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{{noteta
[[Image:State of the Union.jpg|thumb|300px|[[美国总统|总统]][[布什]]正在发表[[2003年国情咨文]]]]
|1=zh-hans:托马斯·杰斐逊;zh-hant:湯瑪斯·傑佛遜}}
'''国情咨文'''是一项每年在[[美国国会联席会议]]召开之前于[[美国国会大厦]]中的[[美国众议院|众议院]]发表的报告。这项报告不仅仅包括国情分析，总统还会在报告中对[[美国国会]]谰述他的立法议程以及国家优先事项。<ref>[http://www.gpoaccess.gov/sou/index.html| Ben’s Guide to U.S. Government]; [[United States Government Printing Office]]</ref>这个报告从1934年开始通常发表于一月份（除非新总统任职，这样他将会于二月发表他的国情咨文）。


[[File:G.W. Bush delivers State of the Union Address.jpg|thumb|300px|[[美国总统]][[乔治·沃克·布什]]发表2003年国情咨文]]
有时候，特别是近几年，新上任的总统会在他任期刚开始的几个新期内就将报告送给美国国会两院联席会议，但这些并不是传统意义上的国情咨文。<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/09/02/24/The-Presidents-address-Excerpt/</ref>这些报告一般是用来描述总统来年的立法建议的。
'''国情咨文'''（{{lang-en|State of the Union Address}}）是[[美國總統]]每年在[[美国国会联席会议|国会联席会议]]上，於[[美国国会大厦]]中的[[美国众议院|众议院]]大厅发表的报告。这项报告不仅仅包括[[国情]]分析，总统还会在报告中对美国国会闡述他的[[立法]]议程以及国家优先事项。<ref>[http://www.gpoaccess.gov/sou/index.html Ben’s Guide to U.S. Government] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/sou/index.html |date=20111229051249 }}; [[United States Government Printing Office]]</ref>这个报告从1934年起，通常於一月份發表，如遇總統交接，則于二月份由新總統发表。


有时候，特别是近几年，新上任的总统会在他任期刚开始的几个星期内就将报告送给美国国会两院联席会议，但这些并不是传统意义上的国情咨文。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/09/02/24/The-Presidents-address-Excerpt/ |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2009年5月19日 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521173752/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/09/02/24/The-Presidents-address-Excerpt/ |archivedate=2009年5月21日 |df= }}</ref>这些报告一般是用来描述总统来年的立法建议的。
Modeled after the monarch's [[Speech from the Throne]] during the [[State Opening of Parliament]] in the [[United Kingdom]], such a report is required by the [[United States Constitution]]. While the Constitution requires such a report, it does not require that the report take the form of a speech, although virtually every president since Woodrow Wilson has made the State of the Union report in the form of a speech delivered personally before a joint session of Congress. By tradition, the President makes this report annually, even though the clause "from time to time" leaves the matter open to interpretation:
{{cquote2|He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.|[[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Article II]], Section 3 of the [[U.S. Constitution]]}}


这个被[[美国宪法]]所规定的报告模仿于[[英国]][[国会开幕大典]]上的[[御座致辭|御前宣言]]。虽然宪法中规定要发表这份报告，但并没有规定要以演讲的形式发表这份报告，然而从[[伍德罗·威尔逊]]以来几乎每位总统都在美国国会联席会议召开之前以演讲的形式发表这份报告。依照传统，总统每年都會发表国情咨文，而根据美国宪法：
Since the address is made in the Capitol and during a joint session of Congress, the President must first be invited by Congress to both enter the House of Representatives Chamber and then actually address the joint session. This invitation is customary in form as the speech is now a traditional part of the American political and national schedule.


{{cquote2|他应不时向国会提供国情咨文，并对国会审议这些措施提出他认为必要和适宜的建议。|[[美国宪法]][[美国宪法第二章|第二章]]，第3部分}}
==历史==
[[Image:Washington - State of the Union.djvu|right|thumb|200px|George Washington's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address, January 8, 1790. [[:File:Washington - State of the Union.djvu|Full 7 pages]].]]
[[George Washington]] gave the first State of the Union address on January 8, 1790 in [[New York City]], then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, [[Thomas Jefferson]] discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the [[Speech from the Throne]]). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when [[Woodrow Wilson]] re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was [[Jimmy Carter]] in 1981.<ref name="app">{{cite web|author = Gerhard Peters|title = State of the Union Messages|publisher = The American Presidency Project|url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php|accessdate = 2006-09-25}} (http://americanpresidency.org/sou.php )</ref>


由于这份报告是在美国国会联席会议时于美国国会大樓发表，因此总统必须先受到国会邀请进入众议院会议厅，然后才能在会议上发表报告。这个邀请和总统演讲的惯例现在成了[[美国政治]]一項形式上的传统。
For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress." The actual term "State of the Union" did not become widely used until after 1935 when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] began using the phrase.


== 歷史 ==
[[Image:President Ronald Reagan's First State of the Union Address 1982.gif|thumb|left|The text of the first page of [[Ronald Reagan]]'s first State of the Union Address, given January 26, 1982.]]
[[File:Washington - State of the Union.djvu|thumb|200px|乔治·华盛顿第一次发表国情咨文时的手稿，1790年1月8日。[[:File:Washington - State of the Union.djvu|Full 7 pages]].]]
Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution|20th Amendment]] on January 23, 1933 changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February. Today, the speech is typically delivered on the last Tuesday in January, although there is no such provision written in law, and it varies from year to year. In 2008, the speech was given on the last Monday of January.
[[乔治·华盛顿]]于1790年1月8日[[美國首都|临时首都]][[纽约市]]发表第一份国情咨文。1801年，由于认为亲自发表咨文太过于[[君主制]]化（与御前宣言过于类似），[[托马斯·杰斐逊]]中断这一习惯。他將咨文写好送到美國国会，由一位[[官员]]读出来，以示[[共和]]精神。直到1913年，[[伍德罗·威尔逊]]恢复这一习惯，尽管这一做法存在一些争议。然而，也有一些例外。20世纪后半期的一些总统仍会将写好的[[咨文]]送往国会。[[吉米·卡特]]在1981年成为最后一位这么做的总统。<ref name="app">{{cite web|author = Gerhard Peters|title = State of the Union Messages|publisher = The American Presidency Project|url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php|accessdate = 2006-09-25|archive-date = 2012-04-08|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/66lMO8b7U?url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php|dead-url = no}} (http://americanpresidency.org/sou.php{{Dead link|date=2019年10月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} )</ref>


多年来，这个演讲都被称为“总统的年度国会演讲”。现在的称呼“国情咨文”是直到1935年[[富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福]]开始使用这个词组以后才被广泛使用的。
The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since [[Jimmy Carter]] sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.


[[File:President Ronald Reagan's First State of the Union Address 1982.gif|thumb|left|[[罗纳德·里根]]于1982年1月26日所做的第一份国情咨文。]]
[[Calvin Coolidge]]'s 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio. [[Harry S. Truman]]'s 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening. [[Ronald Reagan]] was the only president to have postponed his State of the Union address. On January 28, 1986, he planned to give his address, but after learning of the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]], he postponed it for a week and addressed the nation on the day's events.<ref>[http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/speech.asp?spid=23 Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Not a single justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] was in attendance for this postponed address, the first ever such absence. Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the [[World Wide Web]].<ref>[http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/Joint_Meetings/100tocur.html#31 Office of the Clerk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
在1934年之前，咨文通常都是在每年的年底发布，即是在12月发布。1933年1月23日通过的第二十条修正案将联席会议从3月末改至1月初，这导致咨文发表的时间也随之改变。从1934年开始，咨文都在1月或2月于国会发表。今天，咨文通常都发表于1月的最后一个星期二，尽管没有任何法律规定咨文应该发表的时间，并且每年发表的时间都有可能不一样。在2008年，国情咨文发表于1月的最后一个星期一。


第二十条修正案将1月20日确定为总统任期的开始。近年来，当新的总统宣誓就职，即将离任的总统可能会提供一份有关最后发表的国情咨文的信息，这种做法是从[[吉米·卡特]]开始的，他于1981年写了一封这样的信息给新总统。在1953年和1961年，国会分别从新上任的总统和即将离任的总统处收到国情咨文。从1989年开始，因为意识到发表国情咨文的责任应该属于在上一年主持政府工作的总统，新上任的总统不再将他们在国会发表的第一份演讲称为“国情咨文”。
==Delivery of the speech==
{{wikisource|Wikisource:U.S.A. State of the Union Speeches|List of State of the Union Addresses}}
A formal invitation is made for each State of the Union Address. The [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives]] ceremoniously announces the presence of the President, who then enters the chamber to a [[standing ovation]].


[[卡尔文·柯立芝]]於1923年成為第一位將演講广播给全国听众的总统。[[杜鲁门]]则在1947年成為第一位通过电视转播演讲的总统。[[林登·约翰逊]]在1965年成為第一位于晚上发表国情咨文的总统。[[罗纳德·里根]]是第一位推迟国情咨文发表日期的总统。他本计划于1986年1月28日发表国情咨文，但在得知[[挑战者号航天飞机灾难]]之后，他推迟一个星期发表咨文，并在咨文中提到这次事故。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/speech.asp?spid=23 |title=Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2009-05-19 |archive-date=2005-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207020745/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/speech.asp?spid=23 |dead-url=no }}</ref>比尔·克林顿1997年的国情咨文是第一个在[[互联网]]上[[直播|实时播出]]的咨文。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/Joint_Meetings/100tocur.html |title=Office of the Clerk<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ghhtupLc?url=http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/Joint_Meetings/100tocur.html |archive-date=2009-05-12 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Sitting near the front of the chamber are the Justices of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], the members of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and members of the [[United States Cabinet|President's Cabinet]]. Customarily, one cabinet member (the [[designated survivor]]) does not attend, in order to provide continuity in the [[United States presidential line of succession|line of succession]] in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech.


== 咨文的发表 ==
[[Image:SOU2007.jpg|thumb|250px|right|President [[George W. Bush]] with [[President of the Senate|Senate President]] (U.S. Vice President) [[Dick Cheney]] and House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] during the 2007 State of the Union address.]]
{{wikisource|en:Portal:State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents|国情咨文列表}}
在每个国情咨文发表之前都会有一个正式邀请。[[美国众议院警卫官]]会隆重的宣布总统即将到场，接着，总统会进入会议厅，所有人都会站起来，热烈鼓掌。


坐在大厅正前方的是[[美国最高法院]]大法官，美国参谋首长联席会议和[[美国内阁|总统的内阁]]成员。通常，有一个内阁成员做為[[指定倖存者]]而不会参加，並被安排到秘密的安全地點待命，以便在聚集在众议院会议厅中的总统、副总统以及其他的官员面临灾难时，能按照[[美国总统继任顺序]]继任总统职位。另外，自从[[911袭击事件]]之后，一些议会成员被要求在咨文发表期间前往秘密地点。
After greeting attendees, the President hands copies of the address to the [[Vice President of the United States]], who is present in his capacity as [[President of the Senate]], and the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House of Representatives]], both of whom sit behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.


[[File:SOU2007.jpg|thumb|250px|总统[[乔治·沃克·布什]]和[[美国副总统|副总统]][[迪克·切尼]]以及众议院议长[[南希·裴洛西]]在2007年国情咨文发表的会议上。]]
[[Image:Clinton1997SOTU.jpg|thumb|left|180px|President [[Bill Clinton]] with Senate President (U.S. Vice President) [[Al Gore]] and House Speaker [[Newt Gingrich]] during the 1997 State of the Union address.]]


在與出席者打过招呼之后，总统会将咨文副本交给参议院议长（[[美国副总统|副总统]]）和[[美国众议院议长|众议院议长]]，他和众议院议长在咨文发表期间内都坐在总统的后面。如果他们两人都不能亲自参加，那么能代替他们的最高级别官员将会参与这个会议。当总统到达，且全会议厅的人们在坐下之后，发言人一般会正式的邀请总统参加国会会议。接着，总统会在会议厅正前方的平台上发表国情咨文。
In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, in upbeat and optimistic terms.<ref>{{cite news | author = Ted Widmer | title = The State of the Union Is Unreal | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = 2006-01-31 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/opinion/31widmer.html?ex=1296363600&en=52500d95fa74b0eb&ei=5090 | accessdate = 2007-01-22 }}</ref> Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor [[List of "Lenny Skutniks"|special guests]] sitting in the gallery, such as everyday Americans or visiting [[Head of state|heads of state]].


[[File:Clinton1997SOTU.jpg|thumb|left|180px|總統[[比尔·克林顿]]和副总统[[阿尔·戈尔|-{zh-hans:阿尔·戈尔;zh-hk:阿爾·戈爾;zh-tw:艾爾·高爾}-]]以及众议院议长[[纽特·金里奇]]在1997年国情咨文发表的会议上。]]
State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality.


在国情咨文中，总统照惯例会以乐观措辞概括中央政府去年的成绩以及来年的议程。<ref>{{cite news | author = Ted Widmer | title = The State of the Union Is Unreal | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = 2006-01-31 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/opinion/31widmer.html?ex=1296363600&en=52500d95fa74b0eb&ei=5090 | accessdate = 2007-01-22 | archive-date = 2007-03-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070326073346/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/opinion/31widmer.html?ex=1296363600&en=52500d95fa74b0eb&ei=5090 | dead-url = no }}</ref>从1982年的国情咨文开始，总统还会时不时提到一些坐在会议厅中的特别嘉宾，例如一些日常的美国人或者在美国访问的[[国家元首]]。
==Opposition response==
Since 1966,<ref name="res">{{cite web | author = Office of the Clerk | title = Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages (1966-Present) | url = http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/art_artifacts/stateunion.html | accessdate = 2007-01-23 }}</ref> the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]], as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.<ref name="'70s 47">{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0465041957|page= 47|pages= |url= }}</ref> The same thing was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. In 1997, [[Oklahoma]] congressman [[J. C. Watts]] delivered the Republican response to that year's speech in front of high school students sponsored by the Close Up Foundation.<ref name="jcwatts">{{cite news | author = Richard E. Sincere, Jr. | publisher= Metro Herald | date = February 1997 | title = O.J., J.C., and Bill: Reflections on the State of the Union | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20020731143540/http://www.arg-media.com/articles/domestic/dom43.htm | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person, while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is "old enough to remember the Jim Crow" laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small-town Oklahoma.}}</ref> In 2004, the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] also delivered their response in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], delivered by [[Governor of New Mexico|New Mexico Governor]] [[Bill Richardson (politician)|Bill Richardson]].<ref name="spa04">{{cite news | author = Byron York | title = The Democratic Response You Didn’t See | date = January 21, 2004 | url = http://www.nationalreview.com/york/york200401210958.asp | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = And then there was the Spanish-language response — the first ever — delivered by New Mexico governor, and former Clinton energy secretary, Bill Richardson. }}</ref> After President [[George W. Bush]]'s 2006 State of the Union address, [[Governor of Virginia|Virginia Governor]] [[Tim Kaine]] delivered the Democratic Party's response in [[English language|English]] while [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]] gave a response in Spanish.<ref name="spa06">{{cite news | author = Democratic National Committee | title = Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa Will Deliver the Democratic Response to the President's State of the Union Address in Spanish| url = http://www.democrats.org/a/2006/01/los_angeles_may.php | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = Senate Democratic Leader Harry Reid and House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi announced today that [[Los Angeles]] Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa will deliver the Democratic response to President Bush's State of the Union Address in Spanish on January 31st.}}</ref> Virginia Senator [[Jim Webb]] made the 2007 response<ref name="webb">{{cite news | author = Gail Russell Chaddock | publisher = The Christian Science Monitor | title = Sen. Jim Webb to rebut State of the Union | date = January 23, 2007 | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0123/p10s01-uspo.html | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = Tuesday night, Senator Webb is giving the Democratic response to this year's State of the Union – an unusually high profile for a freshman.}}</ref> and Rep. [[Xavier Becerra]] of [[California]] delivered the Spanish version.<ref name="spa">{{cite news | author = Office of the Speaker | date = 2007-01-16 | title = Becerra to Deliver the Democratic Response to the President's State of the Union Address in Spanish | url = http://speaker.gov/newsroom/pressreleases?id=0034m | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid announced today that Congressman Xavier Becerra of California, Assistant to the Speaker, will deliver the official Democratic response in Spanish to President Bush's State of the Union Address on January 23, 2007.}}</ref> In 2008, Democrats tapped Kansas Governor [[Kathleen Sebelius]] to give a response in English;<ref name="cnn">{{cite news | author = Rebecca Sinderbrand | title = Dems tap Kansas governor for State of the Union response | date = 2008-01-28 | url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/28/sebelius.response/ | publisher = CNN | accessdate = 2008-01-28 | quote = Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius will deliver the Democratic response to President Bush's final State of the Union address - a marquee assignment for a woman who leads a state with fewer than 2 million voters. }}</ref> Texas state Senator [[Leticia R. Van de Putte|Leticia Van de Putte]] did the same in Spanish.<ref name="dallas">{{cite news | author = Terrence Stutz | title = Texas Sen. Leticia Van de Putte to give Democrats' Spanish State of the Union response | date = 2008-01-28 | url = http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/DN-vandeputte_28tex.ART.State.Edition1.37af9c2.html | publisher = The Dallas Morning News | accessdate = 2008-01-28 | quote = She will deliver the Spanish Democratic response to the president's State of the Union speech tonight; Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius will give the English one. Ms. Van de Putte was selected for the role by U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid. }}</ref>


也许是因为来自听众的大量[[鼓掌|掌声]]，国情咨文演说的时間通常约为1个小时左右。这些掌声大多带有明显的[[政治色彩]]，咨文演说中的掌声有很大一部分来自总统自身的[[政党]]。作为非政治性的官员，[[美国最高法院|最高法院]]和[[美国参谋长联席会议|参谋长联席会议]]的成员很少鼓掌，以维护[[政治中立]]。
==Local versions==
Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the "[[State of the State Address|State of the State]]" address. In Iowa, it is called the "Condition of the State Address"; in [[Kentucky]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Virginia]], the speech is called the "State of the [[Commonwealth (United States)|Commonwealth]]" address. The mayor of [[Washington, D.C.]] gives a "State of the District" address. [[American Samoa]] has a "State of the Territory" address given by the governor. [[Puerto Rico]] has a "State Address" given by the governor. Some cities or counties also have an annual address given by the mayor, county commissioner, or Board Chair, such as [[Sonoma County, California]]. Some [[university president]]s give a "State of the University" address at the beginning of every [[academic term]]. Some cities also have a "State of the City" address, including [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]; [[Seattle]], [[Washington]]; [[Birmingham, Alabama]]; [[Boston, Massachusetts]]; [[Buffalo, New York]]; [[Rochester, New York]]; [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]]; and [[San Diego]], [[California]].


== 反对黨的声音 ==
==参见==
自1966年以来，<ref name="res">{{cite web | author = Office of the Clerk | title = Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages (1966-Present) | url = http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/art_artifacts/stateunion.html | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070131204156/http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/art_artifacts/stateunion.html | archive-date = 2007-01-31 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>在总统发表完咨文以后，反对党会在电视上反驳总统的咨文报告。这个对咨文反映通常都是从一个没有观众的演播室里录制播出的。1970年，[[美国民主党|民主党员]]在一个电视节目上与发表了他们对[[尼克松]]发表的咨文的反驳，在1973年，他们也用电视播出了对尼克松发表的国情咨文的反驳稿。<ref name="'70s 47">{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0465041957|page= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/47 47]|pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum}}</ref>总统里根于1982和1985年发表国情咨文之后也发生了同样的事。1997年，[[俄克拉荷马州]]国会议员J. C.瓦茨在大约100名来自近摄基金会（Close Up Foundation）的高中生面前发表了共和党人对那年国情咨文的反映。<ref name="jcwatts">{{cite news |author=Richard E. Sincere, Jr. |publisher=Metro Herald |date=February 1997 |title=O.J., J.C., and Bill: Reflections on the State of the Union |url=http://www.arg-media.com/articles/domestic/dom43.htm |accessdate=2007-01-23 |quote=Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person, while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is "old enough to remember the Jim Crow" laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small-town Oklahoma. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020731143540/http://www.arg-media.com/articles/domestic/dom43.htm |archivedate=2002-07-31 }}</ref>在2004年，民主党员[[新墨西哥州]]的[[比尔·理查森]]同样发表了用[[西班牙语]]写成的对04年国情咨文的反应。<ref name="spa04">{{cite news | author = Byron York | title = The Democratic Response You Didn’t See | date = January 21, 2004 | url = http://www.nationalreview.com/york/york200401210958.asp | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = And then there was the Spanish-language response—the first ever—delivered by New Mexico governor, and former Clinton energy secretary, Bill Richardson. | archive-date = 2007-02-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070211162611/http://www.nationalreview.com/york/york200401210958.asp | dead-url = no }}</ref>在总统[[乔治·沃克·布什|布什]]发表了2006年国情咨文以后，[[佛吉尼亚州州长]]民主党员[[蒂姆·凯恩]]发表了一份用[[英文]]写成的对06年国情咨文的反应，而[[洛杉矶]]市长[[安东尼奥·维拉瑞格斯]]发表了它的西班牙语版本。<ref name="spa06">{{cite news | author = Democratic National Committee | title = Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa Will Deliver the Democratic Response to the President's State of the Union Address in Spanish | url = http://www.democrats.org/a/2006/01/los_angeles_may.php | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = Senate Democratic Leader Harry Reid and House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi announced today that [[Los Angeles]] Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa will deliver the Democratic response to President Bush's State of the Union Address in Spanish on January 31st. | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20061214023600/http://www.democrats.org/a/2006/01/los_angeles_may.php | archivedate = 2006-12-14 }}</ref>佛吉尼亚州参议员吉姆·韦伯发表了对07年国情咨文的反应，<ref name="webb">{{cite news | author = Gail Russell Chaddock | publisher = The Christian Science Monitor | title = Sen. Jim Webb to rebut State of the Union | date = January 23, 2007 | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0123/p10s01-uspo.html | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = Tuesday night, Senator Webb is giving the Democratic response to this year's State of the Union – an unusually high profile for a freshman. | archive-date = 2007-01-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070125141839/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0123/p10s01-uspo.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>而[[加利福尼亚州]]的哈维尔·贝塞拉发表了它的西班牙语版本。<ref name="spa">{{cite news | author = Office of the Speaker | date = 2007-01-16 | title = Becerra to Deliver the Democratic Response to the President's State of the Union Address in Spanish | url = http://speaker.gov/newsroom/pressreleases?id=0034m | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | quote = Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid announced today that Congressman Xavier Becerra of California, Assistant to the Speaker, will deliver the official Democratic response in Spanish to President Bush's State of the Union Address on January 23, 2007. | archive-date = 2022-06-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220602014509/https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/pressreleases?id=0034m }}</ref>在2008年，民主党员，堪萨斯州州长[[凯瑟琳·西贝利厄斯]]发表了对咨文的反应的英文版；<ref name="cnn">{{cite news | author = Rebecca Sinderbrand | title = Dems tap Kansas governor for State of the Union response | date = 2008-01-28 | url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/28/sebelius.response/ | publisher = CNN | accessdate = 2008-01-28 | quote = Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius will deliver the Democratic response to President Bush's final State of the Union address - a marquee assignment for a woman who leads a state with fewer than 2 million voters. | archive-date = 2008-02-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080201022924/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/28/sebelius.response/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>德克萨斯州州参议员莱蒂西亚·范·德·普特发表了西班牙语版的反应。<ref name="dallas">{{cite news | author = Terrence Stutz | title = Texas Sen. Leticia Van de Putte to give Democrats' Spanish State of the Union response | date = 2008-01-28 | url = http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/DN-vandeputte_28tex.ART.State.Edition1.37af9c2.html | publisher = The Dallas Morning News | accessdate = 2008-01-28 | quote = She will deliver the Spanish Democratic response to the president's State of the Union speech tonight; Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius will give the English one. Ms. Van de Putte was selected for the role by U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid. | archive-date = 2008-01-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080131160253/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/DN-vandeputte_28tex.ART.State.Edition1.37af9c2.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>
* [[1797年国情咨文]]
* [[1798年国情咨文]]
* [[United States presidential address]]
* [[State of the State Address]]
* [[State of the City Address]]
* [[Speech from the Throne]]


===最近的咨文===
== 其他版本的咨文 ==
在某些州也有由[[州长]]发表的类似的年度讲话，它们大部分被称为“[[州情咨文]]（State of the State Address）”。一些郡县每年也有这样一个由[[县长]]或[[理事会]]主席发表的咨文，例如[[加利福尼亚州]]的[[索诺玛县]]。一些城市还有“市情咨文（State of the City address）”，例如[[辛辛那提]]、[[西雅图]]、[[伯明翰]]、[[波士顿]]、[[水牛城]]、[[罗切斯特]]、[[纽约]]、[[圣安东尼奥]]、[[得克萨斯]]和[[聖地牙哥 (加利福尼亞州)|圣地亚哥]]。一些[[大学校长]]也会在每个[[学期]]的开学初发表“校情咨文（State of the University）”。
* [[2002年国情咨文]]
* [[2003年国情咨文]]
* [[2004年国情咨文]]
* [[2005年国情咨文]]
* [[2006年国情咨文]]
* [[2007年国情咨文]]
* [[2008年国情咨文]]


其他國家、地區及地方政府也有類似美國的咨文發表，例如[[中華民國]]的[[行政院院長]]在每次[[立法院]]會期開始時，會進行施政報告；[[香港]]從[[港英時期]]開始，每年十月由[[香港總督|總督]]向[[香港立法局|立法局]]進行[[香港施政報告|施政報告]]，1997年[[香港主權移交]]之後，由[[香港特首|特首]]向[[香港立法會|立法會]]進行施政報告。
==参考资料==

== 参见 ==
* [[:en:s:John_Adams'_First_State_of_the_Union_Address|1797年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:John_Adams'_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address|1798年国情咨文]]

=== 最近的咨文 ===
* [[:en:s:Ronald_Reagan's_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address|1987年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Ronald_Reagan's_Eighth_State_of_the_Union_Address|1988年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush's_First_State_of_the_Union_Address|1989年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush's_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address|1990年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush's_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address|1991年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush's_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address|1992年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Bill_Clinton's_First_State_of_the_Union_Address|1993年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Bill_Clinton's_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address|1994年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Bill_Clinton's_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address|1995年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Bill_Clinton's_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address|1996年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Bill_Clinton's_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address|1997年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Bill_Clinton's_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address|1998年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Bill_Clinton's_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address|1999年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Bill_Clinton's_Eighth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2000年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_W._Bush's_First_State_of_the_Union_Address|2001年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_W._Bush's_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address|2002年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_W._Bush's_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address|2003年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_W._Bush's_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2004年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_W._Bush's_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2005年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_W._Bush's_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2006年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_W._Bush's_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address|2007年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:George_W._Bush's_Eighth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2008年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Barack_Obama's_First_State_of_the_Union_Address|2009年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Barack_Obama's_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address|2010年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Barack_Obama's_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address|2011年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Barack_Obama's_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2012年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Barack_Obama's_Fifth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2013年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Barack_Obama's_Sixth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2014年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Barack_Obama's_Seventh_State_of_the_Union_Address|2015年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Barack_Obama's_Eighth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2016年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Donald_Trump's_First_State_of_the_Union_Address|2017年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Donald_Trump's_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address|2018年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Donald_Trump's_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address|2019年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Donald_Trump's_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2020年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Joe_Biden's_First_State_of_the_Union_Address|2021年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Joe_Biden's_Second_State_of_the_Union_Address|2022年国情咨文]]
* [[:en:s:Joe_Biden's_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address|2023年国情咨文]]
* [[wikisource:Joe_Biden's_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address|2024年国情咨文]]

== 参考资料 ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==外部链接==
== 外部链接 ==
{{commonscat|State of the Union}}
{{commonscat|State of the Union}}
{{Wikisource|Category:美国国情咨文|美国国情咨文}}
* [http://stateoftheunionaddress.org/ State of The Union Address Library] (All state of the union addresses and speeches to joint sessions of Congress 1790-2009 in HTML formats)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090411145338/http://stateoftheunionaddress.org/ State of The Union Address Library] (All state of the union addresses and speeches to joint sessions of Congress 1790-2009 in HTML formats)
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php The American Presidency Project: State of the Union Messages] "Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]," currently (Aug. 2007), the APP "archives contain 75,663 documents related to the study of the Presidency."
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php The American Presidency Project: State of the Union Messages]{{Wayback|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php |date=20120406114126 }} "Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]，" currently (Aug. 2007), the APP "archives contain 75,663 documents related to the study of the Presidency."
* [http://www.c-span.org/executive/stateoftheunion.asp C-SPAN State of the Union videos and transcripts] (since 1945)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030201095055/http://www.c-span.org/executive/stateoftheunion.asp C-SPAN State of the Union videos and transcripts] (since 1945)
* [http://stateoftheunion.onetwothree.net State of the Union] (Visualizations, Statistical Analysis, and Searchable texts)
* [http://stateoftheunion.onetwothree.net State of the Union]{{Wayback|url=http://stateoftheunion.onetwothree.net/ |date=20200919041416 }} (Visualizations, Statistical Analysis, and Searchable texts)
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2008/index.html White House coverage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090117073242/http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2008/index.html White House coverage]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5050 State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790-2002)] (in downloadable electronic file formats)
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/ State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790-2006)] ([[HTML]] format)
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5050 State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790-2002)]{{Wayback|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5050 |date=20090624102828 }} (in downloadable electronic file formats)
* [http://www.speechwars.com/sou/index.php Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790-2009)]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/ State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790-2006)]{{Wayback|url=http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/ |date=20090422013601 }} ([[HTML]] format)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227054902/http://www.speechwars.com/sou/index.php Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790-2009)]


{{State of the Union}}
<!-- {{State of the Union}} -->


[[Category:美国总统]]
[[Category:美国总统]]
[[Category:国情咨文]]
[[Category:美国国情咨文|*]]
[[Category:美国总统的报告]]
[[Category:1790确立]]

[[cs:Zpráva o stavu Unie]]
[[da:State of the Union Address]]
[[de:State of the Union Address]]
[[en:State of the Union address]]
[[es:Discurso del Estado de la Unión]]
[[fa:سخنرانی وضعیت کشور آمریکا]]
[[fr:Discours sur l'état de l'Union]]
[[ko:일반교서]]
[[hr:Govor o stanju Unije]]
[[id:State of the Union]]
[[he:נאום מצב האומה]]
[[nl:State of the Union]]
[[ja:一般教書演説]]
[[pt:Discurso de Estado e União]]
[[simple:State of the Union Address]]
[[fi:Kansakunnan tila -puhe]]

2024年5月25日 (六) 01:53的最新版本

美国总统乔治·沃克·布什发表2003年国情咨文

国情咨文（英語：State of the Union Address）是美國總統每年在国会联席会议上，於美国国会大厦中的众议院大厅发表的报告。这项报告不仅仅包括国情分析，总统还会在报告中对美国国会闡述他的立法议程以及国家优先事项。[1]这个报告从1934年起，通常於一月份發表，如遇總統交接，則于二月份由新總統发表。

有时候，特别是近几年，新上任的总统会在他任期刚开始的几个星期内就将报告送给美国国会两院联席会议，但这些并不是传统意义上的国情咨文。[2]这些报告一般是用来描述总统来年的立法建议的。

这个被美国宪法所规定的报告模仿于英国国会开幕大典上的御前宣言。虽然宪法中规定要发表这份报告，但并没有规定要以演讲的形式发表这份报告，然而从伍德罗·威尔逊以来几乎每位总统都在美国国会联席会议召开之前以演讲的形式发表这份报告。依照传统，总统每年都會发表国情咨文，而根据美国宪法：

由于这份报告是在美国国会联席会议时于美国国会大樓发表，因此总统必须先受到国会邀请进入众议院会议厅，然后才能在会议上发表报告。这个邀请和总统演讲的惯例现在成了美国政治一項形式上的传统。

歷史

[编辑]
乔治·华盛顿第一次发表国情咨文时的手稿，1790年1月8日。Full 7 pages.

乔治·华盛顿于1790年1月8日临时首都纽约市发表第一份国情咨文。1801年，由于认为亲自发表咨文太过于君主制化（与御前宣言过于类似），托马斯·杰斐逊中断这一习惯。他將咨文写好送到美國国会，由一位官员读出来，以示共和精神。直到1913年，伍德罗·威尔逊恢复这一习惯，尽管这一做法存在一些争议。然而，也有一些例外。20世纪后半期的一些总统仍会将写好的咨文送往国会。吉米·卡特在1981年成为最后一位这么做的总统。[3]

多年来，这个演讲都被称为“总统的年度国会演讲”。现在的称呼“国情咨文”是直到1935年富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福开始使用这个词组以后才被广泛使用的。

罗纳德·里根于1982年1月26日所做的第一份国情咨文。

在1934年之前，咨文通常都是在每年的年底发布，即是在12月发布。1933年1月23日通过的第二十条修正案将联席会议从3月末改至1月初，这导致咨文发表的时间也随之改变。从1934年开始，咨文都在1月或2月于国会发表。今天，咨文通常都发表于1月的最后一个星期二，尽管没有任何法律规定咨文应该发表的时间，并且每年发表的时间都有可能不一样。在2008年，国情咨文发表于1月的最后一个星期一。

第二十条修正案将1月20日确定为总统任期的开始。近年来，当新的总统宣誓就职，即将离任的总统可能会提供一份有关最后发表的国情咨文的信息，这种做法是从吉米·卡特开始的，他于1981年写了一封这样的信息给新总统。在1953年和1961年，国会分别从新上任的总统和即将离任的总统处收到国情咨文。从1989年开始，因为意识到发表国情咨文的责任应该属于在上一年主持政府工作的总统，新上任的总统不再将他们在国会发表的第一份演讲称为“国情咨文”。

卡尔文·柯立芝於1923年成為第一位將演講广播给全国听众的总统。杜鲁门则在1947年成為第一位通过电视转播演讲的总统。林登·约翰逊在1965年成為第一位于晚上发表国情咨文的总统。罗纳德·里根是第一位推迟国情咨文发表日期的总统。他本计划于1986年1月28日发表国情咨文，但在得知挑战者号航天飞机灾难之后，他推迟一个星期发表咨文，并在咨文中提到这次事故。[4]比尔·克林顿1997年的国情咨文是第一个在互联网上实时播出的咨文。[5]

咨文的发表

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维基文库中的相关原始文献：国情咨文列表

在每个国情咨文发表之前都会有一个正式邀请。美国众议院警卫官会隆重的宣布总统即将到场，接着，总统会进入会议厅，所有人都会站起来，热烈鼓掌。

坐在大厅正前方的是美国最高法院大法官，美国参谋首长联席会议和总统的内阁成员。通常，有一个内阁成员做為指定倖存者而不会参加，並被安排到秘密的安全地點待命，以便在聚集在众议院会议厅中的总统、副总统以及其他的官员面临灾难时，能按照美国总统继任顺序继任总统职位。另外，自从911袭击事件之后，一些议会成员被要求在咨文发表期间前往秘密地点。

总统乔治·沃克·布什和副总统迪克·切尼以及众议院议长南希·裴洛西在2007年国情咨文发表的会议上。

在與出席者打过招呼之后，总统会将咨文副本交给参议院议长（副总统）和众议院议长，他和众议院议长在咨文发表期间内都坐在总统的后面。如果他们两人都不能亲自参加，那么能代替他们的最高级别官员将会参与这个会议。当总统到达，且全会议厅的人们在坐下之后，发言人一般会正式的邀请总统参加国会会议。接着，总统会在会议厅正前方的平台上发表国情咨文。

總統比尔·克林顿和副总统阿尔·戈尔以及众议院议长纽特·金里奇在1997年国情咨文发表的会议上。

在国情咨文中，总统照惯例会以乐观措辞概括中央政府去年的成绩以及来年的议程。[6]从1982年的国情咨文开始，总统还会时不时提到一些坐在会议厅中的特别嘉宾，例如一些日常的美国人或者在美国访问的国家元首。

也许是因为来自听众的大量掌声，国情咨文演说的时間通常约为1个小时左右。这些掌声大多带有明显的政治色彩，咨文演说中的掌声有很大一部分来自总统自身的政党。作为非政治性的官员，最高法院和参谋长联席会议的成员很少鼓掌，以维护政治中立。

反对黨的声音

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自1966年以来，[7]在总统发表完咨文以后，反对党会在电视上反驳总统的咨文报告。这个对咨文反映通常都是从一个没有观众的演播室里录制播出的。1970年，民主党员在一个电视节目上与发表了他们对尼克松发表的咨文的反驳，在1973年，他们也用电视播出了对尼克松发表的国情咨文的反驳稿。[8]总统里根于1982和1985年发表国情咨文之后也发生了同样的事。1997年，俄克拉荷马州国会议员J. C.瓦茨在大约100名来自近摄基金会（Close Up Foundation）的高中生面前发表了共和党人对那年国情咨文的反映。[9]在2004年，民主党员新墨西哥州的比尔·理查森同样发表了用西班牙语写成的对04年国情咨文的反应。[10]在总统布什发表了2006年国情咨文以后，佛吉尼亚州州长民主党员蒂姆·凯恩发表了一份用英文写成的对06年国情咨文的反应，而洛杉矶市长安东尼奥·维拉瑞格斯发表了它的西班牙语版本。[11]佛吉尼亚州参议员吉姆·韦伯发表了对07年国情咨文的反应，[12]而加利福尼亚州的哈维尔·贝塞拉发表了它的西班牙语版本。[13]在2008年，民主党员，堪萨斯州州长凯瑟琳·西贝利厄斯发表了对咨文的反应的英文版；[14]德克萨斯州州参议员莱蒂西亚·范·德·普特发表了西班牙语版的反应。[15]

其他版本的咨文

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在某些州也有由州长发表的类似的年度讲话，它们大部分被称为“州情咨文（State of the State Address）”。一些郡县每年也有这样一个由县长或理事会主席发表的咨文，例如加利福尼亚州的索诺玛县。一些城市还有“市情咨文（State of the City address）”，例如辛辛那提、西雅图、伯明翰、波士顿、水牛城、罗切斯特、纽约、圣安东尼奥、得克萨斯和圣地亚哥。一些大学校长也会在每个学期的开学初发表“校情咨文（State of the University）”。

其他國家、地區及地方政府也有類似美國的咨文發表，例如中華民國的行政院院長在每次立法院會期開始時，會進行施政報告；香港從港英時期開始，每年十月由總督向立法局進行施政報告，1997年香港主權移交之後，由特首向立法會進行施政報告。

参见

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最近的咨文

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Ben’s Guide to U.S. Government （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; United States Government Printing Office
  2. ^ 存档副本. [2009年5月19日]. （原始内容存档于2009年5月21日）. 
  3. ^ Gerhard Peters. State of the Union Messages. The American Presidency Project. [2006-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-08）.  (http://americanpresidency.org/sou.php[永久失效連結] )
  4. ^ Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library. [2009-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2005-02-07）. 
  5. ^ Office of the Clerk. [2009-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-12）. 
  6. ^ Ted Widmer. The State of the Union Is Unreal. The New York Times. 2006-01-31 [2007-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-26）. 
  7. ^ Office of the Clerk. Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages (1966-Present). [2007-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2007-01-31）. 
  8. ^ Frum, David. How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. 2000: 47. ISBN 0465041957. 
  9. ^ Richard E. Sincere, Jr. O.J., J.C., and Bill: Reflections on the State of the Union. Metro Herald. February 1997 [2007-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2002-07-31）. Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person, while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is "old enough to remember the Jim Crow" laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small-town Oklahoma. 
  10. ^ Byron York. The Democratic Response You Didn’t See. January 21, 2004 [2007-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-11）. And then there was the Spanish-language response—the first ever—delivered by New Mexico governor, and former Clinton energy secretary, Bill Richardson. 
  11. ^ Democratic National Committee. Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa Will Deliver the Democratic Response to the President's State of the Union Address in Spanish. [2007-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-14）. Senate Democratic Leader Harry Reid and House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi announced today that Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa will deliver the Democratic response to President Bush's State of the Union Address in Spanish on January 31st. 
  12. ^ Gail Russell Chaddock. Sen. Jim Webb to rebut State of the Union. The Christian Science Monitor. January 23, 2007 [2007-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2007-01-25）. Tuesday night, Senator Webb is giving the Democratic response to this year's State of the Union – an unusually high profile for a freshman. 
  13. ^ Office of the Speaker. Becerra to Deliver the Democratic Response to the President's State of the Union Address in Spanish. 2007-01-16 [2007-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-02）. Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid announced today that Congressman Xavier Becerra of California, Assistant to the Speaker, will deliver the official Democratic response in Spanish to President Bush's State of the Union Address on January 23, 2007. 
  14. ^ Rebecca Sinderbrand. Dems tap Kansas governor for State of the Union response. CNN. 2008-01-28 [2008-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-01）. Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius will deliver the Democratic response to President Bush's final State of the Union address - a marquee assignment for a woman who leads a state with fewer than 2 million voters. 
  15. ^ Terrence Stutz. Texas Sen. Leticia Van de Putte to give Democrats' Spanish State of the Union response. The Dallas Morning News. 2008-01-28 [2008-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2008-01-31）. She will deliver the Spanish Democratic response to the president's State of the Union speech tonight; Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius will give the English one. Ms. Van de Putte was selected for the role by U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid. 

外部链接

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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：国情咨文
维基文库中的相关原始文献：美国国情咨文
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=国情咨文_(美国)&oldid=82770050”