庫柏鷹：修订间差异

庫柏鷹
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	鹰形目 Accipitriformes
科：	鹰科 Accipitridae
属：	鷹屬 Accipiter
种：	庫柏鷹 A. cooperii
二名法
	Accipiter cooperii; (Bonaparte, 1828)

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Accipiter cooperii

庫柏鷹（Accipiter cooperii），外號雞鷹^[2]，是一種原生於北美洲的中型鷹，從加拿大南部到墨西哥北部均去找到牠們的身影。與一般的鳥類一樣，雄鳥的體型較雌鳥小；而在密西西比河以東的體型普遍較在河以西的為大。

分類

庫柏鷹最早由法国博物学家和鸟类学家夏尔·吕西安·波拿巴於1828年描述。牠是鷹屬的一個品種。庫柏鷹命名自美國紐約自然史學苑（即後來的紐約科學院的前身）的創辦人、貝殼學家威廉·庫柏。庫柏鷹其他常見的名稱有：雞鷹、Big Blue Darter、墨西哥鷹、Quail Hawk、Striker及Swift Hawk等^[3]。

參考資料

^ BirdLife International. Accipiter cooperii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [19 February 2009].
^ 動物粉絲：庫柏鷹（中文（繁體））.
^ Accipiter cooperii (Big Blue Darter). Zipcodezoo.com. [2011-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-31）（英语）.

延伸閱讀

Sibley, David. The Sibley Guide to Birds. Knopf. 2000: 112–113. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
Accipiter cooperii. ITIS. [22 February 2009]. They are very dome.

外部連結

Cooper's Hawk Species Account （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Cooper's Hawk （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Cooper's Hawk Information and Photos （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – South Dakota Birds and Birding
Cooper's Hawk Wing & Weight data （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
飞行中的库柏鹰的图片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

这是一篇鹰形目小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[1] BirdLife International. Accipiter cooperii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [19 February 2009].

[2] 動物粉絲：庫柏鷹（中文（繁體））.

[3] Accipiter cooperii (Big Blue Darter). Zipcodezoo.com. [2011-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-31）（英语）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
+{{Speciesbox
-{{Taxobox
-| name = 庫柏鷹
+| genus = Accipiter
+| species = cooperii
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
@@ 第6行： / 第7行： @@
 | image = Accipiter-cooperii-01.jpg
 | image_caption =
+| authority = ([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1828)
-| regnum = [[動物界]] ''Animalia''
-| phylum = [[脊索動物門]] ''Chordata''
-| classis = [[鳥綱]] ''Aves''
-| ordo = [[隼形目]] ''Falconiformes''
-| familia = [[鹰科]] ''Accipitridae''
-| subfamilia = [[鷹亞科]] ''Accipitridae''
-| genus = [[鷹屬]] ''Accipiter''
-| species = '''''A. cooperii'''''
-| binomial = ''Accipiter cooperii''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1828)
 }}
+[[File:Accipiter cooperii DM.ogv| thumb |Accipiter cooperii]]
-'''庫柏鷹'''（{{lang|la|''Accipiter cooperii''}}），外號'''雞鷹'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=427479380626376&set=a.188951251145858.45277.188946924479624 |title=動物粉絲：庫柏鷹 |language=zh-hant}}</ref>，是一種原生於[[北美洲]]的中型[[鷹]]，從[[加拿大]]南部到[[墨西哥]]北部均去找到牠們的身影。與一般的鳥類一樣，雄鳥的體型較雌鳥小；而在[[密西西比河]]以東的體型普遍較在河以西的為大。
+'''庫柏鷹'''（{{lang|la|''Accipiter cooperii''}}），外號'''[[雞鷹]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=427479380626376&set=a.188951251145858.45277.188946924479624 |title=動物粉絲：庫柏鷹 |language=zh-hant}}</ref>，是一種原生於[[北美洲]]的中型[[鷹]]，從[[加拿大]]南部到[[墨西哥]]北部均去找到牠們的身影。與一般的鳥類一樣，雄鳥的體型較雌鳥小；而在[[密西西比河]]以東的體型普遍較在河以西的為大。
 == 分類 ==
-Cooper's Hawk was first described by French naturalist [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] in 1828. It is a member of the goshawk genus ''[[Accipiter]]''. This bird was named after the naturalist [[William Cooper (conchologist)|William Cooper]], one of the founders of the New York Lyceum of Natural History (later the [[New York Academy of Sciences]]) in [[New York]].
-其他常見的名稱有：雞鷹、Big Blue Darter、墨西哥鷹、Quail Hawk、Striker及Swift Hawk等<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Accipiter_cooperii/ |title=Accipiter cooperii (Big Blue Darter) |publisher=Zipcodezoo.com. |accessdate=2011-12-18 |language=en}}</ref>。
+庫柏鷹最早由[[法国]][[博物学]]家和鸟类学家[[夏尔·吕西安·波拿巴]]於1828年描述。牠是[[鷹屬]]的一個品種。庫柏鷹命名自[[美國]][[紐約]][[紐約自然史學苑|自然史學苑]]（即後來的[[紐約科學院]]的前身）的創辦人、[[貝殼學家]][[威廉·库珀 (贝壳学家)|威廉·庫柏]]。庫柏鷹其他常見的名稱有：雞鷹、Big Blue Darter、墨西哥鷹、Quail Hawk、Striker及Swift Hawk等<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Accipiter_cooperii/ |title=Accipiter cooperii (Big Blue Darter) |publisher=Zipcodezoo.com. |accessdate=2011-12-18 |language=en |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531193502/http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Accipiter_cooperii/ |archivedate=2012-05-31 }}</ref>。
-== Description ==
-[[File:Accipiter cooperii striatusDO1908P0203A.jpg|left|thumb|Comparison of a male Cooper's Hawk (left) with a female [[Sharp-shinned Hawk]] (right)]]
-The average size of an adult male ranges from 220 to 410 g (7.7–14.5 oz) with a length between 35 and 46&nbsp;cm (14–18 in). The adult male is significantly smaller than the average female, which are 330 to 680 g (11.7–24 oz) and 42 to 50&nbsp;cm (17–20 in) long. Its wingspan ranges from 62 to 90 cm (25–36 in).<ref name="allaboutbirds1"/> Individuals living in the eastern regions tend to be larger and heavier than those in the western regions.<ref name="umich2000">Dewey, T. and V. Perepelyuk. 2000. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Accipiter_cooperii.html "Accipiter cooperii"]. Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 22, 2010.</ref>
-All have short rounded wings and a very long tail with dark bands, round-ended at the tip. Adults have red eyes and have a black cap, with blue-gray upper parts and white underparts with fine, thin, reddish bars. Their tail is blue gray on top and pale underneath, barred with black bands.
-<ref name="allaboutbirds1">[http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Coopers_Hawk/lifehistory Cooper's Hawk]. Lab. of Ornithology. Cornell University</ref>
-Immatures have yellow eyes and have a brown cap, with brown upper parts and pale underparts with thin black streaks mostly ending at the belly. Their tail is brown on top and pale underneath, barred with dark bands. The eyes of this hawk, as in most predatory birds, face forward, enabling good depth perception for hunting and catching prey while flying at top speeds. They have hooked [[beak|bills]] that are well adapted for tearing flesh of prey.<ref name="umich2000"/> Immatures are somewhat larger than a Sharp-shinned Hawk and smaller than a [[Northern Goshawk]], though small males nearly overlap with large female [[Sharp-shinned Hawk]]s, and large female Cooper's Hawks nearly overlap with small male Goshawks. The Cooper's Hawk appears long-necked in flight and has been described by birdwatchers as looking like a "flying cross". The Cooper’s Hawk is seen mostly flying with quick, consecutive wing beats and a short glide, though they may also soar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/i3330id.html |title=Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii |accessdate=2008-11-18 |coauthors=Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S. |date=2008-07-03 |work=Patuxent Wildlife Research Center |publisher=USGS }}</ref>
-==Distribution and habitat==
-Their breeding range extends from southern [[Canada]] to northern [[Mexico]]. They are generally distributed more to the south than the other North American ''[[Accipiter]]s'', the [[Sharp-shinned Hawk]] and the [[Northern Goshawk]]. Birds from most of the Canadian and northern-[[United States|U.S.]]-range [[bird migration|migrate]] in winter, and some Cooper's Hawks winter as far south as [[Panama]]).<ref name="globalraptors1">Global Raptor Information Network. 2010. [http://www.globalraptors.org Species account: Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii].</ref> The Cooper’s Hawk occur in various types of mixed [[deciduous]] forests and open [[woodland]]s, including small woodlots, [[riparian]] woodlands in dry country, open and [[pinyon pine|pinyon]] woodlands, and forested mountainous regions and also now nests in many cities.<ref name="globalraptors1"/> They were once thought to be adverse to cities and towns, but are now fairly common urban and suburban birds. The cities provide plenty [[Rock Pigeon]] and [[Mourning Dove]] for the Cooper’s Hawk to prey on.<ref name="allaboutbirds1"/>
-[[File:Cooper's Hawk at Feeder.jpg|right|thumb|Sharp-shinned Hawks (which closely resemble this small Cooper's Hawk) are also attracted to backyard feeders by smaller birds]]
-==Behavior==
-===Feeding===
-[[File:Cooper's Hawk Eating a Finch.jpg|thumb|left|Eating a finch in a backyard with feeders]]
-These birds capture [[prey]] from cover or while flying quickly through dense vegetation, relying almost totally on surprise. One study showed that this is a quite dangerous hunting style. More than 300 Cooper’s Hawk skeletons were investigated and 23% revealed healed fractures in the bones of the chest.<ref name="allaboutbirds1"/> Cooper's Hawks prey almost exclusively on small to mid-sized birds. Typical prey species include [[American Robin]]s, other [[thrush]]es, [[jay]]s, [[woodpecker]]s, [[European Starling]]s, [[quail]], [[icterid]]s, [[cuckoo]]s, [[pigeon]]s and [[dove]]s. Birds preyed on can range in size from [[wood-warbler]]s to [[Ring-necked Pheasant]]s. They may also prey upon the raptor [[American Kestrel]] and other smaller raptors, including their cousin the [[Sharp-shinned Hawk]].<ref>C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/American_kestrel ''American Kestrel''. Encyclopedia of Earth, U.S. National Council for Science and the Environment, Ed-in-chief C.Cleveland]</ref> They have been known to rob nests and may supplement their diet with small [[mammal]]s such as [[chipmunk]]s, [[hare]]s, [[mice]], [[squirrel]]s, and [[bat]]s.<ref name="allaboutbirds1"/> Even more rarely, they may predate on [[lizard]]s, [[frog]]s, or [[snake]]s. It normally catches its prey with its feet and kills it by repeatedly squeezing it and holding it away from its body until it dies. They have also been seen drowning their prey, holding it underwater until it stops moving.<ref name="allaboutbirds1"/> The hawks, in addition, often pluck the [[feather]]s off their prey on a post or other perch. They have been increasingly seen hunting smaller [[songbird]]s in backyards with feeders. They will perch in trees overlooking the feeders, then swoop down and scatter the other birds in order to capture one in flight. These hawks can also pursue their prey on the ground by half running and half flying.<ref name="umich2000"/>
-===Courtship===
-The Cooper’s Hawks are [[monogamous]] and most mate for life. Pairs will breed once a year and raise one brood per breeding season. Courtship displays include stylized flights with the wings positioned in a deep arc. During their flight displays the male will begin by diving toward the female. A slow speed-chase follows involving the male flying around the female exposing his expanded under tail coverts to her. The male raises his wings high above the back and flies in a wide arc with slow, rhythmic flapping. Courting usually occurs on bright, sunny days, in midmorning.<ref name="umich2000"/> After pairing has occurred, the males make a bowing display before beginning to build the nest.<ref name="allaboutbirds1"/>
-===Breeding===
-[[File:Juvenile_Accipiter_striatus.jpg|left|thumb|Juvenile]]
-Their breeding habitats are forested areas. The breeding pair builds a stick nest in large trees. Over a two week period the pair builds the nest. The nests are piles of sticks around 27&nbsp;inches in diameter and 6- 17&nbsp;inches high with a cup- shaped depression in the middle that is 8&nbsp;inches across and 4&nbsp;inches deep. Their nests are built in [[pine]]s, [[oak]]s, Douglas- firs, [[beeches]], [[spruces]], and other tree species usually on flat ground rather than on a hillside. The nests typically are about 25–50 feet high off the ground, halfway up the tree, and out on a horizontal branch.<ref name="allaboutbirds1"/> The [[clutch]] size is usually 3 to 5 eggs. The cobalt-blue eggs average about 48 x 38&nbsp;mm (1.9 x 1.5&nbsp;in) and weigh about 43&nbsp;g (1.5&nbsp;oz). The female incubates the eggs between 30 to 36&nbsp;days.<ref name="umich2000"/> The [[hatchling]]s are about 28&nbsp;g (1&nbsp;oz) and 9&nbsp;cm (3.8&nbsp;in) long and are completely covered in white down.<ref name="allaboutbirds1"/> They are brooded for about two weeks by the female, while her mate forages for food. The [[fledging]] stage is reached at 25 to 34&nbsp;days of age, though the offspring will return to the nest to be fed until they become independent around 8 weeks. Eggs and nestlings are preyed on, rarely, by [[raccoon]]s, [[crow]]s as well as other competing Cooper's Hawks. Adults rarely fall prey to larger raptors, namely [[Red-tailed Hawk]]s, [[Great Horned Owl]]s, [[Peregrine Falcon]]s, [[Golden Eagle]]s, and [[Northern Goshawk]]s.<ref name="umich2000"/>
-===Communication===
-Cooper’s Hawks communicate using vocalizations and displays. Vocal is probably preferred over display, because the denseness of their habitat could prevent displays from being seen from a distance. Males are usually submissive to females and will listen for reassuring call notes the females make when they are willing to be approached.<ref name="allaboutbirds2">"Cooper's Hawk". Cornell University. April 19, 2010 http://allaboutbirds.org/guide/Coopers_Hawk/id.</ref> The males have a higher pitched voice than females.<ref name="umich2000"/>
-==Lifespan==
-Cooper’s Hawks have been known to live as long as 12 years in the wild. However, the oldest known living hawk was 20 years and 4 months old.<ref name="umich2000"/>
-==Status and conservation==
-[[File:Accipiter cooperii Quebec.jpg|right|thumb|Juvenile]]
-At one time, Cooper's Hawks were heavily hunted in persecution for preying on [[poultry]] and were called "chicken hawks". It is now known that predation by these hawks on domestic animals borders are negligible, and they are rarely hunted these days. Cooper's Hawks' breeding success was also reduced by the use of the [[pesticide]] [[DDT]], but the ban of DDT ended that threat.<ref name="allaboutbirds2"/> Since then, the adaptable Cooper's Hawk has thrived. However, one threat facing Cooper’s Hawks today is the degradation and [[habitat loss|loss of habitat]]. Management activities like logging may make their former habitat unsuitable for breeding.<ref name="umich2000"/>
 == 參考資料 ==
@@ 第62行： / 第20行： @@
 == 延伸閱讀 ==
-* {{cite book | author=Sibley, David | title=[[The Sibley Guide to Birds]] | publisher=Knopf | year=2000 | pages = 112–113 | isbn=0-679-45122-6 | authorlink= David Allen Sibley}}
+* {{cite book | author=Sibley, David | title=[[The Sibley Guide to Birds]] | publisher=Knopf | year=2000 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/112 112]–113 | isbn=0-679-45122-6 | authorlink= David Allen Sibley}}
 * {{ITIS | id=175309 | taxon=''Accipiter cooperii'' | accessdate=22 February 2009 }}They are very dome.
 == 外部連結 ==
-{{Commonscat|Accipiter cooperii}}
+{{Commons category|Accipiter cooperii}}
 {{wikispecies|Accipiter cooperii}}
-*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Coopers_Hawk.html Cooper's Hawk Species Account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
+*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Coopers_Hawk.html Cooper's Hawk Species Account] {{Wayback|url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Coopers_Hawk.html |date=20090321014044 }} – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
-*[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3330id.html Cooper's Hawk] – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
+*[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3330id.html Cooper's Hawk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3330id.html |date=20220123125247 }} – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
-*[http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/coopers_hawk_info.htm Cooper's Hawk Information and Photos] – South Dakota Birds and Birding
+*[http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/coopers_hawk_info.htm Cooper's Hawk Information and Photos] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/coopers_hawk_info.htm |date=20210612203636 }} – South Dakota Birds and Birding
-*[http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/coopers-hawk.html Cooper's Hawk Wing & Weight data]
+*[http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/coopers-hawk.html Cooper's Hawk Wing & Weight data] {{Wayback|url=http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/coopers-hawk.html |date=20220123130633 }}
+* [https://fineartamerica.com/featured/7-coopers-hawk-james-zipp.html 飞行中的库柏鹰的图片] {{Wayback|url=https://fineartamerica.com/featured/7-coopers-hawk-james-zipp.html |date=20220123125307 }}
-[[Category:Accipiter]]
-[[Category:True hawks]]
-[[Category:Birds of prey]]
-[[Category:Birds of North America|Hawk, Cooper's]]
-[[Category:Animals described in 1828]]
+{{taxonbar}}
-[[az:Accipiter cooperii]]
+{{Accipitriformes-stub}}
-[[ca:Esparver de Cooper]]
+[[Category:北美鸟类|K]]
-[[cs:Jestřáb Cooperův]]
+[[Category:鷹屬|K]]
-[[de:Rundschwanzsperber]]
+[[Category:1828年描述的鸟类|K]]
-[[en:Cooper's Hawk]]
-[[nv:Dzílí]]
-[[es:Accipiter cooperii]]
-[[eo:Kupera akcipitro]]
-[[eu:Accipiter cooperii]]
-[[fr:Épervier de Cooper]]
-[[ja:クーパーハイタカ]]
-[[pl:Krogulec czarnołbisty]]
-[[pt:Falcão-do-tanoeiro]]
-[[sv:Cooperhök]]
-[[tr:Cooper atmacası]]