跳转到内容

箭石类：修订间差异

维基百科，自由的百科全书
以互动方式浏览历史
←上一版本
删除的内容 添加的内容
可视化wikitext
无编辑摘要
标签：Wikiplus
 
（未显示12个用户的29个中间版本）
第1行： 第1行：
⚫
{{Automatic Taxobox
{{Translating|英語維基百科||time=2018-08-15T02:39:08+00:00}}
| taxon = Belemnoidea
⚫
{{Taxobox
⚫
| authority = Zittel, 1895
| name = 箭石下綱<br />Belemnoidea
| name = 箭石下綱<br />Belemnoidea
| status = 化石
| status = 化石
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|[[泥盆紀]]|[[白堊紀]]}}
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|earliest=410|339|66}}[[石炭纪]]–[[白垩纪]]
| image = Phragmoteuthis conocauda.JPG
| image = Phragmoteuthis conocauda.JPG
| image_caption = 保存完好的''[[Phragmoteuthis|Phragmoteuthis conocauda]]''化石，顯現出完整的[[外套膜]]輪廓及觸腕
| image_caption = 保存完好的[[閉箭石]]（''Phragmoteuthis conocauda''）化石，顯現出完整的[[外套膜]]輪廓及觸腕
| regnum = [[動物界]] Animalia
| phylum = [[軟體動物門]] Mollusca
| classis = [[頭足綱]] Cephalopoda
| subclassis = [[蛸亞綱]] Coleoidea
| infraclassis = '''箭石下綱 Belemnoidea'''
⚫
| ordo_authority = Zittel, 1895
| subdivision_ranks = [[目 (生物)|目]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[目 (生物)|目]]
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
*[[溝箭石目]] Aulacocerida
*†[[血箭石目]] Hematitida
*[[閉箭石目]] Phragmoteuthida
*†[[多诺万箭石目]] Donovaniconida
*[[箭石目]] Belemnitida
*†[[閉箭石目]] Phragmoteuthida
⚫
*†[[溝箭石目]] Aulacocerida
*Diplobelida
*†[[箭石目]] Belemnitida
*†[[双箭石目]] Diplobelida
}}
}}
[[Image:BelemniteDB2.jpg|thumb|right|藝術家筆下的箭石復原圖]]
[[Image:BelemniteDB2.jpg|thumb|right|藝術家筆下的箭石復原圖]]
'''箭石類'''動物（[[學名]]：{{lang|la|'''Belemnoidea'''}}），舊作'''箭石下綱'''，是一種已經滅絕[[頭足綱]]生物的分支，生活在[[泥盆紀]]至[[白堊紀]]之間。箭石在許多方面都與現代的[[魷魚]]相當接近<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Middle Eocene Belosaepia ungula (Cephalopoda: Coleoida) from Texas: structure, ontogeny and function|journal=Journal of Paleontology|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/middle-eocene-belosaepia-ungula-cephalopoda-coleoida-from-texas-structure-ontogeny-and-function/EC5F6450ED5FC7FA43696F93937FA3B4|date=2010/03|volume=84|issue=2|doi=10.1666/09-018r.1|pages=267–287|issn=0022-3360|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-02|author=Thomas E. Yancey, Christopher L. Garvie, Mary Wicksten}}</ref>，而且與現代的[[烏賊]]關係密切。箭石也擁有[[墨囊]]<ref>Lehmann, U. 1981. ''The Ammonites: Their life and their world''. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref>，不過牠們有10條大約相同長度的[[觸腕]]，其中並沒有特別長的觸腕<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x|pages=983–998|title=The Jurassic Belemnite Suborder Belemnotheutina|journal=Palaeontology|volume=47|issue=4|date=2004-07-01|issn=1475-4983|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-02|doi=10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x|author=Peter Doyle, Emma V. Shakides}}</ref>。
'''箭石類'''動物（[[學名]]：{{lang|la|'''Belemnoidea'''}}），舊作'''箭石下綱'''，是一類已滅絕的海生[[頭足綱]]動物，生活在[[泥盆紀]]至[[白堊紀]]之間。箭石在許多方面都與現代的[[魷魚]]相當接近<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Middle Eocene Belosaepia ungula (Cephalopoda: Coleoida) from Texas: structure, ontogeny and function|journal=Journal of Paleontology|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/middle-eocene-belosaepia-ungula-cephalopoda-coleoida-from-texas-structure-ontogeny-and-function/EC5F6450ED5FC7FA43696F93937FA3B4|date=2010/03|volume=84|issue=2|doi=10.1666/09-018r.1|pages=267–287|issn=0022-3360|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-02|author=Thomas E. Yancey, Christopher L. Garvie, Mary Wicksten|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210607/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/middle-eocene-belosaepia-ungula-cephalopoda-coleoida-from-texas-structure-ontogeny-and-function/EC5F6450ED5FC7FA43696F93937FA3B4|dead-url=no}}</ref>，而且與現代的[[烏賊]]關係密切。箭石也擁有[[墨囊]]<ref>Lehmann, U. 1981. ''The Ammonites: Their life and their world''. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref>，不過牠們有10條大約相同長度的[[觸腕]]，其中並沒有特別長的觸腕<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x|pages=983–998|title=The Jurassic Belemnite Suborder Belemnotheutina|journal=Palaeontology|volume=47|issue=4|date=2004-07-01|issn=1475-4983|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-02|doi=10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x|author=Peter Doyle, Emma V. Shakides}}</ref>。此外，箭石的內殼遠比烏賊發達，由鞘、閉錐以及前甲三部分構成，其中鞘的部位成分為鈣質，最容易保存在地層中形成化石。「箭石」一名便是源自於其形如[[箭鏃]]般的鞘化石。


箭石的學名"belemnoid"是來自於[[希臘文]]βέλεμνον（''belemnon''，意指「飛鏢或箭頭」），以及另一希臘字είδος（''eidos''，意指「形式」），即「箭頭形狀」的動物。<ref>''Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary.'' 2nd ed. 1979.</ref>
箭石的學名"belemnoid"是來自於[[希臘文]]βέλεμνον（''belemnon''，意指「飛鏢或箭頭」），以及另一希臘字είδος（''eidos''，意指「形式」）。<ref>''Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary.'' 2nd ed. 1979.</ref>


箭石類動物包括了[[箭石目]]、[[閉箭石目]]、[[溝箭石目]]和[[Diplobelida]]。
箭石類動物包括了[[血箭石目]]、[[閉箭石目]]、[[溝箭石目]]、[[箭石目]]和[[雙箭石目]]。


== 演化歷史 ==
== 演化歷史 ==
箭石類在[[侏羅紀]]與白堊紀時數量相當多，所以牠們的化石在[[中生代]]的海洋岩層中相當豐富，經常伴隨著[[菊石類]]出現。不過箭石也跟菊石一起在白堊紀末期滅絕了。箭石是由[[桿石目|桿石]]於泥盆紀時期演化而來，從[[密西西比紀]]（或[[早石炭世]]）至[[白堊紀]]末之間的地層中可以發現良好的箭石化石，其他頭足類如[[桿菊石]]、[[鸚鵡螺亞綱|鸚鵡螺類]]及[[稜菊石目|稜菊石類]]等也可發現。
箭石類在[[侏羅紀]]與白堊紀時數量相當多，所以牠們的化石在[[中生代]]的海洋岩層中相當豐富，經常伴隨著[[菊石類]]出現。不過箭石也跟菊石一起在白堊紀末期滅絕了。箭石是由[[桿石目|桿石]]於泥盆紀時期演化而來，從[[密西西比紀]]（或[[早石炭世]]）至[[白堊紀]]末之間的地層中可以發現良好的箭石化石，其他頭足類如[[桿菊石]]、[[鸚鵡螺亞綱|鸚鵡螺類]]及[[稜菊石目|稜菊石類]]等也可發現。

== 解剖學 ==
Belemnoids possessed a central [[phragmocone]] made of [[aragonite]] and with negative buoyancy.<ref name=Monks1996>{{cite journal|title=The Function of the Belemnite Guard|journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift|doi=10.1007/bf02988082|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02988082|date=1996-11-01|volume=70|issue=3-4|language=en|pages=425|issn=0031-0220|accessdate=2018-04-02|author=Neale Monks, J. David Hardwick, Andrew S. Gale}}</ref> To the rear of the creature was a heavy [[calcite]] guard whose main role appears to have been to counterbalance the front (towards the head) of the organism; it positions the centre of mass below the centre of buoyancy, increasing the stability of the swimming organism.<ref name=Monks1996/> The guard would account for between a third and a fifth of the length of the complete organism, arms included.<ref name=Monks1996/>

Like some modern squid, belemnoid arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing [[prey]]. Belemnoids were efficient [[carnivore]]s that caught small [[fish]] and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their [[cephalopod beak|beak-like jaws]]. In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine [[reptile]]s such as [[Ichthyosaur]]s, whose fossilized [[stomach]]s frequently contain [[Phosphate minerals|phosphatic]] hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

== 生態學 ==
Belemnoids were effectively neutrally buoyant, and swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans.<ref name=Monks1996/> Their fins could be used to their advantage in all water speeds; in a gentle current they could be flapped for propulsion; in a stronger current they could be held erect to generate lift; and when swimming rapidly by jet propulsion they could be tucked in to the body for streamlining.<ref name=Monks1996/>

== 化石保存 ==
[[File:Fossil-Belemnoidea-complete.jpg|thumb|left|一個保有護甲、外套膜輪廓及觸腕的箭石化石]]
[[File:Hibolites barnacle borings.JPG|thumb|left|從[[西班牙]][[莫內瓦]]及[[特魯埃爾]]附近的[[侏羅紀]]地層出土的[[希波箭石]]（''Hibolites hastatus''）護甲化石，其表面的[[藤壺]]{{tsl|en|Rogerella|袋狀鑽孔跡}}（''Rogerella''）顯現出牠死後軀體在海底待了很長一段時間。]]

箭石形成化石的部份大多是其結實的「護甲」，通常呈拉長的子彈形。(though in some subgroups the rostrum may only exist as a thin layer coating the phragmocone).The hollow region at the front of the guard is termed the ''alveolus'' 護甲後端的中穴內包覆或連接著[[圓錐]]狀的{{tsl|en|Phragmocone|閉錐}}，而閉錐就是箭石調節浮力的氣室，大多數箭石標本的護甲末端中穴與閉錐部份常會被壓碎，沒有完整的保存下來，只有保存較好的標本能保留下來。Projecting forwards from one side of the phragmocone is the thin ''pro-ostracum''.

While belemnoid phragmocones are [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] with the shells of other [[cephalopods]] and are similarly composed of [[aragonite]], belemnoid guards are evolutionarily novel and are composed of [[calcite]] or [[aragonite]], thus tending to preserve well. Broken guards show a structure of radiating calcite fibers and may also display concentric [[growth rings]].

The guard, phragmocone and pro-ostracum were all internal to the living creature, forming a skeleton which was enclosed entirely by soft muscular tissue. The original living creature would have been larger than the fossilized shell, with a long streamlined body and prominent eyes. The guard would have been in place toward the rear of the creature, with the phragmocone behind the head and the pointed end of the guard facing backward.

The guard of the belemnoid ''[[Megateuthis gigantea]]'', which is found in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], can measure up to {{convert|46|cm}} in length, giving the living animal an estimated length of {{convert|3|m|ft}}.

Very exceptional belemnoid specimens have been found showing the preserved soft parts of the animal. Elsewhere in the fossil record, bullet-shaped belemnite guards are locally found in such profusion that such deposits are referred to semi-formally as "belemnite battlefields" (cf. [[orthoceras|"orthocone orgies"]]). It remains unclear whether these deposits represent post-mating mass death events, as are common among modern [[cephalopods]] and other [[semelparous]] creatures.


=== 雷石 ===
=== 雷石 ===
在數百年前的[[歐洲]]，尚未有[[古生物學]]概念的時代，當時的[[英國]]人認為箭石的化石是[[雷]]打到地面而形成的，所以稱其為「雷石（Thunderstones）」，成為箭石化石的別稱。<ref>
在數百年前的[[歐洲]]，尚未有[[古生物學]]概念的時代，當時的[[英國]]人認為箭石的化石是[[雷]]打到地面而形成的，所以稱其為「雷石（Thunderstones）」，成為箭石化石的別稱。<ref>{{cite web
⚫
|url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php
{{cite web
⚫
|title = The Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses, nautilus, and ammonites
⚫
|url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php
|last = Vendetti
⚫
|title = The Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses, nautilus, and ammonites
|last = Vendetti
|first = Jan
|first = Jan
|year = 2006
|year = 2006
|publisher = UC Berkeley
|publisher = UC Berkeley
|accessdate = 2013-06-07
|accessdate = 2013-06-07
|archive-date = 2018-01-03
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180103171016/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>
}}</ref>

== 用途 ==
The [[isotope geochemistry|stable isotope]] composition of a belemnoid rostrum from the [[Peedee Formation]] ([[Cretaceous]], southeast USA) has long been used as a global standard (Peedee Belemnite, "PDB") against which other [[isotope geochemistry]] samples are measured, for both [[isotopes of carbon|carbon isotopes]] and [[isotopes of oxygen|oxygen isotopes]].

Some belemnoids (such as ''Belemnites'' of [[Belemnitida]]) serve as [[index fossil]]s, particularly in the Cretaceous [[Chalk Formation]] of Europe, enabling [[geologist]]s to date the age the [[rock (geology)|rocks]] in which they are found.


== 分類 ==
== 分類 ==
[[Image:ZoharBelemnite.JPG|thumb]]
[[Image:ZoharBelemnite.JPG|thumb|Belemnoid from the very top bedding plane of the [[Zohar Formation]] (Jurassic) near [[Neve Atif]], the [[Golan]]. Note the central fold along the axis characteristic of some genera.]]
[[Image:ZoharBelemnite.JPG|thumb|Belemnoid from the very top bedding plane of the [[Zohar Formation]] (Jurassic) near [[Neve Atif]], the [[Golan]]. Note the central fold along the axis characteristic of some genera.]]
[[File:Rostre_de_bélemnite_sous_UV_(Australie).JPG|thumb|[[Opal]]ized belemnite rostrum under [[ultraviolet|UV]] illumination, from Cairn Hill mine, [[Coober Pedy]], [[South Australia]]]]
[[File:Rostre_de_bélemnite_sous_UV_(Australie).JPG|thumb|[[Opal]]ized belemnite rostrum under [[ultraviolet|UV]] illumination, from Cairn Hill mine, [[Coober Pedy]], [[South Australia]]]]
第75行： 第46行：


*'''箭石類動物 Cohort Belemnoidea'''
*'''箭石類動物 Cohort Belemnoidea'''
** [[血箭石目]] Hematitida
** [[基群]]及[[地位未定]]
⚫
*** [[血箭石科]] Hematitidae
*** [[始烏賊屬]] ''Jeletzkya''<!-- Palaeontology43(5): 919-926 -->
*** [[箭烏賊屬]] ''Belemnotheutis''
** [[多诺万箭石目]] Donovaniconida
*** [[多诺万箭石科]] Donovaniconidae
** [[閉箭石目]] Phragmoteuthida
*** [[閉箭石科]] Phragmoteuthidae
⚫
*** 科 Rhiphaeoteuthidae
** [[溝箭石目]] Aulacocerida
** [[溝箭石目]] Aulacocerida
*** [[溝箭石科]] Aulacoceratidae
*** [[溝箭石科]] Aulacoceratidae
*** 科 [[Dictyoconitidae]]
*** 科 Dictyoconitidae
*** [[古似箭石科]] Palaeobelemnopseidae
*** 科 [[Hematitidae]]
*** [[剑状箭石科]] Xiphoteuthidae
*** 科 [[Palaeobelemnopseidae]]
*** 科 [[Xiphoteuthidae]]
** [[箭石目]] Belemnitida
** [[箭石目]] Belemnitida
*** [[箭石亞目]] Belemnitina
*** [[真箭石亞目]] Belemnitina
**** [[圆柱箭石科]] Cylindroteuthidae
**** 科 [[Cylindroteuthidae]]
**** 科 [[Hastitidae]]
**** [[哈斯特箭石科]] Hastitidae
**** 科 [[Oxyteuthidae]]
**** [[氧箭石科]] Oxyteuthidae
**** [[钉枪箭石科]] Passaloteuthidae
**** 科 [[Passaloteuthidae]]
**** 科 [[Salpingoteuthidae]]
**** 科 Salpingoteuthidae
*** [[似箭石亞目]] Belemnopseina
*** [[似箭石亞目]] Belemnopseina
**** [[擬箭石科]] Belemnitellidae
**** [[擬箭石科]] Belemnitellidae
**** [[似箭石科]] Belemnopseidae
**** [[似箭石科]] Belemnopseidae
**** 科 [[Dicoelitidae]]
**** 科 Dicoelitidae
**** 科 [[Dimitobelidae]]
**** 科 Dimitobelidae
**** 科 [[Duvaliidae]]
**** [[杜瓦尔箭石科]] Duvaliidae
*** [[箭烏賊亞目]] Belemnotheutina
*** [[箭烏賊亞目]] Belemnotheutina
**** [[箭烏賊科]] Belemnotheutidae
**** [[箭烏賊科]] Belemnotheutidae
**** 科 [[Chitinobelidae]]
**** 科 Chitinobelidae
**** 科 [[Sueviteuthidae]]
**** 科 Sueviteuthidae
** [[双箭石目]] Diplobelida
** 目 [[Diplobelida]]
*** 科 [[Chondroteuthidae]]
*** 科 Chondroteuthidae
*** 科 [[Diplobelidae]]
*** [[双箭石科]] Diplobelidae
⚫
** [[閉箭石目]] Phragmoteuthida
⚫
*** [[閉箭石科]] Phragmoteuthidae
⚫
*** 科 [[Rhiphaeoteuthidae]]


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==
{{Wikipedia books|Cephalopoda}}
* [[鸚鵡螺亞綱]]
* [[鸚鵡螺亞綱]]
* [[菊石亞綱]]
* [[菊石亞綱]]
*{{tsl|en|List of belemnite genera|箭石列表}}
* {{tsl|en|List of belemnite genera|箭石列表}}
{{-}}
{{-}}


第120行： 第90行：
== 外部連結 ==
== 外部連結 ==
{{Commons category|Belemnoidea}}
{{Commons category|Belemnoidea}}
*[http://www.tonmo.com/science/fossils/fossilsjump.php TONMO.com Cephalopod Fossils articles and discussion forums]
*[http://www.tonmo.com/science/fossils/fossilsjump.php TONMO.com Cephalopod Fossils articles and discussion forums] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tonmo.com/science/fossils/fossilsjump.php |date=20090207063601 }}
{{fossil cephalopods}}


{{Taxonbar}}
[[分類:箭石下綱| ]]
[[分類:頭足綱]]
[[Category:箭石下綱| ]]
[[分類:史前頭足綱動物]]
[[Category:蛸亞綱|J]]
[[Category:史前頭足綱|J]]
[[Category: 1895年描述的分类群|J]]

2024年12月8日 (日) 03:34的最新版本

箭石下綱
Belemnoidea
化石时期：339–66 Ma
石炭纪–白垩纪
保存完好的閉箭石（Phragmoteuthis conocauda）化石，顯現出完整的外套膜輪廓及觸腕
保护状况
化石
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲： 頭足綱 Cephalopoda
亚纲： 蛸亞綱 Coleoidea
总目： †箭石總目 Belemnoidea
Zittel, 1895
目
藝術家筆下的箭石復原圖

箭石類動物（學名：Belemnoidea），舊作箭石下綱，是一類已滅絕的海生頭足綱動物，生活在泥盆紀至白堊紀之間。箭石在許多方面都與現代的魷魚相當接近[1]，而且與現代的烏賊關係密切。箭石也擁有墨囊[2]，不過牠們有10條大約相同長度的觸腕，其中並沒有特別長的觸腕[3]。此外，箭石的內殼遠比烏賊發達，由鞘、閉錐以及前甲三部分構成，其中鞘的部位成分為鈣質，最容易保存在地層中形成化石。「箭石」一名便是源自於其形如箭鏃般的鞘化石。

箭石的學名"belemnoid"是來自於希臘文βέλεμνον（belemnon，意指「飛鏢或箭頭」），以及另一希臘字είδος（eidos，意指「形式」）。[4]

箭石類動物包括了血箭石目、閉箭石目、溝箭石目、箭石目和雙箭石目。

演化歷史

[编辑]

箭石類在侏羅紀與白堊紀時數量相當多，所以牠們的化石在中生代的海洋岩層中相當豐富，經常伴隨著菊石類出現。不過箭石也跟菊石一起在白堊紀末期滅絕了。箭石是由桿石於泥盆紀時期演化而來，從密西西比紀（或早石炭世）至白堊紀末之間的地層中可以發現良好的箭石化石，其他頭足類如桿菊石、鸚鵡螺類及稜菊石類等也可發現。

雷石

[编辑]

在數百年前的歐洲，尚未有古生物學概念的時代，當時的英國人認為箭石的化石是雷打到地面而形成的，所以稱其為「雷石（Thunderstones）」，成為箭石化石的別稱。[5]

分類

[编辑]
Belemnoid from the very top bedding plane of the Zohar Formation (Jurassic) near Neve Atif, the Golan. Note the central fold along the axis characteristic of some genera.
Opalized belemnite rostrum under UV illumination, from Cairn Hill mine, Coober Pedy, South Australia
弓鮫的化石，其胃中有箭石殘骸

参见

[编辑]

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ Thomas E. Yancey, Christopher L. Garvie, Mary Wicksten. The Middle Eocene Belosaepia ungula (Cephalopoda: Coleoida) from Texas: structure, ontogeny and function. Journal of Paleontology. 2010/03, 84 (2): 267–287 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1666/09-018r.1. （原始内容存档于2018-06-12） （英语）. 
  2. ^ Lehmann, U. 1981. The Ammonites: Their life and their world. London: Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ Peter Doyle, Emma V. Shakides. The Jurassic Belemnite Suborder Belemnotheutina. Palaeontology. 2004-07-01, 47 (4): 983–998 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1475-4983. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x （英语）. 
  4. ^ Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1979.
  5. ^ Vendetti, Jan. The Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses, nautilus, and ammonites. UC Berkeley. 2006 [2013-06-07]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-03）. 

外部連結

[编辑]
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：箭石类
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=箭石类&oldid=85235208”