榆屬:修订间差异
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{{主条目消歧义|'''榆树'''亦可指[[中国]][[吉林省]][[长春市]]下辖的'''[[榆树市]]'''。}} |
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|image = East Coker elm, 2.jpg |
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{{Taxobox |
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|image_caption = 英國塞默塞特郡的一株[[歐洲光葉榆]] |
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| color = lightgreen |
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|taxon = Ulmus |
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|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
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| image = Illustration_Ulmus_carpinifolia0.jpg |
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|subdivision_ranks = 種 |
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| image_width = 250px |
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|subdivision = 见正文 |
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| image_caption = 榆属特征 |
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| domain = [[真核域]] Eukarya |
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| regnum = [[植物界]] Plantae |
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| phylum = [[被子植物門]] Magnoliophyta |
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| classis = [[雙子葉植物綱]] Magnoliopsida |
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| ordo = [[薔薇目]](Rosales) |
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| familia = [[榆科]](Ulmaceae) |
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| genus = [[榆屬]](''Ulmus'') |
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| binomial = Carolus Linnaenus |
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| binomial_authority= (L.) Batsch |
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}} |
}} |
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'''榆属'''({{lang-xm|Ulmus}})是[[榆科]]的一个属,属下物种通称榆树(但榆树一词常专指{{sname|''[[Ulmus pumila]]''}}),主要在[[北半球]]的[[溫帶]]地區生長。一般高約25米,樹皮粗糙。具高度實用、葯用及食用價值。 |
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'''榆樹''',[[喬本]]的一種,[[雙子葉植物]]中屬[[榆科]],主要在[[北半球]]的[[溫帶]]地區生長。一般高約25米,樹皮粗糙。具高度實用、葯用及食用價值。 |
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榆樹的葉呈[[橢圓形]]或橢圓狀波針形,葉長2-8厘米、寬1.5-2.5厘米,兩面葉面無毛,或背面脈腋有毛。葉側脈有9-16對,葉緣有單鋸齒,很少有重鋸齒。葉柄長約2-10毫米。 |
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榆樹在早春發葉前先開花,花呈簇狀生成聚傘花序,花被鐘形,開4-5花瓣,每朵花有雄蕊約4-5條。翅果近圓形或寬倒卵形,長約1.3-1.5厘米,果皮表面無毛,頂端凹缺。內藏種子,近翅果中部,很少接近凹缺處;果柄長約2毫米。 |
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== 品種 == |
== 品種 == |
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由於各種榆 |
由於各種榆属植物易於[[雜交]],有些地區以人工方式繁殖了很多特別的品種,使榆樹品種的界定变得較为困難。一般来讲,榆樹可分為約20-45個品種,視乎其界定方法之异同。 |
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[[File:Elm in beijing.JPG|right|thumb|榆属植物的[[翅果]]称为榆钱]] |
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[[File:Wych elm flower.jpg|right|thumb|[[欧洲白榆]]的花]] |
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=== 分類 === |
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本属包括以下物种: |
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主要有[[美國榆樹]]、[[中國榆樹]]和[[西伯利亞榆樹]]等品種。 |
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* [[美国榆]] ''Ulmus americana'' |
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[[File:Mature Ulmus rubra in graveyard.jpg|left|赤榆]] |
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* ''Ulmus androssowii'' |
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* '''"Mountain elms"''': spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves very rough above. |
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* [[兴山榆]] ''Ulmus bergmanniana'' |
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** ''Ulmus bergmanniana''. Eastern Asia. <26m tall, with large leaves up to 16cm long and 8cm wide. Very closely related to ''U. glabra''. |
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* [[多脉榆]] ''Ulmus castaneifolia'' |
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** ''Ulmus castaneifolia''. China. <20m tall, with slender stem <50cm in diameter and thick, corky bark. Leaves <15cm long, 6cm wide, densely hirsute when young. |
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* [[杭州榆]] ''Ulmus changii'' |
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** ''Ulmus changii''. China. <20m tall, with smooth, glabrous, ovate leaves up to 11cm long. |
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* [[琅玡榆]] ''Ulmus chenmoui'' |
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** ''Ulmus elongata''. China. <30m tall, stem <80cm in diameter with exfoliating bark. Long, elliptic leaves <19cm and distinctive shuttle-shaped samaras. |
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* [[黑榆]] ''Ulmus davidiana'' |
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** ''Ulmus gaussennii''. China. <25m tall, with black to very dark grey scabrous bark. Leaves <11cm long, densely pubescent when young. |
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** [[春榆]] ''Ulmus davidiana var. japonica'' |
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** ''Ulmus glabra'' - [[Wych Elm]]. Europe, Asia. Popular cultivars include 'Exoniensis' [Exeter Elm], 'Camperdownii', 'Nana'. |
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* [[圆冠榆]] ''Ulmus densa'' |
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** ''Ulmus glaucescens''. Northern China. <18m tall, with exfoliating, mottled bark. Small, usually ovate leaves <5cm long. Exceptional resistance to drought, but intolerant of wet soils. |
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* [[长序榆]] ''Ulmus elongata'' |
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** ''Ulmus laciniata'' - Manchurian Elm. Eastern Asia. <27m tall and slender stem <50cm in diameter. Distinctive laciniate, often obtriangular leaves <18cm long, with up to seven apical lobes. Closely related to ''U. glabra'', it only grows well in sheltered, humid valleys. |
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* [[醉翁榆]] ''Ulmus gaussenii'' |
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** ''Ulmus lamellosa''. China. <12m tall, with rounded crown and slender trunk with mottled, flaking bark. Good resistance to Dutch elm disease and leaf beetles, but intolerant of wet soils. |
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* [[光叶榆]] ''Ulmus glabra'' [[欧洲山榆]] |
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** ''Ulmus macrocarpa''. Northeastern Asia. <12m tall, with thick, leathery obovate leaves <9cm long. Very large sub-orbicular samaras <47mm long and <39mm wide. Demands well-drained soil. Good resistance to Dutch elm disease. |
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* [[旱榆]] ''Ulmus glaucescens'' |
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** ''Ulmus microcarpa''. China (Xizang {:Tibet} only). <30m tall, with stem <80cm in diameter. Large, glabrous leaves <17cm long, but very small samaras <8mm in diameter. |
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* [[哈尔滨榆]] ''Ulmus harbinensis'' |
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** ''Ulmus prunifolia''. China. <30m tall, slender stem <45cm in diameter with smooth dark grey bark. Narrow, glabrescent leaves <11 cm long. |
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* ''Ulmus japonica'' |
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** ''Ulmus rubra'' - [[Slippery Elm]] or Red Elm. Eastern North America. |
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* [[裂叶榆]] ''Ulmus laciniata'' |
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** ''Ulmus uyematsui''. Taiwan. <25m tall with dark grey bark exfoliating in irregular flakes. Leaves elliptic, < 11cm long. |
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* [[欧洲白榆]] ''Ulmus laevis'' |
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** ''Ulmus wallichiana'' - [[Himalayan Elm]] or Kashmir Elm. Northern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, western Himalaya. |
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* [[脱皮榆]] ''Ulmus lamellosa'' |
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* [[常绿榆]] ''Ulmus lanceifolia'' |
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* '''"Field elms"''': spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves usually smooth above. |
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* [[大果榆]] ''Ulmus macrocarpa'' |
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** ''Ulmus chenmoui''. China. <20m tall, with exfoliating bark and broad, obovate leaves <18cm long. |
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* [[绵竹榆]] ''Ulmus mianzhuensis'' |
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** ''Ulmus chumlia''. Himalaya. <25m tall, with spreading crown and sinuous branches. Leaves narrowly obovate, <10cm long and <4cm wide. |
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* [[小果榆]] ''Ulmus microcarpa'' |
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** ''Ulmus davidiana'' - North-east Asia, inc. Japan. <15m tall, leaves obovate <10cm long by 5.5cm broad. Two varieties recognized by Fu: |
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* [[欧洲野榆]] ''Ulmus minor'' |
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*** ''Ulmus davidiana'' var. ''davidiana'' - [[David Elm]]. China. <12m tall, vase-shaped. Intolerant of exposed conditions and wet soils. |
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* [[榔榆]] ''Ulmus parvifolia'' |
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*** ''Ulmus davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' - [[Japanese Elm]]. North-east Asia, inc. Japan. 'Discovery', 'Freedom', 'Jacan', 'Mitsui Centennial', and 'Thomson' are hardy varieties selected for planting in Canada in the 1980s. |
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* [[李叶榆]] ''Ulmus prunifolia'' |
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** ''Ulmus harbinensis''. China (Heilongjiang only). <15m tall; leaves <5.5cm long and <3.5cm broad. |
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* [[假春榆]] ''Ulmus pseudopropinqua'' |
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** ''Ulmus lanceaefolia''. Western China (Yunnan only), India (Darjeeling area), Bhutan, Sikkim, Bangladesh, Laos, Myanmar. A very large tree, <45m tall, with spreading crown. The bark of the trunk exfoliates in small scales. Oblong to elliptic leaves, <8cm long and <2.5cm wide. Evergreen in the southern part of its range. |
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* [[榆树]] ''Ulmus pumila'' |
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** ''Ulmus minor'' - [[Field Elm]]. Europe. Numerous sub-species, varieties including: |
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* [[红果榆]] ''Ulmus szechuanica'' |
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*** ''Ulmus minor'' subsp. ''angustifolia''. syn. var. ''cornubiensis'' - [[Cornish Elm]]. England, France; local endemic. |
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* [[阿里山榆]] ''Ulmus uyematsui'' |
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*** ''Ulmus minor'' subsp. ''minor'' - [[Smooth-leaved Elm]]. Europe; syn. ''U. carpinifolia''. Disease-resistant cultivars: 'Christine Buisman', released in 1936, and 'Bea Schwarz' in 1948. |
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*** ''Ulmus minor'' var. ''plotii'' - [[Locks Elm]]. England; local endemic. |
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*** ''Ulmus minor'' 'Sarniensis' - [[Jersey Elm]] or Wheatley Elm, Guernsey Elm, Southampton Elm. Channel Islands, France; local endemic, widely cultivated in Britain. |
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*** ''Ulmus minor'' var. ''vulgaris'' - [[English Elm]]. England, Italy, Spain. Syn. ''U. procera''. Also known as the 'Atinian Elm'. |
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** ''Ulmus pseudopropinqua''. Northern China (Inner Mongolia). <10m tall with corky branches. Good resistance to Dutch elm disease and elm beetles. |
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** ''Ulmus pumila'' - [[Siberian Elm]]. China, India (Kashmir), Siberia. American cultivars include 'Dropmore', 'Park Royal', 'Lincoln' and 'Chinkota'. |
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** ''Ulmus szechuanica''. China. <18m tall, with umbrella-like canopy. Leaves obovate, glabrescent, <9cm long, dark red on emergence, and again in autumn. |
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** ''Ulmus villosa'' - Cherry Bark Elm. India (Kashmir). <25m tall, with broad crown <14m wide and pendulous branches. Leaves oblong-elliptic acute <11cm long and <4cm broad. A long-lived species, sacred specimens planted around temples are over 800 years old. |
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** ''Ulmus wilsoniana'' - [[Wilson's Elm]]. Western China. Now treated as conspecific with ''U. davidiana'' by Fu. 'Prospector' is a U. S. National Arboretum selection, vase-shaped and growing to 12m tall, with deep-green glabrous leaves resistant to elm leaf beetle. |
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* '''"White elms"''': spring flowering; flowers pedunculate |
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** ''Ulmus alata'' - [[Winged Elm]]. Eastern North America. |
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** ''Ulmus americana'' - [[American Elm]]. North America east of the Rockies. Cultivars with resistance to Dutch elm disease include: 'American Liberty', 'Brandon', 'Delaware', 'Independence', 'Jefferson', 'New Harmony', 'Princeton', 'Valley Forge' and 'Washington'. |
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** ''Ulmus androssowii'' - [[Narwan Elm]]. China (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xijang {Tibet}). <20m tall, with ovate or elliptic glabrous leaves <8cm long and <2.5cm wide. |
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** ''Ulmus laevis'' - [[European White Elm]] or Fluttering Elm, Spreading Elm, (USA only) Russian Elm. Eastern Europe, Western Asia. |
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** ''Ulmus thomasii'' - [[Rock Elm]]. Eastern North America. |
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* '''"Autumn-flowering elms"''': autumn flowering. |
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** ''Ulmus crassifolia'' - [[Cedar Elm]]. Eastern North America. |
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** ''Ulmus parvifolia'' - [[Chinese Elm]] or Lacebark Elm. China. 27 known American cultivars including: 'A. Ross Central Park' (<tt>Central Park Splendor™</tt>), 'Bosque', 'Drake', 'Dynasty', 'Emer I' (<tt>Athena™</tt>), 'Emer II' (<tt>Allee™</tt>), 'King's Choice', 'Ohio', 'Pathfinder', 'Sempervirens'. Many others such as 'Hokkaido' are miniatures raised for bonsai. |
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** ''Ulmus serotina'' - [[September Elm]]. Eastern North America. |
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** ''Ulmus tonkinensis''. Western China, Northern Vietnam. Evergreen tree with exfoliating bark. Ovate-lanceolate glabrous leaves <10cm long and <3cm wide. |
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* '''[[Hybrid]]s and hybrid origin cultivars'''. |
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** ''Ulmus × brandisiana''. ''U. chumlia'' × ''U. wallichiana''. Naturally-occurring hybrid in Pakistan and north-west India. |
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** ''Ulmus × elegantissima'' 'Jacqueline Hillier'. English hybrid of uncertain parentage, possibly ''U. glabra'' × ''U. minor'' var. ''plotii''. |
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** ''Ulmus × hollandica'' - [[Dutch Elm]]. ''U. glabra'' × ''U. minor''. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Cathedral'. ''U. pumila'' × ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica''. American hybrid, more closely resembling its male parent, ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' than its siblings 'New Horizon' and 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' but not as resistant to Dutch elm disease. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Clusius'. (''U. glabra'' Exoniensis × ''U. wallichiana'') × ''U. × hollandica'' 'Bea Schwarz'. Dutch hybrid released 1983. Similar to 'Lobel', but with slightly improved resistance to Dutch elm disease. |
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** ''Ulmus'' [['Columella']]. 'Plantyn' or 'Plantijn' selfed. Dutch hybrid released 1989. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Commelin'. ''U. × hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''U. minor''. Dutch hybrid released 1960. Fast growing, but only moderate resistance to disease and wind damage. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Coolshade'. ''U. rubra'' × ''U. pumila''. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Dodoens'. ''U. glabra'' × ''U. wallichiana'' selfed. Dutch hybrid released 1973. Strong, fast growing, but only moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Frontier'. ''U. minor'' × ''U. parvifolia''. <13m tall, with glabrous leaves turning dark red in autumn. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Green King'. ''U. rubra'' × ''U. pumila''. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Groeneveld'. ''U. minor'' × ''U. glabra''. Dutch hybrid released 1960. Slower growing than 'Commelin', and only moderately resistant to disease. Planted mostly in Dutch towns. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Homestead'. ''U. pumila'' × ((''U. hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''U. minor'') × (''U. pumila'' × ''U. minor'')). U. S. National Arboretum hybrid. Fast growing, producing a pyramidal crown, and well-suited to city conditions. High resistance to Dutch elm disease. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Lobel'. (''U. glabra'' Exoniensis × ''U. wallichiana'') × ''U. × hollandica'' 'Bea Schwarz'. Dutch hybrid released 1973. Fastigiate, small-crowned, small-leaved tree resistant to sea winds, but only moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton' (<tt>Accolade ™</tt>). ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. wilsoniana''. American hybrid >30m tall, vase-shaped tree with small, glossy, dark-green leaves. Highly resistant to Dutch elm disease, but not available in Europe. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton Glossy' (<tt>Triumph ™</tt>). 'Morton' × 'Vanguard'. <20m tall, with upright oval- to vase-shape, and dark green glabrous leaves. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton Plainsman' (<tt>Vanguard ™</tt>). ''U. pumila'' × ''U. japonica''. American hybrid <15m tall, with rounded crown. Drought resistant. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton Red Tip' (<tt>Danada Charm ™</tt>). ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. wilsoniana''. <25m tall, vase-shaped with arching limbs, and dark green leaves. A seedling of (<tt>Accolade ™</tt>). |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton Stalwart' (<tt>Commendation ™</tt>). (''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. wilsoniana'') × (''U. pumila'' × ''U. minor''). <20m tall, with upright, oval shape. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Nanguen' ([[Lutèce (elm hybrid)|<tt>Lutèce ™</tt>]]). 'Plantyn' × (''U. × hollandica'' 'Bea Schwarz' × ''U. × hollandica'' 'Bea Schwarz' selfed). Dutch hybrid, released 2002. [http://www.sapho.fr/angleterre/arbustes/ulmus/lutece/page_lutece.htm]. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'New Horizon'. ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. pumila''. American hybrid now also grown under licence in Germany. Very resistant to Dutch elm disease, but unsuited to poorly-drained ground. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Patriot'. 'Urban' × ''U. wilsoniana'' 'Prospector'. American hybrid with vase-shaped crown. High resistance to Dutch elm disease and elm yellows. Very fast growing, capable of exceeding 1m per annum. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Pioneer'. ''U. glabra'' × ''U. minor''. U. S. National Arboretum hybrid. Dense, spherical crown. Only moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Plantyn' or 'Plantijn'. (''U. glabra'' Exoniensis × ''U. wallichiana'') × (''U. minor'' × ''U. minor''). Dutch hybrid released 1973. Fast growing with broad crown. Tolerant of sea winds, but only moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease. |
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** ''Ulmus'' [[Plinio|'Plinio']]. 'Plantyn' × ''U. pumila''. Italian hybrid released 2003. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Regal'. ''U. pumila'' × ((''U. hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''U. minor'') × (''U. pumila'' × ''U. minor'')). American hybrid with upright columnar form making it suitable for urban planting. High resistance to Dutch elm disease. |
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** ''Ulmus'' [[San Zanobi|'San Zanobi']]. 'Plantyn' × ''U. pumila''. Italian hybrid released 2003. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Sapporo Autumn Gold'. ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. pumila''. From a chance crossing in Sapporo, Japan. Grows quickly to form dense vase-shaped crown, although young trees need pruning to produce clean stem. Highly resistant to Dutch elm disease, and now also widely available in Europe. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Urban'. (''U. × hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''U. minor'') × ''U. pumila''. U. S. National Arboretum hybrid. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Vegeta' - [[Huntingdon Elm]], syn. Chichester Elm. ''U. glabra'' × ''U. minor'' selfed. Old English hybrid raised circa 1750. |
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** ''Ulmus'' 'Wredei' - [[Golden Elm]]. ''U. × hollandica'' cultivar. |
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** and many more without formal hybrid names |
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The other genera in the Ulmaceae are ''Zelkova'' ([[Zelkova]]) and ''Planera'' ([[Water-elm]]). ''Celtis'' ([[Hackberry]] or Nettle Tree), formerly included in Ulmaceae, is now treated in the family [[Cannabaceae]]. |
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[[File:Elm in beijing.JPG|right|thumb|榆钱]] |
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[[File:Wych elm flower.jpg|right|thumb|European White Elm flowers]] |
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== 種植 == |
== 種植 == |
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榆 |
榆属植物分布于[[溫帶]],生命力強,較為耐寒,適合於肥沃的沙壤土上生長,生長速度快。[[榆樹]]為中國北方重要綠化樹木,亦常見於民居村落前後。亦可培植成[[盆景]]。 |
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榆樹成熟果實可隨採隨播,亦可使用[[播種]]或[[插枝]]等人工繁殖方法栽種。 |
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榆樹花期約在3月上旬,果熟期在4月上旬。 |
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榆樹成熟果實可隨採隨播,亦可使用[[播種法]]或[[插枝法]]等人工繁殖方法栽種。 |
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=== 荷蘭榆樹病 === |
=== 荷蘭榆樹病 === |
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{{main|荷蘭榆樹病}} |
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'''荷蘭榆樹病'''曾經廣泛摧毀全[[歐洲]]及[[北美洲]]的榆樹。這植物疾病的致病原是一種叫做(Ophiostoma nova-ulmi)的[[霉菌]]。透過兩種生活在榆樹樹幹的榆小蠹作[[媒介]]傳播。霉菌被媒介帶進榆樹表面的傷口,再進入樹幹輸送水份營養往樹葉和樹端的篩管內繁殖。受感染的榆樹能在短短3個星期之內被切斷其水份傳輸系統,導致死亡。有研究顯示,亞洲品種的榆樹有抗致病霉菌的[[基因]]。 |
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荷蘭榆樹病曾經廣泛摧毀全[[歐洲]]及[[北美洲]]的榆樹。這植物疾病的致病原是一種叫做{{le|新榆枯萎病菌|Ophiostoma novo-ulmi}}(''novo-ulmi'',[[長喙殼菌屬]])的[[真菌]],透過{{tsl|en|Scolytus|杜松蟲屬|杜松蟲}}(''Scolytus'')、 |
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和{{le|美洲榆小蠹|Hylurgopinus rufipes}}(''H. rufipes'')這兩種生活在榆樹樹幹的甲蟲作[[载体 (生物学)|载体]],傳播真菌的孢子到其他株榆木上<ref name="ComeauDufour2015">{{cite journal|last1=Comeau|first1=André M.|last2=Dufour|first2=Josée|last3=Bouvet|first3=Guillaume F.|last4=Jacobi|first4=Volker|last5=Nigg|first5=Martha|last6=Henrissat|first6=Bernard|last7=Laroche|first7=Jérôme|last8=Levesque|first8=Roger C.|last9=Bernier|first9=Louis|title=Functional Annotation of the Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Genome: Insights into the Phytopathogenicity of the Fungal Agent of Dutch Elm Disease|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=2|year=2015|pages=410–430|issn=1759-6653|doi=10.1093/gbe/evu281}}</ref>。真菌被帶進榆樹表面的傷口,再進入樹幹輸送水份營養往樹葉和樹端的篩管內繁殖。受感染的榆樹能在短短3個星期之內被切斷其水份傳輸系統,導致死亡。有研究顯示,亞洲品種的榆樹有抗致病真菌的[[基因]]。 |
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== 用途 == |
== 用途 == |
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=== 食用價值 === |
=== 食用價值 === |
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[[File:炒榆钱.jpg|right|thumb|炒榆钱]] |
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榆樹的嫩果和幼葉可以食用或作飼料。有文獻記載,在[[19世紀]]中期[[挪威]]大[[饑荒]]時,挪威農民以水煮熟榆樹樹幹來充饑。 |
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榆樹的嫩果和幼葉可以食用或作飼料,中国北方有些地方也会将榆树皮磨成粉制成各种面食。有文獻記載,在19世紀中期[[挪威]]大[[饑荒]]時,挪威農民以水煮熟榆樹樹幹來充饑。 |
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=== 葯用價值 === |
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果、樹皮和葉可入葯。例如中醫葯材榆白皮是由榆樹乾燥樹皮或根皮之韌皮部製成,有主治大小便不通,五淋腫滿、疥癬、癰腫和滑胎之作用。 |
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=== 其他用途 === |
=== 其他用途 === |
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堅韌的榆 |
堅韌的榆皮可以製成[[繩索]]。 |
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榆樹也是抗[[有毒氣體]]如[[二氧化碳]]及[[氯氣]]的樹種。其內含beta-固淄醇、植物醇、豆淄醇等多種[[淄醇]]及[[韖質]]、[[樹膠]]及[[脂肪油]]。 |
榆樹也是抗[[有毒氣體]]如[[二氧化碳]]及[[氯氣]]的樹種。其內含beta-固淄醇、植物醇、豆淄醇等多種[[淄醇]]及[[韖質]]、[[樹膠]]及[[脂肪油]]。 |
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在[[中世紀]]時代的歐洲,榆木被製成[[水管]],榆木水管在長期濕潤的情況下亦不會腐化。 |
在[[中世紀]]時代的歐洲,榆木被製成[[水管]],榆木水管在長期濕潤的情況下亦不會腐化。 |
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== 榆樹遷播史 == |
== 榆樹遷播史 == |
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自 |
自18世紀至20世紀早期,榆樹在[[歐洲]]和北美洲被廣泛種植,作為街道裝飾樹種。由於榆樹樹幹高,樹冠伸展闊,可以形成一列「榆樹隧道」的感覺。 |
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在歐洲,'''無毛榆''' (Wych Elm,即''U. glabra'')和'''歐洲光葉榆''' (Smooth-leaved Elm,即''U. minor'')都是這些被廣植的品種,其中無毛榆常見於[[北歐]][[斯堪的那維亞半島]]地區、[[英國]]北部,而滑葉榆則常見於較南的地區。而因該兩種榆樹品種自然雜交而生的'''荷蘭榆樹''' (Dutch Elm,即''U. × hollandica'')亦常見於歐洲。 |
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北美洲常見的榆樹品種稱為'''美洲榆樹''' (American Elm,即''U. americana''),擁有生長速度快,對不同[[氣候]]和[[土壤]]適應力強,堅直的樹幹能经受強風吹襲,及樹型瓶狀不用時常修剪的優點,故成為街道裝飾樹種的首選。現存生長在[[紐約市]][[華盛頓廣場公園]]西北角的「吊人榆」(Hangman's Elm),是一棵估計約在1679年開始生長的古老'''英格蘭榆樹'''(English Elm)。 |
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自1850年至1920年間,最知名的榆樹品種為'''蘇格蘭榆樹''' (Camperdown Elm,即U. Camperdownii),為一種經培育變種而來的「'''變種無毛榆'''」嫁接到純種無毛榆的樹幹而成,其樹型被改造成類似噴泉狀,在当時的大花園里都採用這種榆樹品種作裝飾樹種。 |
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在欧洲,[[欧洲山榆]]和[[欧洲野榆]]最为常见,其中欧洲山榆分布偏北,而欧洲野榆分布偏南。該兩種榆樹品種自然雜交而生的[[荷蘭榆]]亦常見於歐洲。 |
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在[[20世紀]],英國殖民者開發[[澳大利亞]],他們帶了大量'''英格蘭榆'''(English Elm,即''U. minor var. vulgaris'')的樹苗到那裡種植,這些「外來」品種在澳大利亞落地生根,並由於地緣關係,避過了曾經在歐洲發生的'''荷蘭榆樹病'''。現在[[墨爾本]]的街道仍能發現英格蘭榆樹巍然屹立。 |
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北美洲常見的榆樹品種稱為[[美国榆]] (American Elm,即''U. americana''),擁有生長速度快,對不同[[氣候]]和[[土壤]]適應力強,堅直的樹幹能经受強風吹襲,及樹型瓶狀不用時常修剪的優點,故成為街道裝飾樹種的首選。現存生長在[[紐約市]][[華盛頓廣場公園]]西北角的「吊人榆」(Hangman's Elm),是一棵估計約在1679年開始生長的古老英格蘭榆樹(English Elm)。 |
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== 榆樹與周恩來 == |
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榆樹的耐寒和生命力強的特徵,曾被已故[[中華人民共和國總理]][[周恩來]]先生提及過。在[[1973年]]隨[[墨西哥]]前總統訪問中國的墨西哥莊園園主堂胡安將周恩來派人送來的7根榆樹插條運往其莊園種植,其後榆樹成林。在2006年園主後人為此設立「'''周恩來榆樹林蔭道'''」,並在內立碑紀念該事跡。说明:立碑紀念該事的不是已死的原主人,而是中共五家中央级新闻单位。等于是中共自己花钱给自己树碑。如此而已。 |
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在20世紀,英國殖民者開發[[澳大利亞]],他們帶了大量[[英格蘭榆]](English Elm,[[欧洲野榆]]的一个品种)的樹苗到那裡種植,這些「外來」品種在澳大利亞落地生根,並由於地緣關係,避過了曾經在歐洲發生的荷蘭榆樹病。現在[[墨爾本]]的街道仍能發現英格蘭榆樹巍然屹立。 |
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本来,墨西哥不缺榆树,为什么种植中国的榆树,而不是从余钱种子开始,大有学问。 |
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== |
== 延伸阅读 == |
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{{Wikisource further reading}} |
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* [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=ch&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00844 榆樹, Yushu] 藥用植物圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh-hant}}{{en}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:榆属]] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q131113}} |
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[[ |
[[Category:榆属|*]] |
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[[ |
[[Category:榆科|Y]] |
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[[Category: 卡尔·林奈命名的生物分类|Y]] |
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[[az:Qarağac (bitki)]] |
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[[ba:Ҡарама]] |
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[[be:Вяз]] |
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[[bg:Бряст]] |
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[[bo:ཡོམ་འབོག་ཤིང་།]] |
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[[ca:Om]] |
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[[cs:Jilm]] |
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[[csb:Wijąg]] |
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[[cv:Хурама]] |
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[[da:Elm]] |
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[[de:Ulmen]] |
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[[dsb:Wěz]] |
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[[el:Φτελιά]] |
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[[en:Elm]] |
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[[eo:Ulmo]] |
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[[es:Ulmus]] |
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[[et:Jalakas (perekond)]] |
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[[eu:Zumar]] |
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[[fi:Jalavat]] |
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[[fr:Orme]] |
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[[fy:Ipebeam]] |
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[[ga:Ailm]] |
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[[gd:Ailm]] |
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[[he:אולמוס]] |
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[[hr:Ulmus]] |
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[[hsb:Wjaz]] |
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[[hu:Szilfa]] |
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[[io:Ulmo]] |
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[[it:Ulmus]] |
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[[ja:ニレ]] |
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[[kk:Шегіршін]] |
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[[ko:느릅나무속]] |
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[[kv:Сирпу]] |
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[[la:Ulmus]] |
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[[lb:Ulm (Bam)]] |
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[[lt:Guoba]] |
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[[mrj:Нолгы]] |
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[[nl:Iep]] |
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[[no:Almeslekta]] |
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[[oc:Olm]] |
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[[os:Хъарман]] |
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[[pcd:Orme]] |
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[[pl:Wiąz]] |
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[[pt:Ulmeiro]] |
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[[ro:Ulm (botanică)]] |
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[[ru:Вяз]] |
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[[sk:Brest (strom)]] |
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[[sl:Brest (drevo)]] |
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[[sr:Брест (биљка)]] |
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[[sv:Almsläktet]] |
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[[tr:Karaağaç]] |
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[[uk:В'яз]] |
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[[vep:Jalam]] |
2021年11月11日 (四) 00:35的最新版本
榆屬 | |
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英國塞默塞特郡的一株歐洲光葉榆 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
演化支: | 蔷薇类植物 Rosids |
目: | 蔷薇目 Rosales |
科: | 榆科 Ulmaceae |
属: | 榆屬 Ulmus L. |
種 | |
见正文 |
榆属(學名:Ulmus)是榆科的一个属,属下物种通称榆树(但榆树一词常专指Ulmus pumila),主要在北半球的溫帶地區生長。一般高約25米,樹皮粗糙。具高度實用、葯用及食用價值。
品種
[编辑]由於各種榆属植物易於雜交,有些地區以人工方式繁殖了很多特別的品種,使榆樹品種的界定变得較为困難。一般来讲,榆樹可分為約20-45個品種,視乎其界定方法之异同。
本属包括以下物种:
- 美国榆 Ulmus americana
- Ulmus androssowii
- 兴山榆 Ulmus bergmanniana
- 多脉榆 Ulmus castaneifolia
- 杭州榆 Ulmus changii
- 琅玡榆 Ulmus chenmoui
- 黑榆 Ulmus davidiana
- 春榆 Ulmus davidiana var. japonica
- 圆冠榆 Ulmus densa
- 长序榆 Ulmus elongata
- 醉翁榆 Ulmus gaussenii
- 光叶榆 Ulmus glabra 欧洲山榆
- 旱榆 Ulmus glaucescens
- 哈尔滨榆 Ulmus harbinensis
- Ulmus japonica
- 裂叶榆 Ulmus laciniata
- 欧洲白榆 Ulmus laevis
- 脱皮榆 Ulmus lamellosa
- 常绿榆 Ulmus lanceifolia
- 大果榆 Ulmus macrocarpa
- 绵竹榆 Ulmus mianzhuensis
- 小果榆 Ulmus microcarpa
- 欧洲野榆 Ulmus minor
- 榔榆 Ulmus parvifolia
- 李叶榆 Ulmus prunifolia
- 假春榆 Ulmus pseudopropinqua
- 榆树 Ulmus pumila
- 红果榆 Ulmus szechuanica
- 阿里山榆 Ulmus uyematsui
種植
[编辑]榆属植物分布于溫帶,生命力強,較為耐寒,適合於肥沃的沙壤土上生長,生長速度快。榆樹為中國北方重要綠化樹木,亦常見於民居村落前後。亦可培植成盆景。
榆樹成熟果實可隨採隨播,亦可使用播種或插枝等人工繁殖方法栽種。
荷蘭榆樹病
[编辑]荷蘭榆樹病曾經廣泛摧毀全歐洲及北美洲的榆樹。這植物疾病的致病原是一種叫做新榆枯萎病菌(novo-ulmi,長喙殼菌屬)的真菌,透過杜松蟲(Scolytus)、 和美洲榆小蠹(H. rufipes)這兩種生活在榆樹樹幹的甲蟲作载体,傳播真菌的孢子到其他株榆木上[1]。真菌被帶進榆樹表面的傷口,再進入樹幹輸送水份營養往樹葉和樹端的篩管內繁殖。受感染的榆樹能在短短3個星期之內被切斷其水份傳輸系統,導致死亡。有研究顯示,亞洲品種的榆樹有抗致病真菌的基因。
用途
[编辑]木材
[编辑]榆樹木材有連續相扣的木紋,品質堅直,可供建房、製傢具及農具使用。在西方,榆木亦用来制作棺材。
食用價值
[编辑]榆樹的嫩果和幼葉可以食用或作飼料,中国北方有些地方也会将榆树皮磨成粉制成各种面食。有文獻記載,在19世紀中期挪威大饑荒時,挪威農民以水煮熟榆樹樹幹來充饑。
其他用途
[编辑]堅韌的榆皮可以製成繩索。
榆樹也是抗有毒氣體如二氧化碳及氯氣的樹種。其內含beta-固淄醇、植物醇、豆淄醇等多種淄醇及韖質、樹膠及脂肪油。
在中世紀時代的歐洲,榆木被製成水管,榆木水管在長期濕潤的情況下亦不會腐化。
榆樹遷播史
[编辑]自18世紀至20世紀早期,榆樹在歐洲和北美洲被廣泛種植,作為街道裝飾樹種。由於榆樹樹幹高,樹冠伸展闊,可以形成一列「榆樹隧道」的感覺。
在欧洲,欧洲山榆和欧洲野榆最为常见,其中欧洲山榆分布偏北,而欧洲野榆分布偏南。該兩種榆樹品種自然雜交而生的荷蘭榆亦常見於歐洲。
北美洲常見的榆樹品種稱為美国榆 (American Elm,即U. americana),擁有生長速度快,對不同氣候和土壤適應力強,堅直的樹幹能经受強風吹襲,及樹型瓶狀不用時常修剪的優點,故成為街道裝飾樹種的首選。現存生長在紐約市華盛頓廣場公園西北角的「吊人榆」(Hangman's Elm),是一棵估計約在1679年開始生長的古老英格蘭榆樹(English Elm)。
在20世紀,英國殖民者開發澳大利亞,他們帶了大量英格蘭榆(English Elm,欧洲野榆的一个品种)的樹苗到那裡種植,這些「外來」品種在澳大利亞落地生根,並由於地緣關係,避過了曾經在歐洲發生的荷蘭榆樹病。現在墨爾本的街道仍能發現英格蘭榆樹巍然屹立。
延伸阅读
[编辑][在维基数据编辑]
- 《欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·榆部》,出自陈梦雷《古今圖書集成》
- 《植物名實圖考·榆》,出自吳其濬《植物名實圖考》
- ^ Comeau, André M.; Dufour, Josée; Bouvet, Guillaume F.; Jacobi, Volker; Nigg, Martha; Henrissat, Bernard; Laroche, Jérôme; Levesque, Roger C.; Bernier, Louis. Functional Annotation of the Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Genome: Insights into the Phytopathogenicity of the Fungal Agent of Dutch Elm Disease. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2015, 7 (2): 410–430. ISSN 1759-6653. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu281.