaterally mark out the border between the two countries. In the course of its work, the commission began demanding the Burmese authorities in villages determined by the British to be on their side of the line should withdraw. The Burmese objected continuously, but eventually backed down. |
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In 1885, the French consul M. Hass moved to [[Mandalay]]. He negotiated the establishment of a French Bank in Burma, a concession for a railway from Mandalay to the northern border of British Burma and a French role in running monopolies controlled by the Burmese government. The British reacted with diplomatic force and convinced the French government to recall Haas who was removed allegedly "for reasons of health". While the French had backed down in Burma, the French actions as well as many other events convinced the British to take action against Burma. |
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A fine was imposed on the [[Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation]] for underreporting its extractions of [[teak]] from [[Toungoo]] and not paying its employees. The company was fined by a Burmese court, and some of its timber was seized by the Burmese officials. The company and the British government claimed the charges were false and the Burmese courts were corrupt. The British demanded the Burmese government accept a British-appointed arbitrator to settle the dispute. When the Burmese refused, the British issued an ultimatum on [[October 22]], 1885. The ultimatum demanded that the Burmese accept a new British resident in Mandalay, that any legal action or fines against the Company be suspended until the arrival of the resident, that Burma submit to British control of its foreign relations and that Burma should provide the British with commercial facilities for the development of trade between northern Burma and China. The acceptance of the ultimatum would have ended any real Burmese independence and reduced the country to something similar to the nominally-autonomous 'princely' puppet states of British India. By [[November 9]], a practical refusal of the terms having been received at [[Yangon|Rangoon]], the occupation of [[Mandalay]] and the dethronement of the Burmese king [[Thibaw Min]] were determined upon. It can also be assumed that the annexation of the Burmese kingdom had been decided. |
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==战争== |
==战争== |
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儘管英軍對上缅甸內陸這片被茂密的森林包圍的土地並不熟悉，但是英國的蒸汽船時常在[[伊洛瓦底江]]上奔馳，知道由水路可迅速直達缅甸首都[[曼德勒]]。加上在[[仰光]]的[[伊洛瓦底船队公司]]擁有大量輕型蒸汽軍艦，他們知道這樣就能輕易佔領缅甸。 |
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At this time, beyond the fact that the country was one of dense jungle, and therefore most unfavourable for military operations, the British knew little of the interior of Upper Burma; but British steamers had for years been running on the great river highway of the [[Ayeyarwady River|Irrawaddy River]], from Rangoon to Mandalay, and it was obvious that the quickest and most satisfactory method of carrying out the British campaign was an advance by water direct on the capital. Further, a large number of light-draught river steamers and barges (or flats), belonging to the [[Irrawaddy Flotilla Company]], were available at Rangoon, and the local knowledge of the company's officers of the difficult river navigation was at the disposal of the British forces. |
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哈利·普倫德加斯特少將擔任這次入侵的指揮官。他統率3,029英軍、6,005印度火槍軍、67門大砲及至少55艘軍艦及在艦上設置24挺機關槍以控制河道。 |
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Major-General, afterwards Sir, [[Harry North Dalrymple Prendergast]] was placed in command of the invasion. As was only to be expected in an enterprise of this description, the navy as well as the army was called in requisition; and as usual the services rendered by the seamen and guns were most important. The total effective of the force was 9,034 fighting men, 2,810 native followers and 67 guns, and for river service, 24 machine guns. The river fleet which conveyed the troops and stores was composed more than 55 steamers, barges, launches, etc. |
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英國利用受到緬甸政府科以罰款的英商{{le|孟買伯馬貿易公司|Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation}}的上訴作為發動戰爭的口實，企圖兼併整個緬甸。10月22日，英國向緬甸政府發出最後通牒，要求賦予英國監督緬甸外事活動的權力。緬甸方面接受了這項要求。儘管如此，預先部署好的英軍還是發動了進攻。 |
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[[Thayetmyo]] was the British post on the river nearest to the frontier, and here, by [[November 14]], five days after Thibaw's answer had been received, practically the whole expedition was assembled. On the same day General Prendergast received instructions to commence operations. The Burmese king and his country were taken completely by surprise by the rapidity of the advance. There had been no time for them to collect and organize any resistance. They had not even been able to block the river by sinking steamers, etc, across it, for, on the very day of the receipt of orders to advance, the armed steamers, the [[Ayeyarwady River|Irrawaddy]] and the Kathleen, engaged the nearest Burmese batteries, and brought out from under their guns the Burmese King's steamer and some barges which were lying in readiness for this very purpose. On the 16th the batteries themselves on both banks were taken by a land attack, the Burmese being evidently unprepared and making no resistance. |
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在11月7日，however, at [[Minhla]], on the right bank of the river, the Burmese in considerable force held successively a barricade, a pagoda and the redoubt of Minhla. The attack was pressed home by a brigade of British Indian infantry on shore, covered by a bombardment from the river, and the Burmese were defeated with a loss of 170 killed and 276 prisoners, besides many more drowned in the attempt to escape by river. The advance was continued next day and the following days, the [[naval brigade]] and heavy artillery leading and silencing in succession the Burmese river defences at [[Nyaung-U]], [[Pakokku]] and [[Myingyan]]. |
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11月14日，英軍開始發動攻擊，由於緬甸軍隊毫無準備，在零星抵抗的情況下，英軍迅速佔領{{le|敏赫拉|Minhla, Bago}}。加上英軍訛稱只是要推翻缅甸國王[[錫袍]]，另立新君，並無意侵佔缅甸。缅甸人民大多並不抵抗英軍。 |
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However, some sources say that the Burmese resistance was not fierce because the defence minister of Thibaw, [[Kinwon Min Gyi]] U Kaung, who wanted to negotiate peace with the British, issued an order to the Burmese troops not to attack the British. His order was obeyed by some, but not all, Burmese brigades. In addition, the British deceived the Burmese including U Kaung by their propaganda that they did not intend to occupy the country for long, but only to depose the king Thibaw and enthrone [[Prince Nyaung Yan]], an elder half-brother of Thibaw, as the new king. At that time, most of the Burmese did not like Thibaw both because of the poor management of his government and because he and/or his king-makers had executed nearly a hundred royal princes and princesses when he ascended the throne in 1878. Nyaung Yan was a survivor of this royal massacre and was living in exile in British India although in fact he was already dead at the time of this war. However, the British concealed the fact, and according to some sources the British even brought a man impersonating Prince Nyaung Yan along with them on their way to Mandalay so that Burmese would believe their story of installing a new king. Thus, the Burmese who welcomed this purported new king did not attempt to resist the invading British forces. However, when it became obvious that the British had actually failed to install a new king and Burma in fact had lost its independence, fierce rebellions by various Burmese groups, including the troops of the former royal Burmese army, ensued for more than a decade. U Kaung's role in the initial collapse of Burmese resistance later gave rise to the popular mnemonic ''U Kaung lein htouk minzet pyouk'' ("U Kaung's treachery, end of dynasty": U=1, Ka=2, La=4, Hta=7 in Burmese numerology i.e. Burmese Era 1247 or 1885AD). |
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11月26日，英軍進逼至[[阿瓦]]，錫袍派出特使議和，因而放棄抵抗。11月28日，英軍進入曼德勒，錫袍成為階下囚。全戰只用了14日便完成。貢榜王朝滅亡，錫袍被囚於王宮之中。其後錫袍與他的王后和子女們被帶往[[印度]]的[[勒德納吉里]]（Ratnagiri），在那裡度過了餘生。 |
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在11月29日，when the flotilla was approaching the capital [[Ava]], envoys from King Thibaw met General Prendergast with offers of surrender; and on the 27th, when the ships were lying off that city and ready to commence hostilities, the order from the king to his troops to lay down their arms was received. There were three strong forts here, full at that moment with thousands of armed Burmese, and though a large number of these filed past and laid down their arms by the king's command, still many more were allowed to disperse with their weapons; and these, in the time that followed, broke up into guerrilla bands and prolonged the war for years. Meanwhile, however, the surrender of the king of Burma was complete; and on [[November 28]], in less than a fortnight from the declaration of war, Mandalay had fallen, and King Thibaw was taken prisoner, and every strong fort and town on the river, and all the kings ordnance (1861 pieces), and thousands of rifles, muskets and arms had been taken. The British organized the looting of the palace and city of Mandalay. The proceeds were sold off at a profit of 9 [[lakh]]s of rupees. |
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From Mandalay, General Prendergast reached [[Bhamo]] on [[December 28]]. This was a very important move, as it forestalled the [[China|Chinese]], who had their own claims and border disputes with Burma. Though the king was dethroned and exiled with the royal family to [[India]], and the capital and the whole of the river in the hands of the British, bands of insurgents took advantage of the situation to continue an armed resistance which proved very difficult to defeat. |
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==吞并和抵抗== |
==吞并和抵抗== |
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1886年1月1日，[[缅甸]]被宣布为[[英国]]领地，作为[[英属印度]]的一个独立省。英国同样扩大了在克欽山和欽山的控制区域。这些土地从名存实亡的[[貢榜王朝]]接管过来，还包括[[中国]]政府与缅甸争执北缅甸的领土。1937年，英国将缅甸从英属印度中分离出来，成为一块单独的殖民地。 |
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英国在1886年1月1日吞并了缅甸。 |
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Critics of the war consider the timing of the annexation to be strong proof of what the British motives really were. But the annexation was only the beginning of an insurgency which would last until 1896. |
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The final, and now completely successful, pacification of the country, under the direction of Sir Frederick (later Earl) [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Roberts]], was only brought about by an extensive system of small military police protective posts scattered all over the country, and small lightly equipped columns moving out in response whenever a gathering of insurgents occurred. The British poured reinforcements into the country, and it was in this phase of the campaign, lasting several years that the most difficult and arduous work fell to the lot of the troops. The resistance was finally broken by meting out collective punishments on villages. Villages were burned and the property of villagers either confiscated or destroyed. The British policy of overwhelming reprisals against villages suspected of assisting the insurgency eventually brought the country under control. |
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为了反击英国的奴役，缅甸境内开展了反对占领者的[[游击战争]]。直至十九世纪末，才被英国人镇压下去。 |
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英国同样扩大了在the Kachin Hills和Chin Hills的控制区域。这些土地被从名存实亡缅甸王国接管过来，还包括中国政府与缅甸争执北缅甸的领土。 |
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==国际社会的反映== |
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No account of the Third Burmese War would be complete without a reference to the first, and perhaps for this reason, the most notable land advance into the country. This was carried out in November 1885 from [[Toungoo]], the British frontier post in the east of the country, by a small column of all arms under Colonel W. P. Dicken, 3rd Madras Light Infantry, the first objective being Ningyan ([[Pyinmana]]). The operations were completely successful, in spite of a good deal of scattered resistance, and the force afterwards moved forward to [[Yamethin]] and [[Hlaingdet]]. As inland operations developed, the lack of mounted troops was badly felt, and several regiments of cavalry were brought over from [[India]], while mounted infantry was raised locally. The British found that without mounted troops it was generally impossible to fight the Burmese successfully. |
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1885年（清光绪十一年）：英国将缅甸武力并入英属印度后，云南总督[[岑毓英]]据情上奏。中国政府命驻英公使[[曾纪泽]]向英国抗议，表达占领无效。 |
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1886年（清光绪十二年六月）：中国与英国在北京签订《[[中英缅甸条约]]》，“规定中国承认英国对缅甸有支配权，但缅甸对中国仍照往例，十年一贡。至于中缅边境未定界，应由两国会商勘定。” |
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==另见== |
==另见== |
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* [[缅 |
* [[英缅战争]] |
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* [[第一次英缅战争]] |
* [[第一次英缅战争]] |
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* [[第二次英缅战争]] |
* [[第二次英缅战争]] |
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==参考资料== |
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* {{1911}} |
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* D. G. E. Hall, Europe and Burma (Oxford University Press, 1945) |
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* Martin D. W. Jones, 'The War of Lost Footsteps. A Re-assessment of the Third Burmese War, 1885–1896', Bulletin of the Military Historical Society, xxxx (no.157), August 1989, pp. 36–40 |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051122104053/http://onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr85/fburma1885.htm Third Anglo-Burmese War] page at OnWar.com |
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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Burmese Wars}} |
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[[Category:缅甸战争]] |
[[Category:缅甸战争]] |
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[[Category:英国战争]] |
[[Category:英国战争]] |
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[[Category:缅甸—英国关系]] |
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[[Category:1880年代英国]] |
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[[en:Third Anglo-Burmese War]] |
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[[Category:1880年代亚洲]] |
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[[ru:Третья англо-бирманская война]] |
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[[Category:英國發起的入侵]] |
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[[sv:Tredje anglo-burmesiska kriget]] |
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2024年12月1日 (日) 06:33的最新版本
| 第三次英缅战争 | |||||||
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| 英緬戰爭的一部分 | |||||||
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| 参战方 | |||||||
 大英帝国 |
.svg){kind=small} 贡榜王朝 | ||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
| 哈利·普倫德 | 錫袍 | ||||||
第三次英缅战争（緬甸語：တတိယအင်္ဂလိပ်မြန်မာစစ်，英語：Third Anglo-Burmese War）爆发于1885年，战争持续了几个星期，但是少量的地方部队负隅顽抗至1887年。这是十九世纪大英帝國侵略缅甸的第三场战争，英国最终占领了缅甸。
背景
[编辑]缅甸在1878年發生繼承危机後，英国和缅甸中断了外交关系，并撤出了駐缅甸的英国官員。英国打算發动一场新的战争，但是由于在非洲和阿富汗的持续的战争，使英国不得不放弃即時对缅甸開战。
在19世紀80年代，英国开始关注缅甸和法国之间的联系。印度支那的战争让法国人进入了缅甸。1883年，一个缅甸的高级代表团动身前往欧洲。
战争
[编辑]儘管英軍對上缅甸內陸這片被茂密的森林包圍的土地並不熟悉，但是英國的蒸汽船時常在伊洛瓦底江上奔馳，知道由水路可迅速直達缅甸首都曼德勒。加上在仰光的伊洛瓦底船队公司擁有大量輕型蒸汽軍艦，他們知道這樣就能輕易佔領缅甸。
哈利·普倫德加斯特少將擔任這次入侵的指揮官。他統率3,029英軍、6,005印度火槍軍、67門大砲及至少55艘軍艦及在艦上設置24挺機關槍以控制河道。
英國利用受到緬甸政府科以罰款的英商孟買伯馬貿易公司的上訴作為發動戰爭的口實，企圖兼併整個緬甸。10月22日，英國向緬甸政府發出最後通牒，要求賦予英國監督緬甸外事活動的權力。緬甸方面接受了這項要求。儘管如此，預先部署好的英軍還是發動了進攻。
11月14日，英軍開始發動攻擊，由於緬甸軍隊毫無準備，在零星抵抗的情況下，英軍迅速佔領敏赫拉。加上英軍訛稱只是要推翻缅甸國王錫袍，另立新君，並無意侵佔缅甸。缅甸人民大多並不抵抗英軍。
11月26日，英軍進逼至阿瓦，錫袍派出特使議和，因而放棄抵抗。11月28日，英軍進入曼德勒，錫袍成為階下囚。全戰只用了14日便完成。貢榜王朝滅亡，錫袍被囚於王宮之中。其後錫袍與他的王后和子女們被帶往印度的勒德納吉里（Ratnagiri），在那裡度過了餘生。
吞并和抵抗
[编辑]1886年1月1日，缅甸被宣布为英国领地，作为英属印度的一个独立省。英国同样扩大了在克欽山和欽山的控制区域。这些土地从名存实亡的貢榜王朝接管过来，还包括中国政府与缅甸争执北缅甸的领土。1937年，英国将缅甸从英属印度中分离出来，成为一块单独的殖民地。
为了反击英国的奴役，缅甸境内开展了反对占领者的游击战争。直至十九世纪末，才被英国人镇压下去。
国际社会的反映
[编辑]1885年（清光绪十一年）：英国将缅甸武力并入英属印度后，云南总督岑毓英据情上奏。中国政府命驻英公使曾纪泽向英国抗议，表达占领无效。 1886年（清光绪十二年六月）：中国与英国在北京签订《中英缅甸条约》，“规定中国承认英国对缅甸有支配权，但缅甸对中国仍照往例，十年一贡。至于中缅边境未定界，应由两国会商勘定。”
另见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- 本条目包含来自公有领域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (编). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.
- D. G. E. Hall, Europe and Burma (Oxford University Press, 1945)
- Martin D. W. Jones, 'The War of Lost Footsteps. A Re-assessment of the Third Burmese War, 1885–1896', Bulletin of the Military Historical Society, xxxx (no.157), August 1989, pp. 36–40
- Third Anglo-Burmese War page at OnWar.com
