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{{Infobox Hurricane |
{{Infobox Hurricane |
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| Name= |
| Name=1896 Cedar Key hurricane |
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| Type= |
| Type=hurricane |
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| Year= |
| Year=1896 |
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| Basin= |
| Basin=Atl |
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| Image location= |
| Image location=File:October 11, 1896 hurricane 5 weather map.jpg |
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| Image name=[[Surface weather analysis]] of the hurricane off the Mid-Atlantic coast on October 11, 1896 |
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| Image name=Tropical Cyclone Kesiny on May 6 |
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| Formed= |
| Formed= {{start-date|October 7, 1896}} |
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| Dissipated= |
| Dissipated= {{end-date|October 13, 1896}} |
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| 1-min winds= |
| 1-min winds=85 |
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| Pressure=960 |
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| 10-min winds=70 |
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| Damages=.5 |
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| |
| Inflated= |
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| Fatalities= |
| Fatalities=Four |
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| Areas=[[Florida]] • [[East Coast of the United States|U.S. East Coast]] • [[the Maritimes]] |
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| Areas=[[Madagascar]] |
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| Hurricane season=[[ |
| Hurricane season=[[1896 Atlantic hurricane season]] |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''1896 East Coast hurricane''' was a slow-moving [[tropical cyclone]] that battered the [[East Coast of the United States]] from [[Florida]] to [[New England]] in mid-October 1896. The fifth [[tropical cyclone]] of the [[1896 Atlantic hurricane season]], it formed on October 7 in the southern [[Gulf of Mexico]], and caused minor damage in Florida while crossing the state two days later. From October 10 through 13, the hurricane drifted northeastward along the coast, reaching its peak intensity as the equivalence of a Category 2 hurricane on the modern-day [[Saffir–Simpson scale]]. The hurricane subjected many areas along the East Coast to days of high seas and damaging northeasterly winds, which halted shipping operations. |
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'''Tropical Cyclone Kesiny''' was the first recorded [[tropical cyclone scales#South-Western Indian Ocean|tropical cyclone]] – the equivalent of a minimal [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|hurricane]] – to make [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in the month of May 2002 in the south-west Indian Ocean. The final named storm of the busy [[2001–02 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Kesiny formed on May 2 from a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] near the equator. Its formation was the result of an increase in the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]], which also contributed to a [[2002 Oman cyclone|twin storm]] in the north Indian Ocean that hit [[Oman]], and another set of storms in northeast and southeast Indian Ocean. Kesiny initially moved to the southeast, but later turned to the southwest due to a strengthening [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]]. On May 6, it intensified into a tropical cyclone, but later weakened and was not expected to re-strengthen. However, Kesiny developed an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] and re-intensified into a tropical cyclone on May 9, reaching peak winds of {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} before striking [[Madagascar]] about {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Antsiranana]]. It weakened while crossing the country, and after turning to the south it struck the country again before dissipating on May 11. |
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The [[Mid-Atlantic States|Mid-Atlantic]] coastline experienced flooding [[storm tide]]s that submerged and heavily eroded Cobb's Island, part of the [[Virginia Barrier Islands]]. Hotels and cottages there were extensively damaged, and the hurricane brought about the end of the island's stint as a popular summer resort. Along the [[Jersey Shore]], low-lying railroads were flooded, boardwalks were destroyed, and many beach houses sustained damage. The hurricane did $200,000 in damage to coastal installations on [[New York (state)|New York]]'s [[Coney Island]]. To the north, wind gusts as high as {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} affected eastern New England. Four sailors died in two maritime incidents attributed to the hurricane, and overall damage amounted to $500,000. |
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Across Madagascar, Cyclone Kesiny dropped heavy rainfall, reaching {{convert|891|mm|in|abbr=on}} in three days at [[Toamasina]], the second largest city in the country. The rains caused mudslides and flooding in the eastern portion of the country, wrecking the rice and [[maize]] crops and leaving 5,000 people homeless. At least 33 bridges were destroyed, and many roads were damaged. A total of 33 people were killed, and 1,200 people were injured. The cyclone struck in the midst of a political crisis, in which the top two candidates of the [[Malagasy presidential election, 2001|Malagasy presidential election in 2001]] declared themselves the winner; the incumbent, who lost, declared Toamasina as the capital city, and the political instability disrupted relief efforts. |
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==Meteorological history== |
==Meteorological history== |
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{{storm path| |
{{storm path|1896 Atlantic hurricane 5 track.png}} |
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The fifth documented tropical cyclone of the 1896 season was first noted in the southern [[Gulf of Mexico]] as a weak tropical storm on October 7.<ref name="hurdat">{{cite web | url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2015-070616.txt | author = Hurricane Research Division | title = Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2) | date = 2016-06-16 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = February 14, 2017}}</ref> It tracked toward the east-northeast and made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in a sparely populated region of [[Southwest Florida]] around 00:02 [[Universal Coordinated Time|UTC]] on October 9. The storm crossed the [[Florida Peninsula]] and emerged over open water near [[Sebastian, Florida|Sebastian]].<ref name="hurdat"/><ref name="barnes7879">Barnes, pp. 78–79</ref> Turning more northeastward, the storm gradually intensified and achieved hurricane intensity on October 10.<ref name="hurdat"/> By that evening, [[History of Atlantic hurricane warnings#Early_years|hurricane warnings]] were hoisted along the [[East Coast of the United States]] from [[Jacksonville, Florida]] to [[Boston, Massachusetts]].<ref name="part">{{cite web|author=Partagás, José Fernández|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1995|title=A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources: Year 1896|accessdate=February 14, 2017|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1894-1897/1896.pdf|pages=51–53}}</ref> |
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In late April 2002, an area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]], or thunderstorms, persisted to the west-southwest of [[Diego Garcia]] in the south-central Indian Ocean, associated with a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] near the equator. The system had a broad [[atmospheric circulation|circulation]], and initially moved slowly to the east-southeast. It developed due to an increase in the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] (MJO), which moved eastward across the Indian Ocean.<ref name="gp">{{cite web | title = May, 2002 | url = http://www.australiansevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0205.htm | work = Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary|publisher=Australian Severe Weather|accessdate=2012-11-15|author=Gary Padgett|date=2006-12-27}}</ref> The same system spawned a disturbance in the northern Indian Ocean that later struck Oman as a [[2002 Oman cyclone|tropical cyclone]]. Such simultaneous systems in opposite hemispheres occasionally occur in the spring or autumn; in May 2002, the powerful MJO pulse produced two such sets of storms, later producing a set in the eastern Indian Ocean that became [[2002 NIO#Deep Depression (02B)|a deep depression]] that struck Myanmar and [[2001–02 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Errol|Tropical Storm Errol]] to the southwest of [[Indonesia]].<ref name="mf">{{cite report|publisher=Météo-France|pages=64–75|title=2001–2002 South-West Indian Ocean Cyclone Season|accessdate=2012-10-23|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/saisons_cycloniques/index20012002.html}}</ref> On April 30, [[Météo-France]] (MFR) classified the system as a zone of disturbed weather.<ref name="track">{{fr icon}} {{cite report|publisher=Météo-France|title=Track for Tropical Cyclone Kesiny|accessdate=2012-11-15|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/trajGP20012002/data/14_table.html}}</ref> It slowly organized, prompting the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) to issue a [[tropical cyclone formation alert]] late on May 2,<ref name="gp"/> around the time that MFR classified it as Tropical Disturbance 14.<ref name="track"/> The thunderstorms became more concentrated around an increasingly well-defined center, and with minimal [[wind shear]], the system strengthened into Tropical Depression 14 on May 3.<ref name="mf"/> That day, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 23S.<ref name="gp"/> |
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The unusually slow-moving hurricane attained its peak intensity early on October 11, with estimated [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 100 mph (155 km/h). Shortly thereafter, it made its closest approach to [[Cape Hatteras, North Carolina]], passing roughly {{convert|115|mi|km|abbr=on}} to the southeast.<ref name="hurdat"/> For several days, the hurricane brushed the coast from [[Virginia]] to southern [[New England]] with hurricane-force wind gusts.<ref name="part"/> The storm began to weaken as it slowly gained latitude. Unnseasonably cool temperatures were recorded in [[New York City]] as the system passed offshore, suggesting that it had begun losing its tropical characteristics.<ref name="part"/> By 00:00 UTC on October 14, the storm completed its transition into an [[extratropical cyclone]],<ref name="hurdat"/> and no winds stronger than tropical storm-force were observed north of 41°N.<ref name="meta">{{cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT|date=May 2015|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=February 14, 2017|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html}}</ref> A little over a day later, the hurricane's extratropical remnants struck the coast of central [[Nova Scotia]] before dissipating on October 16.<ref name="hurdat"/> |
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Developing [[rainband]]s and a [[central dense overcast]], the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Kesiny early on May 4.<ref name="mf"/> Gradual intensification continued, although initially the convection remained dislocated to the west of the center. The circulation later moved beneath the thunderstorms, and a strengthening [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] turned Kesiny toward the west-southwest.<ref name="gp"/> Late on May 5, a ragged [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] began forming within the convection, which was indicative of a strengthening storm.<ref name="mf"/> That day, MFR upgraded Kesiny to a severe tropical storm.<ref name="track"/> Early on May 6, the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, with [[maximum sustained winds|maximum 1 minute sustained winds]] of 120 km/h (75 mph). Around that time the [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] became pronounced to the north and south, although a decrease in outflow caused Kesiny to weaken.<ref name="gp"/> By May 7, the circulation was exposed from the convection,<ref name="mf"/> and little re-intensification was expected. By that time, the storm was located about 650 km (400 mi) east of the northern tip of [[Madagascar]].<ref name="gp"/> |
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Despite predictions for no further intensification, Kesiny redeveloped convection late on May 8 that organized into a central dense overcast. By early on May 9, another eye had developed, and the storm quickly intensified into a [[tropical cyclone scales#South-Western Indian Ocean|tropical cyclone]], according to MFR. This occurred despite little change in atmospheric conditions, although outflow had improved. Later on May 9, Kesiny struck northeastern Madagascar about {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Antsiranana]], with peak winds of {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. This made it the first known tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in the month in the basin.<ref name="mf"/> While crossing northern Madagascar, the eye quickly dissipated, and the winds decreased. Although re-intensification was expected over the [[Mozambique Channel]], Kesiny remained weak while turning toward the south.<ref name="gp"/> On May 10, the storm weakened to a tropical depression,<ref name="track"/> and subsequently it made a second landfall about {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Mahajanga]].<ref name="gp"/> Kesiny dissipated on May 11 while inland.<ref name="track"/> |
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[[File:Cobb's Island hotel hurricane damage.jpg|right|thumb|The Cobb's Island Hotel destroyed by the storm in the [[Virginia Barrier Islands]]]] |
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The relatively weak storm caused little damage upon landfall in Florida, though some coastal flooding occurred near [[Punta Gorda, Florida|Punta Gorda]]. An apparent [[tornado]] north of the storm's track destroyed a home and an outbuilding.<ref name="barnes7879"/><ref name="local">{{cite journal|author=Henry, A. J.|title=Local Storms|date= 1896-11 | journal = Monthly Weather Review |publisher=American Meteorological Society|volume=24|issue=11|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1896)24[398:LS]2.0.CO;2|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/024/mwr-024-11-0398.pdf|pages=398|accessdate=February 14, 2017}}</ref> Northeasterly [[Beaufort scale|gales]] and high tides affected northeastern portions of the state, including [[Fernandina Beach, Florida|Fernandina]], where lumber docks were flooded and parts of the [[Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad]] were washed out. Street flooding also plagued [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], but no major damage was reported there.<ref name="big">{{cite news|title=Big storm on the coast|date= 1896-10-12 | newspaper = The Wilkes-Barre Record | page = 1 | accessdate = February 14, 2017 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8953064/the_wilkesbarre_record/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> |
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Strong northerly gales affected the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]] for three days, peaking at {{convert|72|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina|Kitty Hawk]] on October 11.<ref name="wind">{{cite journal | title = Wind | date = 1896-11 | journal = Monthly Weather Review | publisher = American Meteorological Society | volume = 24 | issue = 11 | doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1896)24[362a:W]2.0.CO;2 | url = http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/024/mwr-024-10-0362a.pdf | pages = 362 | accessdate = February 15, 2017}}</ref> Winds reached {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} along the [[Virginia Capes]] and {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} farther west at [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]. Just inside the capes, a cargo ship called the ''Henry A. Litchfield'' ran aground on October 12. [[Storm surge]] flooding inundated the [[Cape Henry Light]] keeper's house and washed away telegraph poles, while severe damage was reported in [[Virginia Beach, Virginia|Virginia Beach]].<ref name="dr"/> There, high waves destroyed fishing nets and crumbled [[Bulkhead (barrier)|bulkheads]], but advance warning of the storm allowed most vessels to safely ride out the storm in port.<ref>{{cite news|title=Damaging winds, surging tides|date=October 13, 1896|newspaper=The Norfolk Virginian|accessdate=February 28, 2017|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9249744/the_norfolk_virginian/|page=1 | via = Newspapers.com}}</ref> Near Norfolk, floodwaters damaged the banks of the [[Dismal Swamp Canal]] to the point of collapse in some spots.<ref name="dr"/> The storm inundated the [[Virginia Barrier Islands]], completely covering Cobb's Island, a popular summer resort, to a depth of at least {{convert|1|ft|m|abbr=on}}. Pounding waves, reportedly {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}} high, crushed some cottages and partially buried others in sand, while depositing numerous boats in the middle of the island.<ref name="cobb">{{cite news|title=Virginia affairs|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8727164/the_baltimore_sun/|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=October 20, 1896|accessdate=February 3, 2017 | via = Newspapers.com|page=7}}{{open access}}</ref> [[United States Life-Saving Service]] crews rescued two women in imminent danger of being swept out to sea. As waters rose, residents fled to the upper stories of their homes to await rescue by lifeguards. The Cobb's Island Hotel was a complete loss,<ref name="dr">{{cite web|author=Roth, David M.|title=Virginia Hurricane History: Late Nineteenth Century|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|accessdate=February 2, 2017|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate19hur.htm}}</ref> and almost every building on the island sustained some degree of damage. The storm claimed about {{convert|50|acre|ha|abbr=on|lk=on}} of Cobb's Island, reducing its size by two-thirds; subsequently, the inhabitants abandoned the island, and its use as a resort ended.<ref name="cobb"/> Due to the slow-moving nature of the hurricane, the flooding persisted for two days before receding.<ref name="dr"/> |
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[[File:Kesiny May 9 2002 0715Z.jpg|right|thumb|Cyclone Kesiny near landfall]] |
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While moving through Madagascar, the cyclone produced strong winds, with gusts up to {{convert|181|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} reported.<ref name="gp"/> Kesiny dropped heavy rainfall, particularly to the southeast of the center in the outer rainbands. In [[Toamasina]], the second largest city in the country, {{convert|484|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation fell in 24 hours, and {{convert|891|mm|in|abbr=on}} fell in three days. In northern Madagascar, rainfall totals were around {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}}, although they occurred outside the typical rainy season. The three-day total of {{convert|136|mm|in|abbr=on}} in Antsiranana was eight times the average May precipitation, and occurred at the start of harvesting for rice and [[maize]]. As a result, over 50% of each of the crops were destroyed by Kesiny,<ref name="mf"/> amounting to thousands of [[hectare]]s of destroyed crop fields.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=2002-11-25|title=World Food Program asks for money to help feed people in Madagascar|accessdate=2012-11-20}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> The rains caused 63 landslides in the area around Toamasina, destroying 16 bridges.<ref name="ocha2">{{cite report|author=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|title=Madagascar – Tropical Cyclone Kesiny OCHA Situation Report No. 2|date=2002-05-21|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-tropical-cyclone-kesiny-ocha-situation-report-no-2}}</ref> The rains caused widespread flooding and mudslides, including in Toamasina. Flooding contaminated water wells, and many areas lost power for at least five days. In [[Nosy Be]], an island offshore northwestern Madagascar, Kesiny capsized a few boats, and killed two people after a house collapsed.<ref name="mf"/> About 165,000 residents in Toamasina lost both power and water.<ref name="afp512">{{cite news|author=Cecile Cau|date=2002-05-22|title=Madagascar port cut off by floods|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2012-11-19|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-port-cut-floods}}</ref> In [[Fenoarivo Atsinanana]], seven people died, and the cyclone damaged or destroyed 17 bridges.<ref name="ocha2"/> Throughout the country, Kesiny killed at least 33 people, many of whom due to drownings, and 5,000 people were left homeless.<ref name="mf"/> Overall, about 500,000 people were directly affected, and 1,200 people were injured.<ref>{{cite book|page=13|title=Natural Disasters and Extreme Events in Agriculture: Impacts and Mitigation|author=Mannava V.K. Sivakumar|author2=Raymond P. Motha|author3=Haripada P. Das|publisher=Springer|year=2005|location=The Netherlands|ISBN=3-540-22490-4|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SquWkdG19o8C&pg=PA13&dq=cyclone+kesiny&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FEGsUMj9MpOy0AHXroGoCg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cyclone%20kesiny&f=false}}</ref> |
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Along the coast of [[Delaware]] near [[Cape Henlopen]], the schooner ''Luther A. Roby'' was driven aground and broken up by the pounding surf. Three crew members died in the wreck, and five others safely reached shore with the help of rescue workers.<ref name="schwartz108">Schwartz, p. 108</ref> Offshore, the [[steamship]] ''Baron Innerdale'' was damaged in the storm, and one of the crew members was swept overboard.<ref name="wrecks"/> |
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Cyclone Kesiny struck Madagascar during a period of political strife after the [[Malagasy presidential election, 2001|Malagasy presidential election in 2001]].<ref name="mf"/> In the election, incumbent president [[Didier Ratsiraka]] lost to [[Marc Ravalomanana]], but rejected the results; after the election, Ratsiraka declared the city of Toamasina as the new capital of the country.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Agence France-Presse|title=Two dead in Madagascar flooding|date=2002-05-11|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2012-11-19|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/two-dead-madagascar-flooding}}</ref> The political crisis caused difficulties after the storm in distributing food,<ref>{{cite report|author=Embassy Rome|date=2002-10-22|title=Madagascar After The Political Crisis: Averting A Humanitarian Crisis|publisher=WikiLeaks|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=02ROME5132}}</ref> and Ratsiraka's operational center in the city was damaged.<ref>{{cite book|page=54|author=Phillip M. Allen|author2=Maureen Covell|series=Historical Dictionaries of Africa, No. 98|title=Historical Dictionary of Madagascar|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|year=2005|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://chapters.scarecrowpress.com/08/108/0810846365ch1.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> During the storm, Toamasina experienced severe flooding, forcing hundreds of residents to evacuate their homes. Emergency volunteers provided water and food to the affected residents. Workers from the [[World Health Organization]] and [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (Doctors Without Borders) provided medical assistance to residents in Toamasina during the storm.<ref name="afp512"/> Damaged roads contributed to economic contraction, after trucks were unable to use roads and bridges in the eastern portion of the country.<ref>{{cite report|page=16|title= Madagascar: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=January 2003|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2003/cr0307.pdf}}</ref> By October, the political crisis had ended, and the government repaired most of the damaged infrastructure.<ref>{{cite report|page=8|agency=The World Bank|date=2002-10-23|title=Interim Country Assistance Strategy for the Republic of Madagascar|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/11/16/000094946_02110604071067/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The cost of repairing the roads and bridges was about $2.5 million (2002 [[United States dollar|USD]]), which was paid by a $50 million credit from the [[World Bank Group]].<ref>{{cite report|page=5|title=Implementation Completion Report (IDA-37160) on a Credit in the Amount of US$ 50 Million to the Republic of Madagascar for an Emergency Economic Recovery Credit|publisher=The World Bank|date=2004-06-29|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/07/06/000012009_20040706111943/Rendered/PDF/29567.pdf}}</ref> Due to poor harvest related to the storm in some areas, the [[World Food Programme]] provided 18,000 tonnes of food to 394,250 residents, beginning in November 2002 at the request of the Malagasy government.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization|title=Foodcrops and Shortages – 11/02 – Madagascar|date=2002-11-07|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y8131e/pays/MAG.htm}}</ref> After the storm, the government of Norway donated kr1.2 million (2002 [[Norwegian krone]], 172,000 USD) for storm relief, and the government of Switzerland provided about $33,000 (USD).<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Financial Tracking Service|title=Madagascar – Cyclone Kesiny – May 2002 – Table A: List of all commitments/contributions and pledges|accessdate=2012-11-20|url=http://fts.unocha.org/reports/daily/ocha_R10_E14425_asof___1211210204.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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[[File:October 14, 1896 hurricane 5 weather map.jpg|left|thumb|Map of the extratropical storm near Nova Scotia on October 14]] |
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The worst effects were observed along the [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern]] shoreline from [[New Jersey]] to [[New England]]. In these areas, coastal flooding and persistent gales inflicted an estimated $500,000 in damage to beachfront property. Many small houses, seawalls, wharves, and piers were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="local"/><ref name="schwartz108"/> Wind gusts along the Jersey Shore reached {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, which unroofed buildings and blew summer cottages off their foundations.<ref name="democrat"/> Homes and businesses in [[Asbury Park, New Jersey|Asbury Park]] were bombarded by the debris from a half-mile stretch of boardwalk that was torn apart.<ref name="schwartz108"/> Thousands of spectators lined the shoreline there to watch the enormous waves.<ref name="democrat"/> One of the premier hotels in [[Sea Isle City, New Jersey|Sea Isle City]] was demolished,<ref name="schwartz108"/> along with numerous cottages.<ref name="democrat"/> The storm heavily flooded streets in the city and damaged yachts along the coast.<ref name="big"/> Just south of Sea Isle City, the steamer ''Spartan'' went ashore after her captain spent 30 hours fighting the storm at the wheel.<ref name="wrecks"/> In [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], one amusement pier was heavily damaged by an impact from the dislodged wreckage of a previously sunk schooner,<ref>{{cite news|title=Storm strikes the Deleware|date=October 12, 1896|newspaper=The Times|page=1|accessdate=February 15, 2017|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8963549/the_times/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> while another was broken up by the surf.<ref name="schwartz108"/> Winds in Atlantic City gusted to {{convert|55|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, and floodwaters surrounded some cottages, forcing residents to leave their homes by boat. The railway to [[Ocean City, New Jersey|Ocean City]] was washed out, leaving the community temporarily isolated. Railroad tracks were also submerged to the south at [[Cape May, New Jersey|Cape May]].<ref name="big"/> Farther inland, the winds brought down some few trees and overhead wires.<ref name="great">{{cite news|title=A great storm|page=1|date=October 12, 1896|newspaper=Harrisburg Telegraph|accessdate=February 15, 2017|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8964350/harrisburg_telegraph/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> In [[Millville, New Jersey|Millville]], high tides caused the [[Maurice River]] to overflow and destroy crops in bordering fields.<ref name="philly">{{cite news|title=A swath of ruin|date=October 14, 1896|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=February 15, 2017|page=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8964769/the_philadelphia_inquirer/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> |
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[[Hog Island (New York)#Lost island|Hog Island]], a barrier island that was mostly washed away by the [[1893 New York hurricane]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Onishi, Norimitsu|title=Queens Spit tried to be a resort but sank in a hurricane|date=March 18, 1997|publisher=''The New York Times''|accessdate=February 15, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/18/nyregion/queens-spit-tried-to-be-a-resort-but-sank-in-a-hurricane.html?scp=1&sq=%22hog+island%22+hurricane&st=nyt}}</ref> was further eroded by the rough seas. Beaches, pavilions, [[bath house]]s, and boardwalks on [[Coney Island]] incurred significant damage, with many small buildings along [[Brighton Beach]] being "picked up bodily and carried away."<ref name="democrat"/> Damage on Coney Island was expected to cost at least $200,000.<ref name="wrecks">{{cite news|title=Wrecks on the ocean|date=October 13, 1896|newspaper=Chicago Daily Tribute|page=5|accessdate=February 15, 2017|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8963847/chicago_daily_tribune/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> In [[Far Rockaway, Queens]], beachfront houses built on [[stilts]] were leveled, while significant flooding extended well inland; multiple hotels were inundated by at least {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name="democrat"/> In New England, the storm kept all vessels at port for several days.<ref name="democrat">{{cite news|title=Damage done by wind|date=October 13, 1896|page=1|newspaper=The Times-Democrat|accessdate=February 15, 2017|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8961643/the_timesdemocrat/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> The strongest recorded winds on land occurred on [[Block Island]], [[Rhode Island]], where gusts reached {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Elsewhere, winds peaked at {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on [[Nantucket]], [[Massachusetts]], and {{convert|52|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[Boston]].<ref name="part"/> The storm partially destroyed a seawall and shifted a building off its foundation in [[Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The damage at Narragansett Pier|date=October 14, 1896|newspaper=Harrisburg Daily Independent|accessdate=February 15, 2017|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8964473/harrisburg_daily_independent/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> Near [[South Boston]], the storm broke 15 yachts from their moorings and tossed them ashore, sinking several others.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane spreads ruin along the upper Atlantic Coast|date=October 13, 1896|newspaper=The Courier-Journal|page=1|accessdate=February 15, 2017|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8963663/the_courierjournal/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> The schooner ''Alsatin'' sank off [[Bakers Island]]; her crew of four was rescued by a passing steamer.<ref>{{cite news|title=A heroic rescue | date = 1896-10-12 |newspaper=Altoona Tribute|accessdate=February 15, 2017 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8964169/altoona_tribune/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> At [[Cohasset, Massachusetts|Cohasset]], a new lifeboat station constructed by the [[Massachusetts Humane Society]] was destroyed.<ref name="philly"/> As the former hurricane moved over Nova Scotia, [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] experienced gusty winds and moderate rainfall.<ref>{{cite news|title=Storm reaches Nova Scotia|page=16|date= 1896-10-14 | newspaper = The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|accessdate=February 15, 2017 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8965746/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/ | via = Newspapers.com}}{{open access}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} |
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} |
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*[[List of United States hurricanes]] by area: |
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*[[Cyclone Gafilo]] – intense cyclone that struck northeastern Madagascar in 2004 |
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**[[List of Florida hurricanes (pre-1900)|Florida]] • [[List of North Carolina hurricanes (pre-1900)|North Carolina]] • [[List of Delaware hurricanes|Delaware]] • [[List of New Jersey hurricanes|New Jersey]] • [[List of New York hurricanes|New York]] • [[List of New England hurricanes|New England]] |
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*[[List of Canada hurricanes]] |
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*[[Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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;Specific |
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{{reflist| |
{{reflist|30em}} |
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;General |
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==External links== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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{{Commons category|Cyclone Hary}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Barnes, Jay|title=Florida's Hurricane History|year=2007|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=0807858099}} |
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* [http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)]. |
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*{{cite book|author=Schwartz, Rick|title=Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States|year=2007|publisher=Blue Diamond Books|isbn=0978628004}} |
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* [http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/ Météo France (RSMC La Réunion)]. |
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{{refend}} |
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* [http://www.wmo.int/index-en.html World Meteorological Organization] |
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* [http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/trajGP20012002/data/home_trajGP.html 2001–02 Cyclone Season from Météo France] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:1896 East Coast}} |
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[[Category:2001–02 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1896 Atlantic hurricane season|5 ]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes]] |
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[[Category:Hurricanes in Virginia]] |
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[[Category:Hurricanes in New Jersey]] |
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[[Category:Hurricanes in New York]] |
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[[Category:1896 natural disasters in the United States]] |
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2017年4月14日 (五) 02:49的最新版本
| 二級颶風（美國） | |
 Surface weather analysis of the hurricane off the Mid-Atlantic coast on October 11, 1896 | |
| 形成 | 1896年10月7日 |
|---|---|
| 消散 | 1896年10月13日 |
| 最高風速 | 1分鐘持續： 100英里/小時（155公里/小時） |
| 最低氣壓 | 960毫巴（百帕）；28.35英寸汞柱 |
| 死亡 | Four |
| 損失 | $50萬（1896年美元） |
| 影響地區 | Florida • U.S. East Coast • the Maritimes |
| 1896 Atlantic hurricane season的一部分 | |
The 1896 East Coast hurricane was a slow-moving tropical cyclone that battered the East Coast of the United States from Florida to New England in mid-October 1896. The fifth tropical cyclone of the 1896 Atlantic hurricane season, it formed on October 7 in the southern Gulf of Mexico, and caused minor damage in Florida while crossing the state two days later. From October 10 through 13, the hurricane drifted northeastward along the coast, reaching its peak intensity as the equivalence of a Category 2 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. The hurricane subjected many areas along the East Coast to days of high seas and damaging northeasterly winds, which halted shipping operations.
The Mid-Atlantic coastline experienced flooding storm tides that submerged and heavily eroded Cobb's Island, part of the Virginia Barrier Islands. Hotels and cottages there were extensively damaged, and the hurricane brought about the end of the island's stint as a popular summer resort. Along the Jersey Shore, low-lying railroads were flooded, boardwalks were destroyed, and many beach houses sustained damage. The hurricane did $200,000 in damage to coastal installations on New York's Coney Island. To the north, wind gusts as high as 80 mph（130 km/h） affected eastern New England. Four sailors died in two maritime incidents attributed to the hurricane, and overall damage amounted to $500,000.
Meteorological history
[编辑]
The fifth documented tropical cyclone of the 1896 season was first noted in the southern Gulf of Mexico as a weak tropical storm on October 7.[1] It tracked toward the east-northeast and made landfall in a sparely populated region of Southwest Florida around 00:02 UTC on October 9. The storm crossed the Florida Peninsula and emerged over open water near Sebastian.[1][2] Turning more northeastward, the storm gradually intensified and achieved hurricane intensity on October 10.[1] By that evening, hurricane warnings were hoisted along the East Coast of the United States from Jacksonville, Florida to Boston, Massachusetts.[3]
The unusually slow-moving hurricane attained its peak intensity early on October 11, with estimated maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). Shortly thereafter, it made its closest approach to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, passing roughly 115 mi（185 km） to the southeast.[1] For several days, the hurricane brushed the coast from Virginia to southern New England with hurricane-force wind gusts.[3] The storm began to weaken as it slowly gained latitude. Unnseasonably cool temperatures were recorded in New York City as the system passed offshore, suggesting that it had begun losing its tropical characteristics.[3] By 00:00 UTC on October 14, the storm completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone,[1] and no winds stronger than tropical storm-force were observed north of 41°N.[4] A little over a day later, the hurricane's extratropical remnants struck the coast of central Nova Scotia before dissipating on October 16.[1]
Impact
[编辑]
The relatively weak storm caused little damage upon landfall in Florida, though some coastal flooding occurred near Punta Gorda. An apparent tornado north of the storm's track destroyed a home and an outbuilding.[2][5] Northeasterly gales and high tides affected northeastern portions of the state, including Fernandina, where lumber docks were flooded and parts of the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad were washed out. Street flooding also plagued St. Augustine, but no major damage was reported there.[6]
Strong northerly gales affected the Outer Banks of North Carolina for three days, peaking at 72 mph（116 km/h） in Kitty Hawk on October 11.[7] Winds reached 70 mph（110 km/h） along the Virginia Capes and 40 mph（65 km/h） farther west at Norfolk. Just inside the capes, a cargo ship called the Henry A. Litchfield ran aground on October 12. Storm surge flooding inundated the Cape Henry Light keeper's house and washed away telegraph poles, while severe damage was reported in Virginia Beach.[8] There, high waves destroyed fishing nets and crumbled bulkheads, but advance warning of the storm allowed most vessels to safely ride out the storm in port.[9] Near Norfolk, floodwaters damaged the banks of the Dismal Swamp Canal to the point of collapse in some spots.[8] The storm inundated the Virginia Barrier Islands, completely covering Cobb's Island, a popular summer resort, to a depth of at least 1英尺（0.30米）. Pounding waves, reportedly 40英尺（12米） high, crushed some cottages and partially buried others in sand, while depositing numerous boats in the middle of the island.[10] United States Life-Saving Service crews rescued two women in imminent danger of being swept out to sea. As waters rose, residents fled to the upper stories of their homes to await rescue by lifeguards. The Cobb's Island Hotel was a complete loss,[8] and almost every building on the island sustained some degree of damage. The storm claimed about 50 acre（20 ha） of Cobb's Island, reducing its size by two-thirds; subsequently, the inhabitants abandoned the island, and its use as a resort ended.[10] Due to the slow-moving nature of the hurricane, the flooding persisted for two days before receding.[8]
Along the coast of Delaware near Cape Henlopen, the schooner Luther A. Roby was driven aground and broken up by the pounding surf. Three crew members died in the wreck, and five others safely reached shore with the help of rescue workers.[11] Offshore, the steamship Baron Innerdale was damaged in the storm, and one of the crew members was swept overboard.[12]
The worst effects were observed along the Northeastern shoreline from New Jersey to New England. In these areas, coastal flooding and persistent gales inflicted an estimated $500,000 in damage to beachfront property. Many small houses, seawalls, wharves, and piers were damaged or destroyed.[5][11] Wind gusts along the Jersey Shore reached 75 mph（120 km/h）, which unroofed buildings and blew summer cottages off their foundations.[13] Homes and businesses in Asbury Park were bombarded by the debris from a half-mile stretch of boardwalk that was torn apart.[11] Thousands of spectators lined the shoreline there to watch the enormous waves.[13] One of the premier hotels in Sea Isle City was demolished,[11] along with numerous cottages.[13] The storm heavily flooded streets in the city and damaged yachts along the coast.[6] Just south of Sea Isle City, the steamer Spartan went ashore after her captain spent 30 hours fighting the storm at the wheel.[12] In Atlantic City, one amusement pier was heavily damaged by an impact from the dislodged wreckage of a previously sunk schooner,[14] while another was broken up by the surf.[11] Winds in Atlantic City gusted to 55 mph（90 km/h）, and floodwaters surrounded some cottages, forcing residents to leave their homes by boat. The railway to Ocean City was washed out, leaving the community temporarily isolated. Railroad tracks were also submerged to the south at Cape May.[6] Farther inland, the winds brought down some few trees and overhead wires.[15] In Millville, high tides caused the Maurice River to overflow and destroy crops in bordering fields.[16]
Hog Island, a barrier island that was mostly washed away by the 1893 New York hurricane,[17] was further eroded by the rough seas. Beaches, pavilions, bath houses, and boardwalks on Coney Island incurred significant damage, with many small buildings along Brighton Beach being "picked up bodily and carried away."[13] Damage on Coney Island was expected to cost at least $200,000.[12] In Far Rockaway, Queens, beachfront houses built on stilts were leveled, while significant flooding extended well inland; multiple hotels were inundated by at least 2英尺（0.61米） of water.[13] In New England, the storm kept all vessels at port for several days.[13] The strongest recorded winds on land occurred on Block Island, Rhode Island, where gusts reached 80 mph（130 km/h）. Elsewhere, winds peaked at 60 mph（97 km/h） on Nantucket, Massachusetts, and 52 mph（84 km/h） at Boston.[3] The storm partially destroyed a seawall and shifted a building off its foundation in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island.[18] Near South Boston, the storm broke 15 yachts from their moorings and tossed them ashore, sinking several others.[19] The schooner Alsatin sank off Bakers Island; her crew of four was rescued by a passing steamer.[20] At Cohasset, a new lifeboat station constructed by the Massachusetts Humane Society was destroyed.[16] As the former hurricane moved over Nova Scotia, Halifax experienced gusty winds and moderate rainfall.[21]
See also
[编辑]
- List of United States hurricanes by area:
- Florida • North Carolina • Delaware • New Jersey • New York • New England
- List of Canada hurricanes
- Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
References
[编辑]- Specific
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Hurricane Research Division. Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2016-06-16 [February 14, 2017].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Barnes, pp. 78–79
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Partagás, José Fernández. A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources: Year 1896 (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 51–53. 1995 [February 14, 2017].
- ^ Hurricane Research Division. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 2015 [February 14, 2017].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Henry, A. J. Local Storms (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society). 1896-11, 24 (11): 398 [February 14, 2017]. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1896)24[398:LS]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Big storm on the coast. The Wilkes-Barre Record. 1896-10-12: 1 [February 14, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ Wind (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society). 1896-11, 24 (11): 362 [February 15, 2017]. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1896)24[362a:W]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Roth, David M. Virginia Hurricane History: Late Nineteenth Century. Weather Prediction Center. [February 2, 2017].
- ^ Damaging winds, surging tides. The Norfolk Virginian. October 13, 1896: 1 [February 28, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Virginia affairs. The Baltimore Sun. October 20, 1896: 7 [February 3, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Schwartz, p. 108
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Wrecks on the ocean. Chicago Daily Tribute. October 13, 1896: 5 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Damage done by wind. The Times-Democrat. October 13, 1896: 1 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ Storm strikes the Deleware. The Times. October 12, 1896: 1 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ A great storm. Harrisburg Telegraph. October 12, 1896: 1 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 A swath of ruin. The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 14, 1896: 2 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ Onishi, Norimitsu. Queens Spit tried to be a resort but sank in a hurricane. The New York Times. March 18, 1997 [February 15, 2017].
- ^ The damage at Narragansett Pier. Harrisburg Daily Independent. October 14, 1896 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ Hurricane spreads ruin along the upper Atlantic Coast. The Courier-Journal. October 13, 1896: 1 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ A heroic rescue. Altoona Tribute. 1896-10-12 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- ^ Storm reaches Nova Scotia. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 1896-10-14: 16 [February 15, 2017] –通过Newspapers.com.
- General
- Barnes, Jay. Florida's Hurricane History. University of North Carolina Press. 2007. ISBN 0807858099.
- Schwartz, Rick. Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States. Blue Diamond Books. 2007. ISBN 0978628004.