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{{About|一种生物学分类|很多相似的小型非蚊飞虫的通称|蠓虫}}
{{About|一种生物学分类|很多相似的小型非蚊飞虫的通称|蠓虫}}
{{Copypaste|time=2024-12-08T01:31:48+00:00}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Ceratopogonidae
| taxon = Ceratopogonidae
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| subdivision_ranks = 亞科
| subdivision_ranks = 亞科
| subdivision = [[#分类|見內文]]
| subdivision = [[#分类|見內文]]
| synonyms = {{genus list
|Ceratopogon crassipalpis |Meunier, 1912
|Ceratopogon madagascariensis |Meunier, 1912
|Ceratopogon tenuipes |Meunier, 1912
|Ceratopogon viscatus |Meunier, 1912
|Heleidae |
|Simulia pasithea von |Heyden, 1870
|Simulium terribilis |Förster, 1891
|Sinopogonites eocenicus |Hong, 2002}}
}}
}}
'''蠓科'''(學名:{{lang|la|'''Ceratopogonidae'''}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Ceratopogonidae 蠓科 |url=https://taieol.tw/pages/4947 |website=臺灣生命大百科}}</ref>,俗称'''小咬'''、'''咬蠓'''({{lang-en|Biting Midge}}),又名'''糠蚊'''或'''沙蚊'''(主要在[[澳大利亞]]的[[北領地]]使用<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/3713/BitingMidge.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062306/http://www.education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/3713/BitingMidge.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 |language=en |journal=The Northern Territory Disease Conrtol Bulletin |volume=10 |issue=3 |date=2003-09 |title=Biting Midges or “Sandflies” in the NT |deadurl=yes |access-date=2016-05-07 |publisher=Northern Territory Government Department of Health and Community Services |first=Peter |last=Whelan |pages=12 }}</ref>),英语中还把它们叫做“'''no-see-ums'''”(意思是“看不到它们”),是[[昆虫|昆虫纲]][[雙翅目|双翅目]][[長角亞目|长角亚目]][[蚊下目]]之下的一個科,1917年由 Malloch 赋予[[科 (生物)|科]]的级别,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Willis W. WIRTH, Niphan C. RATANAWORABHAN, Franklin S. BLANTON |trans-title=双翅目蠓科的属的概要|title=Synopsis of the genera of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera)|page=596 |url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/1974/05/parasite1974495p595.pdf}}</ref>是昆虫纲中物种极为丰富的昆虫种类。與同屬[[搖蚊總科]](Chironomoidea)的[[山蚋科]](Thaumaleidae)、[[蚋科]](Simulidae)及[[搖蚊科]](Chironomidae)等物種關係密切。
'''{{zy||měng|ㄇㄥˇ|mung5}}科'''(學名:{{lang|la|'''Ceratopogonidae'''}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Ceratopogonidae 蠓科 |url=https://taieol.tw/pages/4947 |website=臺灣生命大百科 |access-date=2022-08-03 |archive-date=2022-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803095552/https://taieol.tw/pages/4947 |dead-url=no }}</ref>,俗称'''小咬'''、'''咬蠓'''({{lang-en|Biting Midge}}),又名'''糠蚊'''或'''沙蚊'''(主要在[[澳大利亞]]的[[北領地]]使用<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/3713/BitingMidge.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062306/http://www.education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/3713/BitingMidge.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 |language=en |journal=The Northern Territory Disease Conrtol Bulletin |volume=10 |issue=3 |date=2003-09 |title=Biting Midges or “Sandflies” in the NT |deadurl=yes |access-date=2016-05-07 |publisher=Northern Territory Government Department of Health and Community Services |first=Peter |last=Whelan |pages=12 }}</ref>),英语中还把它们叫做“'''no-see-ums'''”(意思是“看不到它们”),是[[昆虫|昆虫纲]][[雙翅目|双翅目]][[長角亞目|长角亚目]][[蚊下目]]之下的一個科,1917年由 Malloch 赋予[[科 (生物)|科]]的级别,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Willis W. WIRTH, Niphan C. RATANAWORABHAN, Franklin S. BLANTON|trans-title=双翅目蠓科的属的概要|title=Synopsis of the genera of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera)|page=596|url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/1974/05/parasite1974495p595.pdf|access-date=2022-08-03|archive-date=2022-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619063022/https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/1974/05/parasite1974495p595.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>是昆虫纲中物种极为丰富的昆虫种类。與同屬[[搖蚊總科]](Chironomoidea)的[[山蚋科]](Thaumaleidae)、[[蚋科]](Simulidae)及[[搖蚊科]](Chironomidae)等物種關係密切。


蠓科幾乎所有[[物種]]的雌蟲均會以某種動物為宿主來[[吸血 (生物学)|吸血]],其中的一些物种被认为是捕食其他小昆虫的,特别是[[蚊子]]的[[幼虫]]已经调查确认是 ''{{link-en|Bezzia|Bezzia}}'' 的通常的[[猎物]]。例如,已经对 {{snamei|Bezzia nobilis}} 进行了实验,表明它们依赖蚊子幼虫作为一种猎物来源。<ref>Hribar, L. J. & G. R. Mullen.Predation by Bezzia larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Entomol. News 102: 183-186.</ref><ref>Mogi, M. Insects and other invertebrate predators. ''Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association'', 23(sp2):93-109 (2007). {{doi|10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[93:IAOIP]2.0.CO;2}}.</ref>它们也可以是无脊椎动物的吸血寄生虫,这取决于吸血攻击是否致命。<ref name = "flies"/>
蠓科幾乎所有[[物種]]的雌蟲均會以某種動物為宿主來[[吸血 (生物学)|吸血]],其中的一些物种被认为是捕食其他小昆虫的,特别是[[蚊子]]的[[幼虫]]已经调查确认是 ''{{link-en|Bezzia|Bezzia}}'' 的通常的[[猎物]]。例如,已经对 {{snamei|Bezzia nobilis}} 进行了实验,表明它们依赖蚊子幼虫作为一种猎物来源。<ref>Hribar, L. J. & G. R. Mullen.Predation by Bezzia larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Entomol. News 102: 183-186.</ref><ref>Mogi, M. Insects and other invertebrate predators. ''Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association'', 23(sp2):93-109 (2007). {{doi|10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[93:IAOIP]2.0.CO;2}}.</ref>它们也可以是无脊椎动物的吸血寄生虫,这取决于吸血攻击是否致命。<ref name = "flies"/>
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They are known to spread [[Tete virus]].
They are known to spread [[Tete virus]].
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== 外貌 ==
== 外貌 ==
本科物種體形細小,身長一般在1–4&nbsp;mm之間,褐色或黑色,有复眼、单眼各一对,触角丝状,长而有毛,分为13~15节。下颚须有5节,喙短,雌虫为刺吸式。胸分三节,中胸背板最发达,前部两侧各有一肩坑。翅短而宽,翅端钝圆,接近前缘的二条翅脉甚粗大。翅上有细毛及粗毛,有的翅膀上有暗斑与白斑。翅在静止时重叠覆盖于腹部之上。足三对,较发达,腹部有10节,雌虫末端有尾须一对。<ref>{{Cite web|title=《消毒杀虫灭鼠手册》编写组.消毒杀虫灭鼠手册.北京:人民卫生出版社,1980.3:342|url=|language=中文}}</ref>
本科物種體形細小,身長一般在1–4&nbsp;mm之間,褐色或黑色,有复眼、单眼各一对,触角丝状,长而有毛,分为13~15节。下颚须有5节,喙短,雌虫为刺吸式。胸分三节,中胸背板最发达,前部两侧各有一肩坑。翅短而宽,翅端钝圆,接近前缘的二条翅脉甚粗大。翅上有细毛及粗毛,有的翅膀上有暗斑与白斑。翅在静止时重叠覆盖于腹部之上。足三对,较发达,腹部有10节,雌虫末端有尾须一对。<ref>{{Cite web|title=《消毒杀虫灭鼠手册》编写组.消毒杀虫灭鼠手册.北京:人民卫生出版社,1980.3:342|url=|language=中文}}</ref>
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头部近球形,复眼发达,触角丝状,吸血种类口器发达,但比蚊虫的口器短。胸部背面略隆起,前翅大,库蠓属前翅多淡色或有暗斑,后翅成平衡棒,腹部10节。雌蠓有受精囊和一对卵巢。仅雌蠓吸血。雄蠓尾端的外生殖器的构造因种类而异。蛹为裸蛹,分头、胸、腹3部,体前方背面有一对呼吸管。幼虫呈蠕虫状,上颚和咽发达,在水中作螺旋运动,行体壁呼吸。卵呈长纺锤形,长为宽的4倍以上。<ref>{{Cite web|title=《消毒杀虫灭鼠手册》编写组.消毒杀虫灭鼠手册.北京:人民卫生出版社,1980.3:342|url=}}</ref>
头部近球形,复眼发达,触角丝状,吸血种类口器发达,但比蚊虫的口器短。胸部背面略隆起,前翅大,库蠓属前翅多淡色或有暗斑,后翅成平衡棒,腹部10节。雌蠓有受精囊和一对卵巢。仅雌蠓吸血。雄蠓尾端的外生殖器的构造因种类而异。蛹为裸蛹,分头、胸、腹3部,体前方背面有一对呼吸管。幼虫呈蠕虫状,上颚和咽发达,在水中作螺旋运动,行体壁呼吸。卵呈长纺锤形,长为宽的4倍以上。<ref>{{Cite web|title=《消毒杀虫灭鼠手册》编写组.消毒杀虫灭鼠手册.北京:人民卫生出版社,1980.3:342|url=}}</ref>


蠓为[[完全变态]]昆虫,这意味着它们的发育包括四个生命阶段:[[卵]]、[[幼虫]]、[[蛹]]和[[成虫]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beckenbach|first1=Andrew T.|last2=Borkent|first2=Art|date=2003-04-01|title=Molecular analysis of the biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 2|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003950|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=21–35|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00395-0|pmid=12679068|issn=1055-7903}}</ref>在温暖气候中,常见的物种需要大约两到六周才能完成一个生命周期。成年雄性和雌性都以花蜜为食。大多数雌性还以脊椎动物(包括人类)的血液为食,以获取产卵所需的蛋白质。它们的叮咬很痛,并且会引起强烈的瘙痒损伤。<ref name="ufl">{{cite web|url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/biting_midges.htm|title=common name: biting midges, no-see-ums, scientific name: Culicoides spp. (Insecta: Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)|website=Featured Creatures|publisher=University of Florida|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> 它们的口器非常发达,可以切割宿主的皮肤。有些物种捕食其他昆虫。
蠓为[[完全变态]]昆虫,这意味着它们的发育包括四个生命阶段:[[卵]]、[[幼虫]]、[[蛹]]和[[成虫]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beckenbach|first1=Andrew T.|last2=Borkent|first2=Art|date=2003-04-01|title=Molecular analysis of the biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 2|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003950|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=21–35|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00395-0|pmid=12679068|issn=1055-7903}}</ref>在温暖气候中,常见的物种需要大约两到六周才能完成一个生命周期。成年雄性和雌性都以花蜜为食。大多数雌性还以脊椎动物(包括人类)的血液为食,以获取产卵所需的蛋白质。它们的叮咬很痛,并且会引起强烈的瘙痒损伤。<ref name="ufl">{{cite web|url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/biting_midges.htm|title=common name: biting midges, no-see-ums, scientific name: Culicoides spp. (Insecta: Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)|website=Featured Creatures|publisher=University of Florida|access-date=20 September 2018|archive-date=2016-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228015541/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/biting_midges.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> 它们的口器非常发达,可以切割宿主的皮肤。有些物种捕食其他昆虫。


== 分类 ==
== 分类 ==
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蠓科物種大致可以分類為四個亞科<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gongjushu.oversea.cnki.net/fanti/R200810472.html |title=中国蠓科昆虫名录及其检索表 |publisher=[[军医医学科学出版社]] |accessdate=2016-05-08 |editor=[[虞以新]] |date=005-09 |language=zh-hans |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603061638/http://gongjushu.oversea.cnki.net/fanti/R200810472.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>:
蠓科物種大致可以分類為四個亞科<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gongjushu.oversea.cnki.net/fanti/R200810472.html |title=中国蠓科昆虫名录及其检索表 |publisher=[[军医医学科学出版社]] |accessdate=2016-05-08 |editor=[[虞以新]] |date=005-09 |language=zh-hans |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603061638/http://gongjushu.oversea.cnki.net/fanti/R200810472.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>:


*[[蠓亞科]]({{snamei|Ceratopogoninae}} <small>Kieffer, 1906</small>)——细长的幼虫,没有前腿或钩子。这个亚科的大多数幼虫都是捕食性的,成虫一般会吸食脊椎动物的血液或攻击其他昆虫,大多数雌性以大小相似的昆虫为食。<ref name = "flies">{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Stephen |title=Flies: The Natural History and Diversity of Diptera |date=2012 |publisher=Firefly Books Ltd. |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |isbn=9781770851009 |page=85}}</ref>
*[[蠓亞科]]({{snamei|Ceratopogoninae}} <small>Kieffer, 1906</small>)——细长的幼虫,没有前腿或钩子。这个亚科的大多数幼虫都是捕食性的,成虫一般会吸食脊椎动物的血液或攻击其他昆虫,大多数雌性以大小相似的昆虫为食。<ref name = "flies">{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Stephen |title=Flies: The Natural History and Diversity of Diptera |url=https://archive.org/details/fliesnaturalhist0000mars |date=2012 |publisher=Firefly Books Ltd. |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |isbn=9781770851009 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fliesnaturalhist0000mars/page/85 85]}}</ref>
** [[库蠓属]]({{snamei|Culicoides}} <small>Latreille, 1809</small>)
** [[库蠓属]]({{snamei|Culicoides}} <small>Latreille, 1809</small>)
*[[毛蠓亞科]]({{snamei|Dasyheleinae}} <small>Kieffer, 1911</small>)——幼虫的特征是肛门节段具有可伸缩的后肢。幼虫是水生的,成虫不以脊椎动物的血液为食,也不捕食其他昆虫。它们只吃花蜜,这是角蠹科的一种不寻常的摄食行为。
*[[毛蠓亞科]]({{snamei|Dasyheleinae}} <small>Kieffer, 1911</small>)——幼虫的特征是肛门节段具有可伸缩的后肢。幼虫是水生的,成虫不以脊椎动物的血液为食,也不捕食其他昆虫。它们只吃花蜜,这是角蠹科的一种不寻常的摄食行为。
*[[鋏蠓亞科]]({{snamei|Forcipomyiinae}} <small>(Lenz, 1934) Enderlein, 1936</small>)——幼虫身上有前肢和后肢,幼虫是陆生和水生的,主要以藻类和真菌为食。一些物种是热带作物如可可豆的重要传粉者。
*[[鋏蠓亞科]]({{snamei|Forcipomyiinae}} <small>(Lenz, 1934) Enderlein, 1936</small>)——幼虫身上有前肢和后肢,幼虫是陆生和水生的,主要以藻类和真菌为食。一些物种是热带作物如可可豆的重要传粉者。
** [[铗蠓属]]({{snamei|Forcipomyia}} <small>Meigen, 1818</small>
** [[铗蠓属]]({{snamei|Forcipomyia}} <small>Meigen, 1818</small>
*[[細蠓亞科]]({{snamei|Leptoconopinae}} <small>Enderlein, 1936</small>)——幼虫通过它们独特的头部巩膜和口器来识别。<ref name="Novitates">{{cite journal|last1=Borkent|first1=Art|last2=Craig|first2=Douglas A|title=''Austroconops'' Wirth and Lee, a Lower Cretaceous genus of biting midges yet living in Western Australia: a new species, first description of the immatures and discussion of their biology and phylogeny (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)|journal=American Museum Novitates|date=23 August 2004|issue=3449|pages=1–2|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2004)449<0001:AWALAL>2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/2814|url=https://zenodo.org/record/4712435}}</ref>
*[[細蠓亞科]]({{snamei|Leptoconopinae}} <small>Enderlein, 1936</small>)——幼虫通过它们独特的头部巩膜和口器来识别。<ref name="Novitates">{{cite journal|last1=Borkent|first1=Art|last2=Craig|first2=Douglas A|title=''Austroconops'' Wirth and Lee, a Lower Cretaceous genus of biting midges yet living in Western Australia: a new species, first description of the immatures and discussion of their biology and phylogeny (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)|journal=American Museum Novitates|date=23 August 2004|issue=3449|pages=1–2|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2004)449<0001:AWALAL>2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/2814|url=https://zenodo.org/record/4712435|access-date=2022-08-03|archive-date=2022-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803065438/https://zenodo.org/record/4712435|dead-url=no}}</ref>
** {{link-en|澳蠓属|Austroconops}}({{snamei|Austroconops}} <small>Wirth and Lee, 1958</small>)
** {{link-en|澳蠓属|Austroconops}}({{snamei|Austroconops}} <small>Wirth and Lee, 1958</small>)
** {{link-en|细蠓属|Leptoconops}}({{snamei|Leptoconops}} <small>Skuse, 1889</small>)
** {{link-en|细蠓属|Leptoconops}}({{snamei|Leptoconops}} <small>Skuse, 1889</small>)

=== 属 ===
本科包括以下属:<ref>{{cite web |title=Ceratopogonidae |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/3340/treatments |website=GBIF |accessdate=2023-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314045331/https://www.gbif.org/species/3340/treatments |dead-url=no }}</ref>
{{common taxon list|italic=yes
||Acanthohelea |Kieffer, 1917
||Adelohelea |Borkent, 1995
||Afrohelea |Wirth, 1965
||Afrostilobezzia |Szadziewski & Dominiak, 2015
||Agilihelea |Yu, 2005
||Alautunmyia |Borkent, 1996
||Allohelea |Kieffer, 1917
||Alloimyia |Yu, 2005
||Alluaudomyia |Kieffer, 1913
||Amerohelea |Grogan & Wirth, 1981
||Anebomyia |Borkent, 2014
||Ankylohelea de |Meillon & Wirth, 1987
||Archiaustroconops |Szadziewski, 1996
||Archiculicoides |Szadziewski, 1996
||Atrichopogon |Kieffer, 1906
||Atriculicoides |Remm, 1976
||Atyphohelea |Borkent, 1998
||Austroconops |Wirth & Lee, 1958
||Austrohelea |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Austrosphaeromias |Spinelli, 1997
||Avaritia |Fox, 1955
||Baeodasymyia |Clastrier & Raccurt, 1979
||Baeohelea |Wirth & Blanton, 1970
||Bahiahelea |Wirth, 1992
||Bezzia |Kieffer, 1899
||Boreohelea |
||Borkenthelea |Spinelli & Grogan, 1993
||Bothahelea |Grogan & Wirth, 1983
||Bothamia |Meiswinkel, 1987
||Brachycretacea |Szadziewski, 1996
||Brachypogon |
||Burmahelea |Szadziewski & Sontag, 2019
||Cacaohelea |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Calcarhelea |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Calyptopogon |Kieffer, 1910
||Camptopterohelea |Wirth & Hubert, 1960
||Capehelea de |Meillon & Wirth, 1987
||Ceratoculicoides |Wirth & Ratanaworabhan, 1971
||Ceratohelea |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Ceratopalpomyia |Szadziewski, 1988
||Ceratopogon |Meigen, 1803
||Chairopogon |Yu, 2005
||Changania |
||Chelohelea |Giles & Wirth, 1985
||Clastrieromyia |Spinelli & Grogan, 1985
||Clinohelea |Kieffer, 1917
||Congohelea |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Cotocripus |Brethes, 1912
||Crispomyia |Debenham, 1974
||Culicoides |
|毛蠓屬 |Dasyhelea |Kieffer, 1911
||Devalquia |
||Diaphanobezzia |Ingram & Macfie, 1931
||Dibezzia |Kieffer, 1911
||Diplosella |Kieffer, 1921
||Downeshelea |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Echinohelea |Macfie, 1940
||Eohelea |Petrunkevitch, 1957
||Euprojoannisia |Brèthes, 1914
||Fanthamia |De Meillon, 1939
||Fittkauhelea |Wirth & Blanton, 1970
|鋏蠓屬 |Forcipomyia |Meigen, 1818
||Fossihelea |Szadziewski, 1988
||Fossileptoconops |Szadziewski, 1996
||Gedanohelea |Szadziewski, 1988
||Gerontodactus |Borkent, 2019
||Gerontodacus |Borkent, 2019
||Groganhelea |Spinelli & Dippolito, 1995
||Guihelea |Yu & Qian, 2005
||Haematomyidium |Goeldi
||Hebetula |Wirth & Debenham, 1977
||Heleageron |Borkent, 1995
||Heteroceratopogon |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Heterohelea |Clastrier, 1985
||Heteromyia |Say, 1825
||Homohelea |Kieffer, 1917
||Hypsimyia |Yu, 2005
||Indobezzia |Dasgupta & Saha, 1995
||Isthmohelea |Ingram & MacFie, 1931
||Jenkinshelea |Macfie, 1934
||Johannsenomyia |Malloch, 1915
||Jordanoconops |Szadziewski, 2000
||Kolenohelea de |Meillon & Wirth, 1981
||Lanatomyia |Debenham, 1974
||Lanehelea |Wirth & Blanton, 1972
||Lasiohelea |Kieffer, 1921
||Lebanoculicoides |Szadziewski, 1996
||Leehelea |Debenham, 1974
||Leptoconops |
||Leptohelea |Wirth & Blanton, 1970
||Luciamyia |De Meillon, 1937
||Mackerrasomyia |Debenham, 1970
||Macropeza |Meigen, 1818
||Macrurohelea |Ingram & MacFie, 1931
||Mallochohelea |Wirth, 1962
||Mantohelea |Szadziewski, 1988
||Metacanthohelea |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Metahelea |Edwards, 1929
||Meunierohelea |Szadziewski, 1988
||Minyohelea |Borkent, 1995
||Monogedania |Szadziewski, Grogan, Sontag & Bojarski, 2022
||Monohelea |Kieffer, 1917
||Nannohelea |Grogan & Wirth, 1980
||Nelohelea |Szadziewski & Sontag, 2019
||Neobezzia |Wirth & Ratanaworabhan, 1972
||Neoculicoides |Pierce, 1966
||Neohelea |Clastrier, 1988
||Neosphaeromias |Das Gupta & Wirth, 1970
||Neurobezzia |Wirth & Ratanaworabhan, 1973
||Neurohelea |Kieffer, 1925
||Nilobezzia |Kieffer, 1921
||Niphanohelea |Grogan & Wirth, 1981
||Notiohelea |Grogan & Wirth, 1979
||Notoceratopogon de |Meillon & Downes, 1986
||Oculudentavis |Xing, O'Connor, Schmitz, Chiappe, McKellar, Yi & Li, 2020
||Oecacta |Poey
||Oxyria |Yu, 2005
||Pachyhelea |Wirth, 1959
||Palaeobrachypogon |Borkent, 1995
|须蠓属 |Palpomyia |Meigen, 1818
||Parabezzia |Malloch, 1915
||Paraculicoides |Pierce, 1966
||Paradasyhelea |Macfie, 1940
||Paralluaudomyia |Clastrier, 1960
||Parastilobezzia |Wirth & Blanton, 1970
||Paryphoconus |Enderlein, 1912
||Pellucidomyia |Macfie, 1939
||Peronehelea |Borkent, 1995
||Phaenobezzia |Haeselbarth, 1965
||Physohelea |Grogan & Wirth, 1979
||Probezzia |Kieffer, 1906
||Prokempia |
||Protoculicoides |Boesel, 1937
||Pseudostilobezzia |Wirth & Ratanaworabhan, 1973
||Rhynchohelea |Wirth & Blanton, 1970
||Schizohelea |Kieffer, 1917
||Schizonxyhelea |
||Schizonyxhelea |Clastrier, 1984
||Serromyia |Meigen, 1818
||Sinhalohelea |Grogan & Borkent, 1992
||Sinicohelea |Yu, Wang & Tan, 2012
||Sphaerohelea |Spinelli & Felippe-Bauer, 1990
||Sphaeromias |Curtis, 1829
||Sphaeromias |Stephens, 1829
||Spinellihelea |Borkent, Grogan & Picado, 2008
||Stenoxenus |Coquillett, 1899
||Stilobezzia |
||Stiloculicoides |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Tetrabezzia |Kieffer, 1917
||Thyridomyia |Saunders, 1925
||Trishelea |
||Wannohelea |Yu, 2005
||Washingtonhelea |Wirth & Grogan, 1988
||Wirthohelea |Szadziewski, 1988
||Wirthomyia |Vargas, 1973
||Xenohelea |Kieffer, 1917
||Yungahelea |Spinelli & Ronderos, 2018
}}


== 生活习性 ==
== 生活习性 ==
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=== 繁殖方式 ===
=== 繁殖方式 ===
蠓主要孳生在潮湿、松软、富有腐殖质的土壤内及水塘、树洞、沼泽和住区附近的粪坑、污水沟等处。
蠓主要孳生在潮湿、松软、富有腐殖质的土壤内及水塘、树洞、沼泽和住区附近的粪坑、污水沟等处。

== 危害与防治 ==

=== 危害 ===
蠓虫叮咬处可发生两种损害:

1.速发型风团中央有蠓虫叮咬的点状小伤口,被叮后迅即有痒感,半小时内风团及瘙痒达高峰,24小时内消退,不留痕迹

2.迟发型风团叮咬后12~24小时后发生水肿性红斑,以后变为风团,中央有绿豆大的淤点或丘疹,少数发生水疱,4~5d后甚至月余后才能消退,遗留色素沉着斑。受大量蠓虫叮咬或具有特异质者,可发生[[血管性水肿]]、全身性风团,甚至大片淤斑。常因搔抓等刺激引起糜烂、渗液或继发感染,有因此诱发[[湿疹]]者。个别患者皮疹呈结节性痒疹样损害。<ref>{{Cite web|title=顾伟程等编著.精编皮肤病学:陕西科学技术出版社,2007.09:第299页|url=|language=中文}}</ref>

=== 易被叮咬部位 ===
被叮咬的情况多发生在暴露部位,尤以两小腿、足踝、足背及前臂多见,在野外坐卧者可发于颜面及耳部。

=== 预防措施 ===
1.改善环境卫生:经常清除湿地、厩舍等处的腐烂物质,铲除池塘、水坑边上的杂草,以消灭或减少滋生地。

2.对住区周围100~200m内的滋生场所如树林湿地、池塘及水沟边等处可重点用0.5%γ-666溶液喷洒,60~100m/m2,1次/月。

3.个人防护:避蚊剂对蠓有驱避作用;在暴露部分涂搽1次,驱避效果可维持4小时。<ref>{{Cite web|title=顾伟程等编著.精编皮肤病学:陕西科学技术出版社,2007.09:第299页|url=}}</ref>


== 病毒传播 ==
== 病毒传播 ==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070325083933/http://res2.agr.gc.ca/ecorc/diptera/bf12-dp12_e.htm Ceratopogonidae] – AAFC, Government of Canada
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070325083933/http://res2.agr.gc.ca/ecorc/diptera/bf12-dp12_e.htm Ceratopogonidae] – AAFC, Government of Canada
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927125841/http://www.inbio.ac.cr/papers/Ceratopogonidae/howand.htm The Ceratopogonidae] – Inbio Site, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927125841/http://www.inbio.ac.cr/papers/Ceratopogonidae/howand.htm The Ceratopogonidae] – Inbio Site, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
*[https://archive.is/20121214221958/http://campus.belmont.edu/cienews/cie.html Ceratopogonid Web Page] – Belmont University
*[https://archive.today/20121214221958/http://campus.belmont.edu/cienews/cie.html Ceratopogonid Web Page] – Belmont University
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/biting_midges.htm Biting midges] {{Wayback|url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/biting_midges.htm |date=20161228015541 }} on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/biting_midges.htm Biting midges] {{Wayback|url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/biting_midges.htm |date=20161228015541 }} on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site
*[http://www.spainbuddy.com/flying-teeth/ Flying Teeth] {{Wayback|url=http://www.spainbuddy.com/flying-teeth/ |date=20180212220241 }} Spain Buddy Website
*[http://www.spainbuddy.com/flying-teeth/ Flying Teeth] {{Wayback|url=http://www.spainbuddy.com/flying-teeth/ |date=20180212220241 }} Spain Buddy Website
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[[Category:1900年描述的动物|M]]
[[Category:1900年描述的动物|M]]
[[Category:蠓科| ]]
[[Category:蠓科| ]]
[[Category:节肢动物门]]
[[Category:双翅目]]

2024年12月8日 (日) 01:31的最新版本

蠓科
Culicoides sonorensis,一隻雌性的蠓
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
目: 雙翅目 Diptera
亚目: 長角亞目 Nematocera
下目: 蚊下目 Culicomorpha
总科: 摇蚊总科 Chironomoidea
科: 蠓科 Ceratopogonidae
Grassi, 1900
亞科

見內文

異名
  • Ceratopogon crassipalpis Meunier, 1912
  • Ceratopogon madagascariensis Meunier, 1912
  • Ceratopogon tenuipes Meunier, 1912
  • Ceratopogon viscatus Meunier, 1912
  • Heleidae
  • Simulia pasithea von Heyden, 1870
  • Simulium terribilis Förster, 1891
  • Sinopogonites eocenicus Hong, 2002

měng(學名:Ceratopogonidae[1],俗称小咬咬蠓(英語:Biting Midge),又名糠蚊沙蚊(主要在澳大利亞北領地使用[2]),英语中还把它们叫做“no-see-ums”(意思是“看不到它们”),是昆虫纲双翅目长角亚目蚊下目之下的一個科,1917年由 Malloch 赋予的级别,[3]是昆虫纲中物种极为丰富的昆虫种类。與同屬搖蚊總科(Chironomoidea)的山蚋科(Thaumaleidae)、蚋科(Simulidae)及搖蚊科(Chironomidae)等物種關係密切。

蠓科幾乎所有物種的雌蟲均會以某種動物為宿主來吸血,其中的一些物种被认为是捕食其他小昆虫的,特别是蚊子幼虫已经调查确认是 Bezzia英语Bezzia 的通常的猎物。例如,已经对 Bezzia nobilis 进行了实验,表明它们依赖蚊子幼虫作为一种猎物来源。[4][5]它们也可以是无脊椎动物的吸血寄生虫,这取决于吸血攻击是否致命。[6]

与其它吸血飞虫一样,这些叮咬的蠓,如库蠓,不仅可以通过叮咬对人畜等产生直接骚扰性危害,还可以通过吸血活动传播多种病原体,传播的疾病包括寄生线虫曼氏菌病英语Mansonelliasis蓝舌病非洲马病英语African_horse_sickness流行性出血病英语Epizootic_hemorrhagic_disease虫媒病毒英语Arbovirus[7]和非病毒性动物病原体。[8]。因此,蠓虫是与人畜疾病关系密切的重要的媒介昆虫。[9]

Atrichopogon sp. on Oedemera virescens

蠓的幼虫需要水分才能发育,还需要空气和食物。它们不是严格意义上的水生或陆生动物。[10]他們在世界各地幾乎任何水棲或半水棲及山區都找到牠們的棲息地。蠓科物種的若蟲總可在一些潮濕的地方發現的,例如:在樹皮底下、在腐爛的木頭裡、堆肥裡、泥裡、小溪旁、樹洞內或保水植物內(例如:phytotelmata)。

庫蠓屬Culicoides)、鋏蠓屬Forcipomyia)及細蠓屬Leptoconops)主要吸有脊椎動物的血。有些Atrichopogon及鋏蠓屬物種是其他較大型的昆蟲的外寄生蟲ectoparasite)。 毛蠓屬Dasyhelea)幾乎只吃花蜜。其他屬的物種則捕食較小型的昆蟲。

Ceratopogonid male
Leptoconops
Biting midge or "punky" on a flower
While this Sphodromantis eats a bee, a ceratopogonid midge, sitting on the joint between the femur and tibia of the right-hand foreleg, fills its abdomen with the green mantis blood.

外貌

[编辑]

本科物種體形細小,身長一般在1–4 mm之間,褐色或黑色,有复眼、单眼各一对,触角丝状,长而有毛,分为13~15节。下颚须有5节,喙短,雌虫为刺吸式。胸分三节,中胸背板最发达,前部两侧各有一肩坑。翅短而宽,翅端钝圆,接近前缘的二条翅脉甚粗大。翅上有细毛及粗毛,有的翅膀上有暗斑与白斑。翅在静止时重叠覆盖于腹部之上。足三对,较发达,腹部有10节,雌虫末端有尾须一对。[11]

头部近球形,复眼发达,触角丝状,吸血种类口器发达,但比蚊虫的口器短。胸部背面略隆起,前翅大,库蠓属前翅多淡色或有暗斑,后翅成平衡棒,腹部10节。雌蠓有受精囊和一对卵巢。仅雌蠓吸血。雄蠓尾端的外生殖器的构造因种类而异。蛹为裸蛹,分头、胸、腹3部,体前方背面有一对呼吸管。幼虫呈蠕虫状,上颚和咽发达,在水中作螺旋运动,行体壁呼吸。卵呈长纺锤形,长为宽的4倍以上。[12]

蠓为完全变态昆虫,这意味着它们的发育包括四个生命阶段:幼虫成虫[13]在温暖气候中,常见的物种需要大约两到六周才能完成一个生命周期。成年雄性和雌性都以花蜜为食。大多数雌性还以脊椎动物(包括人类)的血液为食,以获取产卵所需的蛋白质。它们的叮咬很痛,并且会引起强烈的瘙痒损伤。[10] 它们的口器非常发达,可以切割宿主的皮肤。有些物种捕食其他昆虫。

分类

[编辑]

常见种类

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全球已知蠓类5360种,其中库蠓1224~1530种、细蠓133种、铗蠓属蠛蠓亚属124种、澳蠓1种。吸血蠓虫(blood-suckingmidges)是蠓科昆虫中能叮刺人和畜等动物蠓虫的总称。吸血蠓虫是重要的医学昆虫。全世界已知吸血蠓虫为4属1503种,包括库蠓属(Culicoides)、蠛蠓属(Lasiohelea)、细蠓属(Leptoconops)和澳蠓属(Austroconops)。现知库蠓有1247种,占世界已知蠓科昆虫种类的23.3%,占已知4个吸血蠓属的83%。[14]

常见物种

[编辑]

亚科

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蠓科物種大致可以分類為四個亞科[15]

  • 蠓亞科Ceratopogoninae Kieffer, 1906)——细长的幼虫,没有前腿或钩子。这个亚科的大多数幼虫都是捕食性的,成虫一般会吸食脊椎动物的血液或攻击其他昆虫,大多数雌性以大小相似的昆虫为食。[6]
  • 毛蠓亞科Dasyheleinae Kieffer, 1911)——幼虫的特征是肛门节段具有可伸缩的后肢。幼虫是水生的,成虫不以脊椎动物的血液为食,也不捕食其他昆虫。它们只吃花蜜,这是角蠹科的一种不寻常的摄食行为。
  • 鋏蠓亞科Forcipomyiinae (Lenz, 1934) Enderlein, 1936)——幼虫身上有前肢和后肢,幼虫是陆生和水生的,主要以藻类和真菌为食。一些物种是热带作物如可可豆的重要传粉者。
  • 細蠓亞科Leptoconopinae Enderlein, 1936)——幼虫通过它们独特的头部巩膜和口器来识别。[16]

[编辑]

本科包括以下属:[17]

生活习性

[编辑]

蠓虫为刺吸式口器,雄蠓吸食植物汁液,雌蠓具有吸血习性。因此雌蠓可作为传播疾病的重要媒介。一般蠓虫的吸血活动是在白天、黎明或黄昏进行。成虫多栖息于树丛、竹林、杂草、洞穴等避风、避光处。当温度、光照适合且无风时,成虫即成群飞出,蠓虫的飞行能力不强,一般不超过0.5km,因此蠓虫的活动范围一般在栖息地周围的300m内,吸血蠓类交配时常有群舞现象,交配后吸血,约3~4d后卵巢发育成熟而产卵。通常雌蠓一生产卵2~3次,一次产卵量约50~150粒,蠓生活史所需的时间与温度关系密切,在夏季约需一个月,通常一年可繁殖2~4代,视种类与地区不同而异,雄蠓交配后1~2d便死亡,雌蠓的寿命约一个月,一般以幼虫或卵越冬。[9]

出现季节

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中国北方通常出现在5~8月;南方出现在4~10月。

繁殖方式

[编辑]

蠓主要孳生在潮湿、松软、富有腐殖质的土壤内及水塘、树洞、沼泽和住区附近的粪坑、污水沟等处。

病毒传播

[编辑]

吸血蠓虫可以通过吸血传播多种虫媒病毒,目前已知的从吸血蠓虫分离鉴定的病毒有5科7属,包括弹状病毒科、水泡性病毒属及暂时热病毒属、呼肠孤病毒科、环状病毒属、布尼亚病毒科正布尼亚病毒属及内罗毕病毒属、披膜病毒科甲病毒属、黄病毒科黄病毒属[9]

吸血蠓作为传播媒介可以在人和(或)动物之间传播多种病毒性疾病,蓝舌病是蠓虫传播的最重要的动物性疾病,以库蠓为主要传播媒介,主要侵害绵羊,该病的发生具有明显的地区性和季节性,以绵羊感染后临床症状最明显,表现为发热、面部水肿、颊粘膜和胃肠道粘膜严重的卡他性炎症为特征,严重病例舌头呈蓝紫色、发绀并出现溃疡和糜烂症状。孕羊患病可经胎盘传播给胎儿,引起母畜的流产、死胎或先天性异常的发生。目前在我国已经从库蠓中分离到蓝舌病毒,但尚未发现动物间有蓝舌病的流行。[9]

弹状病毒科中的新泽西水泡性口炎病毒所引起的水泡性口炎,又名鼻疮、口疮、伪口疮、“烂舌症”、“牛及马的口腔溃疡”等,是一种可引起马、牛、猪和鹿等多种动物发病的一种病毒性传染病,大量流涎是家畜感染最重要的症状,其特征表现为口腔黏膜、蹄冠状带及乳头皮肤出现水泡、糜烂及溃疡,临床症状与口蹄疫相似。人可因接触病畜而偶发感染,但常不显症状或仅轻微发烧或寒战,有的患者表现头疼、恶心、呕吐等。约有1/4的病人在口部、舌或鼻部出现疱疹样水疱病变,持续2~7天后完全恢复。VS最早于1926年和1927年在美国被报道,VS可以使马和牛的生产能力下降而造成严重的经济损失,并对国际贸易产生严重影响。[9]

此外,布尼亚病毒科的赤羽病毒所造成的赤羽病是引起牛、羊繁殖障碍的一种重要病毒性疫病,是我国从国外进口牛、羊必须检测的七种疫病之一,其临床特征表现为流产、早产、死胎、胎儿畸形、木乃伊胎、新生胎儿发生关节弯曲积水性无脑综合症等,该病最早在意大利暴发,随后在日本美国韩国台湾沙特阿拉伯等地区分离到该病毒,对养牛业和养羊业危害严重,是较为严重的一种疫病,布尼亚病毒科奥柔普西病毒也可引起蠓媒性人兽共患病等。总之,蠓媒性疾病给畜牧业造成了巨大的疾病负担,并带来了巨大的经济损失。[9]

參考文獻

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  • Blanton, F.S. and W.W. Wirth. 1979. The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
  • Borkent, A. and W.W. Wirth. 1997. World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 233: 1–257.
  • Clastrier, J. and W.W. Wirth. 1978. The Leptoconops kerteszi complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1573.
  • Downes, J.A. and W.W. Wirth. 1981. Chapter 28: Ceratopogonidae. Pp. 393–421. In: McAlpine, J.F., B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, and D.M. Wood. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27.
  • Hendry, George. Midges in Scotland 4th Edition, Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 2003 ISBN 1-84183-062-3
  • Mullen, G.R. and L.J. Hribar. 1988. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 13: 60–81.
  • Wirth, W.W. and F.S. Blanton. 1974. The West Indian sandflies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1474.
  • Wirth, W.W. and W.L. Grogan, Jr. 1988. The Predaceous Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae; Tribe Ceratopogonini). Flora and Fauna Handbook Number 4. E.J. Brill Publishers, Leiden. xv + 160 pp.
  • Wirth, W.W., N.C. Ratanaworabhan, and D.H. Messersmith. 1977. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 1. Introduction and key to genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90(3): 615–647.
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  11. ^ 《消毒杀虫灭鼠手册》编写组.消毒杀虫灭鼠手册.北京:人民卫生出版社,1980.3:342 (中文). 
  12. ^ 《消毒杀虫灭鼠手册》编写组.消毒杀虫灭鼠手册.北京:人民卫生出版社,1980.3:342. 
  13. ^ Beckenbach, Andrew T.; Borkent, Art. Molecular analysis of the biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 2. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2003-04-01, 27 (1): 21–35. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 12679068. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00395-0 (英语). 
  14. ^ 蠓虫及其传播的虫媒病毒 - 中国知网. cnki.cn-ki.net. [2021-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-23). 
  15. ^ 虞以新 (编). 中国蠓科昆虫名录及其检索表. 军医医学科学出版社. 005-09 [2016-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-03) (中文(简体)). 
  16. ^ Borkent, Art; Craig, Douglas A. Austroconops Wirth and Lee, a Lower Cretaceous genus of biting midges yet living in Western Australia: a new species, first description of the immatures and discussion of their biology and phylogeny (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). American Museum Novitates. 23 August 2004, (3449): 1–2 [2022-08-03]. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)449<0001:AWALAL>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2814. (原始内容存档于2022-08-03). 
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延伸阅读

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维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·禽蟲典·蠓部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成

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