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榆屬:修订间差异

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{{Automatic taxobox
{{主条目消歧义|'''榆树'''亦可指[[中国]][[吉林省]][[长春市]]下辖的'''[[榆树市]]'''。}}
|image = East Coker elm, 2.jpg
{{Taxobox
|image_caption = 英國塞默塞特郡的一株[[歐洲光葉榆]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = 榆樹
|taxon = Ulmus
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| image = Illustration_Ulmus_carpinifolia0.jpg
|subdivision_ranks = 種
| image_width = 250px
|subdivision = 见正文
| image_caption = 榆属特征
| domain = [[真核域]] Eukarya
| regnum = [[植物界]] Plantae
| phylum = [[被子植物門]] Magnoliophyta
| classis = [[雙子葉植物綱]] Magnoliopsida
| ordo = [[薔薇目]](Rosales)
| familia = [[榆科]](Ulmaceae)
| genus = [[榆屬]](''Ulmus'')
| binomial = Carolus Linnaenus
| binomial_authority= (L.) Batsch
}}
}}


'''榆属'''({{lang-xm|Ulmus}})是[[榆科]]的一个属,属下物种通称榆树(但榆树一词常专指{{sname|''[[Ulmus pumila]]''}}),主要在[[北半球]]的[[溫帶]]地區生長。一般高約25米,樹皮粗糙。具高度實用、葯用及食用價值。

'''榆樹''',[[喬本]]的一種,[[雙子葉植物]]中屬[[榆科]],主要在[[北半球]]的[[溫帶]]地區生長。一般高約25米,樹皮粗糙。具高度實用、葯用及食用價值。

榆樹的葉呈[[橢圓形]]或橢圓狀波針形,葉長2-8厘米、寬1.5-2.5厘米,兩面葉面無毛,或背面脈腋有毛。葉側脈有9-16對,葉緣有單鋸齒,很少有重鋸齒。葉柄長約2-10毫米。

榆樹在早春發葉前先開花,花呈簇狀生成聚傘花序,花被鐘形,開4-5花瓣,每朵花有雄蕊約4-5條。翅果近圓形或寬倒卵形,長約1.3-1.5厘米,果皮表面無毛,頂端凹缺。內藏種子,近翅果中部,很少接近凹缺處;果柄長約2毫米。


== 品種 ==
== 品種 ==
由於各種榆易於[[雜交]],有些地區以人工方式繁殖了很多特別的品種,使榆樹品種的界定变得較为困難。一般来讲,榆樹可分為約20-45個品種,視乎其界定方法之异同。
由於各種榆属植物易於[[雜交]],有些地區以人工方式繁殖了很多特別的品種,使榆樹品種的界定变得較为困難。一般来讲,榆樹可分為約20-45個品種,視乎其界定方法之异同。
[[File:Elm in beijing.JPG|right|thumb|榆属植物的[[翅果]]称为榆钱]]

[[File:Wych elm flower.jpg|right|thumb|[[欧洲白榆]]的花]]
=== 分類 ===
本属包括以下物种:
主要有[[美國榆樹]]、[[中國榆樹]]和[[西伯利亞榆樹]]等品種。
* [[美国榆]] ''Ulmus americana''
[[File:Mature Ulmus rubra in graveyard.jpg|left|赤榆]]
* ''Ulmus androssowii''
* '''"Mountain elms"''': spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves very rough above.
* [[兴山榆]] ''Ulmus bergmanniana''
** ''Ulmus bergmanniana''. Eastern Asia. <26m tall, with large leaves up to 16cm long and 8cm wide. Very closely related to ''U. glabra''.
* [[多脉榆]] ''Ulmus castaneifolia''
** ''Ulmus castaneifolia''. China. <20m tall, with slender stem <50cm in diameter and thick, corky bark. Leaves <15cm long, 6cm wide, densely hirsute when young.
* [[杭州榆]] ''Ulmus changii''
** ''Ulmus changii''. China. <20m tall, with smooth, glabrous, ovate leaves up to 11cm long.
* [[琅玡榆]] ''Ulmus chenmoui''
** ''Ulmus elongata''. China. <30m tall, stem <80cm in diameter with exfoliating bark. Long, elliptic leaves <19cm and distinctive shuttle-shaped samaras.
* [[黑榆]] ''Ulmus davidiana''
** ''Ulmus gaussennii''. China. <25m tall, with black to very dark grey scabrous bark. Leaves <11cm long, densely pubescent when young.
** [[春榆]] ''Ulmus davidiana var. japonica''
** ''Ulmus glabra'' - [[Wych Elm]]. Europe, Asia. Popular cultivars include 'Exoniensis' [Exeter Elm], 'Camperdownii', 'Nana'.
* [[圆冠榆]] ''Ulmus densa''
** ''Ulmus glaucescens''. Northern China. <18m tall, with exfoliating, mottled bark. Small, usually ovate leaves <5cm long. Exceptional resistance to drought, but intolerant of wet soils.
* [[长序榆]] ''Ulmus elongata''
** ''Ulmus laciniata'' - Manchurian Elm. Eastern Asia. <27m tall and slender stem <50cm in diameter. Distinctive laciniate, often obtriangular leaves <18cm long, with up to seven apical lobes. Closely related to ''U. glabra'', it only grows well in sheltered, humid valleys.
* [[醉翁榆]] ''Ulmus gaussenii''
** ''Ulmus lamellosa''. China. <12m tall, with rounded crown and slender trunk with mottled, flaking bark. Good resistance to Dutch elm disease and leaf beetles, but intolerant of wet soils.
* [[光叶榆]] ''Ulmus glabra'' [[欧洲山榆]]
** ''Ulmus macrocarpa''. Northeastern Asia. <12m tall, with thick, leathery obovate leaves <9cm long. Very large sub-orbicular samaras <47mm long and <39mm wide. Demands well-drained soil. Good resistance to Dutch elm disease.
* [[旱榆]] ''Ulmus glaucescens''
** ''Ulmus microcarpa''. China (Xizang {:Tibet} only). <30m tall, with stem <80cm in diameter. Large, glabrous leaves <17cm long, but very small samaras <8mm in diameter.
* [[哈尔滨榆]] ''Ulmus harbinensis''
** ''Ulmus prunifolia''. China. <30m tall, slender stem <45cm in diameter with smooth dark grey bark. Narrow, glabrescent leaves <11 cm long.
* ''Ulmus japonica''
** ''Ulmus rubra'' - [[Slippery Elm]] or Red Elm. Eastern North America.
* [[裂叶榆]] ''Ulmus laciniata''
** ''Ulmus uyematsui''. Taiwan. <25m tall with dark grey bark exfoliating in irregular flakes. Leaves elliptic, < 11cm long.
* [[欧洲白榆]] ''Ulmus laevis''
** ''Ulmus wallichiana'' - [[Himalayan Elm]] or Kashmir Elm. Northern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, western Himalaya.
* [[脱皮榆]] ''Ulmus lamellosa''

* [[常绿榆]] ''Ulmus lanceifolia''
* '''"Field elms"''': spring flowering; flowers subsessile; leaves usually smooth above.
* [[大果榆]] ''Ulmus macrocarpa''
** ''Ulmus chenmoui''. China. <20m tall, with exfoliating bark and broad, obovate leaves <18cm long.
* [[绵竹榆]] ''Ulmus mianzhuensis''
** ''Ulmus chumlia''. Himalaya. <25m tall, with spreading crown and sinuous branches. Leaves narrowly obovate, <10cm long and <4cm wide.
* [[小果榆]] ''Ulmus microcarpa''
** ''Ulmus davidiana'' - North-east Asia, inc. Japan. <15m tall, leaves obovate <10cm long by 5.5cm broad. Two varieties recognized by Fu:
* [[欧洲野榆]] ''Ulmus minor''
*** ''Ulmus davidiana'' var. ''davidiana'' - [[David Elm]]. China. <12m tall, vase-shaped. Intolerant of exposed conditions and wet soils.
* [[榔榆]] ''Ulmus parvifolia''
*** ''Ulmus davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' - [[Japanese Elm]]. North-east Asia, inc. Japan. 'Discovery', 'Freedom', 'Jacan', 'Mitsui Centennial', and 'Thomson' are hardy varieties selected for planting in Canada in the 1980s.
* [[李叶榆]] ''Ulmus prunifolia''
** ''Ulmus harbinensis''. China (Heilongjiang only). <15m tall; leaves <5.5cm long and <3.5cm broad.
* [[假春榆]] ''Ulmus pseudopropinqua''
** ''Ulmus lanceaefolia''. Western China (Yunnan only), India (Darjeeling area), Bhutan, Sikkim, Bangladesh, Laos, Myanmar. A very large tree, <45m tall, with spreading crown. The bark of the trunk exfoliates in small scales. Oblong to elliptic leaves, <8cm long and <2.5cm wide. Evergreen in the southern part of its range.
* [[榆树]] ''Ulmus pumila''
** ''Ulmus minor'' - [[Field Elm]]. Europe. Numerous sub-species, varieties including:
* [[红果榆]] ''Ulmus szechuanica''
*** ''Ulmus minor'' subsp. ''angustifolia''. syn. var. ''cornubiensis'' - [[Cornish Elm]]. England, France; local endemic.
* [[阿里山榆]] ''Ulmus uyematsui''
*** ''Ulmus minor'' subsp. ''minor'' - [[Smooth-leaved Elm]]. Europe; syn. ''U. carpinifolia''. Disease-resistant cultivars: 'Christine Buisman', released in 1936, and 'Bea Schwarz' in 1948.
*** ''Ulmus minor'' var. ''plotii'' - [[Locks Elm]]. England; local endemic.
*** ''Ulmus minor'' 'Sarniensis' - [[Jersey Elm]] or Wheatley Elm, Guernsey Elm, Southampton Elm. Channel Islands, France; local endemic, widely cultivated in Britain.
*** ''Ulmus minor'' var. ''vulgaris'' - [[English Elm]]. England, Italy, Spain. Syn. ''U. procera''. Also known as the 'Atinian Elm'.
** ''Ulmus pseudopropinqua''. Northern China (Inner Mongolia). <10m tall with corky branches. Good resistance to Dutch elm disease and elm beetles.
** ''Ulmus pumila'' - [[Siberian Elm]]. China, India (Kashmir), Siberia. American cultivars include 'Dropmore', 'Park Royal', 'Lincoln' and 'Chinkota'.
** ''Ulmus szechuanica''. China. <18m tall, with umbrella-like canopy. Leaves obovate, glabrescent, <9cm long, dark red on emergence, and again in autumn.
** ''Ulmus villosa'' - Cherry Bark Elm. India (Kashmir). <25m tall, with broad crown <14m wide and pendulous branches. Leaves oblong-elliptic acute <11cm long and <4cm broad. A long-lived species, sacred specimens planted around temples are over 800 years old.
** ''Ulmus wilsoniana'' - [[Wilson's Elm]]. Western China. Now treated as conspecific with ''U. davidiana'' by Fu. 'Prospector' is a U. S. National Arboretum selection, vase-shaped and growing to 12m tall, with deep-green glabrous leaves resistant to elm leaf beetle.

* '''"White elms"''': spring flowering; flowers pedunculate
** ''Ulmus alata'' - [[Winged Elm]]. Eastern North America.
** ''Ulmus americana'' - [[American Elm]]. North America east of the Rockies. Cultivars with resistance to Dutch elm disease include: 'American Liberty', 'Brandon', 'Delaware', 'Independence', 'Jefferson', 'New Harmony', 'Princeton', 'Valley Forge' and 'Washington'.
** ''Ulmus androssowii'' - [[Narwan Elm]]. China (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xijang {Tibet}). <20m tall, with ovate or elliptic glabrous leaves <8cm long and <2.5cm wide.
** ''Ulmus laevis'' - [[European White Elm]] or Fluttering Elm, Spreading Elm, (USA only) Russian Elm. Eastern Europe, Western Asia.
** ''Ulmus thomasii'' - [[Rock Elm]]. Eastern North America.

* '''"Autumn-flowering elms"''': autumn flowering.
** ''Ulmus crassifolia'' - [[Cedar Elm]]. Eastern North America.
** ''Ulmus parvifolia'' - [[Chinese Elm]] or Lacebark Elm. China. 27 known American cultivars including: 'A. Ross Central Park' (<tt>Central Park Splendor™</tt>), 'Bosque', 'Drake', 'Dynasty', 'Emer I' (<tt>Athena™</tt>), 'Emer II' (<tt>Allee™</tt>), 'King's Choice', 'Ohio', 'Pathfinder', 'Sempervirens'. Many others such as 'Hokkaido' are miniatures raised for bonsai.
** ''Ulmus serotina'' - [[September Elm]]. Eastern North America.
** ''Ulmus tonkinensis''. Western China, Northern Vietnam. Evergreen tree with exfoliating bark. Ovate-lanceolate glabrous leaves <10cm long and <3cm wide.

* '''[[Hybrid]]s and hybrid origin cultivars'''.
** ''Ulmus × brandisiana''. ''U. chumlia'' × ''U. wallichiana''. Naturally-occurring hybrid in Pakistan and north-west India.
** ''Ulmus × elegantissima'' 'Jacqueline Hillier'. English hybrid of uncertain parentage, possibly ''U. glabra'' × ''U. minor'' var. ''plotii''.
** ''Ulmus × hollandica'' - [[Dutch Elm]]. ''U. glabra'' × ''U. minor''.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Cathedral'. ''U. pumila'' × ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica''. American hybrid, more closely resembling its male parent, ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' than its siblings 'New Horizon' and 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' but not as resistant to Dutch elm disease.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Clusius'. (''U. glabra'' Exoniensis × ''U. wallichiana'') × ''U. × hollandica'' 'Bea Schwarz'. Dutch hybrid released 1983. Similar to 'Lobel', but with slightly improved resistance to Dutch elm disease.
** ''Ulmus'' [['Columella']]. 'Plantyn' or 'Plantijn' selfed. Dutch hybrid released 1989.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Commelin'. ''U. × hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''U. minor''. Dutch hybrid released 1960. Fast growing, but only moderate resistance to disease and wind damage.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Coolshade'. ''U. rubra'' × ''U. pumila''.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Dodoens'. ''U. glabra'' × ''U. wallichiana'' selfed. Dutch hybrid released 1973. Strong, fast growing, but only moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Frontier'. ''U. minor'' × ''U. parvifolia''. <13m tall, with glabrous leaves turning dark red in autumn.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Green King'. ''U. rubra'' × ''U. pumila''.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Groeneveld'. ''U. minor'' × ''U. glabra''. Dutch hybrid released 1960. Slower growing than 'Commelin', and only moderately resistant to disease. Planted mostly in Dutch towns.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Homestead'. ''U. pumila'' × ((''U. hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''U. minor'') × (''U. pumila'' × ''U. minor'')). U. S. National Arboretum hybrid. Fast growing, producing a pyramidal crown, and well-suited to city conditions. High resistance to Dutch elm disease.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Lobel'. (''U. glabra'' Exoniensis × ''U. wallichiana'') × ''U. × hollandica'' 'Bea Schwarz'. Dutch hybrid released 1973. Fastigiate, small-crowned, small-leaved tree resistant to sea winds, but only moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton' (<tt>Accolade ™</tt>). ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. wilsoniana''. American hybrid >30m tall, vase-shaped tree with small, glossy, dark-green leaves. Highly resistant to Dutch elm disease, but not available in Europe.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton Glossy' (<tt>Triumph ™</tt>). 'Morton' × 'Vanguard'. <20m tall, with upright oval- to vase-shape, and dark green glabrous leaves.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton Plainsman' (<tt>Vanguard ™</tt>). ''U. pumila'' × ''U. japonica''. American hybrid <15m tall, with rounded crown. Drought resistant.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton Red Tip' (<tt>Danada Charm ™</tt>). ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. wilsoniana''. <25m tall, vase-shaped with arching limbs, and dark green leaves. A seedling of (<tt>Accolade ™</tt>).
** ''Ulmus'' 'Morton Stalwart' (<tt>Commendation ™</tt>). (''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. wilsoniana'') × (''U. pumila'' × ''U. minor''). <20m tall, with upright, oval shape.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Nanguen' ([[Lutèce (elm hybrid)|<tt>Lutèce ™</tt>]]). 'Plantyn' × (''U. × hollandica'' 'Bea Schwarz' × ''U. × hollandica'' 'Bea Schwarz' selfed). Dutch hybrid, released 2002. [http://www.sapho.fr/angleterre/arbustes/ulmus/lutece/page_lutece.htm].
** ''Ulmus'' 'New Horizon'. ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. pumila''. American hybrid now also grown under licence in Germany. Very resistant to Dutch elm disease, but unsuited to poorly-drained ground.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Patriot'. 'Urban' × ''U. wilsoniana'' 'Prospector'. American hybrid with vase-shaped crown. High resistance to Dutch elm disease and elm yellows. Very fast growing, capable of exceeding 1m per annum.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Pioneer'. ''U. glabra'' × ''U. minor''. U. S. National Arboretum hybrid. Dense, spherical crown. Only moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Plantyn' or 'Plantijn'. (''U. glabra'' Exoniensis × ''U. wallichiana'') × (''U. minor'' × ''U. minor''). Dutch hybrid released 1973. Fast growing with broad crown. Tolerant of sea winds, but only moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease.
** ''Ulmus'' [[Plinio|'Plinio']]. 'Plantyn' × ''U. pumila''. Italian hybrid released 2003.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Regal'. ''U. pumila'' × ((''U. hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''U. minor'') × (''U. pumila'' × ''U. minor'')). American hybrid with upright columnar form making it suitable for urban planting. High resistance to Dutch elm disease.
** ''Ulmus'' [[San Zanobi|'San Zanobi']]. 'Plantyn' × ''U. pumila''. Italian hybrid released 2003.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Sapporo Autumn Gold'. ''U. davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' × ''U. pumila''. From a chance crossing in Sapporo, Japan. Grows quickly to form dense vase-shaped crown, although young trees need pruning to produce clean stem. Highly resistant to Dutch elm disease, and now also widely available in Europe.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Urban'. (''U. × hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''U. minor'') × ''U. pumila''. U. S. National Arboretum hybrid.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Vegeta' - [[Huntingdon Elm]], syn. Chichester Elm. ''U. glabra'' × ''U. minor'' selfed. Old English hybrid raised circa 1750.
** ''Ulmus'' 'Wredei' - [[Golden Elm]]. ''U. × hollandica'' cultivar.
** and many more without formal hybrid names

The other genera in the Ulmaceae are ''Zelkova'' ([[Zelkova]]) and ''Planera'' ([[Water-elm]]). ''Celtis'' ([[Hackberry]] or Nettle Tree), formerly included in Ulmaceae, is now treated in the family [[Cannabaceae]].

[[File:Elm in beijing.JPG|right|thumb|榆钱]]
[[File:Wych elm flower.jpg|right|thumb|European White Elm flowers]]


== 種植 ==
== 種植 ==
樹是一種[[溫帶植物]],生命力強,較為耐寒,適合於肥沃的沙壤土上生長,生長速度快。榆樹為中國北方重要綠化樹木,亦常見於民居村落前後。亦可培植成[[盆景]]。
属植物分布于[[溫帶]],生命力強,較為耐寒,適合於肥沃的沙壤土上生長,生長速度快。[[榆樹]]為中國北方重要綠化樹木,亦常見於民居村落前後。亦可培植成[[盆景]]。


榆樹成熟果實可隨採隨播,亦可使用[[播種]]或[[插枝]]等人工繁殖方法栽種。
榆樹花期約在3月上旬,果熟期在4月上旬。

榆樹成熟果實可隨採隨播,亦可使用[[播種法]]或[[插枝法]]等人工繁殖方法栽種。


=== 荷蘭榆樹病 ===
=== 荷蘭榆樹病 ===
{{main|荷蘭榆樹病}}
'''荷蘭榆樹病'''曾經廣泛摧毀全[[歐洲]]及[[北美洲]]的榆樹。這植物疾病的致病原是一種叫做(Ophiostoma nova-ulmi)的[[霉菌]]。透過兩種生活在榆樹樹幹的榆小蠹作[[媒介]]傳播。霉菌被媒介帶進榆樹表面的傷口,再進入樹幹輸送水份營養往樹葉和樹端的篩管內繁殖。受感染的榆樹能在短短3個星期之內被切斷其水份傳輸系統,導致死亡。有研究顯示,亞洲品種的榆樹有抗致病霉菌的[[基因]]。
荷蘭榆樹病曾經廣泛摧毀全[[歐洲]]及[[北美洲]]的榆樹。這植物疾病的致病原是一種叫做{{le|新榆枯萎病菌|Ophiostoma novo-ulmi}}(''novo-ulmi'',[[長喙殼菌屬]])的[[真菌]],透過{{tsl|en|Scolytus|杜松蟲屬|杜松蟲}}(''Scolytus'')、

和{{le|美洲榆小蠹|Hylurgopinus rufipes}}(''H. rufipes'')這兩種生活在榆樹樹幹的甲蟲作[[载体 (生物学)|载体]],傳播真菌的孢子到其他株榆木上<ref name="ComeauDufour2015">{{cite journal|last1=Comeau|first1=André M.|last2=Dufour|first2=Josée|last3=Bouvet|first3=Guillaume F.|last4=Jacobi|first4=Volker|last5=Nigg|first5=Martha|last6=Henrissat|first6=Bernard|last7=Laroche|first7=Jérôme|last8=Levesque|first8=Roger C.|last9=Bernier|first9=Louis|title=Functional Annotation of the Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Genome: Insights into the Phytopathogenicity of the Fungal Agent of Dutch Elm Disease|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=2|year=2015|pages=410–430|issn=1759-6653|doi=10.1093/gbe/evu281}}</ref>。真菌被帶進榆樹表面的傷口,再進入樹幹輸送水份營養往樹葉和樹端的篩管內繁殖。受感染的榆樹能在短短3個星期之內被切斷其水份傳輸系統,導致死亡。有研究顯示,亞洲品種的榆樹有抗致病真菌的[[基因]]。


== 用途 ==
== 用途 ==
第136行: 第61行:


=== 食用價值 ===
=== 食用價值 ===
[[File:炒榆钱.jpg|right|thumb|炒榆钱]]
榆樹的嫩果和幼葉可以食用或作飼料。有文獻記載,在[[19世紀]]中期[[挪威]]大[[饑荒]]時,挪威農民以水煮熟榆樹樹幹來充饑。
榆樹的嫩果和幼葉可以食用或作飼料,中国北方有些地方也会将榆树皮磨成粉制成各种面食。有文獻記載,在19世紀中期[[挪威]]大[[饑荒]]時,挪威農民以水煮熟榆樹樹幹來充饑。

=== 葯用價值 ===
果、樹皮和葉可入葯。例如中醫葯材榆白皮是由榆樹乾燥樹皮或根皮之韌皮部製成,有主治大小便不通,五淋腫滿、疥癬、癰腫和滑胎之作用。


=== 其他用途 ===
=== 其他用途 ===
堅韌的榆皮可以製成[[繩索]]。
堅韌的榆皮可以製成[[繩索]]。


榆樹也是抗[[有毒氣體]]如[[二氧化碳]]及[[氯氣]]的樹種。其內含beta-固淄醇、植物醇、豆淄醇等多種[[淄醇]]及[[韖質]]、[[樹膠]]及[[脂肪油]]。
榆樹也是抗[[有毒氣體]]如[[二氧化碳]]及[[氯氣]]的樹種。其內含beta-固淄醇、植物醇、豆淄醇等多種[[淄醇]]及[[韖質]]、[[樹膠]]及[[脂肪油]]。


在[[中世紀]]時代的歐洲,榆木被製成[[水管]],榆木水管在長期濕潤的情況下亦不會腐化。
在[[中世紀]]時代的歐洲,榆木被製成[[水管]],榆木水管在長期濕潤的情況下亦不會腐化。



== 榆樹遷播史 ==
== 榆樹遷播史 ==
[[18世紀]][[20世紀]]早期,榆樹在[[歐洲]]和北美洲被廣泛種植,作為街道裝飾樹種。由於榆樹樹幹高,樹冠伸展闊,可以形成一列「榆樹隧道」的感覺。
自18世紀至20世紀早期,榆樹在[[歐洲]]和北美洲被廣泛種植,作為街道裝飾樹種。由於榆樹樹幹高,樹冠伸展闊,可以形成一列「榆樹隧道」的感覺。

在歐洲,'''無毛榆''' (Wych Elm,即''U. glabra'')和'''歐洲光葉榆''' (Smooth-leaved Elm,即''U. minor'')都是這些被廣植的品種,其中無毛榆常見於[[北歐]][[斯堪的那維亞半島]]地區、[[英國]]北部,而滑葉榆則常見於較南的地區。而因該兩種榆樹品種自然雜交而生的'''荷蘭榆樹''' (Dutch Elm,即''U. × hollandica'')亦常見於歐洲。

北美洲常見的榆樹品種稱為'''美洲榆樹''' (American Elm,即''U. americana''),擁有生長速度快,對不同[[氣候]]和[[土壤]]適應力強,堅直的樹幹能经受強風吹襲,及樹型瓶狀不用時常修剪的優點,故成為街道裝飾樹種的首選。現存生長在[[紐約市]][[華盛頓廣場公園]]西北角的「吊人榆」(Hangman's Elm),是一棵估計約在1679年開始生長的古老'''英格蘭榆樹'''(English Elm)。

自1850年至1920年間,最知名的榆樹品種為'''蘇格蘭榆樹''' (Camperdown Elm,即U. Camperdownii),為一種經培育變種而來的「'''變種無毛榆'''」嫁接到純種無毛榆的樹幹而成,其樹型被改造成類似噴泉狀,在当時的大花園里都採用這種榆樹品種作裝飾樹種。


在欧洲,[[欧洲山榆]]和[[欧洲野榆]]最为常见,其中欧洲山榆分布偏北,而欧洲野榆分布偏南。該兩種榆樹品種自然雜交而生的[[荷蘭榆]]亦常見於歐洲。
在[[20世紀]],英國殖民者開發[[澳大利亞]],他們帶了大量'''英格蘭榆'''(English Elm,即''U. minor var. vulgaris'')的樹苗到那裡種植,這些「外來」品種在澳大利亞落地生根,並由於地緣關係,避過了曾經在歐洲發生的'''荷蘭榆樹病'''。現在[[墨爾本]]的街道仍能發現英格蘭榆樹巍然屹立。


北美洲常見的榆樹品種稱為[[美国榆]] (American Elm,即''U. americana''),擁有生長速度快,對不同[[氣候]]和[[土壤]]適應力強,堅直的樹幹能经受強風吹襲,及樹型瓶狀不用時常修剪的優點,故成為街道裝飾樹種的首選。現存生長在[[紐約市]][[華盛頓廣場公園]]西北角的「吊人榆」(Hangman's Elm),是一棵估計約在1679年開始生長的古老英格蘭榆樹(English Elm)。
== 榆樹與周恩來 ==
榆樹的耐寒和生命力強的特徵,曾被已故[[中華人民共和國總理]][[周恩來]]先生提及過。在[[1973年]]隨[[墨西哥]]前總統訪問中國的墨西哥莊園園主堂胡安將周恩來派人送來的7根榆樹插條運往其莊園種植,其後榆樹成林。在2006年園主後人為此設立「'''周恩來榆樹林蔭道'''」,並在內立碑紀念該事跡。说明:立碑紀念該事的不是已死的原主人,而是中共五家中央级新闻单位。等于是中共自己花钱给自己树碑。如此而已。


在20世紀,英國殖民者開發[[澳大利亞]],他們帶了大量[[英格蘭榆]](English Elm,[[欧洲野榆]]的一个品种)的樹苗到那裡種植,這些「外來」品種在澳大利亞落地生根,並由於地緣關係,避過了曾經在歐洲發生的荷蘭榆樹病。現在[[墨爾本]]的街道仍能發現英格蘭榆樹巍然屹立。
本来,墨西哥不缺榆树,为什么种植中国的榆树,而不是从余钱种子开始,大有学问。


== 外部連結 ==
== 延伸阅读 ==
{{Wikisource further reading}}
* [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=ch&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00844 榆樹, Yushu] 藥用植物圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh-hant}}{{en}}


{{Authority control}}
[[Category:榆属]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131113}}


[[ar:دردار]]
[[Category:榆属|*]]
[[ast:Ulmus]]
[[Category:榆科|Y]]
[[Category: 卡尔·林奈命名的生物分类|Y]]
[[az:Qarağac (bitki)]]
[[ba:Ҡарама]]
[[be:Вяз]]
[[bg:Бряст]]
[[bo:ཡོམ་འབོག་ཤིང་།]]
[[ca:Om]]
[[cs:Jilm]]
[[csb:Wijąg]]
[[cv:Хурама]]
[[da:Elm]]
[[de:Ulmen]]
[[dsb:Wěz]]
[[el:Φτελιά]]
[[en:Elm]]
[[eo:Ulmo]]
[[es:Ulmus]]
[[et:Jalakas (perekond)]]
[[eu:Zumar]]
[[fi:Jalavat]]
[[fr:Orme]]
[[fy:Ipebeam]]
[[ga:Ailm]]
[[gd:Ailm]]
[[he:אולמוס]]
[[hr:Ulmus]]
[[hsb:Wjaz]]
[[hu:Szilfa]]
[[io:Ulmo]]
[[it:Ulmus]]
[[ja:ニレ]]
[[kk:Шегіршін]]
[[ko:느릅나무속]]
[[kv:Сирпу]]
[[la:Ulmus]]
[[lb:Ulm (Bam)]]
[[lt:Guoba]]
[[mrj:Нолгы]]
[[nl:Iep]]
[[no:Almeslekta]]
[[oc:Olm]]
[[os:Хъарман]]
[[pcd:Orme]]
[[pl:Wiąz]]
[[pt:Ulmeiro]]
[[ro:Ulm (botanică)]]
[[ru:Вяз]]
[[sk:Brest (strom)]]
[[sl:Brest (drevo)]]
[[sr:Брест (биљка)]]
[[sv:Almsläktet]]
[[tr:Karaağaç]]
[[uk:В'яз]]
[[vep:Jalam]]

2021年11月11日 (四) 00:35的最新版本

榆屬
英國塞默塞特郡的一株歐洲光葉榆
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目: 蔷薇目 Rosales
科: 榆科 Ulmaceae
属: 榆屬 Ulmus
L.

见正文

榆属學名Ulmus)是榆科的一个属,属下物种通称榆树(但榆树一词常专指Ulmus pumila),主要在北半球溫帶地區生長。一般高約25米,樹皮粗糙。具高度實用、葯用及食用價值。

品種

[编辑]

由於各種榆属植物易於雜交,有些地區以人工方式繁殖了很多特別的品種,使榆樹品種的界定变得較为困難。一般来讲,榆樹可分為約20-45個品種,視乎其界定方法之异同。

榆属植物的翅果称为榆钱
欧洲白榆的花

本属包括以下物种:

種植

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榆属植物分布于溫帶,生命力強,較為耐寒,適合於肥沃的沙壤土上生長,生長速度快。榆樹為中國北方重要綠化樹木,亦常見於民居村落前後。亦可培植成盆景

榆樹成熟果實可隨採隨播,亦可使用播種插枝等人工繁殖方法栽種。

荷蘭榆樹病

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荷蘭榆樹病曾經廣泛摧毀全歐洲北美洲的榆樹。這植物疾病的致病原是一種叫做新榆枯萎病菌英语Ophiostoma novo-ulminovo-ulmi長喙殼菌屬)的真菌,透過杜松蟲英语ScolytusScolytus)、 和美洲榆小蠹英语Hylurgopinus rufipesH. rufipes)這兩種生活在榆樹樹幹的甲蟲作载体,傳播真菌的孢子到其他株榆木上[1]。真菌被帶進榆樹表面的傷口,再進入樹幹輸送水份營養往樹葉和樹端的篩管內繁殖。受感染的榆樹能在短短3個星期之內被切斷其水份傳輸系統,導致死亡。有研究顯示,亞洲品種的榆樹有抗致病真菌的基因

用途

[编辑]

木材

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榆樹木材有連續相扣的木紋,品質堅直,可供建房、製傢具及農具使用。在西方,榆木亦用来制作棺材

食用價值

[编辑]
炒榆钱

榆樹的嫩果和幼葉可以食用或作飼料,中国北方有些地方也会将榆树皮磨成粉制成各种面食。有文獻記載,在19世紀中期挪威饑荒時,挪威農民以水煮熟榆樹樹幹來充饑。

其他用途

[编辑]

堅韌的榆皮可以製成繩索

榆樹也是抗有毒氣體二氧化碳氯氣的樹種。其內含beta-固淄醇、植物醇、豆淄醇等多種淄醇韖質樹膠脂肪油

中世紀時代的歐洲,榆木被製成水管,榆木水管在長期濕潤的情況下亦不會腐化。

榆樹遷播史

[编辑]

自18世紀至20世紀早期,榆樹在歐洲和北美洲被廣泛種植,作為街道裝飾樹種。由於榆樹樹幹高,樹冠伸展闊,可以形成一列「榆樹隧道」的感覺。

在欧洲,欧洲山榆欧洲野榆最为常见,其中欧洲山榆分布偏北,而欧洲野榆分布偏南。該兩種榆樹品種自然雜交而生的荷蘭榆亦常見於歐洲。

北美洲常見的榆樹品種稱為美国榆 (American Elm,即U. americana),擁有生長速度快,對不同氣候土壤適應力強,堅直的樹幹能经受強風吹襲,及樹型瓶狀不用時常修剪的優點,故成為街道裝飾樹種的首選。現存生長在紐約市華盛頓廣場公園西北角的「吊人榆」(Hangman's Elm),是一棵估計約在1679年開始生長的古老英格蘭榆樹(English Elm)。

在20世紀,英國殖民者開發澳大利亞,他們帶了大量英格蘭榆(English Elm,欧洲野榆的一个品种)的樹苗到那裡種植,這些「外來」品種在澳大利亞落地生根,並由於地緣關係,避過了曾經在歐洲發生的荷蘭榆樹病。現在墨爾本的街道仍能發現英格蘭榆樹巍然屹立。

延伸阅读

[编辑]

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·榆部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成
维基文库中的相关文本:植物名實圖考·榆》,出自吳其濬《植物名實圖考》
  1. ^ Comeau, André M.; Dufour, Josée; Bouvet, Guillaume F.; Jacobi, Volker; Nigg, Martha; Henrissat, Bernard; Laroche, Jérôme; Levesque, Roger C.; Bernier, Louis. Functional Annotation of the Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Genome: Insights into the Phytopathogenicity of the Fungal Agent of Dutch Elm Disease. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2015, 7 (2): 410–430. ISSN 1759-6653. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu281.