物联网:修订间差异
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[[File:Internet of Things.jpg|250px|thumb|物聯網概念圖]] |
[[File:Internet of Things.jpg|250px|thumb|物聯網概念圖]] |
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{{物联网}} |
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'''物聯網'''({{lang-en|Internet of Things}},簡稱'''IoT''')是一種計算設備、機械、數位機器相互關聯的系統,具備[[通用唯一辨識碼]] |
'''物聯網'''({{lang-en|Internet of Things}},簡稱'''IoT''')是一種計算設備、機械、數位機器相互關聯的系統,具備[[通用唯一辨識碼]](UUID),並具有通過網路傳輸數據的能力,無需人與人、或是人與設備的互動<ref name="linux.com"/><ref name="ITU"/><ref name="DataPress"/>。 |
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物聯網將現實世界[[數字化革命|數位化]],應用範圍十分廣泛。物聯網可拉近分散的[[資料]],統整物與物的數位[[資訊]]。物聯網的應用領域主要包括以下方面:運輸和物流、工業製造<ref name="IoT in Manuf-Survey"/>、健康醫療、智慧環境(家庭、辦公、工廠)、個人和社會領域等<ref name="IoT Agenda"/>。 |
物聯網將現實世界[[數字化革命|數位化]],應用範圍十分廣泛。物聯網可拉近分散的[[資料]],統整物與物的數位[[資訊]]。物聯網的應用領域主要包括以下方面:運輸和物流、工業製造<ref name="IoT in Manuf-Survey"/>、健康醫療、智慧環境(家庭、辦公、工廠)、個人和社會領域等<ref name="IoT Agenda"/>。 |
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[[思科系統]]認為物聯網僅為一個「時間點」的概念,這個時間點出現在「連上[[網際網路]]的事物或物件,大於連上網路的人數」,換句話說這是物聯網的誕生時間。[[思科系統]]估計這個「時間點」大約落在2008年至2009年之間,「上網物件/上網人數」的比例在2003年為0.08,到了2010年為1.84<ref name="Cisco_110412"/>。 |
[[思科系統]]認為物聯網僅為一個「時間點」的概念,這個時間點出現在「連上[[網際網路]]的事物或物件,大於連上網路的人數」,換句話說這是物聯網的誕生時間。[[思科系統]]估計這個「時間點」大約落在2008年至2009年之間,「上網物件/上網人數」的比例在2003年為0.08,到了2010年為1.84<ref name="Cisco_110412"/>。 |
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部分人士認為[[金屬氧化物半導體場效電晶體]](MOSFET)技術的進步是促成物聯網快速發展的推手。主要的論點在於MOSFET到了21世紀製程已可微縮至[[奈米]]等級,大幅降低了功耗,而[[低功耗設計]]正是物聯網中的[[感測器]]可否被廣泛運用的關鍵因素<ref name="Yasuhisa_Omura"/>。除了MOSFET之外,[[SOI|絕緣層上覆矽]](silicon-on-insulator)與[[多核心處理器]]技術的發展,也是促成物聯網普及的原因<ref name="Yasuhisa_Omura"/> |
部分人士認為[[金屬氧化物半導體場效電晶體]](MOSFET)技術的進步是促成物聯網快速發展的推手。主要的論點在於MOSFET到了21世紀製程已可微縮至[[奈米]]等級,大幅降低了功耗,而[[低功耗設計]]正是物聯網中的[[感測器]]可否被廣泛運用的關鍵因素<ref name="Yasuhisa_Omura"/>。除了MOSFET之外,[[SOI|絕緣層上覆矽]](silicon-on-insulator)與[[多核心處理器]]技術的發展,也是促成物聯網普及的原因<ref name="Yasuhisa_Omura"/>. |
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== 技術 == |
== 技術 == |
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=== 技術路線 === |
=== 技術路線 === |
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[[技術路線]](Technology Roadmap)指對於技術未來發展方向的預測。在物聯網領域,廣泛被各國政府與機構引用<ref name="mcmc"/><ref name="aphrdi"/><ref name="World Science News"/>的[[技術路線]]為顧問公司SRI Consulting描繪之物聯網技術路線,其依據時間軸可分為四個階段:[[供應鏈]]輔助、垂直市場應用、無所不在的定址(Ubiquitous positioning),最後可以達到「The Physical Web」(意即讓物聯網上的每一個智慧裝置都以[[統一資源定位符|URL]]來標示)<ref name="vsevteme"/>。 |
[[技術路線]](Technology Roadmap)指對於技術未來發展方向的預測。在物聯網領域,廣泛被各國政府與機構引用<ref name="mcmc"/><ref name="aphrdi"/><ref name="World Science News"/>的[[技術路線]]為顧問公司[[SRI Consulting]]描繪之物聯網技術路線,其依據時間軸可分為四個階段:[[供應鏈]]輔助、垂直市場應用、無所不在的定址(Ubiquitous positioning),最後可以達到「The Physical Web」(意即讓物聯網上的每一個智慧裝置都以[[統一資源定位符|URL]]來標示)<ref name="vsevteme"/>。 |
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=== 架構 === |
=== 架構 === |
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==== 定址資源 ==== |
==== 定址資源 ==== |
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物聯網的實現,需要給每一個連上物聯網的物件分配唯一的標識或地址。最早的概念是由[[無線射頻辨識]]標籤和{{le|電子產品代碼|Electronic Product Code}}所發展出來的<ref name="Hassan"/>。現在物聯網與[[網際網路]]連結後,由於預估需要大量的[[IP地址]],目前主流的[[IPv4]]地址空間有限,因此物聯網中的物件傾向使用下一代互聯網協議([[IPv6]]),以提供足夠的位址空間 |
物聯網的實現,需要給每一個連上物聯網的物件分配唯一的標識或地址。最早的概念是由[[無線射頻辨識]]標籤和{{le|電子產品代碼|Electronic Product Code}}所發展出來的<ref name="Hassan"/>。現在物聯網與[[網際網路]]連結後,由於預估需要大量的[[IP地址]],目前主流的[[IPv4]]地址空間有限,因此物聯網中的物件傾向使用下一代互聯網協議([[IPv6]]),以提供足夠的位址空間,[[IPv6]]對於物聯網的發展扮演重要角色<ref name="computerworld_140501"/>。 |
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=== 網路層 === |
=== 網路層 === |
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==== 有線 ==== |
==== 有線 ==== |
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* [[乙太網路]](Ethernet)– 基於[[IEEE 802. |
* [[乙太網路]](Ethernet)– 基於[[IEEE 802.3]]標準的技術,可使用[[雙絞線]]、[[光纖]]連接至[[集線器]]或[[網路交換器]]<ref name="Ethernet"/>。 |
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* [[電力線通信]](Power Line Communication,PLC)– 以[[電纜]]傳輸電力和數據的通訊技術,有[[HomePlug]]或{{le|G.hn}}等標準<ref name="powerline"/>。 |
* [[電力線通信]](Power Line Communication,PLC)– 以[[電纜]]傳輸電力和數據的通訊技術,有[[HomePlug]]或{{le|G.hn}}等標準<ref name="powerline"/>。 |
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有越來越多的物聯網設備可供消費者選用,包括聯網的車輛、家庭自動化、聯網的可穿戴設備、聯網的健康監控設備,以及遠程監控設備<ref name="trak"/>。 |
有越來越多的物聯網設備可供消費者選用,包括聯網的車輛、家庭自動化、聯網的可穿戴設備、聯網的健康監控設備,以及遠程監控設備<ref name="trak"/>。 |
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[[蘋果公司]]的[[HomeKit]]為該公司之[[智慧家庭]][[系統平台|平台]],使用者可以透過[[iPhone]]、[[iPad]]、[[Apple Watch]]等設備的[[行動應用程式|APP介面]],或是由[[Siri]]語音控制支援Apple HomeKit標準的家用設備,如[[電視]]、[[電燈]]、[[空調]]、[[水龍頭]]等<ref name="cnet"/>,目前支援28類設備<ref name="Apple HomeKit"/>。其他類似、但功能與範圍不盡相同的產品包括[[Google]]的[[Google Nest]]與[[Google個人助理]]、[[亞馬遜公司|Amazon]]的[[Amazon Echo]]與[[Amazon Alexa]]、[[三星集團|三星]]的 |
[[蘋果公司]]的[[HomeKit]]為該公司之[[智慧家庭]][[系統平台|平台]],使用者可以透過[[iPhone]]、[[iPad]]、[[Apple Watch]]等設備的[[行動應用程式|APP介面]],或是由[[Siri]]語音控制支援Apple HomeKit標準的家用設備,如[[電視]]、[[電燈]]、[[空調]]、[[水龍頭]]等<ref name="cnet"/>,目前支援28類設備<ref name="Apple HomeKit"/>。其他類似、但功能與範圍不盡相同的產品包括[[Google]]的[[Google Nest]]與[[Google個人助理]]、[[亞馬遜公司|Amazon]]的[[Amazon Echo]]與[[Amazon Alexa]]、[[三星集團|三星]]的[[SmartThings]]、[[小米集團|小米]]的[[小愛同學]]、[[聯想集團|聯想]]的[[Lenovo Smart Assistant]]等<ref name="tomsguide"/>。另外還有一些[[開放平臺]]如{{le|OpenHAB}}、Domoticz等<ref name="Chris_Chinchilla"/><ref name="Jason_Baker"/>。 |
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另一項主要的應用為輔助[[老年|老年人]]與[[身心障礙|殘疾人士]]<ref name="Demiris"/>,例如語音控制可以幫助行動不便人士,警報系統可以連接至[[聽覺障礙|聽障]]人士的[[人工耳蝸]]<ref name="Raafat_Aburukba"/>,另外還有監視[[跌倒]]或[[癲癇]]等緊急情況的[[感測器]]<ref name="Mulvenna"/>,這些[[智慧家庭]]技術可以提供用戶更多的自由和更高的生活質量<ref name="Demiris"/>。 |
另一項主要的應用為輔助[[老年|老年人]]與[[身心障礙|殘疾人士]]<ref name="Demiris"/>,例如語音控制可以幫助行動不便人士,警報系統可以連接至[[聽覺障礙|聽障]]人士的[[人工耳蝸]]<ref name="Raafat_Aburukba"/>,另外還有監視[[跌倒]]或[[癲癇]]等緊急情況的[[感測器]]<ref name="Mulvenna"/>,這些[[智慧家庭]]技術可以提供用戶更多的自由和更高的生活質量<ref name="Demiris"/>。 |
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==== 交通 ==== |
==== 交通 ==== |
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物聯網可以幫助整合[[通訊]]、[[控制工程|控制]]與[[資訊處理]]。物聯網的應用可以擴展至運輸系統個層面,包括[[載具]]、基礎設施,以及駕駛人。物聯網組件之間的資訊傳遞,使得載具內以及不同載具之間可以互相通訊<ref name="Mahmud"/>,達成{{le|智慧交通燈號|Smart traffic light}}、智慧停車、[[電子道路收費系統]]、[[物流]]和[[車隊管理]]、 |
物聯網可以幫助整合[[通訊]]、[[控制工程|控制]]與[[資訊處理]]。物聯網的應用可以擴展至運輸系統個層面,包括[[載具]]、基礎設施,以及駕駛人。物聯網組件之間的資訊傳遞,使得載具內以及不同載具之間可以互相通訊<ref name="Mahmud"/>,達成{{le|智慧交通燈號|Smart traffic light}}、智慧停車、[[電子道路收費系統]]、[[物流]]和[[車隊管理]]、[[主動巡航控制系統]],以及安全和道路輔助等應用<ref name="XieTRB17"/><ref name="Ersue"/>。 |
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例如,在[[物流]]和[[車隊管理]]中,物聯網平台可以通過無線[[感測器]]持續監視貨物和資產的位置和狀況,並在發生異常事件(延遲、損壞、失竊等)時發送特定警報。這必須借助物聯網與設備之間的無縫連接才可能實現。利用[[GPS]]、[[濕度]]、[[溫度]]等[[感測器]]將數據傳送至物聯網平台,隨後對數據進行分析,並將結果傳送給用戶。如此,用戶可以跟踪載具的即時狀態,並做出適當的處置。如果與[[機器學習]]結合,還可以進行{{le|駕駛睡意偵測|Driver drowsiness detection}},以及提供[[自動駕駛汽車]]等來幫助減少[[車禍|交通事故]]<ref name="wiomax"/>。 |
例如,在[[物流]]和[[車隊管理]]中,物聯網平台可以通過無線[[感測器]]持續監視貨物和資產的位置和狀況,並在發生異常事件(延遲、損壞、失竊等)時發送特定警報。這必須借助物聯網與設備之間的無縫連接才可能實現。利用[[GPS]]、[[濕度]]、[[溫度]]等[[感測器]]將數據傳送至物聯網平台,隨後對數據進行分析,並將結果傳送給用戶。如此,用戶可以跟踪載具的即時狀態,並做出適當的處置。如果與[[機器學習]]結合,還可以進行{{le|駕駛睡意偵測|Driver drowsiness detection}},以及提供[[自動駕駛汽車]]等來幫助減少[[車禍|交通事故]]<ref name="wiomax"/>。 |
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* [[工業4.0]] |
* [[工業4.0]] |
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* [[工業大數據]] |
* [[工業大數據]] |
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* [https://newwavesolution.com/services/ 物联网提供的公司] |
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<ref name="Antonakakis">{{Cite book|url=https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity17/sec17-antonakakis.pdf|title=Understanding the Mirai Botnet|last=Antonakakis|first=Manos|last2=April|first2=Tim|date=2017-08-18|website=Usenix|isbn=978-1-931971-40-9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228025735/https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity17/sec17-antonakakis.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-28|accessdate=2020-03-27|last3=Bailey|first3=Michael|last4=Bernhard|first4=Matt|last5=Bursztein|first5=Elie|last6=Cochran|first6=Jaime|last7=Durumeric|first7=Zakir|last8=Halderman|first8=J. Alex|last9=Invernizzi|first9=Luca|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
<ref name="Antonakakis">{{Cite book|url=https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity17/sec17-antonakakis.pdf|title=Understanding the Mirai Botnet|last=Antonakakis|first=Manos|last2=April|first2=Tim|date=2017-08-18|website=Usenix|isbn=978-1-931971-40-9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228025735/https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity17/sec17-antonakakis.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-28|accessdate=2020-03-27|last3=Bailey|first3=Michael|last4=Bernhard|first4=Matt|last5=Bursztein|first5=Elie|last6=Cochran|first6=Jaime|last7=Durumeric|first7=Zakir|last8=Halderman|first8=J. Alex|last9=Invernizzi|first9=Luca|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="aphrdi">{{cite web |author1=A. M. Sudhakara |title=IOT SECURITY & ITS CHALLENGES |page=20 |url=http://www.aphrdi.ap.gov.in/documents/Trainings@APHRDI/2016/09_Sep/IOT/Sudhakara.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-14}}</ref> |
<ref name="aphrdi">{{cite web |author1=A. M. Sudhakara |title=IOT SECURITY & ITS CHALLENGES |page=20 |url=http://www.aphrdi.ap.gov.in/documents/Trainings@APHRDI/2016/09_Sep/IOT/Sudhakara.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121024229/https://aphrdi.ap.gov.in/documents/Trainings@APHRDI/2016/09_Sep/IOT/Sudhakara.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Apple HomeKit">{{cite web | url=https://www.apple.com/ca/ios/home/ | title=Your home at your command. | publisher=[[蘋果公司]] | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407143013/https://www.apple.com/ca/ios/home/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="Apple HomeKit">{{cite web | url=https://www.apple.com/ca/ios/home/ | title=Your home at your command. | publisher=[[蘋果公司]] | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407143013/https://www.apple.com/ca/ios/home/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Bluetooth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/downloaddoc.ashx?doc_id=429633|title=Mesh Profile Bluetooth® Specification|date=2017-07-13|website=Bluetooth Technology Website|format=PDF download|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2018-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030021302/https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/downloaddoc.ashx?doc_id=429633|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
<ref name="Bluetooth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/downloaddoc.ashx?doc_id=429633|title=Mesh Profile Bluetooth® Specification|date=2017-07-13|website=Bluetooth Technology Website|format=PDF download|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2018-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030021302/https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/downloaddoc.ashx?doc_id=429633|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="zfilm">{{cite web | url=https://zfilm.click| title=And make statistics. | publisher=[[蘋果公司]] | accessdate=2024-01-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-07 | archive-url=https://zfilm.click | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Bruce_Schneier">{{cite web |url=https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2016/10/we_need_to_save_the_.html |title=We Need to Save the Internet from the Internet of Things |first=Bruce |last=Schneier |work=Motherboard |date=2016-10-06 |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216214949/https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2016/10/we_need_to_save_the_.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="Bruce_Schneier">{{cite web |url=https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2016/10/we_need_to_save_the_.html |title=We Need to Save the Internet from the Internet of Things |first=Bruce |last=Schneier |work=Motherboard |date=2016-10-06 |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216214949/https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2016/10/we_need_to_save_the_.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="illinois">{{Cite web|url=https://ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/23747|title=Next-Generation Internet of Battle things (IoBT) Aims to Help Keep Troops and Civilians Safe|last=Gudeman|first=Kim|date=2017-10-06|website=ECE Illinois|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191546/https://ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/23747|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
<ref name="illinois">{{Cite web|url=https://ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/23747|title=Next-Generation Internet of Battle things (IoBT) Aims to Help Keep Troops and Civilians Safe|last=Gudeman|first=Kim|date=2017-10-06|website=ECE Illinois|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191546/https://ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/23747|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ersue">{{cite journal|last1=Ersue|first1=M.|last2=Romascanu|first2=D.|last3=Schoenwaelder|first3=J.|last4=Sehgal|first4=A.|date=2014-07-04|title=Management of Networks with Constrained Devices: Use Cases|journal=IETF Internet Draft}}</ref> |
<ref name="Ersue">{{cite journal|last1=Ersue|first1=M.|last2=Romascanu|first2=D.|last3=Schoenwaelder|first3=J.|last4=Sehgal|first4=A.|date=2014-07-04|title=Management of Networks with Constrained Devices: Use Cases|url=https://archive.org/details/rfc7548|journal=IETF Internet Draft}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ethernet">{{cite web | url = https://www.mef.net/Assets/White_Papers/Metro-Ethernet-Services.pdf | title = Metro Ethernet Services – A Technical Overview | author = Ralph Santitoro | website = mef.net | format = PDF | accessdate = 2020-03-27 | language = en | archive-date = 2018-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181222184046/http://www.mef.net/Assets/White_Papers/Metro-Ethernet-Services.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref> |
<ref name="Ethernet">{{cite web | url = https://www.mef.net/Assets/White_Papers/Metro-Ethernet-Services.pdf | title = Metro Ethernet Services – A Technical Overview | author = Ralph Santitoro | website = mef.net | format = PDF | accessdate = 2020-03-27 | language = en | archive-date = 2018-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181222184046/http://www.mef.net/Assets/White_Papers/Metro-Ethernet-Services.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="evothings">{{cite web |url=https://evothings.com/will-fragmentation-of-standards-only-hinder-the-true-potential-of-the-iot-industry/ |title=Will fragmentation of standards only hinder the true potential of the IoT industry? |first=Aaron |last=Ardiri |work=evothings.com |date=2014-07-08}}</ref> |
<ref name="evothings">{{cite web |url=https://evothings.com/will-fragmentation-of-standards-only-hinder-the-true-potential-of-the-iot-industry/ |title=Will fragmentation of standards only hinder the true potential of the IoT industry? |first=Aaron |last=Ardiri |work=evothings.com |date=2014-07-08 |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227182106/https://evothings.com/will-fragmentation-of-standards-only-hinder-the-true-potential-of-the-iot-industry/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="guardian_150331">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/mar/31/the-internet-of-things-is-revolutionising-our-lives-but-standards-are-a-must | title=The internet of things is revolutionising our lives, but standards are a must | author=Alex Wood | publisher=[[衛報]] | date=2015-03-31 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2019-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226155017/https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/mar/31/the-internet-of-things-is-revolutionising-our-lives-but-standards-are-a-must | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="guardian_150331">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/mar/31/the-internet-of-things-is-revolutionising-our-lives-but-standards-are-a-must | title=The internet of things is revolutionising our lives, but standards are a must | author=Alex Wood | publisher=[[衛報]] | date=2015-03-31 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2019-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226155017/https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/mar/31/the-internet-of-things-is-revolutionising-our-lives-but-standards-are-a-must | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="gartner_020502">{{cite web | url=https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/356347 | title=Why a Universal RFID Infrastructure Would Be a Good Thing | author=Paolo Magrassi | publisher=[[高德納諮詢公司]] | date=2002-05-02 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2019-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226155021/https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/356347 | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="gartner_020502">{{cite web | url=https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/356347 | title=Why a Universal RFID Infrastructure Would Be a Good Thing | author=Paolo Magrassi | publisher=[[高德納諮詢公司]] | date=2002-05-02 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2019-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226155021/https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/356347 | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Hassan">{{cite book |url= |
<ref name="Hassan">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmpaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA27 |title=Internet of Things A to Z: Technologies and Applications |author=Hassan, Q.F. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=27–8 |year=2018 |isbn=9781119456759 |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430105546/https://books.google.com/books?id=YmpaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA27 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Hassan_2">{{Cite book |title=Internet of Things: Challenges, Advances, and Applications |last1=Hassan |first1=Qusay |last2=Khan |first2=Atta|last3=Madani|first3=Sajjad|publisher=CRC Press|year=2018|isbn=9781498778510|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=198}}</ref> |
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<ref name="IoMT-4">{{Cite journal|last=Gatouillat|first=Arthur|last2=Badr|first2=Youakim|last3=Massot|first3=Bertrand|last4=Sejdic|first4=Ervin|date=2018|title=Internet of Medical Things: A Review of Recent Contributions Dealing with Cyber-Physical Systems in Medicine|journal=IEEE Internet of Things Journal|volume=5|issue=5|pages=3810–3822|doi=10.1109/jiot.2018.2849014|issn=2327-4662|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01836236/file/ieee-iot-j.pdf|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022943/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01836236/file/ieee-iot-j.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
<ref name="IoMT-4">{{Cite journal|last=Gatouillat|first=Arthur|last2=Badr|first2=Youakim|last3=Massot|first3=Bertrand|last4=Sejdic|first4=Ervin|date=2018|title=Internet of Medical Things: A Review of Recent Contributions Dealing with Cyber-Physical Systems in Medicine|journal=IEEE Internet of Things Journal|volume=5|issue=5|pages=3810–3822|doi=10.1109/jiot.2018.2849014|issn=2327-4662|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01836236/file/ieee-iot-j.pdf|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022943/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01836236/file/ieee-iot-j.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="IoMT-5">{{Cite book|title=The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine Is in Your Hands|last=Topol|first=Eric|publisher=Basic Books|year=2016|isbn=978-0465040025}}</ref> |
<ref name="IoMT-5">{{Cite book|title=The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine Is in Your Hands|url=https://archive.org/details/patientwillseeyo0000topo|last=Topol|first=Eric|publisher=Basic Books|year=2016|isbn=978-0465040025}}</ref> |
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<ref name="IoMT-6">{{Cite journal|last=Grell|first=Max|last2=Dincer|first2=Can|last3=Le|first3=Thao|last4=Lauri|first4=Alberto|last5=Nunez Bajo|first5=Estefania|last6=Kasimatis|first6=Michael|last7=Barandun|first7=Giandrin|last8=Maier|first8=Stefan A.|last9=Cass|first9=Anthony E. G.|title=Autocatalytic Metallization of Fabrics Using Si Ink, for Biosensors, Batteries and Energy Harvesting|journal=Advanced Functional Materials|volume=29|language=en|pages=1804798|doi=10.1002/adfm.201804798|issn=1616-301X|year=2019}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Li-Fi">{{cite journal |last1=Tsonev |first1=Dobroslav |last2=Videv |first2=Stefan |last3=Haas |first3=Harald |title=Light fidelity (Li-Fi): towards all-optical networking |journal=Proc. SPIE |date=2013-12-18 |volume=9007 |issue=2 |pages=900702 |doi=10.1117/12.2044649 |publisher=Broadband Access Communication Technologies VIII|series=Broadband Access Communication Technologies VIII |bibcode=2013SPIE.9007E..02T}}</ref> |
<ref name="Li-Fi">{{cite journal |last1=Tsonev |first1=Dobroslav |last2=Videv |first2=Stefan |last3=Haas |first3=Harald |title=Light fidelity (Li-Fi): towards all-optical networking |journal=Proc. SPIE |date=2013-12-18 |volume=9007 |issue=2 |pages=900702 |doi=10.1117/12.2044649 |publisher=Broadband Access Communication Technologies VIII|series=Broadband Access Communication Technologies VIII |bibcode=2013SPIE.9007E..02T}}</ref> |
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<ref name="linux.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.linux.com/NEWS/21-OPEN-SOURCE-PROJECTS-IOT/ | title=21 Open Source Projects For IoT |
<ref name="linux.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.linux.com/NEWS/21-OPEN-SOURCE-PROJECTS-IOT/ | title=21 Open Source Projects For IoT | author=Eric Brown | website=linux.com | date=2016-09-20 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2021-02-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226222022/https://www.linux.com/news/21-open-source-projects-iot/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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|author=Eric Brown | website=linux.com | date=2016-09-20 | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="LiSecuring17">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW1_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA1 |chapter=Chapter 1: Introduction: Securing the Internet of Things |title=Securing the Internet of Things |author=Li, S. |editor=Li, S. |editor2=Xu, L.D. |publisher=Syngress |page=4 |year=2017 |isbn=9780128045053 |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408140146/https://books.google.com/books?id=uW1_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA1 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Liu_Ximeng">{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Ximeng|last2=Yang|first2=Yang|last3=Choo|first3=Kim-Kwang Raymond|last4=Wang|first4=Huaqun|date=2018-09-24|title=Security and Privacy Challenges for Internet-of-Things and Fog Computing|journal=Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing|language=en|volume=2018|pages=1–3|doi=10.1155/2018/9373961|issn=1530-8669}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Lori_Cameron">{{Cite web|url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/research/internet-of-military-battlefield-things-iomt-iobt|title=Internet of Things Meets the Military and Battlefield: Connecting Gear and Biometric Wearables for an IoMT and IoBT|last=Cameron|first=Lori|date=|website=IEEE Computer Society |
<ref name="Lori_Cameron">{{Cite web|url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/research/internet-of-military-battlefield-things-iomt-iobt|title=Internet of Things Meets the Military and Battlefield: Connecting Gear and Biometric Wearables for an IoMT and IoBT|last=Cameron|first=Lori|date=|website=IEEE Computer Society|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204001335/https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/research/internet-of-military-battlefield-things-iomt-iobt|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="LPWAN">{{cite journal|author1=Ramon Sanchez-Iborra |author2=Maria-Dolores Cano |title=State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services |journal=Sensors |year=2016 |doi=10.3390/s16050708 |pmid=27196909 |volume=16 |issue=5 |page=708|pmc=4883399 }}</ref> |
<ref name="LPWAN">{{cite journal|author1=Ramon Sanchez-Iborra |author2=Maria-Dolores Cano |title=State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services |journal=Sensors |year=2016 |doi=10.3390/s16050708 |pmid=27196909 |volume=16 |issue=5 |page=708|pmc=4883399 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="LTE-Advanced">Stefan Parkvall, Erik Dahlman, Anders Furuskär et al.; Ericsson, Robert Syputa, Maravedis; [http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/information/promotion/e-flash/2/article4.html ITU global standard for international mobile telecommunications ´IMT-Advanced´][http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/SM-G7102_jading.pdf ''LTE Advanced - Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced'']; Vehicular Technology Conference, 2014. VTC 2014-Fall. IEEE 68th 21-24 Sept. 2014 Page(s):1 - 5.</ref> |
<ref name="LTE-Advanced">Stefan Parkvall, Erik Dahlman, Anders Furuskär et al.; Ericsson, Robert Syputa, Maravedis; [http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/information/promotion/e-flash/2/article4.html ITU global standard for international mobile telecommunications ´IMT-Advanced´] {{Wayback|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/information/promotion/e-flash/2/article4.html |date=20150627032610 }}[http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/wireless_access/SM-G7102_jading.pdf ''LTE Advanced - Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced'']; Vehicular Technology Conference, 2014. VTC 2014-Fall. IEEE 68th 21-24 Sept. 2014 Page(s):1 - 5.</ref> |
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<ref name="Mark_Weiser_1991">{{cite journal | last=Weiser | first=Mark | date=1991 | title=The Computer for the 21st Century | url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf | journal=Scientific American | volume=265 | issue=3 | pages=94–104|bibcode=1991SciAm.265c..94W|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0991-94 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311220327/http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf | archivedate=2015-03-11 | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="Mark_Weiser_1991">{{cite journal | last=Weiser | first=Mark | date=1991 | title=The Computer for the 21st Century | url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf | journal=Scientific American | volume=265 | issue=3 | pages=94–104|bibcode=1991SciAm.265c..94W|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0991-94 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311220327/http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf | archivedate=2015-03-11 | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="mcmc">{{cite web |author1=Shaiful Jahari Hashim |title=Internet of Things (IoT):Shaping the Network of the Future |page=10 |url=https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/5_UPM_IoT-Shaping-the-Network-of-the-Future.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-14 |
<ref name="mcmc">{{cite web |author1=Shaiful Jahari Hashim |title=Internet of Things (IoT):Shaping the Network of the Future |page=10 |url=https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/5_UPM_IoT-Shaping-the-Network-of-the-Future.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-14 |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121024310/https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/5_UPM_IoT-Shaping-the-Network-of-the-Future.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="meritalk">{{Cite news | url=https://www.meritalk.com/articles/army-takes-on-wicked-problems-with-the-internet-of-battlefield-things/ | title=Army Takes on Wicked Problems With the Internet of Battlefield Things | date=2018-01-30 | publisher=MeriTalk | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2019-10-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031185610/https://www.meritalk.com/articles/army-takes-on-wicked-problems-with-the-internet-of-battlefield-things/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="meritalk">{{Cite news | url=https://www.meritalk.com/articles/army-takes-on-wicked-problems-with-the-internet-of-battlefield-things/ | title=Army Takes on Wicked Problems With the Internet of Battlefield Things | date=2018-01-30 | publisher=MeriTalk | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2019-10-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031185610/https://www.meritalk.com/articles/army-takes-on-wicked-problems-with-the-internet-of-battlefield-things/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Microsoft">{{cite web | url=https://news.microsoft.com/apac/features/ai-and-fish-farming-high-tech-help-for-a-sushi-and-sashimi-favorite-in-japan/ | title=AI and fish farming: High-tech help for a sushi and sashimi favorite in Japan | publisher=[[微軟]] | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429003124/https://news.microsoft.com/apac/features/ai-and-fish-farming-high-tech-help-for-a-sushi-and-sashimi-favorite-in-japan/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="Microsoft">{{cite web | url=https://news.microsoft.com/apac/features/ai-and-fish-farming-high-tech-help-for-a-sushi-and-sashimi-favorite-in-japan/ | title=AI and fish farming: High-tech help for a sushi and sashimi favorite in Japan | publisher=[[微軟]] | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429003124/https://news.microsoft.com/apac/features/ai-and-fish-farming-high-tech-help-for-a-sushi-and-sashimi-favorite-in-japan/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="NIST">{{cite web |author1=Peter Mell |author2=Timothy Grance |title=The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-14}}</ref> |
<ref name="NIST">{{cite web |author1=Peter Mell |author2=Timothy Grance |title=The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421093652/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="NFC">{{cite web |url=https://nfc-forum.org/what-is-nfc/ |title=WHAT IS NFC? |publisher=NFC Forum |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528000117/https://nfc-forum.org/what-is-nfc/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="NFC">{{cite web |url=https://nfc-forum.org/what-is-nfc/ |title=WHAT IS NFC? |publisher=NFC Forum |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528000117/https://nfc-forum.org/what-is-nfc/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Mahmud">{{cite journal|last1=Mahmud|first1=Khizir|last2=Town|first2=Graham E.|last3=Morsalin|first3=Sayidul|last4=Hossain|first4=M.J.|date=February 2018|title=Integration of electric vehicles and management in the internet of energy|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=82|pages=4179–4203|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.11.004}}</ref> |
<ref name="Mahmud">{{cite journal|last1=Mahmud|first1=Khizir|last2=Town|first2=Graham E.|last3=Morsalin|first3=Sayidul|last4=Hossain|first4=M.J.|date=February 2018|title=Integration of electric vehicles and management in the internet of energy|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=82|pages=4179–4203|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.11.004}}</ref> |
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<ref name="mobileworldlive">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mobileworldlive.com/mwc16-articles/iot-experts-fret-over-fragmentation/ |title=IoT experts fret over fragmentation |first=Ken |last=Wieland |work=Mobile World |date=2016-02-25}}</ref> |
<ref name="mobileworldlive">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mobileworldlive.com/mwc16-articles/iot-experts-fret-over-fragmentation/ |title=IoT experts fret over fragmentation |first=Ken |last=Wieland |work=Mobile World |date=2016-02-25 |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2016-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924093148/http://www.mobileworldlive.com/mwc16-articles/iot-experts-fret-over-fragmentation/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Mozilla">{{cite web | url=https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/06/building-the-web-of-things/ | title=Building the Web of Things | author=Ben Francis | publisher=Mozilla | date=2017-06-28 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407231247/https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/06/building-the-web-of-things/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="Mozilla">{{cite web | url=https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/06/building-the-web-of-things/ | title=Building the Web of Things | author=Ben Francis | publisher=Mozilla | date=2017-06-28 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407231247/https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/06/building-the-web-of-things/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="powerline">{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Global+Standard+For+Fully+Networked+Home.aspx |title=New Global Standard for Fully Networked Home |publisher=Itu.int |date=2008-12-12 |accessdate=2010-10-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221090736/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Global+Standard+For+Fully+Networked+Home.aspx |archivedate=2009-02-21}}</ref> |
<ref name="powerline">{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Global+Standard+For+Fully+Networked+Home.aspx |title=New Global Standard for Fully Networked Home |publisher=Itu.int |date=2008-12-12 |accessdate=2010-10-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221090736/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Global+Standard+For+Fully+Networked+Home.aspx |archivedate=2009-02-21}}</ref> |
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<ref name="qualcomm">{{Cite web |url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2016/02/19/fragmentation-enemy-internet-things |title=Fragmentation is the enemy of the Internet of Things |date=2016-02-19 |first=Michael |last=Wallace |website=Qualcomm.com}}</ref> |
<ref name="qualcomm">{{Cite web |url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2016/02/19/fragmentation-enemy-internet-things |title=Fragmentation is the enemy of the Internet of Things |date=2016-02-19 |first=Michael |last=Wallace |website=Qualcomm.com |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2016-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007091240/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2016/02/19/fragmentation-enemy-internet-things |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Raafat_Aburukba">{{Cite book|last1=Aburukba|first1=Raafat|last2=Al-Ali|first2=A. R.|last3=Kandil|first3=Nourhan|last4=AbuDamis|first4=Diala|date=2016-05-10|title=Configurable ZigBee-based control system for people with multiple disabilities in smart homes|pages=1–5|doi=10.1109/ICCSII.2016.7462435|isbn=978-1-4673-8743-9}}</ref> |
<ref name="Raafat_Aburukba">{{Cite book|last1=Aburukba|first1=Raafat|last2=Al-Ali|first2=A. R.|last3=Kandil|first3=Nourhan|last4=AbuDamis|first4=Diala|date=2016-05-10|title=Configurable ZigBee-based control system for people with multiple disabilities in smart homes|pages=1–5|doi=10.1109/ICCSII.2016.7462435|isbn=978-1-4673-8743-9}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Reza_Raji_1994">{{Cite journal | url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=284793 | doi = 10.1109/6.284793 | title=Smart networks for control | journal=IEEE Spectrum | volume=31 | issue = 6 | pages=49-55 | year=1994 | last1=Raji | first1=Reza | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="Reza_Raji_1994">{{Cite journal | url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=284793 | doi = 10.1109/6.284793 | title=Smart networks for control | journal=IEEE Spectrum | volume=31 | issue = 6 | pages=49-55 | year=1994 | last1=Raji | first1=Reza | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="為感知設備層">{{Cite web |url=https://zfilm.click |title=RFID Regulations |website=zfilm.click |accessdate=2023-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309163018/https://rfid4u.com/rfid-basics-resources/basics-rfid-regulations/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="RFID">{{Cite web |url=https://rfid4u.com/rfid-basics-resources/basics-rfid-regulations/ |title=RFID Regulations |website=RFID4U |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309163018/https://rfid4u.com/rfid-basics-resources/basics-rfid-regulations/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="RFID">{{Cite web |url=https://rfid4u.com/rfid-basics-resources/basics-rfid-regulations/ |title=RFID Regulations |website=RFID4U |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309163018/https://rfid4u.com/rfid-basics-resources/basics-rfid-regulations/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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四層之架構由底層至上層依序為感知設備層 |
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<ref name="RFID_journal_090622">{{cite web | url=https://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?4986 | title=That 'Internet of Things' Thing | author=Kevin Ashton | publisher=RFID Journal | date=2009-06-22 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410191921/https://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?4986 | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="RFID_journal_090622">{{cite web | url=https://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?4986 | title=That 'Internet of Things' Thing | author=Kevin Ashton | publisher=RFID Journal | date=2009-06-22 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410191921/https://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?4986 | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Jatinder |last2=Pasquier |first2=Thomas |last3=Bacon |first3=Jean |last4=Ko |first4=Hajoon |last5=Eyers |first5=David |title=Twenty Cloud Security Considerations for Supporting the Internet of Things |journal=IEEE Internet of Things Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=2015 |page=1 |doi=10.1109/JIOT.2015.2460333 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250441 |access-date=2020-08-12 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728211811/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250441 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Jatinder |last2=Pasquier |first2=Thomas |last3=Bacon |first3=Jean |last4=Ko |first4=Hajoon |last5=Eyers |first5=David |title=Twenty Cloud Security Considerations for Supporting the Internet of Things |journal=IEEE Internet of Things Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=2015 |page=1 |doi=10.1109/JIOT.2015.2460333 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250441 |access-date=2020-08-12 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728211811/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250441 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="techbeacon">{{Cite web |url=http://techbeacon.com/will-android-fragmentation-spoil-its-iot-appeal |title=Will Android fragmentation spoil its IoT appeal? |first=Floyd N. |last=Piedad |work=TechBeacon}}</ref> |
<ref name="techbeacon">{{Cite web |url=http://techbeacon.com/will-android-fragmentation-spoil-its-iot-appeal |title=Will Android fragmentation spoil its IoT appeal? |first=Floyd N. |last=Piedad |work=TechBeacon |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2018-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184007/https://techbeacon.com/will-android-fragmentation-spoil-its-iot-appeal |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="technology_review_050929">{{cite web | url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/404694/etc-bill-joys-six-webs/ | title=ETC: Bill Joy's Six Webs | author=Jason Pontin | publisher=[[麻省理工科技評論]] | date=2005-09-29 | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="technology_review_050929">{{cite web | url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/404694/etc-bill-joys-six-webs/ | title=ETC: Bill Joy's Six Webs | author=Jason Pontin | publisher=[[麻省理工科技評論]] | date=2005-09-29 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2018-11-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109080023/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/404694/etc-bill-joys-six-webs/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="techtarget">{{cite web | url=https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Artificial-Intelligence-of-Things-AIoT | title=Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) | accessdate=2020-08-14 | language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="techtarget">{{cite web | url=https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Artificial-Intelligence-of-Things-AIoT | title=Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) | accessdate=2020-08-14 | language=en | archive-date=2020-12-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205114941/https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Artificial-Intelligence-of-Things-AIoT | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="tinker">{{cite web|url=https://freedom-to-tinker.com/2017/02/18/mitigating-the-increasing-risks-of-an-insecure-internet-of-things/|title=Mitigating the Increasing Risks of an Insecure Internet of Things|publisher=Freedom to Tinker|last=Feamster|first=Nick|date=2017-02-18|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226155015/https://freedom-to-tinker.com/2017/02/18/mitigating-the-increasing-risks-of-an-insecure-internet-of-things/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
<ref name="tinker">{{cite web|url=https://freedom-to-tinker.com/2017/02/18/mitigating-the-increasing-risks-of-an-insecure-internet-of-things/|title=Mitigating the Increasing Risks of an Insecure Internet of Things|publisher=Freedom to Tinker|last=Feamster|first=Nick|date=2017-02-18|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226155015/https://freedom-to-tinker.com/2017/02/18/mitigating-the-increasing-risks-of-an-insecure-internet-of-things/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="trak">{{Cite news|url=http://trak.in/tags/business/2016/08/30/internet-of-things-iot-changing-fundamentals-of-retailing/|title=How IoT's are Changing the Fundamentals of "Retailing"|date=2016-08-30|publisher=Trak.in – Indian Business of Tech, Mobile & Startups|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226212121/https://trak.in/tags/business/2016/08/30/internet-of-things-iot-changing-fundamentals-of-retailing/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
<ref name="trak">{{Cite news|url=http://trak.in/tags/business/2016/08/30/internet-of-things-iot-changing-fundamentals-of-retailing/|title=How IoT's are Changing the Fundamentals of "Retailing"|date=2016-08-30|publisher=Trak.in – Indian Business of Tech, Mobile & Startups|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226212121/https://trak.in/tags/business/2016/08/30/internet-of-things-iot-changing-fundamentals-of-retailing/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Traukina">{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Industrial-Internet-Application-Development-development-ebook/dp/B075V92JW7/|title=Industrial Internet Application Development: Simplify IIoT development using the elasticity of Public Cloud and Native Cloud Services|last1=Traukina|first1=Alena|last2=Thomas|first2=Jayant|last3=Tyagi|first3=Prashant|last4=Reddipalli|first4=Kishore|date=2018-09-29|publisher=Packt Publishing|edition=1st|pages=18|language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="Traukina">{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Industrial-Internet-Application-Development-development-ebook/dp/B075V92JW7/|title=Industrial Internet Application Development: Simplify IIoT development using the elasticity of Public Cloud and Native Cloud Services|last1=Traukina|first1=Alena|last2=Thomas|first2=Jayant|last3=Tyagi|first3=Prashant|last4=Reddipalli|first4=Kishore|date=2018-09-29|publisher=Packt Publishing|edition=1st|pages=18|language=en|access-date=2020-08-14|archive-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323192314/https://www.amazon.com/Industrial-Internet-Application-Development-development-ebook/dp/B075V92JW7/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="trendmicro_190513">{{cite web | url=https://blog.trendmicro.com.tw/?p=60237 | title=什麼是工業物聯網(IIoT)? | publisher=趨勢科技全球技術支援與研發中心 | date=2019-05-13 | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=zh-tw}}</ref> |
<ref name="trendmicro_190513">{{cite web | url=https://blog.trendmicro.com.tw/?p=60237 | title=什麼是工業物聯網(IIoT)? | publisher=趨勢科技全球技術支援與研發中心 | date=2019-05-13 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=zh-tw | archive-date=2021-04-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411185308/https://blog.trendmicro.com.tw/?p=60237 | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="tomsguide">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/best-smart-home-hubs,review-3200.html|title=Best Smart Home Hubs of 2018|last=Prospero|first=Mike|date=2018-09-12|publisher=Tom's Guide|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2020-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527220234/https://www.tomsguide.com/us/best-smart-home-hubs,review-3200.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
<ref name="tomsguide">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/best-smart-home-hubs,review-3200.html|title=Best Smart Home Hubs of 2018|last=Prospero|first=Mike|date=2018-09-12|publisher=Tom's Guide|accessdate=2020-03-27|language=en|archive-date=2020-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527220234/https://www.tomsguide.com/us/best-smart-home-hubs,review-3200.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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<ref name="toyota-tsusho">{{cite web | url=https://www.toyota-tsusho.com/english/press/detail/180821_004238.html | title=Using AI and IoT, University Aquaculture Research Institute is challenging to establish automated streamline of Aquaculture Cultivation Selection - Aiming to expand "Workstyle Innovation" of fishery industry with cloud and digital technology - | publisher=[[豐田通商]] | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="toyota-tsusho">{{cite web | url=https://www.toyota-tsusho.com/english/press/detail/180821_004238.html | title=Using AI and IoT, University Aquaculture Research Institute is challenging to establish automated streamline of Aquaculture Cultivation Selection - Aiming to expand "Workstyle Innovation" of fishery industry with cloud and digital technology - | publisher=[[豐田通商]] | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2021-02-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184313/https://www.toyota-tsusho.com/english/press/detail/180821_004238.html | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="ubidots">{{cite web | url=https://ubidots.com/blog/smart-city-pioneer-santander-spain/ | title=4 Big IoT Wins for Smart City Pioneer, Santander, Spain | author=Kristen Cronon | publisher=Ubidots | date=2017-04-11 | accessdate=2020-03-27| language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="ubidots">{{cite web | url=https://ubidots.com/blog/smart-city-pioneer-santander-spain/ | title=4 Big IoT Wins for Smart City Pioneer, Santander, Spain | author=Kristen Cronon | publisher=Ubidots | date=2017-04-11 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2021-04-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420134410/https://ubidots.com/blog/smart-city-pioneer-santander-spain/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="VSAT">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWuXmf4V4NwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Very-small-aperture+terminal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigkNXUoJHhAhVCfysKHd9tBD0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Very-small-aperture%20terminal%22&f=false|title=VSATs: Very Small Aperture Terminals | last=Everett | first=John|date=1992|publisher=IET|isbn=9780863412004|language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="VSAT">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWuXmf4V4NwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Very-small-aperture+terminal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigkNXUoJHhAhVCfysKHd9tBD0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Very-small-aperture%20terminal%22&f=false|title=VSATs: Very Small Aperture Terminals | last=Everett | first=John|date=1992|publisher=IET|isbn=9780863412004|language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="vsevteme">{{cite web |url=http://web2.vsevteme.ru/attachments/show?content=6799 | title=APPENDIX F: THE INTERNET OF THINGS (BACKGROUND) | accessdate=2020-08-13 | language=en}}</ref> |
<ref name="vsevteme">{{cite web | url=http://web2.vsevteme.ru/attachments/show?content=6799 | title=APPENDIX F: THE INTERNET OF THINGS (BACKGROUND) | accessdate=2020-08-13 | language=en | archive-date=2021-04-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410052427/http://web2.vsevteme.ru/attachments/show?content=6799 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> |
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<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |last1=World Health Organization |title=mHealth. New horizons for health through mobile technologies |url=https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_mhealth_web.pdf |website=World Health Organization |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503044209/https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_mhealth_web.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |last1=World Health Organization |title=mHealth. New horizons for health through mobile technologies |url=https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_mhealth_web.pdf |website=World Health Organization |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503044209/https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_mhealth_web.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="wiomax">{{cite web | url=http://www.wiomax.com/what-can-the-smart-iot-transform-transportation-and-smart-cities/ | title=Key Applications of the Smart IoT to Transform Transportation | publisher=wiomax | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421062141/http://www.wiomax.com/what-can-the-smart-iot-transform-transportation-and-smart-cities/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="wiomax">{{cite web | url=http://www.wiomax.com/what-can-the-smart-iot-transform-transportation-and-smart-cities/ | title=Key Applications of the Smart IoT to Transform Transportation | publisher=wiomax | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421062141/http://www.wiomax.com/what-can-the-smart-iot-transform-transportation-and-smart-cities/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="World Science News">{{cite journal |author1=Joanna Kasza |title=Forth Industrial Revolution (4 IR): Digital Disruption of Cyber – Physical Systems |journal=World Science News |volume=EISSN 2392-2192 |page=18 |url=http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/WSN-1342-2019-118-147.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-14}}</ref> |
<ref name="World Science News">{{cite journal |author1=Joanna Kasza |title=Forth Industrial Revolution (4 IR): Digital Disruption of Cyber – Physical Systems |journal=World Science News |volume=EISSN 2392-2192 |page=18 |url=http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/WSN-1342-2019-118-147.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715081412/http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/WSN-1342-2019-118-147.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Yasuhisa_Omura">{{cite book |last1=Omura |first1=Yasuhisa |last2=Mallik |first2=Abhijit |last3=Matsuo |first3=Naoto |title=MOS Devices for Low-Voltage and Low-Energy Applications |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781119107354 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOjFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309061750/https://books.google.com/books?id=yOjFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="Yasuhisa_Omura">{{cite book |last1=Omura |first1=Yasuhisa |last2=Mallik |first2=Abhijit |last3=Matsuo |first3=Naoto |title=MOS Devices for Low-Voltage and Low-Energy Applications |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781119107354 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOjFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |accessdate=2020-03-27 |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309061750/https://books.google.com/books?id=yOjFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Zhang">{{cite book |url= |
<ref name="Zhang">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHi9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA249 |title=Precision Agriculture Technology for Crop Farming |author=Zhang, Q. |publisher=CRC Press |pages=249–58 |year=2015 |isbn=9781482251081 |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070206/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHi9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA249 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="ZigBee">{{cite web | url=https://zigbeealliance.org/zigbee-faq/ | title=Zigbee FAQ | publisher=zigbee alliance | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-03-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330035423/https://zigbeealliance.org/zigbee-faq/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="ZigBee">{{cite web | url=https://zigbeealliance.org/zigbee-faq/ | title=Zigbee FAQ | publisher=zigbee alliance | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2020-03-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330035423/https://zigbeealliance.org/zigbee-faq/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="zdnet">{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/android-security-a-market-for-lemons-that-leaves-87-percent-insecure/ |title=Android security a 'market for lemons' that leaves 87 percent vulnerable |date=2015-10-13 |website=ZDNet |first1=Liam |last1=Tung |accessdate=2015-10-14}}</ref> |
<ref name="zdnet">{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/android-security-a-market-for-lemons-that-leaves-87-percent-insecure/ |title=Android security a 'market for lemons' that leaves 87 percent vulnerable |date=2015-10-13 |website=ZDNet |first1=Liam |last1=Tung |accessdate=2015-10-14 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110128/https://www.zdnet.com/article/android-security-a-market-for-lemons-that-leaves-87-percent-insecure/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Z-Wave">{{cite web | url=http://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-zigbee-and-z-wave | title=What's The Difference Between ZigBee And Z-Wave? | author=Lou Frenzel | publisher=Electronic Design | date=2012-03-29 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2018-06-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609130422/http://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-zigbee-and-z-wave | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
<ref name="Z-Wave">{{cite web | url=http://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-zigbee-and-z-wave | title=What's The Difference Between ZigBee And Z-Wave? | author=Lou Frenzel | publisher=Electronic Design | date=2012-03-29 | accessdate=2020-03-27 | language=en | archive-date=2018-06-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609130422/http://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-zigbee-and-z-wave | dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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[[Category:計算與社會]] |
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[[Category:數位技術]] |
[[Category:數位技術]] |
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[[Category:21世纪发明]] |
2024年12月27日 (五) 10:27的最新版本
物联网 |
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一般概念 |
网络传输协议 |
物聯網(英語:Internet of Things,簡稱IoT)是一種計算設備、機械、數位機器相互關聯的系統,具備通用唯一辨識碼(UUID),並具有通過網路傳輸數據的能力,無需人與人、或是人與設備的互動[1][2][3]。
物聯網將現實世界數位化,應用範圍十分廣泛。物聯網可拉近分散的資料,統整物與物的數位資訊。物聯網的應用領域主要包括以下方面:運輸和物流、工業製造[4]、健康醫療、智慧環境(家庭、辦公、工廠)、個人和社會領域等[5]。
物聯網為受各界矚目的新興領域,但安全性是物聯網應用受到各界質疑的主要因素[6],主要的質疑在於物聯網技術正在快速發展中,但其中涉及的安全性挑戰,與可能需要的法規變更等,目前均相當欠缺[7][8]。
歷史
[编辑]物聯網的概念可以追溯到1980年代初期,全球第一台隱含物聯網概念的裝置為位於卡内基·梅隆大学的可樂販賣機,它連接到網際網路,可以在網路上檢查庫存,以確認還可供應的飲料數量[9][10]。馬克·維瑟(Mark Weiser)於1991年發表了「21世紀的電腦」(The Computer of the 21st Century)論文,當中揭櫫普及計算的概念,為物聯網的發展拓展了重要的道路[11]。
雷扎·拉吉(Reza Raji)1994年在IEEE綜覽中發表「可控制的智慧網路」(Smart networks for control)論文,當中提出了概念「可將小量的數據封包匯集至一個大的節點,這樣就可以整合與自動化各種設施,從家用電器乃至於整座工廠」[12]。
在1993年至1997年之間,幾家公司提出了多種解決方案,例如Microsoft at Work、Novell NEST。比爾·喬伊(Bill Joy)1999年在世界經濟論壇上提出六網(Six Webs)架構,其中第六項「D2D,Device to Device」描繪了物聯網更具體的發展構想[13]。
最早提出「物聯網(Internet of things)」這個名稱的人可能已經很難斷定,但任職於寶鹼公司的前瞻技術開發者凱文·阿什頓(Kevin Ashton)說,他自己應該是最早明確使用「物聯網」名稱的人,1999年他在寶鹼公司所做一次演講的標題即為「Internet of things」[14]。他並表示,相較於「Internet of things」,他自己更喜歡「Internet for things」這個名稱[15]。當時,他認為射頻識別對於物聯網至關重要[16],這將使電腦可以管理所有個別物體[17]。
思科系統認為物聯網僅為一個「時間點」的概念,這個時間點出現在「連上網際網路的事物或物件,大於連上網路的人數」,換句話說這是物聯網的誕生時間。思科系統估計這個「時間點」大約落在2008年至2009年之間,「上網物件/上網人數」的比例在2003年為0.08,到了2010年為1.84[18]。
部分人士認為金屬氧化物半導體場效電晶體(MOSFET)技術的進步是促成物聯網快速發展的推手。主要的論點在於MOSFET到了21世紀製程已可微縮至奈米等級,大幅降低了功耗,而低功耗設計正是物聯網中的感測器可否被廣泛運用的關鍵因素[19]。除了MOSFET之外,絕緣層上覆矽(silicon-on-insulator)與多核心處理器技術的發展,也是促成物聯網普及的原因[19].
技術
[编辑]技術路線
[编辑]技術路線(Technology Roadmap)指對於技術未來發展方向的預測。在物聯網領域,廣泛被各國政府與機構引用[20][21][22]的技術路線為顧問公司SRI Consulting描繪之物聯網技術路線,其依據時間軸可分為四個階段:供應鏈輔助、垂直市場應用、無所不在的定址(Ubiquitous positioning),最後可以達到「The Physical Web」(意即讓物聯網上的每一個智慧裝置都以URL來標示)[23]。
架構
[编辑]物聯網的架構一般分為三層或四層。三層之架構由底層至上層依序為感測層、網路層與應用層[24];四層之架構由底層至上層依序為感知設備層(或稱感測層)、網路連接層(或稱網路層)、平台工具層與應用服務層。三層與四層架構之差異,在於四層將三層之「應用層」拆分成「平台工具層」與「應用服務層」,對於軟體應用做更細緻的區分[25]。
感測層
[编辑]定址資源
[编辑]物聯網的實現,需要給每一個連上物聯網的物件分配唯一的標識或地址。最早的概念是由無線射頻辨識標籤和電子產品代碼所發展出來的[26]。現在物聯網與網際網路連結後,由於預估需要大量的IP地址,目前主流的IPv4地址空間有限,因此物聯網中的物件傾向使用下一代互聯網協議(IPv6),以提供足夠的位址空間,IPv6對於物聯網的發展扮演重要角色[27]。
網路層
[编辑]物聯網有多種聯網技術可供選擇,依照有效傳輸距離可區分為短距離無線、中距離無線、長距離無線,以及有線技術:
短距離無線
[编辑]- 藍牙網狀網路(Bluetooth mesh networking)– 規範採用藍牙技術的網狀網絡,可增加節點數,並提供標準化的應用層[28]。
- 光照上網技術(Li-Fi)– 與Wi-Fi標準相似的無線通信技術,但使用可見光通訊以增加頻寬[29]。
- 近場通訊(Near-field communication,NFC)– 使兩個電子設備能夠在4公分範圍內進行通訊的通訊協議[30]。
- 無線射頻辨識(Radio-frequency identification,RFID)– 使用電磁場存取無線射頻辨識(RFID)標籤中數據的技術[31]。
- Wi-Fi – 基於IEEE 802.11標準的無線區域網路技術[32]。
- ZigBee – 基於IEEE 802.15.4標準的個人區域網路通訊協議,具有低功耗,低數據速率,低成本的特性[33]。
- Z-Wave – 主要應用於智慧家庭和安全應用的無線通訊協議[34]。
中距離無線
[编辑]- 進階長期演進技術(LTE-Advanced)– 高速蜂巢式網路的通信規範。通過擴展的覆蓋範圍,提供更高的數據傳輸量和更低的延遲[35]。
- 5G - 新一代行動通訊技術,提供高資料速率、減少延遲、節省能源、提高系統容量和大規模裝置連接[36]。
長距離無線
[编辑]- 低功率廣域網路(Low-Power Wide-Area Network,LPWAN)– 提供低資料速率與遠程通訊,降低功耗和傳輸成本。可用的LPWAN技術和協議分為使用授權頻段的NB-IoT,以及使用非授權頻段的LoRa、Sigfox、Weightless、Random Phase Multiple Access(RPMA)、IEEE 802.11ah等[37]。
- 甚小孔徑終端(Very Small Aperture Terminal, VSAT)– 使用小型碟型天線,透過人造衛星傳輸之通訊技術[38]。
有線
[编辑]- 乙太網路(Ethernet)– 基於IEEE 802.3標準的技術,可使用雙絞線、光纖連接至集線器或網路交換器[39]。
- 電力線通信(Power Line Communication,PLC)– 以電纜傳輸電力和數據的通訊技術,有HomePlug或G.hn等標準[40]。
應用層
[编辑]應用層在物聯網四層架構中可再細分為「平台工具層」與「應用服務層」。平台工具層為底層的軟體平台,作為應用服務層與網路層的介面,以支持各類的軟體應用。可歸類於「平台工具層」包括大數據、區塊鏈、軟體定義網路、軟體定義儲存、軟體定義資料中心、安全通訊、防毒軟體、人工智慧相關(如自然語言處理、深度學習、語音辨識、圖型識別、電腦視覺...)等;應用服務層針對不同的應用需求,直接呈現原始資料,或經過加值處理,藉由人機介面提供使用者,或是對應的硬體/軟體目標得到想要的資訊。可歸類於「應用服務層」包括虛擬實境/擴增實境、人機互動、服務導向架構、永續發展相關(生命週期評估、節能、碳足跡...)等[25]。
在應用層中,通常使用多種程式語言撰寫應用程序,使用HTTPS與OAuth之協定。在平台後端使用各種形式的資料庫系統,例如時間序列數據或是後端數據存儲系統(如Cassandra、PostgreSQL等)[41]。
大多數的物聯網系統均是建構在雲端運算之上,在雲當中具備事件佇列(event queuing)與訊息傳遞系統,這些系統可以處理在各層級中所需要的通訊[42]。一些專家將工業物聯網(IIoT)中的三層分類為邊緣、平台和企業,它們分別透過鄰近網絡、接入網路和服務網路來連接[43]。
美國國家標準暨技術研究院(NIST)對於雲端運算的定義中,將服務模式分為軟體即服務(SaaS)、平台即服務(PaaS)、基礎設施即服務(IaaS)三種[44]。
智慧物聯網(AIoT)
[编辑]智慧物聯網(AIoT)為物聯網與人工智慧的結合,以實現更高效率的物聯網運作,改善人機交流、增強數據管理和分析。人工智慧可用於將物聯網數據轉化為有用的資訊,以改善決策流程,從而為「物聯網資料即服務」(IoT Data as a Service,IoTDaaS)的模式奠定基礎[45]。
智慧物聯網的出現,對於物聯網與人工智慧兩者均會產生變革,增加彼此之間的價值。因為人工智慧通過機器學習功能,使得物聯網變得更有價值;而物聯網通過連接、訊號和數據交換,使得人工智慧可以獲得更豐富的資料來源。隨著物聯網遍及許多行業,將有越來越多的人為的、以及機器生成的非結構化資料,智慧物聯網可在資料分析中提供有力的支持,在各行各業中創造新的價值[45]。
應用
[编辑]消費者應用
[编辑]有越來越多的物聯網設備可供消費者選用,包括聯網的車輛、家庭自動化、聯網的可穿戴設備、聯網的健康監控設備,以及遠程監控設備[46]。
蘋果公司的HomeKit為該公司之智慧家庭平台,使用者可以透過iPhone、iPad、Apple Watch等設備的APP介面,或是由Siri語音控制支援Apple HomeKit標準的家用設備,如電視、電燈、空調、水龍頭等[47],目前支援28類設備[48]。其他類似、但功能與範圍不盡相同的產品包括Google的Google Nest與Google個人助理、Amazon的Amazon Echo與Amazon Alexa、三星的SmartThings、小米的小愛同學、聯想的Lenovo Smart Assistant等[49]。另外還有一些開放平臺如OpenHAB、Domoticz等[50][51]。
另一項主要的應用為輔助老年人與殘疾人士[52],例如語音控制可以幫助行動不便人士,警報系統可以連接至聽障人士的人工耳蝸[53],另外還有監視跌倒或癲癇等緊急情況的感測器[54],這些智慧家庭技術可以提供用戶更多的自由和更高的生活質量[52]。
工業應用
[编辑]物聯網在工業的應用稱為工業物聯網(Industrial internet of things,IIoT)。工業物聯網專注於機器對機器(Machine to Machine,M2M)的通訊,利用大數據、人工智慧、雲端運算等技術,讓工業運作有更高的效率和可靠度。工業物聯網涵蓋了整個工業應用,包括了機器人、醫療設備和軟體定義生產流程等,為第四次工業革命中,產業轉型至工業4.0中不可或缺的一部分[55]。
大數據分析在生產設備的預防性維護中扮演關鍵角色,其核心為網宇實體系統。可透過5C「連接(Connection)、轉換(Conversion)、聯網(Cyber),認知(Cognition)、配置(Configuration)」之架構來設計網宇實體系統,將收集來的數據轉化為有用的資料,並藉以優化生產流程[56]。
農業應用
[编辑]物聯網在農業中的應用包括收集溫度、降水、濕度、風速、病蟲害和土壤成分的數據,並加以分析與運用。這樣的方式稱為精準農業,其利用決策支援系統,將收集來的數據做出精準分析,藉以提高產出的質量和數量,並減少浪費[57]。
2018年8月,豐田通商與微軟、近畿大學水產研究所合作,利用Microsoft Azure的物聯網應用套件,開發出於水產養殖輔助系統。水產養殖為勞力密集的工作,魚苗必須由人工進行分類,以確保每條魚的大小適當且無畸形。藉由輔助系統的導入,可以大幅減輕人力負擔,將有經驗的人移至更高附加價值的工作[58][59]。
商業應用
[编辑]醫療保健
[编辑]醫療物聯網(Internet of Medical Things,IoMT)為物聯網應用於醫療保健,包括數據收集、分析、研究與監控方面的應用,用以建立數位化的醫療保健系統[60][61][62][63]。物聯網設備可用於啟用遠程健康監控和緊急情況通知系統,包括簡易的設施如血壓計、可攜式生理監視器,至可監測植入人體的設備,如心律調節器、人工耳蝸等[64]。世界衛生組織規劃利用移動設備收集醫療保健數據,並進行統計、分析,創建「m-health」體系[65]。
由於塑料與電子紡織品製造技術的進步,使得一次性使用的IoMT感測器已達到相當低的成本[66]。對於即時醫療診斷應用的建立,可攜性與低系統複雜性是不可或缺的要素[67]。物聯網在醫療保健的應用,於監測慢性病、以及疾病的預防和控制中產生很大的功用,透過遠端監控,醫院與衛生相關機構可以獲得患者的數據,並可做進一步分析[68]。
交通
[编辑]物聯網可以幫助整合通訊、控制與資訊處理。物聯網的應用可以擴展至運輸系統個層面,包括載具、基礎設施,以及駕駛人。物聯網組件之間的資訊傳遞,使得載具內以及不同載具之間可以互相通訊[69],達成智慧交通燈號、智慧停車、電子道路收費系統、物流和車隊管理、主動巡航控制系統,以及安全和道路輔助等應用[70][71]。
例如,在物流和車隊管理中,物聯網平台可以通過無線感測器持續監視貨物和資產的位置和狀況,並在發生異常事件(延遲、損壞、失竊等)時發送特定警報。這必須借助物聯網與設備之間的無縫連接才可能實現。利用GPS、濕度、溫度等感測器將數據傳送至物聯網平台,隨後對數據進行分析,並將結果傳送給用戶。如此,用戶可以跟踪載具的即時狀態,並做出適當的處置。如果與機器學習結合,還可以進行駕駛睡意偵測,以及提供自動駕駛汽車等來幫助減少交通事故[72]。
基礎設施應用
[编辑]物聯網在基礎設施的運用主要在監視與控制各類基礎設施,例如鐵軌、橋梁,海上與陸上的風力發電廠、廢棄物管理等。透過監視任何事件或結構狀況的變化,以便高效地安排維修和保養活動[71]。
目前全球有數個大規模部署的案例正在進行中,例如韓國松島國際都市。這是一座設備齊全的智慧城市,對於能源使用、交通流量進行精密的控制,各家戶垃圾透過管道集中至廢物處理中心,然後在這裡進行自動分類,與再回收利用。截至2018年6月約70%的商業區已竣工[73]。
西班牙桑坦德為另一個應用案例。這一座人口約18萬的都市,安裝了超過兩萬個感測器,主要應用於三方面:(1) 交通:透過手機APP可以即時獲得停車位資訊,並引導至該處停車;(2) H2O 2.0:可即時獲得用水資訊;(3) 公園智能空間:可隨溫度、濕度調整灑水系統,並檢查公園內垃圾桶的垃圾量[74]。
軍事應用
[编辑]軍事物聯網(Internet of Military Things,IoMT)是物聯網在軍事領域中的應用,目的是偵察、監視與戰鬥有關的目標,主要受到未來將於城市環境中戰鬥影響。軍事物聯網相關領域包括感測器、車輛、機器人、武器、可穿戴式智慧型產品,以及在戰場上相關智慧技術的使用[75]。
戰地物聯網(The Internet of Battlefield Things,IoBT)是一個美國陸軍研究實驗室(ARL)的研究項目,著重研究與物聯網相關的基礎科學,以增強陸軍士兵的能力[76]。2017年,ARL啟動了戰地物聯網協作研究聯盟(Internet of Battlefield Things Collaborative Research Alliance,IoBT-CRA),建立了產業、大學和陸軍研究人員之間的工作合作關係,以推展物聯網技術及其在陸軍作戰中的應用的理論基礎[77]。
批評、問題與爭議
[编辑]安全性
[编辑]安全性是物聯網應用受到各界質疑的主要因素[6],質疑之處在於物聯網技術正在快速發展中,但其中涉及的安全性挑戰,與可能需要的法規變更等,目前均相當欠缺[7][8]。
物聯網面對的大多數技術安全問題類似於一般伺服器、工作站與智慧型手機[78],包括密碼太短、忘記更改密碼的預設值、設備之間傳輸採用未加密訊號、SQL注入、未將軟體更新至最新版本等[79]。另外,由於多數物聯網設備計算能力相當有限,無法使用常見的安全措施例如防火牆、或是高強度的密碼[80];許多物聯網設備因為價格低廉,因此無法有人力與經費支持,將軟體更新至最新版本[81]。
安全性較差的物聯網設備可能被當作跳板以攻擊其他設備。2016年時發生惡意程式Mirai(辭源:日文「未來」)感染物聯網設備,以分散式阻斷服務攻擊(DDoS)攻擊DNS伺服器與許多網站。在20小時內,Mirai感染了大約65,000台物聯網設備,最終感染數量為20~30萬台。感染設備之國家分布以巴西、哥倫比亞和越南居前三位,設備包括數位視訊錄影機、網路監控攝影機、路由器、印表機等,以廠商區分依序為大華股份、華為、中興通訊、思科、合勤[82][83]。2017年5月,Cloudflare的計算機科學家Junade Ali指出,由於發布/訂閱(Publish–subscribe pattern)的不當設計,許多物聯網設備存在DDoS漏洞[84][85]。利用這些漏洞的將物聯網設備作為跳板的攻擊,是互聯網服務的真正威脅[86]。
產業界對各界質疑安全性問題做出了回應,「物聯網安全基金會」(IoTSF)於2015年9月23日成立,期藉由倡導知識與最佳實踐使得物聯網更加安全[87]。此外,一些公司也推出創新解決方案,以確保物聯網設備的安全性。2017年,Mozilla公司推出了「Project Things」,該項目可以通過安全的「Web of Things」閘道器與物聯網設備建立加密連線[88]。美國資訊安全專家布魯斯·施奈爾(Bruce Schneier)認為將物聯網納入政府監管業務是有必要的,以確保產業界生產的物聯網設備可以遵守安全規範,以及出事的時候有人負責[89]。
平台分散
[编辑]物聯網的一大問題為平台分散、跨平台之可操作性低,以及欠缺通用技術標準[90][91]。物聯網設備種類繁多,以及硬體與在其上運作的軟體之間的差異,使得開發系統時,各應用程序保持一致變得很困難[92]。
物聯網無定形(amorphous)的計算特性往往會造成安全性問題,因為在核心操作系統中發現的錯誤修補,通常無法涵蓋較早期且入門級的設備[93],一組研究人員表示,設備供應商未能通過修補程式和更新支持較舊的設備,導致超過87%的現行Android設備容易受到攻擊[94]。
相關條目
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