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乍得—以色列關係:修订间差异

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{{Infobox Bilateral relations|乍得-以色列|Chad|Israel}}
{{Infobox Bilateral relations|乍得-以色列|Chad|Israel}}
'''乍得-以色列關係'''代表[[乍得|乍得共和國]]和[[以色列|以色列國]]之間的[[外交|外交關係]]。兩國均為[[聯合國]]成員。
'''乍得-以色列關係'''({{lang-fr|Relations entre Israël et le Tchad}},{{lang-he|יחסי ישראל–צ'אד}})是指[[乍得|乍得共和國]]和[[以色列|以色列國]]之間历史上与现代双边關係。兩國均為[[聯合國]]成員。


== 歷史 ==
== 歷史 ==
[[File:Francois_Tombalbaye_&_Levi_Eshkol.jpg|右|缩略图|乍得總統[[弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶]]與以色列總理[[列维·艾希科尔]]。攝於 1965年。]]
[[File:Francois_Tombalbaye_&_Levi_Eshkol.jpg|右|缩略图|乍得總統[[弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶]]與以色列總理[[列维·艾希科尔]]。攝於 1965年。]]
1960年,以色列承認從[[法國]]獨立的乍得獨立地位。1961年1月10日,兩國建立邦交<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/1972/11/29/archive/chad-severs-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-no-immediate-explanation-given|title=Chad Severs Diplomatic Relations with Israel; No Immediate Explanation Given|date=1972-11-29}}</ref>。1962年,以色列在乍得首都[[恩賈梅納|拉梅堡]]建立大使館。自此,兩國均維持良好關係,乍得總統[[弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶]]甚至在1965年國事訪問以色列。
1960年,以色列给予脱离[[法國]]獨立的乍得外交承认。1961年1月10日,兩國首次建立邦交<ref name="History">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/1972/11/29/archive/chad-severs-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-no-immediate-explanation-given|title=Chad Severs Diplomatic Relations with Israel; No Immediate Explanation Given|date=1972-11-29|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234856/https://www.jta.org/1972/11/29/archive/chad-severs-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-no-immediate-explanation-given|archive-date=2018-11-09|dead-url=no}}</ref>。1962年,以色列在乍得首都[[恩賈梅納|拉梅堡]]建立大使館<ref name="History"/>。自此,兩國均維持良好關係,乍得總統[[弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶]]甚至在1965年國事訪問以色列<ref name="History"/>


1972年,[[撒哈拉以南非洲|南撒哈拉國家]]開始與以色列斷交,加上[[利比亞]][[利比亞國家元首列表|元首]][[穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲]]的施壓,乍得在同年11月與以色列斷交<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/08/archives/libya-halts-aid-to-chad-rebels-group-of-infiltrators-caught-france.html|title=Libya Halts Aid to Chad Rebels|work=The New York Times|date=1973-04-08}}</ref>。即使兩國之間沒有正式外關係,兩國仍然維持非正式關係,以色列更據報在乍得內戰向政府軍售賣軍火<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-president-of-chad-to-visit-israel-today-46-years-after-ties-were-severed-1.6681314 President of Chad Visits Israel, 46 Years After Ties Were Severed]</ref>。近期,以色列亦向乍得提供武器和金援,協助政府清剿北方的叛軍<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/chad-said-to-condition-resumed-ties-with-israel-on-extensive-weapons-sales/ Chad said to condition resumed ties with Israel on ‘extensive’ weapons sales]</ref>。
1972年,[[撒哈拉以南非洲|南撒哈拉國家]]相继與以色列斷交,加上邻国[[利比亞]][[利比亞國家元首列表|元首]][[穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲]]的施壓,乍得在同年11月與以色列斷交<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/08/archives/libya-halts-aid-to-chad-rebels-group-of-infiltrators-caught-france.html|title=Libya Halts Aid to Chad Rebels|work=The New York Times|date=1973-04-08|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310165459/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/08/archives/libya-halts-aid-to-chad-rebels-group-of-infiltrators-caught-france.html|archive-date=2018-03-10|dead-url=no}}</ref>。,兩國仍然維持非正式關係,以色列更據報在乍得內戰期间乍得政府軍售賣軍火<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-president-of-chad-to-visit-israel-today-46-years-after-ties-were-severed-1.6681314|title=President of Chad Visits Israel, 46 Years After Ties Were Severed|last=Landau|first=Noa|date=2018-11-25|work=Haaretz|access-date=2019-01-21|last2=Reuters|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128204534/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-president-of-chad-to-visit-israel-today-46-years-after-ties-were-severed-1.6681314|archive-date=2018-11-28|dead-url=no}}</ref>。进入21世纪,以色列亦向乍得提供武器和金援,協助政府清剿北方的叛軍<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/chad-said-to-condition-resumed-ties-with-israel-on-extensive-weapons-sales/|title=Chad said to condition resumed ties with Israel on 'extensive' weapons sales|first=Tamar|last=Pileggi|website=www.timesofisrael.com|access-date=2018-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129013634/https://www.timesofisrael.com/chad-said-to-condition-resumed-ties-with-israel-on-extensive-weapons-sales/|archive-date=2018-11-29|dead-url=no}}</ref>。


2016年7月,以色列外交部總幹事{{Le|高多雷|Dore Gold}}到訪乍得北部[[法达]]的總統官邸,與查德總統[[伊德里斯·代比]]舉行會面<ref name="Visit">[https://www.timesofisrael.com/meeting-israeli-leaders-chad-president-says-he-wants-to-restore-diplomatic-ties/ Meeting Israeli leaders, Chad president says he wants to restore diplomatic ties]</ref>。2018年11月,代比官式訪問以色列。訪問期間,代比與以色列總理[[本雅明·内塔尼亚胡]]和總統[[鲁文·里夫林]]舉行會面,兩國均表示有興趣恢復邦交,代比亦有討論內塔尼亞胡國事訪問乍得的可能性。
2016年7月,以色列外交部總司長(總幹事{{Le|高多雷|Dore Gold}}到訪乍得北部[[法达]]的總統官邸,與查德總統[[伊德里斯·代比]]舉行會面<ref name="Visit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/meeting-israeli-leaders-chad-president-says-he-wants-to-restore-diplomatic-ties/|title=Meeting Israeli leaders, Chad president says he wants to restore diplomatic ties|first1=Raphael|last1=Ahren|first2=Michael|last2=Bachner|website=www.timesofisrael.com|access-date=2018-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126140849/https://www.timesofisrael.com/meeting-israeli-leaders-chad-president-says-he-wants-to-restore-diplomatic-ties/|archive-date=2018-11-26|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2018年11月,代比官式訪問以色列<ref name="Visit"/>。訪問期間,代比與以色列總理[[本雅明·内塔尼亚胡]]和總統[[鲁文·里夫林]]舉行會面,兩國均表示有興趣恢復邦交,代比亦有討論內塔尼亞胡國事訪問乍得的可能性<ref name="Visit"/>


2019年1月,內塔尼亞胡官式訪問乍得首都[[恩賈梅納]],並於代比舉行會面。雙方在會後簽署數項雙邊協議,並宣布恢復中斷47年的外交關係<ref>{{cite web|last1=Landau|first1=Noa|title=Israel, Chad Renew Diplomatic Ties That Were Severed in 1972|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/netanyahu-set-to-arrive-in-chad-and-re-establish-the-ties-cut-in-1972-1.6852370|website=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=2019-01-20}}</ref>。
2019年1月,內塔尼亞胡官式訪問乍得首都[[恩賈梅納]],並於代比舉行會面。雙方在會後簽署數項雙邊協議,並宣布恢復中斷47年的外交關係<ref>{{cite web|last1=Landau|first1=Noa|title=Israel, Chad Renew Diplomatic Ties That Were Severed in 1972|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/netanyahu-set-to-arrive-in-chad-and-re-establish-the-ties-cut-in-1972-1.6852370|website=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=2019-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120082708/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/netanyahu-set-to-arrive-in-chad-and-re-establish-the-ties-cut-in-1972-1.6852370|archive-date=2019-01-20|dead-url=no}}</ref>。雙方並沒有公佈協議的詳細內容,但乍得安全部隊則宣稱以色列同意向查德政府提供武器,以打擊北部的伊斯蘭武裝分子。以色列總理形容協議對兩國而言是一個歷史時刻<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel and Chad renew diplomatic ties decades after rupture|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190120-netanyahu-visit-deby-chad-israel-renew-diplomatic-ties|accessdate=2019-01-21|work=France 24|date=2019-01-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121041747/https://www.france24.com/en/20190120-netanyahu-visit-deby-chad-israel-renew-diplomatic-ties|archive-date=2019-01-21|dead-url=no}}</ref>。《[[耶路撒冷邮报|耶路撒冷郵報]]》記者赫伯·基宁批評乍得將可以透過以色列更加接近美國的情報和技術<ref>{{citenews|last=Keinon|first=Herb|date=2019-01-20|title=Netanyahu Is Back from Chad but What Has Israel Gained from His Visit?|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Analysis-What-does-Israel-gain-from-ties-with-Chad-578005|work=The Jerusalem Post|location=Jerusalem|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121055458/https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Analysis-What-does-Israel-gain-from-ties-with-Chad-578005|archive-date=2019-01-21|dead-url=no}}</ref>。


2019年1月20日,{{le|聯合國駐馬里維和部隊|United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali}}位於[[阿蓋洛克]]的基地遭到武裝分子襲擊,造成10名聯合國駐乍得維和部隊人員身亡,另外25人受傷<ref>{{cite news |title=UN peacekeepers killed in Mali attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-46941711 |accessdate=2019-01-21 |date=2019-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121020026/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-46941711 |archive-date=2019-01-21 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。當時武裝分子駕駛著數輪武裝車輛前往基地,據知數名武裝分子也在襲擊中身亡<ref name=dpost/>[[伊斯兰马格里布基地组织]]承認策劃襲擊,並表示襲擊是報復以色列總理內塔尼亞胡訪問乍得和以色列与乍得關係的正常化<ref name=dpost>{{cite news |title=Mali: 10 UN peacekeepers killed in attack on Aguelhok base |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/01/20/mali-8-un-peacekeepers-killed-aguelhok/ |accessdate=2019-01-21 |work=The Defense Post |date=2019-01-20 |archive-date=2020-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232612/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2019/01/20/mali-8-un-peacekeepers-killed-aguelhok/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Peacekeepers killed in attack on UN northern Mali base |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190120-un-peacekeepers-killed-attack-northern-mali-base-islamist-militants-united-nations |accessdate=2019-01-21 |work=France 24 |date=2019-01-20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121071814/https://www.france24.com/en/20190120-un-peacekeepers-killed-attack-northern-mali-base-islamist-militants-united-nations |archive-date=2019-01-21 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。聯合國秘書長[[安东尼奥·古特雷斯]]譴責襲擊,形容襲擊「經過精心策划」<ref>{{cite web |title=Mali: Al-Qaeda claims responsibility for the Aguelhok attack {{!}} The North Africa Journal |url=http://north-africa.com/mali-al-qaeda-claims-responsibility-for-the-aguelhok-attack/ |website=North Africa Journal |accessdate=2019-01-21 |archive-date=2019-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040725/http://north-africa.com/mali-al-qaeda-claims-responsibility-for-the-aguelhok-attack/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
雙方並沒有公佈協議的詳細內容,但乍得安全部隊則宣稱以色列同意向查德政府提供武器,以打擊北部的伊斯蘭武裝分子。以色列總理形容協議對兩國而言是一個歷史時刻<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel and Chad renew diplomatic ties decades after rupture|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190120-netanyahu-visit-deby-chad-israel-renew-diplomatic-ties|accessdate=2019-01-21|work=France 24|date=2019-01-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121041747/https://www.france24.com/en/20190120-netanyahu-visit-deby-chad-israel-renew-diplomatic-ties|archive-date=2019-01-21|dead-url=no}}</ref>。


2023年1月,[[乍得总统|乍得过渡总统]][[穆罕默德·代比]]出访以色列,在访以期间,代比造访了以色列情报部门[[摩萨德]],与以色列国防部长{{link-en|约夫·加兰特|Yoav Galant}}举行会谈,并出席了乍得驻以色列大使馆的开幕仪式。<ref>{{cite news |author1=김상훈 |title='무슬림 다수' 중앙아프리카 차드, 이스라엘에 대사관 개설 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230202174700079?section=search |agency=[[韩联社]] |date=2023-02-02 |language=ko |accessdate=2023-02-05 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205044342/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230202174700079?section=search |dead-url=no }}</ref>不过以色列暂未在乍得重新开设大使馆,对乍得的外交业务由驻[[塞内加尔]]大使馆兼辖。<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu joins Chad’s president to open new embassy in Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-joins-chads-president-to-open-new-embassy-in-israel/ |work=以色列时报 |date=2023-02-02 |accessdate=2023-02-05 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205044919/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-joins-chads-president-to-open-new-embassy-in-israel/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
《[[耶路撒冷邮报|耶路撒冷郵報]]》記者赫伯·基宁批評乍得將可以透過以色列更加接近美國的情報和技術<ref>{{citenews|last=Keinon|first=Herb|date=2019-01-20|title=Netanyahu Is Back from Chad but What Has Israel Gained from His Visit?|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Analysis-What-does-Israel-gain-from-ties-with-Chad-578005|work=The Jerusalem Post|location=Jerusalem|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>。


<!--
On 20 January 2019 the MINUSMA base at [[Aguelhok]] was attacked by militants. The attack was repelled but 10 Chadian UN peacekeepers were killed and a further 25 injured.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN peacekeepers killed in Mali attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-46941711 |accessdate=2019-01-21 |date=2019-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121020026/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-46941711 |archive-date=2019-01-21 |dead-url=no }}</ref> The militants had arrived on board a number of armed vehicles. Several of the attackers are said to have been killed.<ref name=dpost/> Responsibility was claimed by [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] who stated that it was a retaliatory attack for the recent visit to Chad by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the subsequent normalization of diplomatic relations.<ref name=dpost>{{cite news |title=Mali: 10 UN peacekeepers killed in attack on Aguelhok base |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/01/20/mali-8-un-peacekeepers-killed-aguelhok/ |accessdate=2019-01-21 |work=The Defense Post |date=2019-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Peacekeepers killed in attack on UN northern Mali base |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190120-un-peacekeepers-killed-attack-northern-mali-base-islamist-militants-united-nations |accessdate=2019-01-21 |work=France 24 |date=2019-01-20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121071814/https://www.france24.com/en/20190120-un-peacekeepers-killed-attack-northern-mali-base-islamist-militants-united-nations |archive-date=2019-01-21 |dead-url=no }}</ref> UN Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] condemned the attack, which he described as "complex".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mali: Al-Qaeda claims responsibility for the Aguelhok attack {{!}} The North Africa Journal |url=http://north-africa.com/mali-al-qaeda-claims-responsibility-for-the-aguelhok-attack/ |website=North Africa Journal |accessdate=2019-01-21}}</ref>
-->
== 參見 ==
== 參見 ==

*{{Le|乍得地面部队|Chadian ground forces}}
*{{Le|乍得地面部队|Chadian ground forces}}


== 參考文獻 ==
== 參考文獻 ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{乍得外交}}
{{乍得外交}}
{{以色列外交}}
{{以色列外交}}
{{Portal bar|国际关系|以色列|非洲}}

[[Category:查德雙邊關係]]
[[Category:查德雙邊關係]]
[[Category:以色列雙邊關係]]
[[Category:以色列雙邊關係]]

2024年2月13日 (二) 18:42的最新版本

乍得-以色列關係
雙方在世界的位置

乍得

以色列

乍得-以色列關係(法語:Relations entre Israël et le Tchad希伯來語יחסי ישראל–צ'אד‎)是指乍得共和國以色列國之間历史上与现代的双边關係。兩國均為聯合國成員。

歷史

[编辑]
乍得總統弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶與以色列總理列维·艾希科尔。攝於 1965年。

1960年,以色列给予脱离法國獨立的乍得外交承认。1961年1月10日,兩國首次建立邦交[1]。1962年,以色列在乍得首都拉梅堡建立大使館[1]。自此,兩國均維持良好關係,乍得總統弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶甚至在1965年國事訪問以色列[1]

1972年,南撒哈拉國家相继與以色列斷交,加上邻国利比亞元首穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲的施壓,乍得在同年11月與以色列斷交[2]。断交后,兩國仍然維持非正式關係,以色列更據報在乍得內戰期间向乍得政府軍售賣軍火[3]。进入21世纪,以色列亦向乍得提供武器和金援,協助政府清剿北方的叛軍[4]

2016年7月,以色列外交部總司長(總幹事)高多雷英语Dore Gold到訪乍得北部法达的總統官邸,與查德總統伊德里斯·代比舉行會面[5]。2018年11月,代比官式訪問以色列[5]。訪問期間,代比與以色列總理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡和總統鲁文·里夫林舉行會面,兩國均表示有興趣恢復邦交,代比亦有討論內塔尼亞胡國事訪問乍得的可能性[5]

2019年1月,內塔尼亞胡官式訪問乍得首都恩賈梅納,並於代比舉行會面。雙方在會後簽署數項雙邊協議,並宣布恢復中斷47年的外交關係[6]。雙方並沒有公佈協議的詳細內容,但乍得安全部隊則宣稱以色列同意向查德政府提供武器,以打擊北部的伊斯蘭武裝分子。以色列總理形容協議對兩國而言是一個歷史時刻[7]。《耶路撒冷郵報》記者赫伯·基宁批評乍得將可以透過以色列更加接近美國的情報和技術[8]

2019年1月20日,聯合國駐馬里維和部隊英语United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali位於阿蓋洛克的基地遭到武裝分子襲擊,造成10名聯合國駐乍得維和部隊人員身亡,另外25人受傷[9]。當時武裝分子駕駛著數輪武裝車輛前往基地,據知數名武裝分子也在襲擊中身亡[10]伊斯兰马格里布基地组织承認策劃襲擊,並表示襲擊是報復以色列總理內塔尼亞胡訪問乍得和以色列与乍得關係的正常化[10][11]。聯合國秘書長安东尼奥·古特雷斯譴責襲擊,形容襲擊「經過精心策划」[12]

2023年1月,乍得过渡总统穆罕默德·代比出访以色列,在访以期间,代比造访了以色列情报部门摩萨德,与以色列国防部长约夫·加兰特英语Yoav Galant举行会谈,并出席了乍得驻以色列大使馆的开幕仪式。[13]不过以色列暂未在乍得重新开设大使馆,对乍得的外交业务由驻塞内加尔大使馆兼辖。[14]

參見

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chad Severs Diplomatic Relations with Israel; No Immediate Explanation Given. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1972-11-29 [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-09) (美国英语). 
  2. ^ Libya Halts Aid to Chad Rebels. The New York Times. 1973-04-08 [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-10). 
  3. ^ Landau, Noa; Reuters. President of Chad Visits Israel, 46 Years After Ties Were Severed. Haaretz. 2018-11-25 [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-28) (英语). 
  4. ^ Pileggi, Tamar. Chad said to condition resumed ties with Israel on 'extensive' weapons sales. www.timesofisrael.com. [2018-12-02]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-29). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ahren, Raphael; Bachner, Michael. Meeting Israeli leaders, Chad president says he wants to restore diplomatic ties. www.timesofisrael.com. [2018-12-02]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-26). 
  6. ^ Landau, Noa. Israel, Chad Renew Diplomatic Ties That Were Severed in 1972. Haaretz. [2019-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-20). 
  7. ^ Israel and Chad renew diplomatic ties decades after rupture. France 24. 2019-01-20 [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-21) (英语). 
  8. ^ Keinon, Herb. Netanyahu Is Back from Chad but What Has Israel Gained from His Visit?. The Jerusalem Post (Jerusalem). 2019-01-20 [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-21). 
  9. ^ UN peacekeepers killed in Mali attack. 2019-01-20 [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-21). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Mali: 10 UN peacekeepers killed in attack on Aguelhok base. The Defense Post. 2019-01-20 [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-07). 
  11. ^ Peacekeepers killed in attack on UN northern Mali base. France 24. 2019-01-20 [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-21) (英语). 
  12. ^ Mali: Al-Qaeda claims responsibility for the Aguelhok attack | The North Africa Journal. North Africa Journal. [2019-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-12). 
  13. ^ 김상훈. '무슬림 다수' 중앙아프리카 차드, 이스라엘에 대사관 개설. 韩联社. 2023-02-02 [2023-02-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-05) (韩语). 
  14. ^ Netanyahu joins Chad’s president to open new embassy in Israel. 以色列时报. 2023-02-02 [2023-02-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-05).