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阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国最高领导人:修订间差异

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{{Infobox official post|post=元首|precursor=[[阿富汗总统]]|residence=[[坎大哈]]|seat=|nominator=|appointer=[[阿富汗政治|拉巴里舒拉]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |title=The Taliban leaders in line to become de facto rulers of Afghanistan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/17/the-taliban-leaders-in-line-to-become-de-facto-rulers-of-afghanistan |access-date=2022-01-24 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2021-08-17 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124024559/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/17/the-taliban-leaders-in-line-to-become-de-facto-rulers-of-afghanistan }}</ref>|appointer_qualified=|termlength=[[终身制|终身]]|termlength_qualified=|constituting_instrument=|inaugural=|member_of=最高委员会<br />(1996–2001)<br />[[阿富汗政治|拉巴里舒拉]]<br />(2021年至今)|formation={{start date and age|1994}}|founder=|named_for=|first=[[穆罕默德·奥马尔]]|last=|abolished=|succession=|salary=|website=
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{{阿富汗政治}}
{{阿富汗政治}}


'''阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国元首'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement of the Leadership Office regarding Policies of Islamic Emirate following announcement of New Islamic Government and Cabinet|url=https://www.alemarahenglish.af/?p=48480|access-date=2021-11-26|author=Akhundzada|date=2021-09-08|first=Hibatullah|work=Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan – Voice of Jihad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126210211/https://www.alemarahenglish.af/?p=48480|archive-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>({{Lang-ps|د مش د افغانستان اسلامي امارت|Damshīr Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat}} ){{Efn|Because the [[Taliban]] continued to refer to itself as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan after the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]], this was the official title used to identify the supreme commander within the movement}}即[[塔利班]][[最高領導人|最高领导人]],2021年[[喀布爾陷落 (2021年)|喀布尔陷落]]后成[[阿富汗]][[De facto|事实上]]的统治者。此职位在1996年到2013年的头衔是'''伊斯兰酋长国领袖'''或'''最高领袖'''。穆罕默德·奥马尔在[[塔利班叛乱]]期间任领导者时亦拥有'''圣战者最高领袖'''的头衔,担任该运动叛乱分子的最高指挥官<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan And Its Successful Administrative Policy|url=http://shahamat-english.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4705:the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-and-its-successful-administrative-policy&catid=2:comments&Itemid=3|access-date=2022-01-31|date=2011-05-22|work=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522002519/http://shahamat-english.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4705:the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-and-its-successful-administrative-policy&catid=2:comments&Itemid=3|archive-date=2011-05-22}}</ref>。1996年至2001年(塔利班第一个政权)期间,前领导[[穆罕默德·奥马尔]]亦享有“阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国最高委员会主席”额外头衔(仅奥马尔一拥有)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Will the New Taliban Leader Lead His People?|url=https://carnegiemoscow.org/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people-pub-61001|access-date=2021-11-12|author=Malashenko|first=Alexey|work=Carnegie Moscow Center|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112064625/https://carnegiemoscow.org/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people-pub-61001}}</ref>
'''阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国领导人'''({{Lang-ps|د مش د افغانستان اسلامي امارت|Damshīr Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat}}){{Efn|塔利班在美国入侵阿富汗后始终保留该头衔,最高领导人流亡在巴基斯坦,直至2021年8月再次统治阿富汗。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement of the Leadership Office regarding Policies of Islamic Emirate following announcement of New Islamic Government and Cabinet|url=https://www.alemarahenglish.af/?p=48480|access-date=2021-11-26|author=Akhundzada|date=2021-09-08|first=Hibatullah|work=Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan – Voice of Jihad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126210211/https://www.alemarahenglish.af/?p=48480|archive-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>}},也称'''阿富汗最高领袖'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=人物|从塔利班领导人到阿富汗最高领袖,阿洪扎达是谁?|url=https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_14339584|access-date=2023-06-13|website=The paper}}</ref>({{lang-prs|رهبر افغانستان|Rahbar-e Afghānistān}})、'''阿富汗临时政府最高领导人'''<ref>[https://www.jiemian.com/article/6550712.html 塔利班发言:阿洪扎达将是阿富汗新政府任何执政委员会的最高领导]</ref>,又被尊为'''[[信士的長官]]'''({{lang-ar|أَمِير ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين|ʾamīr al-muʾminīn}} ) 。2021年[[喀布爾陷落 (2021年)|喀布尔陷落]]后成为[[阿富汗]][[De facto|事实上]]的统治者

此职位在1996年到2013年的头衔是'''伊斯兰酋长国领导人'''或'''阿富汗最高领导人'''。1996年至2001年(塔利班第一个政权)期间,前领导人[[穆罕默德·奥马尔]]亦享有“阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国最高委员会主席”的额外头衔(仅奥马尔一人拥有)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Will the New Taliban Leader Lead His People?|url=https://carnegiemoscow.org/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people-pub-61001|access-date=2021-11-12|author=Malashenko|first=Alexey|work=Carnegie Moscow Center|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112064625/https://carnegiemoscow.org/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people-pub-61001}}</ref>,即[[塔利班]]统治下阿富汗的[[最高領導人]]。穆罕默德·奥马尔在[[阿富汗战争|塔利班叛乱]]期间任领导者时亦拥有'''[[圣战者]]最高领导人'''的头衔,担任该运动叛乱分子的最高指挥官<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan And Its Successful Administrative Policy|url=http://shahamat-english.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4705:the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-and-its-successful-administrative-policy&catid=2:comments&Itemid=3|access-date=2022-01-31|date=2011-05-22|work=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522002519/http://shahamat-english.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4705:the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-and-its-successful-administrative-policy&catid=2:comments&Itemid=3|archive-date=2011-05-22}}</ref>。


== 历史 ==
== 历史 ==
该职位由[[穆罕默德·奥马尔]]建立,他在1990年代建立[[塔利班]]和[[阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國 (1996年-2001年)|阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国]](1996~2001) 1996年,奥马尔的追随者在[[坎大哈]]授予奥马尔“[[信士的長官]]”头衔,期间奥马尔穿上了一件取自该市神殿的斗篷(据称此为[[伊斯蘭教的先知|伊斯兰教先知]]穆罕默德所有)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man in the News; Seizing the Prophet's Mantle: Muhammad Omar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/world/nation-challenged-leader-man-seizing-prophet-s-mantle-muhammad-omar.html|access-date=2021-08-17|work=www.nytimes.com|archive-date=2011-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203163012/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/world/nation-challenged-leader-man-seizing-prophet-s-mantle-muhammad-omar.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kandahar residents feel betrayed|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kandahar-residents-feel-betrayed-2837764.php|access-date=2021-08-17|work=www.sfgate.com|archive-date=2012-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102100841/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kandahar-residents-feel-betrayed-2837764.php}}</ref>。 1996年塔利班占领阿富汗首都[[喀布尔]]后,该组织成立“阿富汗最高委员会”,并于当年9月27日宣布奥马尔为最高委员会主席;奥马尔以此身份担任该国[[家元首|国家元首]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Will the New Taliban Leader Lead His People?|url=https://carnegie.ru/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people/ielb|access-date=2021-08-17|author=Malashenko|date=2015-08-11|first=Alexey|publisher=Russian International Affairs Council|archive-date=2015-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828182036/https://carnegie.ru/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people/ielb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mullah Mohammed Omar: Co-founder and leader of the Taliban who fought the Soviets before presiding over a brutal Afghan regime|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/mullah-mohammed-omar-co-founder-and-leader-taliban-who-fought-soviets-presiding-over-brutal-afghan-regime-10428546.html|access-date=2021-08-17|author=Waraich|date=2015-07-30|first=Omar|work=www.independent.co.uk|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815222803/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/mullah-mohammed-omar-co-founder-and-leader-taliban-who-fought-soviets-presiding-over-brutal-afghan-regime-10428546.html}}</ref>。
该职位由[[穆罕默德·奥马尔]]建立,他在1990年代建立[[塔利班]](1994年)和[[阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國 (1996年-2001年)|阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国]](1996年)。1996年,奥马尔的追随者在[[坎大哈]]授予奥马尔“[[信士的長官]]”头衔,期间奥马尔穿上了一件取自该市神殿的斗篷(据称此为[[伊斯蘭教的先知|伊斯兰教先知]][[穆罕默德]]所有)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man in the News; Seizing the Prophet's Mantle: Muhammad Omar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/world/nation-challenged-leader-man-seizing-prophet-s-mantle-muhammad-omar.html|access-date=2021-08-17|work=www.nytimes.com|archive-date=2011-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203163012/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/world/nation-challenged-leader-man-seizing-prophet-s-mantle-muhammad-omar.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kandahar residents feel betrayed|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kandahar-residents-feel-betrayed-2837764.php|access-date=2021-08-17|work=www.sfgate.com|archive-date=2012-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102100841/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kandahar-residents-feel-betrayed-2837764.php}}</ref>。1996年塔利班[[喀布爾戰役 (1992–1996)|占领阿富汗首都喀布尔]]后,该组织成立6个人所组成的“阿富汗最高委员会”<ref>{{cite web |title=人物资料:阿富汗塔利班最高领导人奥马尔 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-07/30/c_128072822.htm |website=新华网 |accessdate=2015年7月30日 |archive-date=2024年5月2日 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502214203/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-07/30/c_128072822.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>,并于当年9月27日宣布奥马尔为最高委员会主席;奥马尔以此身份担任该国[[阿富汗国家元首列表|国家元首]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Will the New Taliban Leader Lead His People?|url=https://carnegie.ru/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people/ielb|access-date=2021-08-17|author=Malashenko|date=2015-08-11|first=Alexey|publisher=Russian International Affairs Council|archive-date=2015-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828182036/https://carnegie.ru/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people/ielb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mullah Mohammed Omar: Co-founder and leader of the Taliban who fought the Soviets before presiding over a brutal Afghan regime|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/mullah-mohammed-omar-co-founder-and-leader-taliban-who-fought-soviets-presiding-over-brutal-afghan-regime-10428546.html|access-date=2021-08-17|author=Waraich|date=2015-07-30|first=Omar|work=www.independent.co.uk|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815222803/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/mullah-mohammed-omar-co-founder-and-leader-taliban-who-fought-soviets-presiding-over-brutal-afghan-regime-10428546.html}}</ref>。


在[[九一一袭击事件|九一一事件]]和2001年美国入侵阿富汗之后,奥马尔倒台,最高委员会主席的职位被[[阿富汗总统]]取代<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karzai declared elected president|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8337832.stm|access-date=2021-08-17|work=news.bbc.co.uk|archive-date=2009-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104145048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8337832.stm}}</ref>。惟事后塔利班后继领导人都获得了“忠实指挥官”头衔<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement by the Leadership Council of Islamic Emirate regarding the martyrdom of Amir ul Mumineen Mullah Akhtar Muhammad Mansour and the election of the new leader|url=https://jihadology.net/2016/05/28/new-statement-from-the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-leadership-council-regarding-the-martyrdom-of-the-leader-of-the-faithful-mulla-akhtar-mu%e1%b8%a5mmad-man%e1%b9%a3ur-and-the-election-of-the-n/|access-date=2021-08-17|work=jihadology.net|archive-date=2016-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808194956/https://jihadology.net/2016/05/28/new-statement-from-the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-leadership-council-regarding-the-martyrdom-of-the-leader-of-the-faithful-mulla-akhtar-mu%e1%b8%a5mmad-man%e1%b9%a3ur-and-the-election-of-the-n/}}</ref>。
在[[九一一袭击事件|九一一事件]]和2001年美国入侵阿富汗之后,随着塔利班的首个倒台,最高委员会主席的职位被[[阿富汗总统]]取代<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karzai declared elected president|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8337832.stm|access-date=2021-08-17|work=news.bbc.co.uk|archive-date=2009-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104145048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8337832.stm}}</ref>。然而在[[塔利班叛乱]]期间,后继的塔利班领导人都获得了“忠实指挥官”头衔<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement by the Leadership Council of Islamic Emirate regarding the martyrdom of Amir ul Mumineen Mullah Akhtar Muhammad Mansour and the election of the new leader|url=https://jihadology.net/2016/05/28/new-statement-from-the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-leadership-council-regarding-the-martyrdom-of-the-leader-of-the-faithful-mulla-akhtar-mu%e1%b8%a5mmad-man%e1%b9%a3ur-and-the-election-of-the-n/|access-date=2021-08-17|work=jihadology.net|archive-date=2016-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808194956/https://jihadology.net/2016/05/28/new-statement-from-the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-leadership-council-regarding-the-martyrdom-of-the-leader-of-the-faithful-mulla-akhtar-mu%e1%b8%a5mmad-man%e1%b9%a3ur-and-the-election-of-the-n/}}</ref>。


[[2021年塔利班攻勢]]后,塔利班在美国于当年8月15日[[美軍撤出阿富汗|撤军]]后[[喀布爾陷落 (2021年)|占领喀布尔]],并[[De facto|事实上]]成为新的阿富汗政府<ref name="guardian15">{{Cite news|author=Mistlin|first6=Rowena|archivedate=2021-08-15|issn=0261-3077|accessdate=2021-08-15|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/aug/15/afghanistan-taliban-close-in-on-kabul-as-last-government-stronghold-in-north-falls|work=The Guardian|title=Afghanistan: Kabul to shift power to 'transitional administration' after Taliban enter city – live updates|date=2021-08-15|last6=Mason|first=Alex|first5=Julian|last5=Borger|first4=Luke|last4=Harding|first3=Luke|last3=Harding|first2=Helen|author2=Sullivan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815103044/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/aug/15/afghanistan-taliban-close-in-on-kabul-as-last-government-stronghold-in-north-falls}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan: Heavy fighting ongoing on the outskirts of Kabul as of early Aug. 15; a total blackout reported in the city|url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/513486/afghanistan-heavy-fighting-ongoing-on-the-outskirts-of-kabul-as-of-early-aug-15-a-total-blackout-reported-in-the-city|access-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815010510/https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/513486/afghanistan-heavy-fighting-ongoing-on-the-outskirts-of-kabul-as-of-early-aug-15-a-total-blackout-reported-in-the-city|archive-date=2021-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taliban officials: there will be no transitional government in Afghanistan|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-officials-there-will-be-no-transitional-government-afghanistan-2021-08-15/|access-date=2021-08-15|date=2021-08-15|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815160956/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-officials-there-will-be-no-transitional-government-afghanistan-2021-08-15/|archive-date=2021-08-15}}</ref>。
[[2021年塔利班攻勢]]后,塔利班在美国于当年8月15日[[美軍撤出阿富汗|撤军]]后[[喀布爾陷落 (2021年)|占领喀布尔]],并[[De facto|事实上]]成为新的阿富汗政府<ref name="guardian15">{{Cite news|author=Mistlin|first6=Rowena|archivedate=2021-08-15|issn=0261-3077|accessdate=2021-08-15|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/aug/15/afghanistan-taliban-close-in-on-kabul-as-last-government-stronghold-in-north-falls|work=The Guardian|title=Afghanistan: Kabul to shift power to 'transitional administration' after Taliban enter city – live updates|date=2021-08-15|last6=Mason|first=Alex|first5=Julian|last5=Borger|first4=Luke|last4=Harding|first3=Luke|last3=Harding|first2=Helen|author2=Sullivan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815103044/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/aug/15/afghanistan-taliban-close-in-on-kabul-as-last-government-stronghold-in-north-falls}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan: Heavy fighting ongoing on the outskirts of Kabul as of early Aug. 15; a total blackout reported in the city|url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/513486/afghanistan-heavy-fighting-ongoing-on-the-outskirts-of-kabul-as-of-early-aug-15-a-total-blackout-reported-in-the-city|access-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815010510/https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/513486/afghanistan-heavy-fighting-ongoing-on-the-outskirts-of-kabul-as-of-early-aug-15-a-total-blackout-reported-in-the-city|archive-date=2021-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taliban officials: there will be no transitional government in Afghanistan|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-officials-there-will-be-no-transitional-government-afghanistan-2021-08-15/|access-date=2021-08-15|date=2021-08-15|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815160956/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-officials-there-will-be-no-transitional-government-afghanistan-2021-08-15/|archive-date=2021-08-15}}</ref>。
第41行: 第43行:
在[[穆罕默德·奥马尔]]的领导下,最高委员会主席拥有绝对权力,塔利班对[[伊斯蘭教法|伊斯兰教法]]的解释完全受控于奥马尔。
在[[穆罕默德·奥马尔]]的领导下,最高委员会主席拥有绝对权力,塔利班对[[伊斯蘭教法|伊斯兰教法]]的解释完全受控于奥马尔。


目前埃米尔目前的角色尚不明确,但根据1998年原阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国的宪法草案,忠实领袖将任命[[阿富汗最高法院|最高法院]]的法官。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyond Republic or Emirate: Afghan Constitutional System at Crossroads|url=http://www.iconnectblog.com/2021/04/beyond-republic-or-emirate-afghan-constitutional-system-at-crossroads/|access-date=2021-08-17|work=www.iconnectblog.com|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513143644/http://www.iconnectblog.com/2021/04/beyond-republic-or-emirate-afghan-constitutional-system-at-crossroads/}}</ref>
目前[[塔利班领导人]]的角色尚不明确,但根据1998年原阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国的宪法草案,忠实领袖将任命[[最高法院|最高法院]]的法官。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyond Republic or Emirate: Afghan Constitutional System at Crossroads|url=http://www.iconnectblog.com/2021/04/beyond-republic-or-emirate-afghan-constitutional-system-at-crossroads/|access-date=2021-08-17|work=www.iconnectblog.com|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513143644/http://www.iconnectblog.com/2021/04/beyond-republic-or-emirate-afghan-constitutional-system-at-crossroads/}}</ref>


然而在现任政府下,埃米尔拥有任命权以及政教军事务的最高权力。埃米尔通过拉巴里舒拉或领导委员会开展他的大部分工作,该委员会监督[[阿富汗内阁]]运行,并任命个人担任内阁关键职位<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Role Will the Taliban’s ‘Supreme Leader’ Play in the New Government?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/what-role-will-the-talibans-supreme-leader-play-in-the-new-government/|access-date=2021-09-24|work=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910123739/https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/what-role-will-the-talibans-supreme-leader-play-in-the-new-government/}}</ref>。
然而在现任政府下,最高领袖(埃米尔·穆民)拥有任命权以及政教军事务的最高权力。埃米尔通过领导委员会(拉巴里舒拉)开展他的大部分工作,该委员会监督[[阿富汗内阁]]运行,并任命个人担任内阁关键职位<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Role Will the Taliban’s ‘Supreme Leader’ Play in the New Government?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/what-role-will-the-talibans-supreme-leader-play-in-the-new-government/|access-date=2021-09-24|work=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910123739/https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/what-role-will-the-talibans-supreme-leader-play-in-the-new-government/}}</ref>。


然而在[[半岛电视台]]的一份报告中,内阁没有实权,任何决定皆由阿洪扎达和[[坎大哈]]的[[阿富汗政治|拉巴里舒拉]]秘密决议。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taliban divisions deepen as hardliners seek spoils of war|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/23/how-deep-are-divisions-among-the-taliban|access-date=2021-09-24|author=Latifi|first=Ali M.|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923103919/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/23/how-deep-are-divisions-among-the-taliban}}</ref>
然而在[[半岛电视台]]的一份报告中,内阁没有实权,任何决定皆由阿洪扎达和[[坎大哈]]的[[阿富汗政治|领导委员会]]秘密决议。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taliban divisions deepen as hardliners seek spoils of war|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/23/how-deep-are-divisions-among-the-taliban|access-date=2021-09-24|author=Latifi|first=Ali M.|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923103919/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/23/how-deep-are-divisions-among-the-taliban}}</ref>


== 列表 ==
== 列表 ==
第73行: 第75行:
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|{{Small|阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国副领导人(2010-2015)}}
|{{Small|阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国副领导人(2010-2015)}}
| {{Small|{{date|2013年4月23日}} ([[代理 (政治)|代理]]){{NoteTag|Mansour was never officially named Acting Leader, but executed the role by concealing Mullah Omar's death, claiming to be acting on his behalf, and issuing decrees bearing his name. After over two years, news of Omar's death became public on 29 July 2015. Mansour was formally appointed Leader the same day.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news |last1=Goldstein |first1=Joseph |title=Taliban’s New Leader Strengthens His Hold With Intrigue and Battlefield Victory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/world/asia/kunduz-fall-validates-mullah-akhtar-muhammad-mansour-talibans-new-leader.html |access-date=2022-01-23 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-10-04 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123203430/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/world/asia/kunduz-fall-validates-mullah-akhtar-muhammad-mansour-talibans-new-leader.html }}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |title=Taliban sources - Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader/taliban-sources-afghan-taliban-appoint-mansour-as-leader-idINKCN0Q41FQ20150730 |access-date=2022-01-24 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2015-07-30 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020532/https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader/taliban-sources-afghan-taliban-appoint-mansour-as-leader-idINKCN0Q41FQ20150730 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban resignation points to extent of internal divisions in leadership crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/04/taliban-resignation-divisions-leadership-qatar-mullah-omar |access-date=2022-01-25 |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] |agency=[[The Guardian]] |date=2015-08-04 |location=[[Kabul]] |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121003557/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/04/taliban-resignation-divisions-leadership-qatar-mullah-omar }}</ref>}}}}
| {{Small|{{date|2013年4月23日}} ([[代理 (政治)|代理]]){{Efn|曼苏尔从未被正式任命为代理领袖,而是通过隐瞒毛拉奥马尔的死讯、声称代表他行事并发布以他的名字命名的法令来执行这一角色。两年多后,奥马尔去世的消息于 2015 7 29 日公开。曼苏尔于同一天被正式任命为领导人。<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldstein |first1=Joseph |title=Taliban’s New Leader Strengthens His Hold With Intrigue and Battlefield Victory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/world/asia/kunduz-fall-validates-mullah-akhtar-muhammad-mansour-talibans-new-leader.html |access-date=2022-01-23 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-10-04 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123203430/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/world/asia/kunduz-fall-validates-mullah-akhtar-muhammad-mansour-talibans-new-leader.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban sources - Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader/taliban-sources-afghan-taliban-appoint-mansour-as-leader-idINKCN0Q41FQ20150730 |access-date=2022-01-24 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2015-07-30 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020532/https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader/taliban-sources-afghan-taliban-appoint-mansour-as-leader-idINKCN0Q41FQ20150730 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban resignation points to extent of internal divisions in leadership crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/04/taliban-resignation-divisions-leadership-qatar-mullah-omar |access-date=2022-01-25 |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] |agency=[[The Guardian]] |date=2015-08-04 |location=[[Kabul]] |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121003557/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/04/taliban-resignation-divisions-leadership-qatar-mullah-omar }}</ref>}}}}
| 2015年7月29日
| 2015年7月29日
|{{Small|{{Age in years and days|2013|4|23|2015|7|29|age=no}}}}
|{{Small|{{Age in years and days|2013|4|23|2015|7|29|age=no}}}}
|<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|title=Taliban’s New Leader Strengthens His Hold With Intrigue and Battlefield Victory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/world/asia/kunduz-fall-validates-mullah-akhtar-muhammad-mansour-talibans-new-leader.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-10-04|author=Goldstein|first=Joseph|accessdate=2022-01-23}}</ref>
|<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|title=Taliban’s New Leader Strengthens His Hold With Intrigue and Battlefield Victory|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/world/asia/kunduz-fall-validates-mullah-akhtar-muhammad-mansour-talibans-new-leader.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015-10-04|author=Goldstein|first=Joseph|accessdate=2022-01-23|archive-date=2022-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123203430/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/world/asia/kunduz-fall-validates-mullah-akhtar-muhammad-mansour-talibans-new-leader.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2
| 2
第84行: 第86行:
(遭[[暗杀]]身亡)
(遭[[暗杀]]身亡)
| {{Age in years and days|2015|7|29|2016|5|21}}
| {{Age in years and days|2015|7|29|2016|5|21}}
|<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|title=Taliban sources - Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader/taliban-sources-afghan-taliban-appoint-mansour-as-leader-idINKCN0Q41FQ20150730 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2015-07-30|accessdate=2022-01-24}}</ref>
|<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news |title=Taliban sources - Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader/taliban-sources-afghan-taliban-appoint-mansour-as-leader-idINKCN0Q41FQ20150730 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2015-07-30 |accessdate=2022-01-24 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020532/https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader/taliban-sources-afghan-taliban-appoint-mansour-as-leader-idINKCN0Q41FQ20150730 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 3
| 3
|{{Small|[[信士的長官]]}}{{Small|[[穆拉]] [[谢赫 (称号)|谢赫]]}}<br />[[穆拉]]<br />[[毛拉韦]]<br />'''[[海巴图拉·阿洪扎达|希巴图拉·阿昆扎达]]'''
|{{Small|[[信士的長官]]}}<br />{{Small|[[谢赫 (称号)|谢赫]]·[[聖訓|哈迪赫]]}}<br />[[穆拉]]<br />[[毛拉韦]]<br />'''[[海巴图拉·阿洪扎达]]'''
|<!-- 注释: [[File:Hibatullah Akhundzada.jpg|frameless|130x130px]] -->
|<!-- 注释: [[File:Hibatullah Akhundzada.jpg|frameless|130x130px]] -->
|–
|–
第96行: 第98行:
|}
|}


== 副 ==
== 副领袖 ==
阿洪扎达下有三职:西拉朱丁·哈卡尼、[[穆罕默德·雅各布]]和[[阿卜杜勒·加尼·巴拉达尔]]。哈卡尼于2015年首次被[[阿赫塔尔·曼苏尔]]任命为副领导人,后来被阿扎达留任。2016上任后,阿扎达任命奥马尔毛拉的儿子雅各布为第二副 阿洪扎达于 2019 年任命巴拉达尔为第三副,专门负责政治事务<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sayed|first=Abdul|title=Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal_analysis-how-are-taliban-organized/6219266.html|accessdate=2022-01-23|work=[[Voice of America]]|date=2021-09-08|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102184142/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal_analysis-how-are-taliban-organized/6219266.html}}</ref>。
阿洪扎达下有三名“阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国领导人”:西拉朱丁·哈卡尼、[[穆罕默德·雅各布]]和[[阿卜杜勒·加尼·巴拉达尔]]。哈卡尼于2015年首次被[[阿赫塔尔·曼苏尔]]任命为副领导人,后来被阿扎达留任。2016上任后,阿扎达任命奥马尔毛拉的儿子雅各布为第二副领导人。阿洪扎达于2019年任命巴拉达尔为第三副领导人,专门负责政治事务<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sayed|first=Abdul|title=Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal_analysis-how-are-taliban-organized/6219266.html|accessdate=2022-01-23|work=[[Voice of America]]|date=2021-09-08|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102184142/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal_analysis-how-are-taliban-organized/6219266.html}}</ref>。


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==

* [[阿富汗国家元首列表]]
* [[阿富汗国家元首列表]]
* [[塔利班领导人]]
* [[塔利班领导人]]
* [[阿富汗总统]]
* [[阿富汗总统]]
* [[阿富汗历史]]
* [[阿富汗历史]]
* [[阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国政府]]
* [[阿富汗政治]]
* [[阿富汗政治]]
* [[伊朗最高领袖]]


== 注释 ==
== 注释 ==
第112行: 第113行:


== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|25em}}

{{亞洲國家元首與政府首腦}}
{{亞洲國家元首與政府首腦}}
{{塔利班}}
{{塔利班}}
第118行: 第120行:
[[Category:埃米尔]]
[[Category:埃米尔]]
[[Category:宗教領導角色]]
[[Category:宗教領導角色]]
[[Category:領袖]]
[[Category:阿富汗国家元首]]
[[Category:塔利班领导人]]
[[Category:塔利班领导人]]

2024年12月21日 (六) 03:02的最新版本

阿富汗最高领导人
現任
海巴图拉·阿洪扎达

自2016年5月25日[1]
尊称信士的長官
类别最高领导人
所属最高委员会
(1996–2001)
领导委员会
(2021年至今)
官邸坎大哈
任命者阿富汗领导委员会[2]
任期终身
先前职位阿富汗总统
设立1994年,​31年前​(1994
首任穆罕默德·奥马尔
阿富汗

阿富汗政府與政治
系列條目



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政治主题

阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国领导人普什圖語د مش د افغانستان اسلامي امارت‎,羅馬化:Damshīr Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat[a],也称为阿富汗最高领袖[4]達利語رهبر افغانستان‎,羅馬化:Rahbar-e Afghānistān)、阿富汗临时政府最高领导人[5],又被尊为信士的長官(阿拉伯语:أَمِير ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين‎,羅馬化ʾamīr al-muʾminīn ) 。2021年喀布尔陷落后成为阿富汗事实上的统治者。

此职位在1996年到2013年的头衔是伊斯兰酋长国领导人阿富汗最高领导人。1996年至2001年(塔利班第一个政权)期间,前领导人穆罕默德·奥马尔亦享有“阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国最高委员会主席”的额外头衔(仅奥马尔一人拥有)[6],即塔利班统治下阿富汗的最高領導人。穆罕默德·奥马尔在塔利班叛乱期间任领导者时亦拥有圣战者最高领导人的头衔,担任该运动叛乱分子的最高指挥官[7]

历史

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该职位由穆罕默德·奥马尔建立,他在1990年代建立塔利班(1994年)和阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国(1996年)。1996年,奥马尔的追随者在坎大哈授予奥马尔“信士的長官”头衔,期间奥马尔穿上了一件取自该市神殿的斗篷(据称此为伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德所有)[8][9]。1996年塔利班占领阿富汗首都喀布尔后,该组织成立6个人所组成的“阿富汗最高委员会”[10],并于当年9月27日宣布奥马尔为最高委员会主席;奥马尔以此身份担任该国国家元首[11][12]

九一一事件和2001年美国入侵阿富汗之后,随着塔利班的首个政权倒台,最高委员会主席的职位被阿富汗总统取代[13]。然而在塔利班叛乱期间,后继的塔利班领导人都获得了“忠实指挥官”头衔[14]

2021年塔利班攻勢后,塔利班在美国于当年8月15日撤军占领喀布尔,并事实上成为新的阿富汗政府[15][16][17]

选择

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根据原《阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国宪法》草案,国家元首由伊斯兰委员会选出,并享有“忠实领袖”头衔[18]

权力和义务

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穆罕默德·奥马尔的领导下,最高委员会主席拥有绝对权力,塔利班对伊斯兰教法的解释完全受控于奥马尔。

目前塔利班领导人的角色尚不明确,但根据1998年原阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国的宪法草案,忠实领袖将任命最高法院的大法官。 [19]

然而在现任政府下,最高领袖(埃米尔·穆民)拥有任命权以及政教军事务的最高权力。埃米尔通过领导委员会(拉巴里舒拉)开展他的大部分工作,该委员会监督阿富汗内阁运行,并任命个人担任内阁关键职位[20]

然而在半岛电视台的一份报告中,内阁没有实权,任何决定皆由阿洪扎达和坎大哈领导委员会秘密决议。 [21]

列表

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No. 人名
(生卒年)
肖像 担任的其他职位 任期 参考文献
上任 去职 任期
1 信士的長官
穆拉
穆罕默德·奥马尔
(1960–2013)
阿富汗最高委员会主席(1996-2001) 1994年 2013年4月23日 18年或19年 [22] [23]
信士的長官
穆拉
阿赫塔尔·曼苏尔
(1968–2016)
阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国副领导人(2010-2015) 2013年4月23日 (代理)[b] 2015年7月29日 2年97天 [27]
2 2015 年7月29日 2016年5月21日

(遭暗杀身亡)

297天 [28]
3 信士的長官
谢赫·哈迪赫
穆拉
毛拉韦
海巴图拉·阿洪扎达
2016年5月25日 现任 8年227天 [1]

副领袖

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阿洪扎达之下有三名“阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国副领导人”:西拉朱丁·哈卡尼、穆罕默德·雅各布阿卜杜勒·加尼·巴拉达尔。哈卡尼于2015年首次被阿赫塔尔·曼苏尔任命为副领导人,后来被阿洪扎达留任。2016上任后,阿洪扎达任命奥马尔毛拉的儿子雅各布为第二副领导人。阿洪扎达于2019年任命巴拉达尔为第三副领导人,专门负责政治事务[29]

参见

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注释

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  1. ^ 塔利班在美国入侵阿富汗后始终保留该头衔,最高领导人流亡在巴基斯坦,直至2021年8月再次统治阿富汗。[3]
  2. ^ 曼苏尔从未被正式任命为代理领袖,而是通过隐瞒毛拉奥马尔的死讯、声称代表他行事并发布以他的名字命名的法令来执行这一角色。两年多后,奥马尔去世的消息于 2015 年 7 月 29 日公开。曼苏尔于同一天被正式任命为领导人。[24][25][26]

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Afghan Taliban announce successor to Mullah Mansour. BBC News. 2016-05-25 [2016-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-04-18). 
  2. ^ Burke, Jason. The Taliban leaders in line to become de facto rulers of Afghanistan. The Guardian. 2021-08-17 [2022-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-24). 
  3. ^ Akhundzada, Hibatullah. Statement of the Leadership Office regarding Policies of Islamic Emirate following announcement of New Islamic Government and Cabinet. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan – Voice of Jihad. 2021-09-08 [2021-11-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-26). 
  4. ^ 人物|从塔利班领导人到阿富汗最高领袖,阿洪扎达是谁?. The paper. [2023-06-13]. 
  5. ^ 塔利班发言人:阿洪扎达将是阿富汗新政府任何执政委员会的最高领导人
  6. ^ Malashenko, Alexey. Where Will the New Taliban Leader Lead His People?. Carnegie Moscow Center. [2021-11-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-12) (英语). 
  7. ^ The Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan And Its Successful Administrative Policy. 2011-05-22 [2022-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-22). 
  8. ^ Man in the News; Seizing the Prophet's Mantle: Muhammad Omar. www.nytimes.com. [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2011-02-03). 
  9. ^ Kandahar residents feel betrayed. www.sfgate.com. [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-02). 
  10. ^ 人物资料:阿富汗塔利班最高领导人奥马尔. 新华网. [2015年7月30日]. (原始内容存档于2024年5月2日). 
  11. ^ Malashenko, Alexey. Where Will the New Taliban Leader Lead His People?. Russian International Affairs Council. 2015-08-11 [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-28). 
  12. ^ Waraich, Omar. Mullah Mohammed Omar: Co-founder and leader of the Taliban who fought the Soviets before presiding over a brutal Afghan regime. www.independent.co.uk. 2015-07-30 [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-15). 
  13. ^ Karzai declared elected president. news.bbc.co.uk. [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2009-11-04). 
  14. ^ Statement by the Leadership Council of Islamic Emirate regarding the martyrdom of Amir ul Mumineen Mullah Akhtar Muhammad Mansour and the election of the new leader. jihadology.net. [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-08). 
  15. ^ Mistlin, Alex; Sullivan, Helen; Harding, Luke; Harding, Luke; Borger, Julian; Mason, Rowena. Afghanistan: Kabul to shift power to 'transitional administration' after Taliban enter city – live updates. The Guardian. 2021-08-15 [2021-08-15]. ISSN 0261-3077. (原始内容存档于2021-08-15). 
  16. ^ Afghanistan: Heavy fighting ongoing on the outskirts of Kabul as of early Aug. 15; a total blackout reported in the city. [2021-08-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-15). 
  17. ^ Taliban officials: there will be no transitional government in Afghanistan. Reuters. 2021-08-15 [2021-08-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-15). 
  18. ^ Taliban Constitution Offers Glimpse Into Militant Group's Vision For Afghanistan. www.rferl.org. [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-26). 
  19. ^ Beyond Republic or Emirate: Afghan Constitutional System at Crossroads. www.iconnectblog.com. [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-13). 
  20. ^ What Role Will the Taliban’s ‘Supreme Leader’ Play in the New Government?. thediplomat.com. [2021-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-10) (美国英语). 
  21. ^ Latifi, Ali M. Taliban divisions deepen as hardliners seek spoils of war. www.aljazeera.com. [2021-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-23) (英语). 
  22. ^ Afghanistan: Who's who in the Taliban leadership. BBC News. 2021-09-07 [2022-01-12]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-17). 
  23. ^ CNN Umair. Mullah Omar: Life chapter of Taliban’s supreme leader comes to end. ireport.cnn.com (Faisalabad, Pakistan: CNN). 2015-07-29 [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 
  24. ^ Goldstein, Joseph. Taliban’s New Leader Strengthens His Hold With Intrigue and Battlefield Victory. The New York Times. 2015-10-04 [2022-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-23). 
  25. ^ Taliban sources - Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader. Reuters. 2015-07-30 [2022-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-24). 
  26. ^ Taliban resignation points to extent of internal divisions in leadership crisis. Agence France-Presse (Kabul). The Guardian. 2015-08-04 [2022-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-21). 
  27. ^ Goldstein, Joseph. Taliban’s New Leader Strengthens His Hold With Intrigue and Battlefield Victory. The New York Times. 2015-10-04 [2022-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-23). 
  28. ^ Taliban sources - Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader. Reuters. 2015-07-30 [2022-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-24). 
  29. ^ Sayed, Abdul. Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?. Voice of America. 2021-09-08 [2022-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-02).