阿薩姆人:修订间差异
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|1=zh-cn:莫臥兒; zh-tw:蒙兀兒; |
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{{Infobox state |
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| name = 阿薩姆人 |
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| native_name = অসমীয়া |
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| native_name_lang = as |
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| type = [[File:AssamBarnstar.png|trumb|100px]] |
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| image_skyline = |
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| image_alt = |
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| image_caption = |
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| image_seal = Seal of Assam.png |
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| seal_alt = |
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| image_map = Assam in India (disputed hatched).svg |
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| map_alt = |
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| map_caption = |
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| latd = 26.14 |
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| longd = 91.77 |
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| subdivision_type = 國家 |
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| subdivision_name = [[印度]] |
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| subdivision_type1 = 地區 |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[印度东北部]] |
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| blank1_name_sec2 = 官方語言 |
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| blank1_info_sec2 = [[阿薩姆語]] |
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| blank2_name_sec2 = 其它官方語言 |
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| blank2_info_sec2 = [[英語]]<br/>[[孟加拉語]]<small></small><br/>[[博多语]]<small> |
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| website = [http://assam.gov.in/ assam.gov.in] |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
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| group = 阿萨姆人 |
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'''阿薩姆人'''({{lang-en|Assam}})是印地语对傣泰民族民族的称呼。4世纪左右,阿薩姆地區的人們建立[[迦摩缕波]]國。十三世纪初,[[中国]][[云南]]的傣泰民族西迁至[[布拉马普特拉河]]流域地区,征服迦摩羅波國建立阿薩姆國,逐步与[[達羅毗荼人]]、[[蒙古人種|蒙古种人]]、[[雅利安人]]融合的[[傣族|傣]][[泰國|泰]]后裔,被称为“阿萨姆人(Assamese)”。 |
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| image = [[File:Bihu in Assam.jpg|250px]] |
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| caption = 身穿阿萨姆传统服饰的青年 |
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阿萨姆地区的最早居民属原始[[澳大利亚人种]],一般肤色呈黄色或黑黄色,身材矮小,臉有[[蒙古人种]]特征。主要信仰[[印度教]] - [[湿婆派]]。部分信仰[[伊斯兰教]]、[[種姓制度]]。世代同堂家庭普遍。婚姻自主。部分以務農和[[畜牧]]为業。纺织、制陶手工业发达。 |
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| population = {{Circa|1530万|lk=yes}}<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref> |
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| region1 = {{flag|India}} |
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阿萨姆邦语言屬於[[印度]][[憲法]]承認,属印歐语系印度-伊朗语族印度语支,與[[孟加拉語]]相近,受藏緬語影響。使用人口约1400万。它是[[奥里亚语]]和孟加拉语的近亲。它的历史可以追溯到14~15世纪的文献,如《[[罗摩衍那]]》的译本。 |
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| pop1 = 15,311,351 |
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| ref1 = <ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web|title=Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and the mother tongues - 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=2018-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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由于受周围藏缅语言的影响,辅音中没有卷舌音,阿萨姆语把中古雅利安语词首的s变成x,又把元音之间的s变成h。例如xhur(家公),通俗[[梵语]]sasura,孟加拉语our。语法方面,阿萨姆语没有“性”的范畴。名词有 6个格,代词有4个格,每个格不止一个形式,此外还有敬体形式。阿萨姆语的文字和[[孟加拉文]]相似。並有以梵文[[天成文|天城体]]字母为基础的文字。 |
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| region2 = [[阿薩姆邦]] |
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| pop2 = 15,095,797 |
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<ref>{{cite web| last = Dixit | first = K. M. | title = Chicken's Neck (Editorial)| publisher = Himal South Asian | date = August 2002| url = http://www.himalmag.com/2002/august/lastpage.htm| format = – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ADixit+intitle%3AChicken%27s+Neck+%28Editorial%29&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}} {{Dead link|date=November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam has lead role in Look East effort: PM |author=Sushanta Talukdar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3336069.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 April 2012 |accessdate=4 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> |
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| ref2 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/assam-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118143519/https://www.populationu.com/in/assam-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| region3 = [[阿魯納恰爾邦]] |
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==地理環境== |
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| pop3 = 53,951 |
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| ref3 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/arunachal-pradesh-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820020723/https://www.populationu.com/in/arunachal-pradesh-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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[[File:Assam Valley.JPG|thumb|<center>]] |
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| region4 = [[梅加拉亞邦]] |
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| pop4 = 39,628 |
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阿萨姆邦西部與[[西孟加拉邦]]、[[梅加拉亚邦]]、[[特里普拉邦|特-{里}-普拉邦]]、和[[孟加拉]]相连,南部与[[梅加拉亚邦]]、[[特里普拉邦|特-{里}-普拉邦]]、[[米佐拉姆邦]]为界,北部接壤[[中國]][[藏南]]、[[不丹]],东部毗连[[那加兰邦]]、[[曼尼普尔邦]]。 |
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| ref4 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/meghalaya-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023617/https://www.populationu.com/in/meghalaya-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| region5 = [[比哈爾邦]] |
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[[阿薩姆邦]]位於[[印度]]東北邊,位處[[南亞]]夏季季風北上的路線。降水主要屬於[[地形雨]]。在6月至9月的雨季時,來自印度洋的暖濕西南季風從[[恆河]]三角洲一路進入[[孟加拉]]的低地平原,在向北前行300-400千米後,受到[[卡西丘陵|卡西山]]的阻擋,被迫在2至5千米的範圍內上升至1370米的高度。氣流被迫抬升時發生[[絕熱過程|濕絕熱]]降溫,使其中的水蒸氣凝結為水滴,在[[迎風坡]]形成降雨。 |
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| pop5 = 2,087 |
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[[File:Assam-districts-2001.svg|left|270px|right|阿萨姆邦的23县]] |
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| ref5 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/bihar-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118143518/https://www.populationu.com/in/bihar-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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[[阿薩姆邦]]的地形特色是,它包含三種地理型態:北部山區-北喜馬拉雅山,北部平原(布拉馬普特拉河平原)和[[德干高原]]。陡峭的河谷與激流出了山口後形成[[網狀河]],並在阿魯納恰爾邦與[[阿薩姆邦]]地區形成沼澤。 |
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| region6 = [[北方邦]] |
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| pop6 = 10,356 |
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阿薩姆邦城市中心包括高哈蒂,它是世界上成長最快的100個城市之一。最大城市是[[古瓦哈提]](Guwahati),首府[[第斯普爾]]城位于[[古瓦哈提]]的郊区,处于[[雅鲁藏布江]]的中部流域(上游在[[西藏]],下游在[[孟加拉]])。 |
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| ref6 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/uttar-pradesh-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110000339/https://www.populationu.com/in/uttar-pradesh-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| region7 = [[德里]] |
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全邦能夠再細分為[[阿萨姆邦行政区划|23縣]]。 |
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| pop7 = 8,573 |
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| ref7 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/delhi-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701233120/https://www.populationu.com/in/delhi-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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==歷史== |
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| region8 =[[旁遮普邦]] |
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| pop8 = 4,090 |
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[[文件:大唐西域記(四庫).jpg|thumb|right|300px|《'''大唐西域記'''》書影]] |
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| ref8 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/punjab-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118143518/https://www.populationu.com/in/punjab-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| region9 = [[卡納塔克邦]] |
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阿萨姆在当地语言中,读为Asom,是“[[掸族]]”的异写,[[古汉语]]读作seóm,实际是[[傣族]]的一个别称。有关阿萨姆邦最早的中文历史记载出现在[[玄奘]]《[[大唐西域记]]》中,玄奘称之为“[[迦摩缕波]]”。这个名字是[[梵文]] ''kāmarūpa''的音译(原意为“[[色欲]]、[[美麗]]之都”),相当于现今阿萨姆邦西南部[[坎如普]]县(Kamrup)。玄奘接受了当地国王[[拘摩罗]](kumāra)的邀请到迦摩缕波国讲法。这里也是[[性力派]]流行地区。 |
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| pop9 = 9,871 |
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| ref9 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/karnataka-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820014347/https://www.populationu.com/in/karnataka-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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===史前=== |
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| region10 = [[泰米爾納德邦]] |
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在阿薩姆地區[[海拔]]400~600公尺的地方,有[[石器時代]]人類居住的證據。當地的輝祖母綠石是他們製造石器的原料。 |
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| pop10 = 2,594 |
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| ref10 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/tamil-nadu-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820012858/https://www.populationu.com/in/tamil-nadu-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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公元前10世纪,基拉塔人穿越外[[喜馬拉雅山]]口来到阿薩姆,逐渐在当地定居繁衍。 |
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| region11 = [[喀拉拉邦]] |
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| pop11 = 5,796 |
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===中世紀=== |
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| ref11 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/kerala-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820025708/https://www.populationu.com/in/kerala-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| region12 = [[馬哈拉施特拉邦]] |
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[[File:Ahom-kingdom-c1826p.png|thumb|left|200px|阿萨姆王国1826年的疆土]] |
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| pop12 = 12,842 |
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| ref12 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/maharashtra-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820030351/https://www.populationu.com/in/maharashtra-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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4世纪左右,[[蒙古]]人建立[[東輝國]],在中世纪时期名为[[迦摩缕波]]国,公元7世纪左右[[迦摩缕波]]国达到鼎盛,统治着[[喜马拉雅山]]脉南麓、[[雅魯藏布江|雅魯藏布]]河谷至[[孟加拉]]的土地。[[迦摩缕波]]國消逝後該地便陷入分裂。 |
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| region13 = [[古加拉特邦]] |
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| pop13 = 3,935 |
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公元1228年,[[缅甸]]東北部、[[中国]][[云南]]一带的[[傣族]]越过阿薩姆東部山脈,征服當地各部族结束長期戰亂,建立了[[阿豪姆王國|阿含王國]](Ahom),史称[[阿豪姆王國|阿萨姆王国]]。 |
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| ref13 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/gujarat-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227095216/https://www.populationu.com/in/gujarat-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| region14 = [[拉札斯坦邦]] |
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此后,傣族在当地建立了强大的王朝统治,建都於阿薩姆-赛比萨加。[[阿豪姆王國|阿含王國]]國力強盛,被统治德里的[[蒙兀兒帝國|蒙兀兒王朝]]视为对他们的挑战。先后17次派兵征讨[[阿豪姆王國|阿含王國]],均无功而返。 |
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| pop14 = 2,877 |
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| ref14 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/rajasthan-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116052939/https://www.populationu.com/in/rajasthan-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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===近代=== |
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| region15 = [[哈里亞納邦]] |
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公元1671年,[[蒙兀兒帝國]]大军在最后一次出征中和[[傣族]]军队在萨莱伽特陷入了长期的拉锯战。傣族军队在拉其特·巴尔普坎将军的率领下取得了战斗的最终胜利。拉其特·巴尔普坎因此成就了其不朽的盛名,他在战斗中表现出来的英勇精神和很多轶事至今仍在当地民间传颂。这些传说故事如今已经成为阿萨姆历史和民间文化中不可分割的部分。 |
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| pop15 = 4,204 |
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| ref15 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/haryana-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118143521/https://www.populationu.com/in/haryana-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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18世紀後期,[[毗湿奴]]派信徒毛摩利亚·摩汉塔人起义,以抗议在信奉[[性力派]]的王后普勒斯瓦丽教唆下出现的宗教纷争,导致一系列宫廷政变和纠纷。從此阿含王朝由鼎盛走向衰落。缅甸人趁机从东部边境侵入阿萨姆,屠杀了大量的傣族。 |
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| region16 = [[查謨和克什米爾]] |
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| pop16 = 8,340 |
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1826年,英国人进入阿萨姆地区,迫使缅甸签订[[:en:Treaty of Yandabo|《杨达波条约》]],将阿萨姆割让给英国,英国派总督进行管理。从此,结束了[[傣族]]对阿萨姆地区长达600年的统治。之后,阿萨姆成为英属印度的一个行省。为了反抗殖民统治者,阿萨姆人不断反抗,但均以失败收場。 |
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| ref16 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/jammu-and-kashmir-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064143/https://www.populationu.com/in/jammu-and-kashmir-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| region17 = [[那加蘭邦]] |
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1947年印度宣告独立,阿萨姆成了印度一个邦,当局不断压制当地[[傣族]]的发展,不承认[[傣族]]对阿萨姆历史的貢獻,并不断将[[傣族]]边缘化。 |
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| pop17 = 17,201 |
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| ref17 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/nagaland-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707074946/https://www.populationu.com/in/nagaland-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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由于各部族之间的通婚、[[傣族]]在当地社会地位的下降等多种原因,大多数傣族已融合进其它民族中,只剩下不到60万的傣族,多信仰[[印度教]],主要以从事农业生产为主。 |
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| region18 = [[曼尼普爾邦]] |
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| pop18 = 2,453 |
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==社會、家庭與婚姻== |
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| ref18 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/manipur-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707081721/https://www.populationu.com/in/manipur-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| region19 = [[特里普拉邦]] |
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[[File:Stop Farmer Suicide.jpg|缩略图|關注印度農民自殺問題的組織]] |
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| pop19 = 2,129 |
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印度是一個[[農業國家]],約60%的人口直接或間接地依賴於[[農業]]謀生。'''[[農民]][[自殺]]佔[[印度]]所有自殺的11.2%''',學者認為他們自殺是因為農作物因天氣而失收、債務負擔高昂、政府政策影響生計、個人[[心理健康]]和家庭問題等因素<ref>Gruère, G. & Sengupta, D. (2011), Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India: an evidence-based assessment, The Journal of Development Studies, 47(2), 316-337</ref><ref>Schurman, R. (2013), Shadow space: suicides and the predicament of rural India, Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 597-601</ref><ref>Das, A. (2011), Farmers’ suicide in India: implications for public mental health, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(1), 21-29</ref>。2012年,{{link-en|印度國家犯罪記錄局|National Crime Records Bureau}}的統計數字指該年印度有13,754名農民自殺<ref name=ncrb2012>National Crime Reports Bureau, [http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/ADSI2012.pdf ADSI Report Annual - 2012] Government of India, Page 242, Table 2.11</ref> |
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| ref19 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/tripura-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820013301/https://www.populationu.com/in/tripura-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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'''[[印度]][[種族]]之間的關係'''涉及到印度人對其他種族的人的態度。在印度,幾乎每個省都有其民間音樂、詩歌和舞蹈,形式獨特文化,並相互影響;而印度對非[[印度人]](尤其是非[[白人]]及[[黑人]])普遍帶有[[種族歧視]]。 |
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| region20 = [[西孟加拉邦]] |
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| pop20 = 7,342 |
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=== 良性關係 === |
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| ref20 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populationu.com/in/west-bengal-population |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2019-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525050940/http://www.populationu.com/in/west-bengal-population |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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印度不同地區有不同的文化,而印度人亦尊重自己和其他人的文化傳統,使印度在統一的情況下擁有多樣性<ref>{{cite news|title=Unity in diversity is basis for India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/09/stories/2010010954970700.htm|accessdate=|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 January 2010|location=Dindigul, India}}</ref>。不同種姓的人會參加其他宗教或種姓的節日<ref>{{cite news|title=Unity in diversity|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/bhubaneswar/36595702_1_hindus-village-unity|accessdate=|newspaper=Times of India|date=28 January 2013|location=Bhubaneswar, India}}</ref>不同宗教的人亦可到訪其他宗教的寺廟(如一些印度教徒會到[[清真寺]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Ajmer blast carried out to deter Hindus from dargah visit|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aseemanand-confession-ajmer-blast-objective/1/126116.html|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=10 January 2011|location=NewDelhi, India}}</ref>,一些穆斯林會參觀印度教寺廟<ref>{{cite news|title=Sabarimala tragedy: Muslim devotee among the dead pilgrims|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/sabarimala-tragedy-muslim-devotee-among-the-dead-pilgrims_681028.html|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=16 January 2011|location=Kumil, India}}</ref>),而近年來[[種姓]]之間亦有通婚,此令民族更團結<ref>{{cite news|title=Inter-caste marriages in national interest: SC|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/intercaste-marriages-in-national-interest-sc/778458/|accessdate=|newspaper=Indian Express|date=20 April 2011|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>,某些州政府更獎勵種姓或宗教之間的婚姻<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt incentives for inter-caste marriages|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-13/lucknow/31337188_1_inter-caste-marriages-govt-incentives-inter-faith|accessdate=|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 April 2012|location=Lucknow, India}}</ref>;印度是全球[[語言多樣性]]排名前10位的國家之一,操不同語言的人會在同一地方生活(尤其是[[阿魯納恰爾邦]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Arunachal Pradesh has the most linguistic diversity in India: Survey|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-16/news/40613471_1_plsi-linguistic-survey-indian-languages|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=16 July 2013|location=Kolkata, India}}</ref>。 |
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| region21 = {{孟加拉}} |
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| pop21 = 5,000 |
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=== 惡性關係 === |
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| ref21 = <ref>https://www.timesofindia.com/city/guwahati/assamese-rockstar-in-bangladesh-challenges-caacophony/amp_articleshow/73998341.cms{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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印度最大規模的種族攻擊是對[[比哈里人]]的攻擊<ref name=para>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/militants-fire-on-hindispeaking-bus-passengers-five-dead-in-assam/article5590228.ece</ref>。[[印度中央政府]]非常忽視[[比哈爾邦]]的社會福利和經濟發展,而在20世紀90年代,邦政府被指嚴重腐敗,因此,比哈爾邦在有經濟增長率方面比印度其餘地區低,不少比哈爾人遷到印度其他地區找工作<ref name=para/>;而比哈里的[[農民工]]亦受到越來越多的[[種族歧視]]、[[偏見]]和[[暴力]],他們往往因口音而被嘲笑<ref name=para/>。在2000年和2003年,反比哈里人的暴力導致200人死亡,而在東北部各州如[[阿薩姆邦]]、[[曼尼普爾邦]]和[[那加蘭邦]]也出現針對比哈里人的種族攻擊,導致數百比哈里人死亡,數千人流離失所<ref name=para/>。 |
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| languages = [[阿萨姆语]] |
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| religions = [[印度教]](75.52%){{·}}[[伊斯兰教]](21.34%){{·}}[[基督教]](2.14%){{·}}[[锡克教]](1%)<ref>{{cite news|title=Mission roots brings Assamese Sikhs to Punjab|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mission-roots-brings-Assamese-Sikhs-to-Punjab/articleshow/4262528.cms|accessdate=2017-09-02|work=The Times of India|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309113240/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Mission-roots-brings-Assamese-Sikhs-to-Punjab/articleshow/4262528.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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近年來,印度出現了對[[印度東北部]]人口的歧視,他們因特有的臉部和眼睛外觀<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi won't lend a home to students from northeast|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-won-t-lend-a-home-to-students-from-northeast/Article1-1105466.aspx|accessdate=|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 August 2013|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Students from North East tired of discrimination|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/students-from-north-east-tired-of-discrimination-10607|accessdate=14 August 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=26 October 2009|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>受到虐待和騷擾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/in-focus/June_2009/Northeast_students_question_%27racism%27_in_India_8316|title=Northeast students question 'racism' in India|date=6 June 2009|publisher=India edunews|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref>;在印度東北部亦有對其他種族的暴力攻擊<ref>Subir Bhaumik (23 May 2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6683767.stm Persecution of Assam's Hindi speakers]". BBC</ref>。 |
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| related = 博多-卡恰爾人、[[藏緬語族|藏緬民族]]、 [[台語民族|台民族]]、[[印度-雅利安人]] |
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來自其他國家的人也有因他們的國藉和膚色被印度人歧視,特別是非洲人<ref>{{cite news|title=India Is Racist, And Happy About It|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250317|accessdate=|newspaper=Outlook|date=29 June 2009|location=India}}</ref>。一些非洲留學生因此受到影響,亦有些外國人被剝奪住宿<ref>{{cite news|title=African students often victims of racism, stereotyping|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/318250/african-students-often-victims-racism.html|accessdate=|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=12 March 2013|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/2013/11/africans-decry-discrimination-india-201311139485418912.html</ref>。 |
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== 經濟(產業生活) == |
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阿薩姆邦的經濟基礎是[[農業]]和[[石油]]。阿薩姆邦茶出口產值超過印度茶葉總出口一半以上<ref>{{cite web | author= Indian Tea Association |
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| title = Tea Scenario |
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| url = http://www.indiatea.org/tea_sencor.php |
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| accessdate = 19 April 2015}}</ref>。阿薩姆邦約佔有四分之一的國家石油儲備,並佔印度石油出口約12%。根據統計<ref name="government2005">{{cite web |
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| author=Government of Assam |
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| title = Economic Survey of Assam 2005–2006 in NEDFi, Assam Profile, NER Databank |
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| date = |
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| url = http://databank.nedfi.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=4 |
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| accessdate =6 June 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081231164030/http://databank.nedfi.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=4|archivedate=31 December 2008}}</ref>,阿薩姆邦人均收入₹ 6,157(1993年至1994年)和目前₹ 10,198的人均收入,均比印度低近40%<ref>{{cite web | author=Government of Assam |
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| title = Economic Survey of Assam 2001–2002 in Assam Human Development Report, 2003 |
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| page =25 | url = http://planassam.org/reports/hdr_2003/HRD.htm |chapter= 2, Income, Employment and Poverty |
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| format = PDF |
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| accessdate =6 June 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2008}}</ref> According to the recent estimates,<ref name="government2005"/> 。根據2014年的統計,人均收入在阿薩姆邦已經達到₹ 6756,但這仍然比印度全國人均收入要低得多。 |
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=== 農業 === |
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[[File:Plucking tea in a tea garden of Assam.jpg|200px|right|採茶]] |
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[[File:AssamTea.jpg|thumb|right|buttom|180px|罐裝阿薩姆茶]] |
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阿薩姆邦的出口產值以農業為大宗,佔阿薩姆邦收入的三分之一以上,當地有69%勞動力從事農業<ref>{{cite web | author=Government of Assam |
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| title = Economic Survey of Assam 2001–2002 in Assam Human Development Report, 2003 |
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| page =32| url = http://planassam.org/reports/hdr_2003/HRD.htm Chapter 2, Income, Employment and Poverty |
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| format = PDF |
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| accessdate =6 June 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2008}}</ref>。阿薩姆有自己的茶葉品種,通常經烘焙後以[[紅茶]]出口。除此外該幫還生產[[水稻]]、[[油菜]]、[[芥菜籽]]、[[黃麻]]、[[馬鈴薯]]、[[紅薯]]、[[香蕉]]、[[木瓜]]、[[檳榔]]、[[甘蔗]]和[[薑黃]]。品種有[[柑桔]]類水果,葉菜類,蔬菜,牧草,[[藥草]]和[[香料]]。 |
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阿薩姆農業並非美國式的機械化耕作,大部分仍以人力為主。然而以經濟作物為主的出口導向型農業帶給阿薩姆邦大量的財富,但這樣的結果造成該邦糧食自給率偏低。阿薩姆邦雖為水稻的主要產區之一,但單位面積產量仍比其他高產區來的低。 |
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{{columns | width = 280px | gap = 5px |
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| col1 = |
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* [[阿薩姆]] |
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* [[印度]] |
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* [[埃及]] |
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* [[美國]] |
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* [[韓國]] |
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* [[日本]] |
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* [[中國]] |
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| col2 = |
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* 1531kg/yield |
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* 2000kg/yield |
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* 9283kg/yield |
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* 7279kg/yield |
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* 6838kg/yield |
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* 6635kg/yield |
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* 6131kg/yield |
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<ref>{{cite web |
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| last = FAO Statistics Division, 2007 |
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| first = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
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| title = Faostat |
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| url = http://faostat.fao.org/site/340/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=340 |
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| accessdate =5 June 2006 |
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| format = – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3AFAO+Statistics+Division%2C+2007+intitle%3AFaostat&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061114202949/http://faostat.fao.org/site/340/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=340| archivedate = 14 November 2006}}{{Dead link|date=November 2008}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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'''阿薩姆人'''({{lang-en|Assamese people}}),是所有生活在[[印度]][[阿薩姆邦]]的居民的統稱<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assamese-people-definition-rocks-assembly/article7055297.ece|title=Assamese People" definition rocks Assembly, ''The Hindu''|work=Special Correspondent|date=1 April 2015|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926203327/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assamese-people-definition-rocks-assembly/article7055297.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Axomiya Sikhs |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130324/spectrum/main4.htm |newspaper=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh |date=24 March 2013 |accessdate=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2018-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518013229/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130324/spectrum/main4.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>,其中包括[[壯侗語系|壯侗語系民族]]、[[南亞語系|南亞語系民族]]、[[漢藏語系|漢藏語系民族]]以及[[印度-雅利安人]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Saikia, Yasmin |title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India |url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentedmemori0000saik |date=2004 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822386162}}</ref>,以[[阿薩姆語]]作為其共同身份認同的根據<ref>{{cite book |author1=Saikia, Yasmin |title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India |url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentedmemori0000saik |date=2004 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822386162 |quote=the group that now identifies as Tai–Ahom were historically seen as Assamese people. However, the term ethnic Assamese is now associated by the Indian government at Delhi with the Assamese speaking Indo-Aryan group (comprising both Hindus and Muslims) of [[Assam]].}}</ref>,亦有自己的文化<ref>"As a socio-ethnic linguistic community, Assamese culture evolved through many centuries in a melting pot syndrome." {{harvcol|Deka|2005|p=190}}</ref>,故常被視作微型[[國族]]<ref>" Assamese micro-nationalism began in the middle of the nineteenth century as an assertion of the autonomy and distinctiveness of Assamese language and culture against the British colonial view of Assam as a periphery of Bengal." {{harvcol|Baruah|1994|p=654}}</ref>。 |
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== 語言 == |
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[[通用語]]為[[阿萨姆语]],属[[印歐语系]][[印度-伊朗语族]][[印度-雅利安語支]],與[[孟加拉語]]相近。 |
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經濟以農業為基礎,工業、觀光為輔。 |
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== 歷史 == |
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阿薩姆生產的茶葉佔世界市場很高的比例。 |
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「阿薩姆人」作為一個國族身份始於西元16世紀。當時[[阿洪姆王國]]被[[孟加拉蘇丹國]]頻密進犯,國王蘇混發建立此身份以凝聚民心共同抗敵,其後不但成功抗敵,更解放了周邊地區<ref>"The idea of a composite Assamese or Asomiya 'jati' or nationality took shape during the later part of the Ahom rule. This process had started during the first Muslim invasion from neighbouring Bengal in the 16th century when the people were brought under an Ahom or Assamese banner against the common enemy. Not only were the Ahom successful in repelling the Muslim invasions, but by the 1530s the Ahoms had freed the greater part of Kamrup and Kamata from Muslim occupation and "extended their dominion right up to the Karatoya in Murshidabad in the west and almost to close proximity of Dacc". {{harvcol|Misra|1999|p=1264}}</ref>。 |
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天然資源包括,石油、天然氣、煤、橡膠、茶葉和金屬。其他行業包括[[造紙]]、[[化肥]]、[[水泥]]、[[焦炭]]、[[石灰]]、[[糖]]、工程、塑化、[[鋼鐵]]、印刷、化妝品、家禽和奶製品。阿薩姆邦的接近[[南亞區域合作聯盟]]國家,如[[孟加拉]]、[[尼泊爾]]和[[不丹]],利於貿易。在[[南亞區域合作聯盟]]的前提下,印度政府確定了阿薩姆邦工業發展的重點方向: |
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西元1615年至1671年,[[莫臥兒帝國]]頻密進犯,阿洪姆王國不但連連取勝,更進一步控制了布拉馬普特拉河谷西部地區,甚至還吸引了大量的[[穆斯林]]士兵和人才投誠、轉而對抗莫臥兒帝國<ref>"The Ahom rulers gave positions of power and eminence to the Assamese Muslims and the latter took active part in resisting successive Mughal attempts to overrun the region. The assimilation of this segment of Muslims into Assamese society was so complete that the historians who accompanied the Mughal expeditions into Assam noted that they were more Assamese than Muslim." {{harvcol|Misra|1999|p=1264}}</ref>,「阿薩姆人」這個共同身份自此深植民心<ref>"During the rule of the Ahom monarch, Pratap Singha (1603-41) consolidation of the Assamese community was further sped up because of the common fight against Mughal incursions and encroachment on Assam territory. The Ahom victory over the Mughals in early 1616 was followed by the defeat of the Mughal army led by Ram Singh in the Battle of Saraighat in March 1671" {{harvcol|Misra|1999|p=1264}}</ref>,而阿薩姆語亦在此時取代[[阿洪姆語]]成為王國的通用語<ref>"Incidentally, literate Ahoms retained the Tai language and script well until the end of the 17th century. In that century of Ahom-Mughal conflicts, this language first coexisted with and then was progressively replaced by Assamese (Asamiya) at and outside the Court." {{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=9}}</ref>。 |
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{{columns | width = 280px | gap = 5px |
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| col1 = |
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* [[石油]]和[[天然氣]] |
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* 礦業 |
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* 農業加工業 |
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* 食品加工業 |
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* 園藝產品 |
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* 農業產品 |
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* 草藥產品 |
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* 生物技術產品 |
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| col2 = |
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* 製藥 |
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* 化工與塑化 |
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* 出口導向型加工業 |
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* 電子IT、[[服務業]] |
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* 紡織和蠶養殖 |
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* 工程 |
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* 甘蔗和竹產業 |
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* 其他 |
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==参见== |
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<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian state: Assam, Thrust Areas|url=http://indiainbusiness.nic.in/know-india/states/assam2.htm#t1 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Govt. of India}}</ref> |
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*[[阿洪姆王国]] |
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}} |
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*[[阿薩姆語]] |
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*[[阿薩姆邦]] |
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阿薩姆邦位處印度東北部的邊緣地區,多山多丘陵,交通不便但天然資源豐富。政府了解其中經濟價值後,大力推動[[鐵路]]、公路、航空...等基礎建設,意圖提升工業發展速度。位在高哈蒂的Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi 國際機場就是印度政府欲改善其經濟的其中一環,Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi 國際機場建成後雖國際航班不多,但它卻已是2012年印度最忙碌的機場之一。印度政府運用來自[[亞洲基礎設施投資銀行]]的資金,將高哈蒂(Guwahati)與其西邊的城市[[迪布葛羅]](Dibrugarh)整合成具有鐵路、航空、公路三方優勢的交通中樞,大大提升阿薩姆邦的運輸效率。 |
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*[[阿薩姆紅茶]] |
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*[[阿薩姆跳棋]] |
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===觀光產業=== |
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*[[阿薩姆聯合解放陣線]] |
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[[File:Ranghar Pavallions, Joysagar, Sivasagar.JPG|thumbnail|[[穰加爾]]]] |
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[[File:Kaziranga Rhino.jpg|thumbnail|left|卡齊蘭加國家公園的[[印度犀牛]]]] |
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有保育類野生動物的卡齊蘭加國家公園、馬納斯國家公園、Pobitora野生動物保護區...等等。還有印度東北部唯一一座的天然植物園- Jokai Botanical Garden [[:en:Dibrugarh|(Dibrugarh)]] 植物園。 |
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<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/> |
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<br/> |
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==宗教、信仰與習俗== |
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{{bar box |
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|title=阿薩姆宗教信仰<ref name="census2014">{{cite web |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Census of India - Socio-cultural aspects |
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| work = |
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| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |
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| date = |
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| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx |
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| doi = |
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| accessdate =2 March 2014}} |
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</ref> |
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|titlebar=#Fcd116 |
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|left1=宗教 |
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|right1=比例 % |
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|float=right |
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|bars= |
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{{bar percent|[[印度教]]|#FF6600|64.9}} |
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{{bar percent|[[伊斯蘭]]|#009000|30.9}} |
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{{bar percent|[[基督教]]|#9955BB|3.7}} |
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{{bar percent|其他宗教社團|#808080|0.5}} |
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}} |
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約三分之二的阿薩姆人是[[印度教]]徒。[[伊斯蘭教]]是第二大宗教,約佔三分之一的人口。少部分人口信仰[[基督教]]。 |
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根據2001年的阿薩姆邦人口普查,共有17296455名 [[印度教]]徒,8240611名 [[穆斯林]],[[基督教]]徒986589人,22519名[[錫克教]]徒,31029名[[佛教]]徒,20957名[[耆那教]]徒和29999人屬於其他宗教社團。其他宗教社團包括萬物有靈論(卡姆迪,Phake,Aiton等社區) 。 |
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==藝術== |
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[[File:Citra Bhagavata illustration 1.jpg|thumb|150px|斯特拉薄伽梵插圖]] |
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[[File:Citra Bhagavata illustration 2.jpg|thumb|150px|繪本.中世紀的畫家在使用阿薩姆當地出產的繪畫材料作創作]] |
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阿薩姆邦的藝術,可以追溯到於[[孔雀王朝]]所建的佛塔建築(約公元前300年~公元100年)。Daparvatiya考古遺址中,一道細緻的門框([[Dah Parvatiya]])被視為阿薩姆邦影響後來[[笈多王朝]]藝術的一個重要證據。截至目前為止,阿薩姆邦各地發現超過四十個文明痕跡,包含大型建築與許多雕塑品,其中部分藝術品還具有[[中世紀]]晚期的藝術特徵。 |
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繪畫是阿薩姆邦,一個古老的傳統。例子可以追溯到[[唐朝]]和尚[[玄奘]]從印度帶回來的物品中,一幅來自阿薩姆的[[絲綢]]畫。 |
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[[阿薩姆邦]]現今有幾個著名的當代藝術家還有藝術機構,如:哇哈藝術學院(The Guwahati Art College)。 |
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==現況== |
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阿萨姆地区与[[不丹]]和[[孟加拉国]]接壤,文化、居民及气候等均与中国云南及包括缅甸在内的东南亚诸国接近。因地緣關係,阿薩姆邦被印度政府認為是抵制"中國影響"的要衝,而後制定"向東看"政策。 |
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長期以來,內部一直存有民族问题,如[[掸族]]、分離主義组织[[阿萨姆联合解放阵线]]寻求独立建国和長期以來,當地原住民[[波多族]](Bodo)、穆斯林屯墾者以及對立的部落之間一直存在的土地糾紛。。 |
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2014年阿薩姆當地的武裝叛軍發動一系列攻擊行動,造成至少69人喪生,其中有18名兒童。事件發生後,有村民前往警察單位要求討回公道,警方卻向村民們開槍,導致三位村民死亡。因為社會不安定,有關當局推斷至少有兩千人逃離家園。 |
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==相關條目== |
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*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD 阿薩姆語] |
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*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E9%82%A6 阿薩姆邦] |
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*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E7%BA%A2%E8%8C%B6 阿薩姆紅茶] |
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*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%A7%86%E8%B7%B3%E6%A3%8B 阿薩姆跳棋] |
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*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD 蒙兀爾帝國] |
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*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B1%AA%E5%A7%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD 阿豪母王國] |
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*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%98%B5%E7%BA%BF 阿薩姆聯合解放陣線] |
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==參考== |
==參考== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{bharat}} |
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[[Category:阿萨姆邦]] |
[[Category:阿萨姆邦]] |
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[[Category:印度 |
[[Category:印度族群]] |
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[[Category:種族與社會]] |
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[[Category:印度社會]] |
2025年1月9日 (四) 15:26的版本
阿萨姆人 | |
---|---|
總人口 | |
约1530万[1] | |
分佈地區 | |
印度 | 15,311,351[2] |
阿薩姆邦 | 15,095,797[3] |
阿魯納恰爾邦 | 53,951[4] |
梅加拉亞邦 | 39,628[5] |
比哈爾邦 | 2,087[6] |
北方邦 | 10,356[7] |
德里 | 8,573[8] |
旁遮普邦 | 4,090[9] |
卡納塔克邦 | 9,871[10] |
泰米爾納德邦 | 2,594[11] |
喀拉拉邦 | 5,796[12] |
馬哈拉施特拉邦 | 12,842[13] |
古加拉特邦 | 3,935[14] |
拉札斯坦邦 | 2,877[15] |
哈里亞納邦 | 4,204[16] |
查謨和克什米爾 | 8,340[17] |
那加蘭邦 | 17,201[18] |
曼尼普爾邦 | 2,453[19] |
特里普拉邦 | 2,129[20] |
西孟加拉邦 | 7,342[21] |
孟加拉国 | 5,000[22] |
語言 | |
阿萨姆语 | |
宗教信仰 | |
印度教(75.52%) · 伊斯兰教(21.34%) · 基督教(2.14%) · 锡克教(1%)[23] | |
相关族群 | |
博多-卡恰爾人、藏緬民族、 台民族、印度-雅利安人 |
阿薩姆人(英語:Assamese people),是所有生活在印度阿薩姆邦的居民的統稱[24][25],其中包括壯侗語系民族、南亞語系民族、漢藏語系民族以及印度-雅利安人[26],以阿薩姆語作為其共同身份認同的根據[27],亦有自己的文化[28],故常被視作微型國族[29]。
語言
通用語為阿萨姆语,属印歐语系印度-伊朗语族印度-雅利安語支,與孟加拉語相近。
歷史
「阿薩姆人」作為一個國族身份始於西元16世紀。當時阿洪姆王國被孟加拉蘇丹國頻密進犯,國王蘇混發建立此身份以凝聚民心共同抗敵,其後不但成功抗敵,更解放了周邊地區[30]。
西元1615年至1671年,莫臥兒帝國頻密進犯,阿洪姆王國不但連連取勝,更進一步控制了布拉馬普特拉河谷西部地區,甚至還吸引了大量的穆斯林士兵和人才投誠、轉而對抗莫臥兒帝國[31],「阿薩姆人」這個共同身份自此深植民心[32],而阿薩姆語亦在此時取代阿洪姆語成為王國的通用語[33]。
参见
參考
- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and the mother tongues - 2011 (PDF). [3 November 2019]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-11-14).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-20).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-20).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-10).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-01).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-20).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-20).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-20).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-20).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-27).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-16).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-28).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-07).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-07).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-20).
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-25).
- ^ https://www.timesofindia.com/city/guwahati/assamese-rockstar-in-bangladesh-challenges-caacophony/amp_articleshow/73998341.cms[永久失效連結]
- ^ Mission roots brings Assamese Sikhs to Punjab. The Times of India. [2017-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-09).
- ^ Assamese People" definition rocks Assembly, The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 1 April 2015 [15 September 2017]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-26).
- ^ Meet the Axomiya Sikhs. The Tribune (Chandigarh). 24 March 2013 [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-18).
- ^ Saikia, Yasmin. Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India. Duke University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0822386162.
- ^ Saikia, Yasmin. Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India. Duke University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0822386162.
the group that now identifies as Tai–Ahom were historically seen as Assamese people. However, the term ethnic Assamese is now associated by the Indian government at Delhi with the Assamese speaking Indo-Aryan group (comprising both Hindus and Muslims) of Assam.
- ^ "As a socio-ethnic linguistic community, Assamese culture evolved through many centuries in a melting pot syndrome." (Deka 2005,第190頁)
- ^ " Assamese micro-nationalism began in the middle of the nineteenth century as an assertion of the autonomy and distinctiveness of Assamese language and culture against the British colonial view of Assam as a periphery of Bengal." (Baruah 1994,第654頁)
- ^ "The idea of a composite Assamese or Asomiya 'jati' or nationality took shape during the later part of the Ahom rule. This process had started during the first Muslim invasion from neighbouring Bengal in the 16th century when the people were brought under an Ahom or Assamese banner against the common enemy. Not only were the Ahom successful in repelling the Muslim invasions, but by the 1530s the Ahoms had freed the greater part of Kamrup and Kamata from Muslim occupation and "extended their dominion right up to the Karatoya in Murshidabad in the west and almost to close proximity of Dacc". (Misra 1999,第1264頁)
- ^ "The Ahom rulers gave positions of power and eminence to the Assamese Muslims and the latter took active part in resisting successive Mughal attempts to overrun the region. The assimilation of this segment of Muslims into Assamese society was so complete that the historians who accompanied the Mughal expeditions into Assam noted that they were more Assamese than Muslim." (Misra 1999,第1264頁)
- ^ "During the rule of the Ahom monarch, Pratap Singha (1603-41) consolidation of the Assamese community was further sped up because of the common fight against Mughal incursions and encroachment on Assam territory. The Ahom victory over the Mughals in early 1616 was followed by the defeat of the Mughal army led by Ram Singh in the Battle of Saraighat in March 1671" (Misra 1999,第1264頁)
- ^ "Incidentally, literate Ahoms retained the Tai language and script well until the end of the 17th century. In that century of Ahom-Mughal conflicts, this language first coexisted with and then was progressively replaced by Assamese (Asamiya) at and outside the Court." (Guha 1983,第9頁)