克里米亞共和國:修订间差异
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小 回退123.252.11.127(討論)做出的1次編輯:繁簡 |
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{{About|俄罗斯联邦行政区劃下的自治共和国|乌克兰行政区划中自治共和国|克里米亚自治共和国|其他意思|克里米亚 (消歧义) |
{{About|俄罗斯联邦行政区劃下的自治共和国|乌克兰行政区划中自治共和国|克里米亚自治共和国|其他意思|克里米亚 (消歧义)}} |
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|G1=地名 |
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|1=zh:辛菲羅波爾;zh-hk:辛菲洛普;zh-tw:辛菲洛普;zh-cn:辛菲罗波尔 |
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|2=zh-tw:克赤;zh-cn:刻赤 |
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}} |
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{{Infobox Russian federal subject |
{{Infobox Russian federal subject |
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|zh_name = 克里米亞共和國 |
|zh_name = 克里米亞共和國 |
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|loc_name2 = {{small|{{lang|crh|Къырым Джумхуриети}}}} |
|loc_name2 = {{small|{{lang|crh|Къырым Джумхуриети}}}} |
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|loc_lang2 = {{small|克里米亚鞑靼语}} |
|loc_lang2 = {{small|克里米亚鞑靼语}} |
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|image_map = |
|image_map = Map of Russia and Crimea.svg |
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|map_caption = {{map caption|country={{nobold|克里米亞共和國}}|location_color=红色|region=俄罗斯联邦|region_color=浅黄色}} |
|map_caption = {{map caption|country={{nobold|克里米亞共和國}}|location_color=红色|region=俄罗斯联邦|region_color=浅黄色}} |
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|image_map2 = Outline Map of Crimea in Russia (vector).svg |
|image_map2 = Outline Map of Crimea in Russia (vector).svg |
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|flag_caption= [[克里米亞國旗|國旗]] |
|flag_caption= [[克里米亞國旗|國旗]] |
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|anthem = <br/>{{native name|ru|[[克里米亞國歌|Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина]]|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|祖國,妳的原野與山脈是如此美妙}} |
|anthem = <br/>{{native name|ru|[[克里米亞國歌|Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина]]|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|祖國,妳的原野與山脈是如此美妙}} |
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|political_status = |
|political_status = 有爭議的[[俄罗斯联邦主体]]([[共和国 (俄罗斯)|共和国]],2014年起)<br>[[俄羅斯佔領領土|俄罗斯軍事占領地]] |
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|federal_district = [[南部聯邦管區]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uatoday.tv/politics/crimea-becomes-part-of-vast-southern-federal-district-of-russia-705731.html|title=Crimea becomes part of vast Southern federal district of Russia|date=2016-07-28|publisher=[[Ukraine Today]]|language=en|accessdate=2016-07-28|archive-date=2016-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729150624/http://uatoday.tv/politics/crimea-becomes-part-of-vast-southern-federal-district-of-russia-705731.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
|federal_district = [[南部聯邦管區]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uatoday.tv/politics/crimea-becomes-part-of-vast-southern-federal-district-of-russia-705731.html|title=Crimea becomes part of vast Southern federal district of Russia|date=2016-07-28|publisher=[[Ukraine Today]]|language=en|accessdate=2016-07-28|archive-date=2016-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729150624/http://uatoday.tv/politics/crimea-becomes-part-of-vast-southern-federal-district-of-russia-705731.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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|economic_region = [[北高加索]] |
|economic_region = [[北高加索]] |
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|adm_ctr_name =[[辛菲罗波尔]] |
|adm_ctr_name =[[辛菲罗波尔]] |
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|adm_ctr_ref = |
|adm_ctr_ref = |
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|official_lang_list = [[乌克兰语]];<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/08/putin-addresses-russia-parliament-crimea-2014814112124728279.html|title=Putin addresses Russia's parliament in Crimea|work=[[半岛电视台|al Jazeera]]|accessdate=2017-09-04|archive-date=2020-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605054455/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/08/putin-addresses-russia-parliament-crimea-2014814112124728279.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
|official_lang_list = [[乌克兰语]];<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/08/putin-addresses-russia-parliament-crimea-2014814112124728279.html|title=Putin addresses Russia's parliament in Crimea|work=[[半岛电视台|al Jazeera]]|accessdate=2017-09-04|archive-date=2020-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605054455/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/08/putin-addresses-russia-parliament-crimea-2014814112124728279.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>[[克里米亞韃靼語]]<ref name="aljazeera.com"/> |
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|pop_latest = 1891465 |
|pop_latest = 1891465 |
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|dispute = <small>([[聯合國大會第68/262號決議|聯合國多數國家承認]]克里米亚半岛为{{flag|乌克兰}}领土)</small> |
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'''克里米亚共和国'''({{lang- |
'''克里米亚共和国'''({{lang-ru|Республика Крым|}};{{Lang-uk|Республіка Крим}};{{lang-crh|Къырым Джумхуриети}}),是[[事实上]]的[[俄罗斯]]联邦主体,其管辖地域包括[[克里米亞半島]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/crimea-parliament-independence-ukraine-086/ |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2014-03-12 |archive-date=2020-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124095758/https://www.rt.com/news/crimea-parliament-independence-ukraine-086/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>(不含[[塞瓦斯托波尔]]),首都是[[辛菲罗波尔]],前身为[[乌克兰]]的[[克里米亚自治共和国]]。2014年[[迈丹革命|乌克兰迈丹革命]]后,其议会宣布脱离乌克兰并在一场有争议的公投后以95%支持率并入俄罗斯。大多数国家不承认该公投合并行为,依然将克里米亚视为乌克兰领土。 |
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2月27日,[[小绿人 (俄乌战争)|沒有徽章的俄羅斯蒙面部隊]]<ref name=FT15Mar15>{{cite web | date = 2015-03-15 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/41873ed2-cb60-11e4-8ad9-00144feab7de.html | title = Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis | work = Financial Times | last1 = Weaver | first1 = Courtney | accessdate = 2015-03-16 | archive-date = 2015-06-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150628193734/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/41873ed2-cb60-11e4-8ad9-00144feab7de.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>佔領了[[克里米亞最高議會]]<ref name=time1>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/|work=Time|title=Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare|author=Simon Shuster|date=2014-03-10|accessdate=2015-03-08|quote="Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers."|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911014517/http://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=reuters1>{{cite news|author=Alissa de Carbonnel|title=How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/03/13/ukraine-crisis-russia-aksyonov-idINL6N0M93AH20140313|agency=Reuters|date=2014-03-13|accessdate=2015-03-08|quote=Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626101233/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/03/13/ukraine-crisis-russia-aksyonov-idINL6N0M93AH20140313|dead-url=no}}</ref>,並奪下 |
2014年2月27日,[[小绿人 (俄乌战争)|沒有徽章的俄羅斯蒙面部隊]]<ref name=FT15Mar15>{{cite web | date = 2015-03-15 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/41873ed2-cb60-11e4-8ad9-00144feab7de.html | title = Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis | work = Financial Times | last1 = Weaver | first1 = Courtney | accessdate = 2015-03-16 | archive-date = 2015-06-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150628193734/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/41873ed2-cb60-11e4-8ad9-00144feab7de.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>佔領了[[克里米亞最高議會]]<ref name=time1>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/|work=Time|title=Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare|author=Simon Shuster|date=2014-03-10|accessdate=2015-03-08|quote="Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers."|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911014517/http://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=reuters1>{{cite news|author=Alissa de Carbonnel|title=How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/03/13/ukraine-crisis-russia-aksyonov-idINL6N0M93AH20140313|agency=Reuters|date=2014-03-13|accessdate=2015-03-08|quote=Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626101233/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/03/13/ukraine-crisis-russia-aksyonov-idINL6N0M93AH20140313|dead-url=no}}</ref>,並奪下其全境的戰略重地。随后成立的亲俄[[謝爾蓋·阿克肖諾夫|阿克肖諾夫]]政府高票通过{{Link-en|克里米亞共和國獨立宣言|Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea|克里米亞獨立宣言}},并舉行了一場有爭議的[[2014年克里米亞歸屬公投|公投]]<ref name="zakon">{{cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/891-18|script-title=uk:Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим|trans-title=On the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea|language=uk|work=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine|date=2014-03-15|accessdate=2015-09-04|archive-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210200951/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/891-18|dead-url=no}}</ref>申请加入[[俄罗斯联邦]],莫斯科方面批准相关的条约草案后,克里米亚作为一个[[共和国 (俄罗斯)|共和国]]被编入[[克里米亚联邦管区]](後被合併到[[南部聯邦管區]])。[[联合国大会]]通过[[聯合國大會第68/262號決議|第68/262號]]决议,指出该“全民投票”无效,并申明“乌克兰在其国际公认边界内的领土完整”;乌克兰等国也谴责俄罗斯兼并克里米亚,并认为此举违反了国际法和俄罗斯签署的维护乌克兰领土完整的协议,如1994年《布达佩斯备忘录》及1997年《乌克兰和俄罗斯联邦友好合作伙伴关系条约》等<ref name="UkraineStatement">{{cite web|url=https://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1139-18|author=Oleksandr Turchynov|date=2014-03-20|publisher=Parliament of Ukraine|language=uk|script-title=uk:Декларація "Про боротьбу за звільнення України"|trans-title=Declaration "On the struggle for the liberation of Ukraine"|access-date=2014-04-24|archive-date=2020-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603015137/https://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1139-18}}</ref><ref name="NATOStatement">{{cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2014/03/19/nato-secretary-general-russias-annexation-of-crimea-is-illegal-and-illegitimate/|title=NATO Secretary-General: Russia's Annexation of Crimea Is Illegal and Illegitimate|author=Fred Dews|date=2014-03-19|access-date=2015-03-08|publisher=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings]]|archive-date=2022-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323225042/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2014/03/19/nato-secretary-general-russias-annexation-of-crimea-is-illegal-and-illegitimate/}}</ref>。 |
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== 歷史 == |
== 歷史 == |
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为在政治上促进兼并<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Kofman|first=Michael|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1498/RAND_RR1498.pdf|title=Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine.|publisher=RAND Corporation|year=2017|isbn=9780833096173|location=Santa Monica|pages=|oclc=990544142|quote=The March 16 referendum would become the political instrument to annex the peninsula, a process that concluded on March 18|access-date=2022-03-04|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091710/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1498/RAND_RR1498.pdf}}</ref>,3月6日,由俄罗斯支持的克里米亞最高議會通過加入俄羅斯的提案,3月16日將就此[[2014年克里米亞歸屬公投|舉行公投]]。此举违反乌克兰宪法<ref>{{cite news|date=2014-03-14|script-title=ru:КС признал неконституционным постановление крымского парламента о вхождении АРК в состав РФ и проведении референдума о статусе автономии|language=ru|trans-title=Constitutional Court of Ukraine deemed Crimean parliament resolution on accession of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and holding of the Crimean status referendum unconstitutional|publisher=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|url=http://interfax.com.ua/news/political/196031.html|accessdate=2022-03-04|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502195004/https://interfax.com.ua/news/political/196031.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tokarev|first=Alexey|date=2014|script-title=ru:Электоральная история постсоветского Крыма: от УССР до России|trans-title=The electoral history of the post-Soviet Crimea: from Ukrainian SSR to Russia|url=http://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/sites/default/files/pdf/004_istoriya_tokarevaa.pdf|journal=MGIMO Review of International Relations|language=ru|volume=5|issue=44|pages=32–41|quote=Спустя 22 года и 364 дня после первого в СССР референдума в автономной республике Украины Крым состоялся последний референдум. Проводился он вопреки украинскому законодательству, не предусматривающему понятия региональный референдум и предписывающему решать территориальные вопросы только на всеукраинском референдуме|access-date=2018-08-05|archive-date=2016-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112111331/http://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/sites/default/files/pdf/004_istoriya_tokarevaa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Marxen|first=Christian|date=2014|title=The Crimea Crisis – An International Law Perspective|url=http://www.zaoerv.de/74_2014/74_2014_2_a_367_392.pdf|journal=Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg Journal of International Law)|volume=74|quote=Organizing and holding the referendum on Crimea's accession to Russia was illegal under the Ukrainian constitution. Article 2 of the constitution establishes that "Ukraine shall be a unitary state" and that the "territory of Ukraine within its present border is indivisible and inviolable". This is confirmed in regard to Crimea by Chapter X of the constitution, which provides for the autonomous status of Crimea. Article 134 sets forth that Crimea is an "inseparable constituent part of Ukraine". The autonomous status provides Crimea with a certain set of authorities and allows, inter alia, to hold referendums. These rights are, however, limited to local matters. The constitution makes clear that alterations to the territory of Ukraine require an all-Ukrainian referendum.|access-date=2022-03-04|archive-date=2020-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101205522/https://www.zaoerv.de/74_2014/74_2014_2_a_367_392.pdf}}</ref>,依照烏克蘭憲法,任何國界或領土改變必須經由全國性(而非地區性)投票。<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/crimea-sets-referendum-on-joining-russia/2014/03/06/d06d8a46-a520-11e3-a5fa-55f0c77bf39c_story.html | title=Crimea sets referendum on joining Russia | date=2014-03-06 | publisher=[[華盛頓郵報]] | accessdate=2014-03-17 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116063050/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/crimea-sets-referendum-on-joining-russia/2014/03/06/d06d8a46-a520-11e3-a5fa-55f0c77bf39c_story.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-ukraine-crimea-secession-vote-20140306,0,5921229.story | title=Crimea sets March 16 vote on seceding from Ukraine, joining Russia | date=2014-03-06 | publisher=[[洛杉磯時報]] | accessdate=2014-03-17 | archive-date=2014-04-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424184633/http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-ukraine-crimea-secession-vote-20140306,0,5921229.story | dead-url=no }}</ref>。公投的选项有两者:克里米亚加入成为俄罗斯联邦,或恢复1992年宪法并留在乌克兰。公投没有维持现状的选项<ref>{{cite web|title=При воссоединении с Россией крымчане дискомфорта не почувствуют! – Krym Info|url=http://www.kryminfo.net/pri-vossoedinenii-s-osiyey-krymchane-diskomforta-ne-pochustvuyut/|access-date=2014-09-25|work=Krym Info|archive-date=2014-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323134153/http://www.kryminfo.net/pri-vossoedinenii-s-osiyey-krymchane-diskomforta-ne-pochustvuyut/}}</ref>。 |
为在政治上促进兼并<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Kofman|first=Michael|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1498/RAND_RR1498.pdf|title=Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine.|publisher=RAND Corporation|year=2017|isbn=9780833096173|location=Santa Monica|pages=|oclc=990544142|quote=The March 16 referendum would become the political instrument to annex the peninsula, a process that concluded on March 18|access-date=2022-03-04|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091710/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1498/RAND_RR1498.pdf}}</ref>,3月6日,由俄罗斯支持的克里米亞最高議會通過加入俄羅斯的提案,3月16日將就此[[2014年克里米亞歸屬公投|舉行公投]]。此举违反乌克兰宪法<ref>{{cite news|date=2014-03-14|script-title=ru:КС признал неконституционным постановление крымского парламента о вхождении АРК в состав РФ и проведении референдума о статусе автономии|language=ru|trans-title=Constitutional Court of Ukraine deemed Crimean parliament resolution on accession of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and holding of the Crimean status referendum unconstitutional|publisher=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|url=http://interfax.com.ua/news/political/196031.html|accessdate=2022-03-04|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502195004/https://interfax.com.ua/news/political/196031.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tokarev|first=Alexey|date=2014|script-title=ru:Электоральная история постсоветского Крыма: от УССР до России|trans-title=The electoral history of the post-Soviet Crimea: from Ukrainian SSR to Russia|url=http://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/sites/default/files/pdf/004_istoriya_tokarevaa.pdf|journal=MGIMO Review of International Relations|language=ru|volume=5|issue=44|pages=32–41|quote=Спустя 22 года и 364 дня после первого в СССР референдума в автономной республике Украины Крым состоялся последний референдум. Проводился он вопреки украинскому законодательству, не предусматривающему понятия региональный референдум и предписывающему решать территориальные вопросы только на всеукраинском референдуме|access-date=2018-08-05|archive-date=2016-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112111331/http://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/sites/default/files/pdf/004_istoriya_tokarevaa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Marxen|first=Christian|date=2014|title=The Crimea Crisis – An International Law Perspective|url=http://www.zaoerv.de/74_2014/74_2014_2_a_367_392.pdf|journal=Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg Journal of International Law)|volume=74|quote=Organizing and holding the referendum on Crimea's accession to Russia was illegal under the Ukrainian constitution. Article 2 of the constitution establishes that "Ukraine shall be a unitary state" and that the "territory of Ukraine within its present border is indivisible and inviolable". This is confirmed in regard to Crimea by Chapter X of the constitution, which provides for the autonomous status of Crimea. Article 134 sets forth that Crimea is an "inseparable constituent part of Ukraine". The autonomous status provides Crimea with a certain set of authorities and allows, inter alia, to hold referendums. These rights are, however, limited to local matters. The constitution makes clear that alterations to the territory of Ukraine require an all-Ukrainian referendum.|access-date=2022-03-04|archive-date=2020-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101205522/https://www.zaoerv.de/74_2014/74_2014_2_a_367_392.pdf}}</ref>,依照烏克蘭憲法,任何國界或領土改變必須經由全國性(而非地區性)投票。<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/crimea-sets-referendum-on-joining-russia/2014/03/06/d06d8a46-a520-11e3-a5fa-55f0c77bf39c_story.html | title=Crimea sets referendum on joining Russia | date=2014-03-06 | publisher=[[華盛頓郵報]] | accessdate=2014-03-17 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116063050/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/crimea-sets-referendum-on-joining-russia/2014/03/06/d06d8a46-a520-11e3-a5fa-55f0c77bf39c_story.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-ukraine-crimea-secession-vote-20140306,0,5921229.story | title=Crimea sets March 16 vote on seceding from Ukraine, joining Russia | date=2014-03-06 | publisher=[[洛杉磯時報]] | accessdate=2014-03-17 | archive-date=2014-04-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424184633/http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-ukraine-crimea-secession-vote-20140306,0,5921229.story | dead-url=no }}</ref>。公投的选项有两者:克里米亚加入成为俄罗斯联邦,或恢复1992年宪法并留在乌克兰。公投没有维持现状的选项<ref>{{cite web|title=При воссоединении с Россией крымчане дискомфорта не почувствуют! – Krym Info|url=http://www.kryminfo.net/pri-vossoedinenii-s-osiyey-krymchane-diskomforta-ne-pochustvuyut/|access-date=2014-09-25|work=Krym Info|archive-date=2014-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323134153/http://www.kryminfo.net/pri-vossoedinenii-s-osiyey-krymchane-diskomforta-ne-pochustvuyut/}}</ref>。 |
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2014年3月11日,克里米亞自治共和国議會發布聲明,議會81位出席議員有78人投下贊成票,通過「宣告克里米亞自治共和國和[[塞瓦斯托波尔]]市獨立」。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201403115029-1.aspx |title=克里米亞宣告 脫離烏克蘭獨立 |accessdate=2014-03-17 |archive-date=2018-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002423/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201403115029-1.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>此举被指可使俄罗斯声称其没有从乌克兰吞并克里米亚,而是克里米亚共和国行使其主权,寻求与俄罗斯合并<ref>{{Cite journal |author= Borgen, Christopher J. |editor= |url= http://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol91/iss1/7/ |title= Law, Rhetoric, Strategy: Russia and Self-Determination Before and After Crimea |journal= International Law Studies |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= International Law Studies |
2014年3月11日,克里米亞自治共和国議會發布聲明,議會81位出席議員有78人投下贊成票,通過「宣告克里米亞自治共和國和[[塞瓦斯托波尔]]市獨立」。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201403115029-1.aspx |title=克里米亞宣告 脫離烏克蘭獨立 |accessdate=2014-03-17 |archive-date=2018-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002423/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201403115029-1.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>此举被指可使俄罗斯声称其没有从乌克兰吞并克里米亚,而是克里米亚共和国行使其主权,寻求与俄罗斯合并<ref>{{Cite journal |author= Borgen, Christopher J. |editor= |url= http://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol91/iss1/7/ |title= Law, Rhetoric, Strategy: Russia and Self-Determination Before and After Crimea |journal= International Law Studies |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= International Law Studies |year= 2015 |at= |volume= 91 |issue= 1 |pages= |page= |series= |issn= 2375-2831 |doi= |bibcode= |arxiv= |pmid= |ref= Borgen |language= en |quote= The recognition of Crimea by Russia was the legal fig leaf which allowed Russia to say that it did not annex Crimea from Ukraine, rather the Republic of Crimea exercised its sovereign powers in seeking a merge with Russia |access-date= 2022-03-04 |archive-date= 2022-02-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220221230535/https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol91/iss1/7/ }}</ref>。 |
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2014年3月16日,克里米亚归属公投结果以96.77%赞成的得票率获得通过,克里米亚自治共和国正式宣布与塞瓦斯托波尔市一起脱离乌克兰,成立克里米亚共和国,并准备加入俄罗斯联邦<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26606097|title=Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'|work=BBC News|date=2014-03-16|accessdate=2022-03-04|archive-date=2018-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617132157/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26606097}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140316 | work=Reuters | title=Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia | date=2014-03-16 | accessdate=2022-03-04 | archive-date=2022-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304212629/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140316 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2014-03-16|title=Crimea 'votes to rejoin Russia' after controversial poll|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2014-03-16/crimea-votes-to-rejoin-russia-after-controversial-poll/|access-date=2017-11-26|work=ITV|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305113820/https://www.itv.com/news/2014-03-16/crimea-votes-to-rejoin-russia-after-controversial-poll}}</ref><ref name="guardian20140317">{{cite news|date=2014-03-17|title=Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/17/ukraine-crimea-russia-referendum-complain-result|accessdate=2022-03-04|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317155844/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/17/ukraine-crimea-russia-referendum-complain-result}}</ref>。此公投没有得到国际社会的普遍承认,报告的结果也受到许多独立观察员的质疑<ref>{{cite web |title=OSCE says Crimea referendum illegal |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/534d2e87101.html |website=Refworld |access-date=2020-02-18 |date=2014-03-11 |archive-date=2021-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313225252/https://www.refworld.org/docid/534d2e87101.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pifer |first1=Steven |author-link1=Steven Pifer |title=Five years after Crimea's illegal annexation, the issue is no closer to resolution |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/03/18/five-years-after-crimeas-illegal-annexation-the-issue-is-no-closer-to-resolution/ |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |access-date=2020-02-18 |date=2019-03-18 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226115503/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/03/18/five-years-after-crimeas-illegal-annexation-the-issue-is-no-closer-to-resolution/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rayman |first1=Noah |title=UN General Assembly: Crimea Referendum Was Illegal |url=https://time.com/40497/un-crimea-russia-ukraine-general-assembly/ |access-date=2020-02-18 |date=2014-03-27 |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304212630/https://time.com/40497/un-crimea-russia-ukraine-general-assembly/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine crisis: 'Illegal' Crimean referendum condemned |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26475508 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=2020-02-18 |date=2014-03-06 |archive-date=2020-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155157/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26475508 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bellinger III |first1=John B. |title=Why the Crimean Referendum Is Illegitimate |url=https://www.cfr.org/interview/why-crimean-referendum-illegitimate |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=2020-02-18 |archive-date=2021-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215034426/https://www.cfr.org/interview/why-crimean-referendum-illegitimate }}</ref>。[[英国广播公司]](BBC)报道称,受访的大多数[[克里米亚鞑靼人]]都抵制投票<ref name=autogenerated2 />。联合国的报告批评了公投的情况,特别是准军事人员、自卫团体和身份不明的士兵的存在。欧盟、加拿大、日本和美国谴责投票为非法<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-japan-idUST9N0M101J20140317 | work=Reuters | title=Japan does not recognise Crimea vote – govt spokesman | date=2014-03-17 | accessdate=2022-03-04 | archive-date=2022-03-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305115218/https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-japan-idUST9N0M101J20140317 }}</ref>。 |
2014年3月16日,克里米亚归属公投结果以96.77%赞成的得票率获得通过,克里米亚自治共和国正式宣布与塞瓦斯托波尔市一起脱离乌克兰,成立克里米亚共和国,并准备加入俄罗斯联邦<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26606097|title=Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'|work=BBC News|date=2014-03-16|accessdate=2022-03-04|archive-date=2018-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617132157/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26606097}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140316 | work=Reuters | title=Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia | date=2014-03-16 | accessdate=2022-03-04 | archive-date=2022-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304212629/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140316 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2014-03-16|title=Crimea 'votes to rejoin Russia' after controversial poll|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2014-03-16/crimea-votes-to-rejoin-russia-after-controversial-poll/|access-date=2017-11-26|work=ITV|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305113820/https://www.itv.com/news/2014-03-16/crimea-votes-to-rejoin-russia-after-controversial-poll}}</ref><ref name="guardian20140317">{{cite news|date=2014-03-17|title=Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/17/ukraine-crimea-russia-referendum-complain-result|accessdate=2022-03-04|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317155844/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/17/ukraine-crimea-russia-referendum-complain-result}}</ref>。此公投没有得到国际社会的普遍承认,报告的结果也受到许多独立观察员的质疑<ref>{{cite web |title=OSCE says Crimea referendum illegal |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/534d2e87101.html |website=Refworld |access-date=2020-02-18 |date=2014-03-11 |archive-date=2021-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313225252/https://www.refworld.org/docid/534d2e87101.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pifer |first1=Steven |author-link1=Steven Pifer |title=Five years after Crimea's illegal annexation, the issue is no closer to resolution |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/03/18/five-years-after-crimeas-illegal-annexation-the-issue-is-no-closer-to-resolution/ |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |access-date=2020-02-18 |date=2019-03-18 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226115503/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/03/18/five-years-after-crimeas-illegal-annexation-the-issue-is-no-closer-to-resolution/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rayman |first1=Noah |title=UN General Assembly: Crimea Referendum Was Illegal |url=https://time.com/40497/un-crimea-russia-ukraine-general-assembly/ |access-date=2020-02-18 |date=2014-03-27 |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304212630/https://time.com/40497/un-crimea-russia-ukraine-general-assembly/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine crisis: 'Illegal' Crimean referendum condemned |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26475508 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=2020-02-18 |date=2014-03-06 |archive-date=2020-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155157/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26475508 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bellinger III |first1=John B. |title=Why the Crimean Referendum Is Illegitimate |url=https://www.cfr.org/interview/why-crimean-referendum-illegitimate |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=2020-02-18 |archive-date=2021-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215034426/https://www.cfr.org/interview/why-crimean-referendum-illegitimate }}</ref>。[[英国广播公司]](BBC)报道称,受访的大多数[[克里米亚鞑靼人]]都抵制投票<ref name=autogenerated2 />。联合国的报告批评了公投的情况,特别是准军事人员、自卫团体和身份不明的士兵的存在。欧盟、加拿大、日本和美国谴责投票为非法<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-japan-idUST9N0M101J20140317 | work=Reuters | title=Japan does not recognise Crimea vote – govt spokesman | date=2014-03-17 | accessdate=2022-03-04 | archive-date=2022-03-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305115218/https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-japan-idUST9N0M101J20140317 }}</ref>。 |
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== 政治 == |
== 政治 == |
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=== 国家元首 === |
=== 国家元首 === |
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2014年3月17日,[[克里米亚自治共和国]]和[[塞瓦斯托波尔|塞瓦斯托波尔市]]宣布脱离乌克兰,成立克里米亚共和国。原克里米亚自治共和国总统[[弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫]]成为新成立的克里米亚共和国的首任总统<ref name="克里米亚总统">[http://www.huisongshu.com/lingdi/teshu/2014/0302/3499.html 克里米亚总统] {{Wayback|url=http://www.huisongshu.com/lingdi/teshu/2014/0302/3499.html |date=20140318181309 }}”,灰松鼠网。</ref>。2014年,为配合《[[俄罗斯联邦宪法]]》相关规定,总统改称首脑,[[謝爾蓋·阿克肖諾夫]]出任首任[[克里米亞共和國首腦]]。 |
2014年3月17日,[[克里米亚自治共和国]]和[[塞瓦斯托波尔|塞瓦斯托波尔市]]宣布脱离乌克兰,成立克里米亚共和国。原克里米亚自治共和国总统[[弗拉基米爾·安德烈耶維奇·康斯坦丁諾夫|弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫]]成为新成立的克里米亚共和国的首任总统<ref name="克里米亚总统">[http://www.huisongshu.com/lingdi/teshu/2014/0302/3499.html 克里米亚总统] {{Wayback|url=http://www.huisongshu.com/lingdi/teshu/2014/0302/3499.html |date=20140318181309 }}”,灰松鼠网。</ref>。2014年,为配合《[[俄罗斯联邦宪法]]》相关规定,总统改称首脑,[[謝爾蓋·阿克肖諾夫]]出任首任[[克里米亞共和國首腦]]。 |
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=== 立法部门 === |
=== 立法部门 === |
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克里米亚共和国的国家议会是[[克里米亚国家议会]]。現任[[克里米亞國家議會主席]]是[[弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫]]。 |
克里米亚共和国的国家议会是[[克里米亚国家议会]]。現任[[克里米亞國家議會主席]]是[[弗拉基米爾·安德烈耶維奇·康斯坦丁諾夫|弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫]]。 |
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=== 行政部门 === |
=== 行政部门 === |
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第129行: | 第124行: | ||
|[[克里米亚国家议会主席]] |
|[[克里米亚国家议会主席]] |
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|2014年3月17日就任 |
|2014年3月17日就任 |
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|[[弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫]] |
|[[弗拉基米爾·安德烈耶維奇·康斯坦丁諾夫|弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫]] |
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|[[克里米亚国家议会]] |
|[[克里米亚国家议会]] |
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|[[俄罗斯联邦总统]] |
|[[俄罗斯联邦总统]] |
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第142行: | 第137行: | ||
== 行政區劃 == |
== 行政區劃 == |
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{{see also|克里米亚行政区划}} |
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[[File:Crimea-regions alternative.PNG|375px|right|克里米亞共和国的行政區劃]] |
[[File:Crimea-regions alternative.PNG|375px|right|克里米亞共和国的行政區劃]] |
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克里米亞共和國和先前的[[克里米亚自治共和国]]一样分為25個 |
克里米亞共和國和先前的[[克里米亚自治共和国]]一样分為25個行政区域:14個「區」({{lang|ru|район}})和11個市议会({{lang|ru|городской совет}}或簡稱{{lang|ru|горсовет}})。[[塞瓦斯托波爾]]尽管位於克里米亞半島,但在行政上獨立於克里米亞共和国,是俄罗斯三個[[俄罗斯联邦直轄市|联邦直轄市]]之一。 |
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=== 區 === |
=== 區 === |
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{{div col|colwidth=15em}} |
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{| |
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:1. [[巴赫奇萨赖区]] |
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|- |
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:2. [[别洛戈尔斯克区 (克里米亚)|别洛戈尔斯克区]] |
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| |
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:3. [[占科伊区]] |
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:1. [[巴赫奇萨赖区|巴赫奇萨赖]]({{lang|ru|Бахчисарайский}}) |
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:4. [[基洛夫斯基區]] |
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:2. [[白山区|白山]]({{lang|ru|Белогорский}}) |
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:5. [[赤衛軍村區 (克里米亞)|赤衛軍村區]] |
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:3. [[占科伊区|占科伊]]({{lang|ru|Джанкойский}}) |
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:6. [[克拉斯诺彼列科普斯克区]] |
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:4. [[基洛夫斯基區|基洛夫斯基]]({{lang|ru|Кировский}}) |
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:7. [[列宁诺区]] |
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:5. [[赤卫队区 (克里米亚)|赤卫队]]({{lang|ru|Красногвардейский}}) |
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:8. [[下戈爾斯基區]] |
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:6. [[克拉斯诺佩列科普斯克区|克拉斯诺佩列科普斯克]]({{lang|ru|Красноперекопский}}) |
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: |
:9. [[五一村区 (克里米亚)|五一村区]] |
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:10. [[拉兹多利诺耶区]] |
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| |
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:11. [[萨基區]] |
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:8. [[下山區 (克里米亞)|下山]]({{lang|ru|Нижнегорский}}) |
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:12. [[辛菲羅波爾區]] |
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:9. [[五一區 (克里米亞)|五一]]({{lang|ru|Первомайский}}) |
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:13. [[蘇維埃茨基區 (克里米亞)|蘇維埃茨基區]] |
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:10. [[拉兹多利诺耶区|拉兹多利诺耶]]({{lang|ru|Раздольненский}}) |
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:14. [[黑海村區]] |
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:11. [[萨基區|萨基]]({{lang|ru|Сакский}}) |
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{{div col end}} |
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:12. [[辛菲羅波爾區|辛菲羅波爾]]({{lang|ru|Симферопольский}}) |
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:13. [[蘇維埃區|蘇維埃]]({{lang|ru|Советский}}) |
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:14. [[黑海區 (克里米亞)|黑海]]({{lang|ru|Черноморский}}) |
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|} |
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=== |
=== 市议会 === |
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{{div col|colwidth=15em}} |
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{| |
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:15. [[阿盧什塔]] |
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|- |
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⚫ | |||
| |
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:17. [[占科伊]] |
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:15. [[阿盧什塔]]({{lang|ru|Алуштинский}}) |
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:18. [[叶夫帕托里亚]] |
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⚫ | |||
:19. [[刻赤]] |
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:17. [[占科伊]]({{lang|ru|Джанкойский}}) |
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:20. [[克拉斯諾彼列科普斯克]] |
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:18. [[叶夫帕托里亚]]({{lang|ru|Евпаторийский}}) |
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⚫ | |||
:19. [[克赤|刻赤]]({{lang|ru|Керченский}}) |
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:22. [[辛菲羅波爾]] |
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:20. [[克拉斯诺佩列科普斯克]]({{lang|ru|Красноперекопский}}) |
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:23. [[苏达克]] |
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| |
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:24. [[费奥多西亚]] |
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⚫ | |||
:25. [[雅爾塔]] |
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:22. [[辛菲羅波爾]]({{lang|ru|Симферопольский}}) |
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{{div col end}} |
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:23. [[蘇達克 (克里米亞)|蘇達克]]({{lang|ru|Судакский}}) |
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:24. [[费奥多西亚]]({{lang|ru|Феодосийский}}) |
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:25. [[雅爾塔]]({{lang|ru|Ялтинский}}) |
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|} |
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=== 主要城市 === |
=== 主要城市 === |
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{| |
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|- |
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* [[File:COA Simferopol.svg|15px]] [[辛菲羅波爾]]:行政中心 |
* [[File:COA Simferopol.svg|15px]] [[辛菲羅波爾]]:行政中心 |
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* [[File:Kerch |
* [[File:Kerch coat.svg|15px]] [[刻赤]]:重要的工業、運輸與旅遊中心 |
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* [[File:Feodos_Soviet.png|15px]] [[費奧多西亞]]:港口與度假城市 |
* [[File:Feodos_Soviet.png|15px]] [[費奧多西亞]]:港口與度假城市 |
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* [[File:Yalta-arms.png|15px]] [[雅爾塔]]:克里米亞最重要的觀光勝地之一 |
* [[File:Yalta-arms.png|15px]] [[雅爾塔]]:克里米亞最重要的觀光勝地之一 |
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|} |
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== 参见 == |
== 参见 == |
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* [[克里米亚半岛]] |
* [[克里米亚半岛]] |
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* [[克里米亚自治共和国]](原乌克兰的[[自治共和国]]) |
* [[克里米亚自治共和国]](原乌克兰的[[自治共和国]]) |
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* [[2014年克里米亞危機]] |
* [[2014年克里米亞危機]] |
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==註釋== |
== 註釋 == |
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{{NoteFoot}} |
{{NoteFoot}} |
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==參考文獻== |
== 參考文獻 == |
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{{Reflist| |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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== 外部链接 == |
== 外部链接 == |
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第210行: | 第195行: | ||
* [http://www.eastway.pl/ Wyprawa na Krym] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastway.pl/ |date=20201101174011 }} |
* [http://www.eastway.pl/ Wyprawa na Krym] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastway.pl/ |date=20201101174011 }} |
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{{-}} |
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{{克里米亚共和国行政区划}} |
{{克里米亚共和国行政区划}} |
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{{俄羅斯行政區劃}} |
{{俄羅斯行政區劃}} |
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{{Crimea topics}} |
{{Crimea topics}} |
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{{俄羅斯兼併克里米亞}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Crimea, Republic of}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Crimea, Republic of}} |
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[[Category:克里米亞共和國| ]] |
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[[Category:2014年俄羅斯建立]] |
[[Category:2014年俄羅斯建立]] |
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[[Category:2014年建立的國家或政權]] |
[[Category:2014年建立的國家或政權]] |
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[[Category:俄 |
[[Category:俄罗斯自治共和国|Crimea]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:克里米亚联邦管区]] |
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[[Category:南部聯邦管區]] |
[[Category:南部聯邦管區]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:俄語國家地區]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:克里米亞政治]] |
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[[Category:俄羅斯爭議地區]] |
[[Category:俄羅斯爭議地區]] |
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[[Category:烏克蘭爭議地區]] |
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[[Category:俄罗斯联邦吞并克里米亚]] |
[[Category:俄罗斯联邦吞并克里米亚]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:乌克兰被占领土]] |
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[[Category:烏克蘭分離主義]] |
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[[Category:未被普遍承认的历史国家]] |
2024年12月13日 (五) 13:09的最新版本
克里米亞共和國 | |
---|---|
有爭議的俄罗斯联邦主体(共和国,2014年起) 俄罗斯軍事占領地 | |
Республика Крым | |
其他轉寫 | |
• 乌克兰语 | Республіка Крим |
• 克里米亚鞑靼语 | Къырым Джумхуриети |
颂歌: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина(俄語) 祖國,妳的原野與山脈是如此美妙 | |
克里米亞共和國的位置(红色) 俄罗斯联邦(浅黄色) | |
克里米亞共和國的位置(浅黄色) | |
坐标:45°24′N 35°18′E / 45.400°N 35.300°E | |
国家 | 俄羅斯 (聯合國多數國家承認克里米亚半岛为 烏克蘭领土) |
联邦管区 | 南部聯邦管區[1][2] |
经济地区 | 北高加索[3] |
建立 | 2014年3月18日[4] |
首府 | 辛菲罗波尔 |
政府 | |
• 行政机构 | 克里米亞國家議會 |
• 首腦 | 謝爾蓋·阿克肖諾夫[5] |
面积[6] | |
• 总计 | 26,100 平方公里(10,100 平方英里) |
时区 | 莫斯科时间[7](UTC+3) |
车牌 | 82[8][9] |
官方语言 | 俄语[i]、乌克兰语;[10]克里米亞韃靼語[10] |
区划代码 | 35000000 |
網站 | http://rk.gov.ru/ |
克里米亚共和国(俄语:Республика Крым;烏克蘭語:Республіка Крим;克里米亞韃靼語:Къырым Джумхуриети),是事实上的俄罗斯联邦主体,其管辖地域包括克里米亞半島[11](不含塞瓦斯托波尔),首都是辛菲罗波尔,前身为乌克兰的克里米亚自治共和国。2014年乌克兰迈丹革命后,其议会宣布脱离乌克兰并在一场有争议的公投后以95%支持率并入俄罗斯。大多数国家不承认该公投合并行为,依然将克里米亚视为乌克兰领土。
2014年2月27日,沒有徽章的俄羅斯蒙面部隊[12]佔領了克里米亞最高議會[13][14],並奪下其全境的戰略重地。随后成立的亲俄阿克肖諾夫政府高票通过克里米亞獨立宣言,并舉行了一場有爭議的公投[15]申请加入俄罗斯联邦,莫斯科方面批准相关的条约草案后,克里米亚作为一个共和国被编入克里米亚联邦管区(後被合併到南部聯邦管區)。联合国大会通过第68/262號决议,指出该“全民投票”无效,并申明“乌克兰在其国际公认边界内的领土完整”;乌克兰等国也谴责俄罗斯兼并克里米亚,并认为此举违反了国际法和俄罗斯签署的维护乌克兰领土完整的协议,如1994年《布达佩斯备忘录》及1997年《乌克兰和俄罗斯联邦友好合作伙伴关系条约》等[16][17]。
歷史
[编辑]苏联成立后,克里米亚原属于俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义联邦共和国管辖。1921年10月18日,苏联批准克里米亚成立克里米亚苏维埃社会主义自治共和国,当时隶属于俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国。1945年6月30日降格为克里米亚州。
1954年2月19日,苏联最高苏维埃主席团决议为纪念乌克兰成為苏联加盟共和国三十五年,将克里米亚由俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义联邦共和国划归乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国,当时的苏共中央第一书记是赫鲁晓夫。
1991年苏联解体后,克里米亞半岛成为乌克兰的一部份。许多半岛居民对此不满。岛上还驻有俄羅斯海軍的黑海舰队,当时情况相当紧张,有爆發战争的可能。乌克兰极端民族主义势力在选举中失利后,情况开始减缓。1992年5月5日克里米亞半岛宣布独立,後來在俄罗斯的調解下决定成为乌克兰的自治共和国。随后成立了克里米亚自治共和国。俄罗斯租借塞瓦斯托波尔军港的部份作为黑海舰队的基地。
2014年俄罗斯联邦兼并克里米亚
[编辑]2014年2月,在2014年乌克兰革命推翻乌克兰总统亚努科维奇之后,俄罗斯领导人普京称“我们一定要开始设法让克里米亚回归俄罗斯。”2月27日,没有徽章的俄罗斯蒙面部队[12]佔領了克里米亞最高議會[13][14],並奪下克里米亞全境的戰略重地,使克里米亚在数周内就被俄罗斯有效控制。
为在政治上促进兼并[18],3月6日,由俄罗斯支持的克里米亞最高議會通過加入俄羅斯的提案,3月16日將就此舉行公投。此举违反乌克兰宪法[19][20][21],依照烏克蘭憲法,任何國界或領土改變必須經由全國性(而非地區性)投票。[22][23]。公投的选项有两者:克里米亚加入成为俄罗斯联邦,或恢复1992年宪法并留在乌克兰。公投没有维持现状的选项[24]。
2014年3月11日,克里米亞自治共和国議會發布聲明,議會81位出席議員有78人投下贊成票,通過「宣告克里米亞自治共和國和塞瓦斯托波尔市獨立」。[25]此举被指可使俄罗斯声称其没有从乌克兰吞并克里米亚,而是克里米亚共和国行使其主权,寻求与俄罗斯合并[26]。
2014年3月16日,克里米亚归属公投结果以96.77%赞成的得票率获得通过,克里米亚自治共和国正式宣布与塞瓦斯托波尔市一起脱离乌克兰,成立克里米亚共和国,并准备加入俄罗斯联邦[27][28][29][30]。此公投没有得到国际社会的普遍承认,报告的结果也受到许多独立观察员的质疑[31][32][33][34][35]。英国广播公司(BBC)报道称,受访的大多数克里米亚鞑靼人都抵制投票[27]。联合国的报告批评了公投的情况,特别是准军事人员、自卫团体和身份不明的士兵的存在。欧盟、加拿大、日本和美国谴责投票为非法[27][36]。
2014年3月18日,克里米亚共和国与俄罗斯签署条约,根据该条约,克里米亚加入俄罗斯,成为俄罗斯联邦的一部分,并于21日被编入克里米亚联邦管区[37],至此兼并的政治进程正式结束[18]。
克里米亚地位的改变只得到少数国家的承认,大多数国家拒绝承认并谴责此举为非法。乌克兰拒绝接受兼并,但乌克兰军队于3月19日开始从克里米亚撤出[38],到3月26日,俄罗斯已经获得了对克里米亚的完全军事控制,兼并基本完成[39]。
政治
[编辑]国家元首
[编辑]2014年3月17日,克里米亚自治共和国和塞瓦斯托波尔市宣布脱离乌克兰,成立克里米亚共和国。原克里米亚自治共和国总统弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫成为新成立的克里米亚共和国的首任总统[40]。2014年,为配合《俄罗斯联邦宪法》相关规定,总统改称首脑,謝爾蓋·阿克肖諾夫出任首任克里米亞共和國首腦。
立法部门
[编辑]克里米亚共和国的国家议会是克里米亚国家议会。現任克里米亞國家議會主席是弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫。
行政部门
[编辑]克里米亚共和國的行政部門是克里米亚共和国部长会议,现任部长会议主席为謝爾蓋·阿克肖諾夫。
行政机构职称 | 就职日期 | 姓名 | 任命者 | 任命者领导人 |
---|---|---|---|---|
行政长官 | ||||
克里米亚首脑 | 2014年10月9日就任 | 谢尔盖·阿克肖诺夫 | 克里米亚国家议会 | 俄罗斯联邦总统 |
政府首脑 | ||||
克里米亚总理 | 2019年9月20日就任 | 尤里·哥察努克 | 克里米亚首脑 | 俄罗斯联邦总统 |
立法首脑 | ||||
克里米亚国家议会主席 | 2014年3月17日就任 | 弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫 | 克里米亚国家议会 | 俄罗斯联邦总统 |
人口
[编辑]克里米亞共和國境内存在多个民族,其中占半数以上的是俄罗斯人,其次是乌克兰人和克里米亞鞑靼人。根據克里米亞共和國建国前的2001年烏克蘭人口普查的結果,克里米亞總人口數為2,033,700。[41]全部人口中民族构成为:俄羅斯人58.32%,乌克兰人24.32%,克里米亞韃靼人12.10%,白俄罗斯人1.44%,鞑靼人0.54%,亚美尼亚人0.43%,犹太人0.22%,意大利人0.015%[42]。
語言
[编辑]克里米亞共和國的主要语言是俄語、烏克蘭語和克里米亞韃靼語。大多数克里米亞居民和政府的業務工作使用的皆为俄語。只有少数人使用烏克蘭語或克里米亞韃靼語,包括许多当地的乌克兰人亦使用俄语。2001年的人口普查提到,77%的克里米亞居民表示俄語為他們的母語,11.4%為克里米亞韃靼語,10.1%為烏克蘭語。[43]
行政區劃
[编辑]克里米亞共和國和先前的克里米亚自治共和国一样分為25個行政区域:14個「區」(район)和11個市议会(городской совет或簡稱горсовет)。塞瓦斯托波爾尽管位於克里米亞半島,但在行政上獨立於克里米亞共和国,是俄罗斯三個联邦直轄市之一。
區
[编辑]市议会
[编辑]主要城市
[编辑]参见
[编辑]- 克里米亚半岛
- 克里米亚自治共和国(原乌克兰的自治共和国)
- 2014年克里米亞危機
註釋
[编辑]參考文獻
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- ^ Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot. BBC. 2015-03-09 [2016-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-10) (英语).
Crimea was formally absorbed into Russia on 18 March, to international condemnation, after unidentified gunmen took over the peninsula.
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Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Alissa de Carbonnel. How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow. Reuters. 2014-03-13 [2015-03-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-26).
Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea
- ^ Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим [On the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2014-03-15 [2015-09-04]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-10) (乌克兰语).
- ^ Oleksandr Turchynov. Декларація "Про боротьбу за звільнення України" [Declaration "On the struggle for the liberation of Ukraine"]. Parliament of Ukraine. 2014-03-20 [2014-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-03) (乌克兰语).
- ^ Fred Dews. NATO Secretary-General: Russia's Annexation of Crimea Is Illegal and Illegitimate. Brookings. 2014-03-19 [2015-03-08]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-23).
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Kofman, Michael. Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. (PDF). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. 2017 [2022-03-04]. ISBN 9780833096173. OCLC 990544142. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-02-17).
The March 16 referendum would become the political instrument to annex the peninsula, a process that concluded on March 18
- ^ КС признал неконституционным постановление крымского парламента о вхождении АРК в состав РФ и проведении референдума о статусе автономии [Constitutional Court of Ukraine deemed Crimean parliament resolution on accession of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and holding of the Crimean status referendum unconstitutional]. Interfax-Ukraine. 2014-03-14 [2022-03-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-02) (俄语).
- ^ Tokarev, Alexey. Электоральная история постсоветского Крыма: от УССР до России [The electoral history of the post-Soviet Crimea: from Ukrainian SSR to Russia] (PDF). MGIMO Review of International Relations. 2014, 5 (44): 32–41 [2018-08-05]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-01-12) (俄语).
Спустя 22 года и 364 дня после первого в СССР референдума в автономной республике Украины Крым состоялся последний референдум. Проводился он вопреки украинскому законодательству, не предусматривающему понятия региональный референдум и предписывающему решать территориальные вопросы только на всеукраинском референдуме
- ^ Marxen, Christian. The Crimea Crisis – An International Law Perspective (PDF). Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg Journal of International Law). 2014, 74 [2022-03-04]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-01-01).
Organizing and holding the referendum on Crimea's accession to Russia was illegal under the Ukrainian constitution. Article 2 of the constitution establishes that "Ukraine shall be a unitary state" and that the "territory of Ukraine within its present border is indivisible and inviolable". This is confirmed in regard to Crimea by Chapter X of the constitution, which provides for the autonomous status of Crimea. Article 134 sets forth that Crimea is an "inseparable constituent part of Ukraine". The autonomous status provides Crimea with a certain set of authorities and allows, inter alia, to hold referendums. These rights are, however, limited to local matters. The constitution makes clear that alterations to the territory of Ukraine require an all-Ukrainian referendum.
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The recognition of Crimea by Russia was the legal fig leaf which allowed Russia to say that it did not annex Crimea from Ukraine, rather the Republic of Crimea exercised its sovereign powers in seeking a merge with Russia
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By March 26, the annexation was essentially complete, and Russia began returning seized military hardware to Ukraine.
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