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巴爾米拉之戰 (2016年12月)：修订间差异

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Bot：以Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces_(1980–2024).svg代替Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg（CommonsDelinker的要求：File renamed: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion
 
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第4行： 第4行：
| partof= [[叙利亚内战]]
| partof= [[叙利亚内战]]
| image= [[File:Palmyra Offensive (December 2016).svg|350px]]
| image= [[File:Palmyra Offensive (December 2016).svg|350px]]
| caption=自2016年12月8日以來被伊斯蘭國攻佔的區域
| caption=2016年12月8日至12月中旬被伊斯蘭國攻佔的區域
| date= 2016年12月8日－
| date= 2016年12月8日－12月22日
| place= 敘利亞[[霍姆斯省]][[泰德穆爾區]]
| place= 敘利亞[[霍姆斯省]][[泰德穆爾區]]
| result = [[伊斯蘭國]]勝利
| territory=
| status= 進行中
*伊斯蘭國於2016年12月11日攻佔[[巴尔米拉]]<ref name="11Dec2016capture"/>
*伊斯蘭國於2016年12月11日攻佔[[巴尔米拉]]<ref name="11Dec2016capture"/>
*敘政府軍在T-4空軍基地攻防戰擊退伊斯蘭國
| combatant1={{flagicon|Syria}} '''敘利亞政府'''<br/>
| combatant1={{flagicon|Syria}} '''敘利亞政府'''<br/>
{{flag|Russia}}
{{flag|Russia}}
第18行： 第18行：
| commander1=
| commander1=
| commander2=
| commander2=
| units1={{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.svg}} 敘利亞武裝部隊
| units1={{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces (1980–2024).svg}} 敘利亞武裝部隊
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Army.svg}} 敘利亞陸軍
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Army.svg}} 敘利亞陸軍
**第11裝甲師<ref name="blitz">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-fully-retakes-palmyra-stunning-blitz-offensive-map-update/|title=ISIS fully retakes Palmyra in stunning blitz offensive – Map update |first=Chris|last=Tomson|date=11 December 2016|publisher=al-Masdar News|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref>
**第11裝甲師<ref name="blitz">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-fully-retakes-palmyra-stunning-blitz-offensive-map-update/|title=ISIS fully retakes Palmyra in stunning blitz offensive – Map update|first=Chris|last=Tomson|date=11 December 2016|publisher=al-Masdar News|accessdate=11 December 2016|archive-date=2016-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211223337/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-fully-retakes-palmyra-stunning-blitz-offensive-map-update/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
**第18裝甲師<ref name="blitz" />
**第18裝甲師<ref name="blitz" />
**[[File:Syrian commando.png|18px]] [[老虎部隊]]
**[[File:Syrian commando.png|18px]] [[老虎部隊]]
第26行： 第26行：
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Air Force.svg}} 敘利亞空軍
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Air Force.svg}} 敘利亞空軍
* 其它
* 其它
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.svg}} [[俄罗斯空军]]<ref name="first wave">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-repels-first-isis-assault-t-4-airbase-prepares-second-wave/|title=Syrian Army repels first ISIS assault on T-4 Airbase, prepares for a second wave|first=Ivan|last=Yakovlev|date=12 December 2016|publisher=al-Masdar News|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Russian Air Force.svg}} [[俄罗斯空军]]<ref name="first wave"/>


| units2=
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| strength1=1,000人<ref name="blitz"/>
| strength2=4,000－5,000人<ref name="blitz"/>
| strength2=4,000－5,000人<ref name="blitz"/>
| casualties1=100人死，200人傷，30人失蹤（敘軍宣稱）<ref name="keeps">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-eastern-homs-continues-isis-keeps-attacking-map-update/|title=Battle of eastern Homs continues as ISIS keeps attacking: map update|first=Ivan|last=Yakovlev|date=10 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref>
| casualties1=100人死，200人傷，30人失蹤（敘軍宣稱）<ref name="keeps">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-eastern-homs-continues-isis-keeps-attacking-map-update/|title=Battle of eastern Homs continues as ISIS keeps attacking: map update|first=Ivan|last=Yakovlev|date=2016-12-10|publisher=|accessdate=2016-12-10|archive-date=2016-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211142606/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-eastern-homs-continues-isis-keeps-attacking-map-update/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| casualties2=149人死（The Inside Source宣稱）<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/807880542217584640|title=The Inside Source on Twitter|publisher=}}</ref><br/>405人死（親敘利亞政府方面宣稱）<ref name="keeps"/><ref name="Firstattack"/><ref name="driveout"/>
| casualties2=149人死（The Inside Source宣稱）<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/807880542217584640|title=The Inside Source on Twitter|publisher=|accessdate=2016-12-14|archive-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217050723/https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/807880542217584640|dead-url=no}}</ref><br/>至少405人死（親敘利亞政府方面宣稱）<ref name="keeps"/><ref name="Firstattack"/><ref name="driveout"/>
| campaignbox =
| campaignbox =
}}
}}


2016年12月的'''巴爾米拉之戰'''是[[伊斯兰国]]向[[敘利亞]]古城[[巴尔米拉]]發起的進攻行動。<ref name="11Dec2016capture">{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/12/11/islamic-state-recaptures-palmyra-after-syria-army-withdrawal|title=Islamic State recaptures Palmyra after Syria army withdrawal|first=The New Arab &|last=agencies|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="Firstattack"/>伊斯蘭國曾於2015年攻佔巴爾米拉，但於2016年3月被敘利亞政府軍[[巴爾米拉攻勢 (2016年3月)|奪回]]。
2016年12月的'''巴爾米拉之戰'''是[[伊斯兰国]]向[[敘利亞]]古城[[巴尔米拉]]發起的進攻行動。<ref name="11Dec2016capture">{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/12/11/islamic-state-recaptures-palmyra-after-syria-army-withdrawal|title=Islamic State recaptures Palmyra after Syria army withdrawal|first=The New Arab &|last=agencies|publisher=|accessdate=2016-12-14|archive-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221748/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/12/11/islamic-state-recaptures-palmyra-after-syria-army-withdrawal|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Firstattack"/>伊斯蘭國曾於2015年攻佔巴爾米拉，但於2016年3月被敘利亞政府軍[[巴爾米拉攻勢 (2016年3月)|奪回]]。


==背景==
==背景==
⚫
自從巴爾米拉於2016年3月被收復後，敘利亞政府把[[阿勒頗攻勢 (2016年9月－12月)|收復阿勒頗]]和收復[[大馬士革]]郊區列為主要任務，<ref name="Reenters">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38275905|title=Islamic State fighters 're-enter ancient Palmyra' in Syria|publisher=BBC|date=10 December 2016|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308002436/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38275905|dead-url=no}}</ref>留守巴爾米拉的敘軍兵力有限。另一方面，美國支持的[[敘利亞民主力量]]於2016年11月開始的[[拉卡省北部攻勢|進攻拉卡]]行動流於「宣傳多於行動」，對伊斯蘭國的威脅不大，讓伊斯蘭國得以集中兵力進攻巴爾米拉一帶的敘軍。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sputniknews.cn/military/201612131021382899/ |title=美国务院不排除“伊斯兰国”武装分子或从摩苏尔抵达巴尔米拉地区 |publisher=俄羅斯衛星網 |date=2016-12-13 |accessdate=2016-12-14 |archive-date=2019-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918022956/http://sputniknews.cn/military/201612131021382899/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sputniknews.cn/military/201612131021383186/ |title=美国否认在“伊斯兰国”反攻巴尔米拉之时停止支持进攻拉卡 |publisher=俄羅斯衛星網 |date=2016-12-13 |accessdate=2016-12-14 |archive-date=2019-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922075245/http://sputniknews.cn/military/201612131021383186/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
自從巴爾米拉於2016年3月被收復後，敘利亞政府把[[阿勒頗攻勢 (2016年9月－12月)|收復阿勒頗]]和收復[[大馬士革]]郊區列為主要任務，
⚫
<ref name="Reenters">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38275905 |title=Islamic State fighters 're-enter ancient Palmyra' in Syria |publisher=BBC|date=10 December 2016|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref>留守巴爾米拉的敘軍兵力有限。另一方面，美國支持的[[敘利亞民主力量]]於2016年11月開始的進攻[[拉卡]]行動流於「宣傳多於行動」，對伊斯蘭國的威脅不大，讓伊斯蘭國得以集中兵力進攻巴爾米拉一帶的敘軍。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sputniknews.cn/military/201612131021382899/ |title=美国务院不排除“伊斯兰国”武装分子或从摩苏尔抵达巴尔米拉地区 |publisher=俄羅斯衛星網 |date=2016-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sputniknews.cn/military/201612131021383186/ |title=美国否认在“伊斯兰国”反攻巴尔米拉之时停止支持进攻拉卡 |publisher=俄羅斯衛星網 |date=2016-12-13}}</ref>


== 巴爾米拉失守 ==
== 巴爾米拉失守 ==
2016年12月8日，伊斯蘭國在霍姆斯省東北部發動進攻，被敘軍擊退，據報有60名武裝分子陣亡。<ref name="Firstattack">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-suffers-heavy-casualties-failed-offensive-north-palmyra/|title=ISIS suffers heavy casualties in failed offensive north of Palmyra|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=8 December 2016|publisher=al-Masdar News|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref>同日稍後伊斯蘭國再度進攻，攻佔7個敘軍檢查站，至少34名親政府戰士陣亡，4人被俘。伊斯蘭國武裝分子推進至距離巴爾米拉不到4公里處。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/is-kills-26-syria-regime-fighters-in-homs-monitor-4417474/|title=IS kills 26 Syria regime fighters in Homs: monitor|date=8 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56585 -{The “Islamic State” advances in new places at Palmyra area in the eastern desert of Homs}-]</ref><ref>[http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56561 -{Violent and large-attack by the “Islamic State” in Palmyra on sites of the regime forces and on ancient Palace causes tens of casualties and injuries}-]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/second-attack-proves-successful-isis-seize-huwaysis-northeast-homs/|title=Second attack proves successful for ISIS as they seize Huwaysis in northeast Homs|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=8 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-islamic-state-idUSKBN13X2CM|title=Islamic State makes advances towards Palmyra: monitor|date=8 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|via=Reuters}}</ref>在巴爾米拉東北方的穀倉也被伊斯蘭國攻佔。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSL5N1E43P1|title=Islamic State seizes more ground near Syria's Palmyra - monitoring group|date=9 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|via=Reuters}}</ref>在伊斯蘭國部隊於巴爾米拉附近集結的時候，[[聯合特遣隊－堅決行動]]趁機出擊，大舉空襲伊斯蘭國的運輸隊，共摧毀168輛油罐車。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/12/coalition-destroys-168-isis-oil-tankers-near-palmyra/|title=Coalition destroys 168 ISIS oil tankers near Palmyra - ARA News |date=2016-12-10|publisher=}}</ref>
2016年12月8日，伊斯蘭國在霍姆斯省東北部發動進攻，被敘軍擊退，據報有60名武裝分子陣亡。<ref name="Firstattack">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-suffers-heavy-casualties-failed-offensive-north-palmyra/|title=ISIS suffers heavy casualties in failed offensive north of Palmyra|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=8 December 2016|publisher=al-Masdar News|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-date=2018-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002195520/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-suffers-heavy-casualties-failed-offensive-north-palmyra/|dead-url=no}}</ref>同日稍後伊斯蘭國再度進攻，攻佔7個敘軍檢查站，至少34名親政府戰士陣亡，4人被俘。伊斯蘭國武裝分子推進至距離巴爾米拉不到4公里處。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/is-kills-26-syria-regime-fighters-in-homs-monitor-4417474/|title=IS kills 26 Syria regime fighters in Homs: monitor|date=8 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212043900/https://indianexpress.com/article/world/is-kills-26-syria-regime-fighters-in-homs-monitor-4417474/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56585 |title=-{The “Islamic State” advances in new places at Palmyra area in the eastern desert of Homs}- |accessdate=2016-12-14 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019231830/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56585 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56561 |title=-{Violent and large-attack by the “Islamic State” in Palmyra on sites of the regime forces and on ancient Palace causes tens of casualties and injuries}- |accessdate=2016-12-14 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019232504/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56561 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/second-attack-proves-successful-isis-seize-huwaysis-northeast-homs/|title=Second attack proves successful for ISIS as they seize Huwaysis in northeast Homs|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=8 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-date=2018-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002170306/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/second-attack-proves-successful-isis-seize-huwaysis-northeast-homs/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-islamic-state-idUSKBN13X2CM|title=Islamic State makes advances towards Palmyra: monitor|date=8 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|via=Reuters|archive-date=2018-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024141419/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-islamic-state-idUSKBN13X2CM|dead-url=no}}</ref>在巴爾米拉東北方的穀倉也被伊斯蘭國攻佔。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSL5N1E43P1|title=Islamic State seizes more ground near Syria's Palmyra - monitoring group|date=9 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|via=Reuters|archive-date=2018-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035712/https://www.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSL5N1E43P1|dead-url=no}}</ref>在伊斯蘭國部隊於巴爾米拉附近集結的時候，[[聯合特遣隊－堅決行動]]趁機出擊，大舉空襲伊斯蘭國的運輸隊，共摧毀168輛油罐車。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/12/coalition-destroys-168-isis-oil-tankers-near-palmyra/|title=Coalition destroys 168 ISIS oil tankers near Palmyra - ARA News|date=2016-12-10|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213173651/http://aranews.net/2016/12/coalition-destroys-168-isis-oil-tankers-near-palmyra/|archivedate=2016年12月13日|df=}}</ref>


敘軍於12月9日反攻，有15名士兵於一處油田附近發生的伏擊中喪生，當日有報道宣稱至少49名政府軍士兵在過去24小時的戰鬥中陣亡。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/islamic-state-jihadists-kill-49-syria-regime-fighters-near-palmyra-monitor/story-NJyG2q8cq0tfAuAAqQLnEK.html |title=Islamic State jihadists kill 49 Syria regime fighters near Palmyra: monitor |date=2016-12-09 |publisher= |accessdate=2016-12-10}}</ref>伊斯蘭國最終攻佔更多地方。<ref name="keeps"/><ref>[http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56613 IS advances in Homs countryside over regime forces, and continued clashes in the area]</ref>
敘軍於12月9日反攻，有15名士兵於一處油田附近發生的伏擊中喪生，當日有報道宣稱至少49名政府軍士兵在過去24小時的戰鬥中陣亡。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/islamic-state-jihadists-kill-49-syria-regime-fighters-near-palmyra-monitor/story-NJyG2q8cq0tfAuAAqQLnEK.html |title=Islamic State jihadists kill 49 Syria regime fighters near Palmyra: monitor |date=2016-12-09 |publisher= |accessdate=2016-12-10 |archive-date=2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211145015/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/islamic-state-jihadists-kill-49-syria-regime-fighters-near-palmyra-monitor/story-NJyG2q8cq0tfAuAAqQLnEK.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>當日伊斯蘭國攻佔T-4空軍基地東北方的一些地方。<ref name="keeps"/><ref>[http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56613 IS advances in Homs countryside over regime forces, and continued clashes in the area] {{Wayback|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56613 |date=20171231105355 }}, 2016-12-09.</ref>


12月10日，敘軍援兵抵達巴爾米拉。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSKBN13Z073|title=Islamic State militants enter Palmyra after heavy fighting: monitor|date=10 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|via=Reuters}}</ref>敘軍在巴爾米拉穀倉附近消滅至少45名武裝分子及擊毀3輛敵方坦克，但是仍未能阻止武裝分子進抵巴爾米拉的入口。俄敘空軍對巴爾米拉附近油田的伊斯蘭國據點展開空襲，摧毀了數輛裝甲車輛及一些其它車輛。<ref name="keeps"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-reaches-palmyras-gates-syrian-army-attempts-hold-city/|title=ISIS reaches Palmyra's gates as the Syrian Army attempts to hold the city|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=10 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref>敘軍一架[[MiG-23]]戰機墜毀，伊斯蘭國宣稱是被其擊落。<ref name="MiG23-down">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4019876/The-Latest-IS-says-shot-Syrian-jet-near-Palmyra.html|title=The Latest: IS says it shot down Syrian jet near Palmyra|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref>伊斯蘭國稍後攻佔城西的泰爾山，並且攻入巴爾米拉。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/11/c_135895802.htm|title=Islamic State re-enters Syria's Palmyra - Xinhua - English.news.cn|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref>在該日之內，伊斯蘭國已佔領巴爾米拉的大部分，包括[[巴爾米拉城堡]]。<ref>[http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56724 Russian warplanes target IS in Tadmur and IS takes almost full control on the city]</ref>
12月10日，敘軍援兵抵達巴爾米拉。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSKBN13Z073|title=Islamic State militants enter Palmyra after heavy fighting: monitor|date=10 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|via=Reuters|archive-date=2018-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201062715/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSKBN13Z073|dead-url=no}}</ref>敘軍在巴爾米拉穀倉附近消滅至少45名武裝分子及擊毀3輛敵方坦克，但是仍未能阻止武裝分子進抵巴爾米拉的入口。俄敘空軍對巴爾米拉附近油田的伊斯蘭國據點展開空襲，摧毀了數輛裝甲車輛及一些其它車輛。<ref name="keeps"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-reaches-palmyras-gates-syrian-army-attempts-hold-city/|title=ISIS reaches Palmyra's gates as the Syrian Army attempts to hold the city|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=10 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-date=2019-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422231041/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-reaches-palmyras-gates-syrian-army-attempts-hold-city/|dead-url=no}}</ref>敘軍一架[[MiG-23]]戰機墜毀，伊斯蘭國宣稱是被其擊落。<ref name="MiG23-down">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4019876/The-Latest-IS-says-shot-Syrian-jet-near-Palmyra.html|title=The Latest: IS says it shot down Syrian jet near Palmyra|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083149/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4019876/The-Latest-IS-says-shot-Syrian-jet-near-Palmyra.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>伊斯蘭國稍後攻佔城西的泰爾山，並且攻入巴爾米拉。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/11/c_135895802.htm|title=Islamic State re-enters Syria's Palmyra - Xinhua - English.news.cn|publisher=|accessdate=10 December 2016|archive-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009201727/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/11/c_135895802.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>在該日之內，伊斯蘭國已佔領巴爾米拉的大部分，包括[[巴爾米拉城堡]]。<ref name="#1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56724 |title=Russian warplanes target IS in Tadmur and IS takes almost full control on the city |accessdate=2016-12-14 |archive-date=2016-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211215909/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56724 |dead-url=no }}</ref>


地面上的敘軍在俄羅斯空軍支援下<ref name="counterattack">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-counterattacks-palmyra-outskirts-order-secure-city/|title=Syrian Army counterattacks on Palmyra outskirts in order to secure the city|first=Ivan|last=Yakovlev|date=2016-12-11 |publisher=}}</ref>擊退伊斯蘭國於12月10日夜間的進攻，到12月11日日出時伊斯蘭國武裝分子已被趕出巴爾米拉城外。<ref name="driveout">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/russian-syrian-forces-drive-isil-palmyra-161211074224138.html|title=Russian and Syrian forces drive ISIL out of Palmyra|publisher=}}</ref>俄羅斯國防部宣稱有超過300名武裝分子被消滅，11輛敵方坦克和[[步兵戰鬥車]]以及31輛配備重機槍的其它車輛被擊毀。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201612111048417760-russia-palmyra-airstrikes/ |title=Russian Jets Deliver 64 Strikes on Militants Near Palmyra, Shielding the City |publisher=Sputnik |date=2016-12-11}}</ref>不過伊斯蘭國在當日稍後再次進攻巴爾米拉，<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSKBN13Z073|title=Syrian official says Palmyra falls again to Islamic State|date=11 December 2016|publisher=|via=Reuters}}</ref>最終敘軍被迫撤出巴爾米拉，伊斯蘭國再一次完全佔領該市。<ref name="11Dec2016capture"/>敘軍協助巴爾米拉的居民撤離，並繼續在巴爾米拉附近與伊斯蘭國交戰。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201612111048428715-palmyra-daesh-residents-evacuated-fight/|title=Palmyra Residents Evacuated, Syrian Army Fighting Daesh in Suburbs - Source |publisher=Sputnik |date=2016-12-11}}</ref>
地面上的敘軍在俄羅斯空軍支援下<ref name="counterattack">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-counterattacks-palmyra-outskirts-order-secure-city/|title=Syrian Army counterattacks on Palmyra outskirts in order to secure the city|first=Ivan|last=Yakovlev|date=2016-12-11|publisher=|accessdate=2016-12-15|archive-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018014342/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-counterattacks-palmyra-outskirts-order-secure-city/|dead-url=no}}</ref>擊退伊斯蘭國於12月10日夜間的進攻，到12月11日日出時伊斯蘭國武裝分子已被趕出巴爾米拉城外。<ref name="driveout">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/russian-syrian-forces-drive-isil-palmyra-161211074224138.html|title=Russian and Syrian forces drive ISIL out of Palmyra|publisher=|accessdate=2016-12-14|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801091104/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/russian-syrian-forces-drive-isil-palmyra-161211074224138.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>俄羅斯國防部宣稱支援敘軍作戰的俄空軍消滅超過300名武裝分子，擊毀11輛敵方坦克和[[裝步戰車|-{zh-cn:步兵战车;zh-tw:裝步戰車;zh-hk:步兵戰車;}-]]（IFV）以及31輛配備重機槍的其它車輛。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201612111048417760-russia-palmyra-airstrikes/ |title=Russian Jets Deliver 64 Strikes on Militants Near Palmyra, Shielding the City |publisher=Sputnik |date=2016-12-11 |accessdate=2016-12-15 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092311/https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201612111048417760-russia-palmyra-airstrikes/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>不過伊斯蘭國在當日稍後再次進攻巴爾米拉，<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSKBN13Z073|title=Syrian official says Palmyra falls again to Islamic State|date=11 December 2016|publisher=|via=Reuters|accessdate=2016-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201062715/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-palmyra-idUSKBN13Z073|dead-url=no}}</ref>最終敘軍被迫撤出巴爾米拉，伊斯蘭國再一次完全佔領該市。<ref name="11Dec2016capture"/>敘軍在撤出巴爾米拉前協助當地居民撤離，並繼續在巴爾米拉附近與伊斯蘭國交戰。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201612111048428715-palmyra-daesh-residents-evacuated-fight/|title=Palmyra Residents Evacuated, Syrian Army Fighting Daesh in Suburbs - Source|publisher=Sputnik|date=2016-12-11|accessdate=2016-12-14|archive-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506103152/https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201612111048428715-palmyra-daesh-residents-evacuated-fight/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== T-4空軍基地攻防戰 ==
伊斯蘭國部隊奪得巴爾米拉後，向西面的T-4空軍基地推進。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-seizes-two-villages-west-palmyra/|title=ISIS seizes two villages west of Palmyra|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=11 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=2016-12-16|archive-date=2018-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002161132/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-seizes-two-villages-west-palmyra/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="#1"/>12月12日，伊斯蘭國向T-4基地發起第一次進攻，首先以兩輛[[汽车炸弹|裝載炸彈的車輛]]衝向敘軍陣地，被敘軍在它們駛抵目標前成功引爆。經過數小時激戰，獲得俄空軍支援的敘軍成功擊退伊斯蘭國的進攻，數十名武裝分子陣亡。<ref name="first wave">{{cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-repels-first-isis-assault-t-4-airbase-prepares-second-wave/ |title=Syrian Army repels first ISIS assault on T-4 Airbase, prepares for a second wave |first=Ivan |last=Yakovlev |date=2016-12-12 |publisher=al-Masdar News |accessdate=2016-12-12 |archive-date=2018-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002190611/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-repels-first-isis-assault-t-4-airbase-prepares-second-wave/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>與此同時，數百名[[國防軍 (敘利亞)|國防軍]]援兵抵達前線。<ref name="first wave" /><ref name="reinforcements">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/reinforcements-arrive-near-palmyra-syrian-army-regroups-counter-offensive-photos/|title=Reinforcements arrive near Palmyra as Syrian Army regroups for counter-offensive (Photos)|first=Chris|last=Tomson|date=2016-12-12|publisher=al-Masdar News|accessdate=2016-12-12|archive-date=2019-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507085522/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/reinforcements-arrive-near-palmyra-syrian-army-regroups-counter-offensive-photos/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

伊斯蘭國於12月13日再次進攻T-4基地。敘利亞陸軍和俄羅斯特種部隊的援軍同日稍後抵達基地。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56888 |title=-{Airstrikes target the eastern countryside of Homs and the “Islamic state” targets T4 airbase again}- |accessdate=2016-12-16 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019233050/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56888 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56913 |title=Russian backups for regime forces in Taifur military airport |accessdate=2016-12-16 |archive-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111032935/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56913 |dead-url=no }}</ref>伊斯蘭國分子攻佔一個位於通往[[盖尔亚廷]]的公路上的檢查站。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56913 |title=Continued clashes around al_Taifor military airport |accessdate=2016-12-16 |archive-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111032935/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=56913 |dead-url=no }}</ref>12月14日敘軍收復在13日失守的通往蓋爾亞廷公路上的一些檢查站，<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alhadathnews.net/archives/247176|title=بالفيديو: شاهد لماذا يعزف الجيش السوري داخل مطار التيفور؟|publisher=Al-Hadath News|date=2016-12-14|language=ar|access-date=2017-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109181116/http://www.alhadathnews.net/archives/247176|archive-date=2017-01-09|dead-url=yes}}</ref>不過基地以西的al-Sharifah村被伊斯蘭國攻佔。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=57015 |title=-{The “Islamic State” achieves a new advancement in the eastern countryside of Homs and clashes continue near the T4 airbase}- |accessdate=2017-03-01 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019233920/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=57015 |dead-url=no }}</ref>伊斯蘭國再向基地進攻，被守軍擊退。敘軍隨即在夜間反攻，把敵軍逐出基地外圍。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/14122016|title=Syrian reinforcements prevent ISIS from taking Palmyra airbase|publisher=|accessdate=2016-12-18|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019064716/http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/14122016|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

12月16日敘軍發起另一次反攻，重新打通蓋爾亞廷與T-4基地之間的道路。<ref name=Hadath>{{cite news|url=http://www.alhadathnews.net/archives/248540|title=بالصور: حامية مطار التيفور.. واخر التطورات في تدمر|publisher=Al-Hadath News|date=2016-12-17|language=ar|access-date=2017-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109181215/http://www.alhadathnews.net/archives/248540|archive-date=2017-01-09|dead-url=yes}}</ref>伊斯蘭國於12月19日再向基地進攻，並宣稱擊落一架俄軍直升機。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/field-report-isis-reportedly-shot-russian-helicopter-near-t4-airbase/|title=Field report: ISIS reportedly shot down Russian helicopter near T4 airbase|first=Zen|last=Adra|date=2016-12-19|publisher=|accessdate=2016-12-19|archive-date=2018-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002223130/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/field-report-isis-reportedly-shot-russian-helicopter-near-t4-airbase/|dead-url=no}}</ref>守軍最終擊退進攻，36名伊斯蘭國分子陣亡。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidesourcenews.com/single-post/2016/12/20/ISIS-Launch-Large-Scale-Assault-on-the-T4-Airbase|title=ISIS Launch Large Scale Assault on the T4 Airbase|date=2016-12-19|publisher=The Inside Source|accessdate=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152134/http://www.insidesourcenews.com/single-post/2016/12/20/ISIS-Launch-Large-Scale-Assault-on-the-T4-Airbase|archive-date=2016-12-22|dead-url=yes}}</ref>


==參考文獻==
==參考文獻==

2024年12月26日 (四) 10:48的最新版本

巴爾米拉之戰（2016年12月）
叙利亚内战的一部分

2016年12月8日至12月中旬被伊斯蘭國攻佔的區域
日期2016年12月8日－12月22日
地点
敘利亞霍姆斯省泰德穆爾區
结果

伊斯蘭國勝利

  • 伊斯蘭國於2016年12月11日攻佔巴尔米拉[1]
  • 敘政府軍在T-4空軍基地攻防戰擊退伊斯蘭國
参战方

叙利亚 敘利亞政府
 俄羅斯

聯合特遣隊－堅決行動		 伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 伊斯兰国
参战单位

敘利亞武裝部隊

俄罗斯空军[3]
兵力
1,000人[2] 4,000－5,000人[2]
伤亡与损失
100人死，200人傷，30人失蹤（敘軍宣稱）[4] 149人死（The Inside Source宣稱）[5]
至少405人死（親敘利亞政府方面宣稱）[4][6][7]

2016年12月的巴爾米拉之戰是伊斯兰国向敘利亞古城巴尔米拉發起的進攻行動。[1][6]伊斯蘭國曾於2015年攻佔巴爾米拉，但於2016年3月被敘利亞政府軍奪回。

背景

[编辑]

自從巴爾米拉於2016年3月被收復後，敘利亞政府把收復阿勒頗和收復大馬士革郊區列為主要任務，[8]留守巴爾米拉的敘軍兵力有限。另一方面，美國支持的敘利亞民主力量於2016年11月開始的進攻拉卡行動流於「宣傳多於行動」，對伊斯蘭國的威脅不大，讓伊斯蘭國得以集中兵力進攻巴爾米拉一帶的敘軍。[9][10]

巴爾米拉失守

[编辑]

2016年12月8日，伊斯蘭國在霍姆斯省東北部發動進攻，被敘軍擊退，據報有60名武裝分子陣亡。[6]同日稍後伊斯蘭國再度進攻，攻佔7個敘軍檢查站，至少34名親政府戰士陣亡，4人被俘。伊斯蘭國武裝分子推進至距離巴爾米拉不到4公里處。[11][12][13][14][15]在巴爾米拉東北方的穀倉也被伊斯蘭國攻佔。[16]在伊斯蘭國部隊於巴爾米拉附近集結的時候，聯合特遣隊－堅決行動趁機出擊，大舉空襲伊斯蘭國的運輸隊，共摧毀168輛油罐車。[17]

敘軍於12月9日反攻，有15名士兵於一處油田附近發生的伏擊中喪生，當日有報道宣稱至少49名政府軍士兵在過去24小時的戰鬥中陣亡。[18]當日伊斯蘭國攻佔T-4空軍基地東北方的一些地方。[4][19]

12月10日，敘軍援兵抵達巴爾米拉。[20]敘軍在巴爾米拉穀倉附近消滅至少45名武裝分子及擊毀3輛敵方坦克，但是仍未能阻止武裝分子進抵巴爾米拉的入口。俄敘空軍對巴爾米拉附近油田的伊斯蘭國據點展開空襲，摧毀了數輛裝甲車輛及一些其它車輛。[4][21]敘軍一架MiG-23戰機墜毀，伊斯蘭國宣稱是被其擊落。[22]伊斯蘭國稍後攻佔城西的泰爾山，並且攻入巴爾米拉。[23]在該日之內，伊斯蘭國已佔領巴爾米拉的大部分，包括巴爾米拉城堡。[24]

地面上的敘軍在俄羅斯空軍支援下[25]擊退伊斯蘭國於12月10日夜間的進攻，到12月11日日出時伊斯蘭國武裝分子已被趕出巴爾米拉城外。[7]俄羅斯國防部宣稱支援敘軍作戰的俄空軍消滅超過300名武裝分子，擊毀11輛敵方坦克和步兵战车（IFV）以及31輛配備重機槍的其它車輛。[26]不過伊斯蘭國在當日稍後再次進攻巴爾米拉，[27]最終敘軍被迫撤出巴爾米拉，伊斯蘭國再一次完全佔領該市。[1]敘軍在撤出巴爾米拉前協助當地居民撤離，並繼續在巴爾米拉附近與伊斯蘭國交戰。[28]

T-4空軍基地攻防戰

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伊斯蘭國部隊奪得巴爾米拉後，向西面的T-4空軍基地推進。[29][24]12月12日，伊斯蘭國向T-4基地發起第一次進攻，首先以兩輛裝載炸彈的車輛衝向敘軍陣地，被敘軍在它們駛抵目標前成功引爆。經過數小時激戰，獲得俄空軍支援的敘軍成功擊退伊斯蘭國的進攻，數十名武裝分子陣亡。[3]與此同時，數百名國防軍援兵抵達前線。[3][30]

伊斯蘭國於12月13日再次進攻T-4基地。敘利亞陸軍和俄羅斯特種部隊的援軍同日稍後抵達基地。[31][32]伊斯蘭國分子攻佔一個位於通往盖尔亚廷的公路上的檢查站。[33]12月14日敘軍收復在13日失守的通往蓋爾亞廷公路上的一些檢查站，[34]不過基地以西的al-Sharifah村被伊斯蘭國攻佔。[35]伊斯蘭國再向基地進攻，被守軍擊退。敘軍隨即在夜間反攻，把敵軍逐出基地外圍。[36]

12月16日敘軍發起另一次反攻，重新打通蓋爾亞廷與T-4基地之間的道路。[37]伊斯蘭國於12月19日再向基地進攻，並宣稱擊落一架俄軍直升機。[38]守軍最終擊退進攻，36名伊斯蘭國分子陣亡。[39]

參考文獻

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=巴爾米拉之戰_(2016年12月)&oldid=85444829”