馬蜂橙:修订间差异
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{{NoteTA|zh-cn:箭叶橙;zh-tw:馬蜂橙;zh-hk:泰國青檸;}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| taxon = Citrus hystrix |
| taxon = Citrus hystrix |
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|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724129 |
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724129 |
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|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |
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|accessdate=3 October 2015 |
|accessdate=3 October 2015 |
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|archive-date=2020-09-19 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919094544/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724129 |
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|dead-url=no |
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}} {{Wayback|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724129 |date=20200919094544 }}</ref> |
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'''馬蜂橙'''({{lang-xm|Citrus hystrix}}),又名-{zh-cn:'''马蜂橙'''、'''泰国青柠''';zh-hk:'''箭葉橙'''、'''馬蜂橙''';zh-tw:'''箭葉橙'''、'''泰國青檸'''}-、'''泰國萊姆'''、'''卡菲爾青檸'''、'''泰國檸檬'''、'''痲瘋柑''',为[[芸香科]][[柑橘属]]下的一个种,原產於[[東南亞]]熱帶地區<ref>{{cite web |title=''Citrus hystrix'' |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291778&isprofile=0& |website=Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=2019-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218014848/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291778&isprofile=0& |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291778&isprofile=0& |date=20191218014848 }}</ref>。其葉片常用於東南亞料理中增添香氣,有時也使用其果皮。一些地區的民俗療法會利用其果皮或果汁。馬蜂橙的精油常用於美妝品<ref name=Ng>{{cite journal |author1=Ng, D.S.H. |author2=Rose, L.C. |author3=Suhaimi, H. |author4=Mohamad, H. |author5=Rozaini, M.Z.H. |author6=Taib, M. |year=2011 |title=Preliminary evaluation on the antibacterial activities of ''Citrus hystrix'' oil emulsions stabilized by TWEEN 80 and SPAN 80 |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=3 |issue=Suppl. 2 |url=http://www.ijppsjournal.com/Vol3Suppl2/2007.pdf |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2018-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412213816/http://ijppsjournal.com/Vol3Suppl2/2007.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.ijppsjournal.com/Vol3Suppl2/2007.pdf |date=20180412213816 }}</ref>和保健食品中。 |
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'''箭叶橙'''又名'''泰國萊姆'''、'''卡菲爾萊姆'''、劍葉橙、馬蜂橙、痲瘋柑([[学名]]:{{lang|la|'''''Citrus hystrix'''''}})为[[芸香科]][[柑橘属]]下的一个种。 |
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==名稱== |
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[[File:Citrus hystrix Blanco2.408-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[弗朗西斯科·曼努埃爾·布蘭科]]的馬蜂橙繪圖]] |
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馬蜂橙又被稱為「卡菲爾[[青檸]]」(Kaffir Lime),該名的最可能來源是[[斯里蘭卡卡菲爾]],他們部分是被奴役的[[班圖人]]的後裔<ref name="Slate 140703">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=L. V. |title=Is the Name Kaffir Lime Racist? Why You May Want to Think Twice About Using That Term. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2014/07/kaffir-lime-racist-murky-origins-suggest-a-racial-slur-might-be-responsible-for-the-fruits-name.html |website=Slate Magazine |access-date=1 May 2021 |language=en |date=3 July 2014 |archive-date=2023-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710215517/https://slate.com/culture/2014/07/kaffir-lime-racist-murky-origins-suggest-a-racial-slur-might-be-responsible-for-the-fruits-name.html |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=https://slate.com/culture/2014/07/kaffir-lime-racist-murky-origins-suggest-a-racial-slur-might-be-responsible-for-the-fruits-name.html |date=20230710215517 }}</ref>。最早使用「卡菲爾青檸」一名的書籍可追溯至1888年<ref name="Slate 140703"/><ref name="Bonavia">{{cite book |last1=Bonavia |first1=Emanuel |title=The cultivated oranges and lemons, etc. of India and Ceylon, with researches into their origin and the derivation of their names, and other useful information. With an atlas of illustrations |date=1888 |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co |location=London |page=309 |url=https://archive.org/details/cultivatedorange00bonarich/page/309/mode/2up}}</ref>。 |
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===各地別名=== |
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* [[印尼]]:''jeruk purut'';[[馬來西亞]]:''limau purut'' (「Purut」意思是表皮粗糙,形容馬蜂橙凹凸不平的表皮<ref>{{Cite web|last=pann|date=2019-04-07|title=Apa itu purut?|url=https://glosarium.org/arti-purut/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Glosarium Online|language=id|archive-date=2021-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704220102/https://glosarium.org/arti-purut/|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=https://glosarium.org/arti-purut/ |date=20210704220102 }}</ref> |
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* [[菲律賓]]:''kabuyaw'' 或 ''kulubot'' <ref name="CRC Press/Taylor & Francis">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIp-mAEACAAJ|title=CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. M-Q|date=2012-01-01|publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781439895702|language=en}}</ref>。[[內湖省]]的[[卡布堯]]市(Cabuyao)就是以馬蜂橙命名<ref name="CRC Press/Taylor & Francis"/>。 |
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* [[泰國]]:''makrud'' 或 ''makrut'' ({{lang|th|[[wikt:มะกรูด|มะกรูด]]}}, {{IPA|lang=th|/máʔ.krùːt/}})(該名在泰語亦可指[[香檸檬]]) |
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* [[老撾]]:''mak khi hut'' ({{lang|lo|ໝາກຂີ້ຫູດ}}, {{IPA|lang=lo|/ma᷆ːk.kʰi᷆ː.hu᷆ːt/}}) |
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* [[越南]]:''trúc'' 或 ''chanh sác''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Katzer |first1=Gernot |title=Kaffir Lime (''Citrus hystrix'' DC.) |url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Citr_hys.html |website=Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=2018-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018014731/http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Citr_hys.html |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Citr_hys.html |date=20181018014731 }}</ref> |
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* 法屬[[留尼汪島]]:''combava'' |
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原產於菲律賓的[[小花大翼橙]]是不少混種青檸的祖種,如[[墨西哥萊檬]]和波斯青檸。 小花大翼橙和馬蜂橙可能屬於同一品種,但後者的基因組數據不足以得出明確的結論<ref>{{cite book |chapter=''Citrus'' taxonomy |last1=Ollitrault |first1=Patrick |last2=Curk |first2=Franck |last3=Krueger |first3=Robert |title=The Citrus Genus |editor-last1=Talon | editor-first1=Manuel | editor-last2=Caruso |editor-first2=Marco | editor-last3=Gmitter |editor-first3=Fred G Jr. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2020 |pages=57–81 |isbn=9780128121634 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo4swEACAAJ&pg=PA57 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8|s2cid=242819146 }}</ref>。 |
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==描述== |
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馬蜂橙是一種多刺灌木,高 2 至 11 米,具有芳香且形狀獨特的“雙”葉<ref name="Kumar2008">{{cite book|first=Kuntal|last=Kumar|title=The Original Organics Cookbook: recipes for healthy living|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG2zBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|date=1 January 2008|publisher=TERI Press|isbn=978-81-7993-155-4|page=54}}</ref><ref name="StaplesKristiansen1999"/>。 這些沙漏形的葉子由葉片和扁平的葉狀莖(或[[葉柄]])組成。 果實粗糙,呈綠色,成熟時呈黃色; 它的特點是其凹凸不平的外部和小尺寸,大約 4 厘米(2 英寸)寬<ref name="StaplesKristiansen1999"/>。 |
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==應用== |
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===食用=== |
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[[File:Citrus_hystrix_leaf.jpg|left|thumb|200px|馬蜂橙形狀獨特的“雙”葉]] |
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馬蜂橙的葉片是[[泰國飲食|泰國]]<ref name="thaitravel">{{cite web|last=Loha-unchit|first=Kasma|title=Kaffir Lime –Magrood|url=http://www.thaifoodandtravel.com/ingredients/klime.html|access-date=December 7, 2014|archive-date=2019-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509021529/http://www.thaifoodandtravel.com/ingredients/klime.html|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=http://www.thaifoodandtravel.com/ingredients/klime.html |date=20190509021529 }}</ref><ref name="BP-20171112">{{cite news|last1=Sukphisit|first1=Suthon|title=Clean up in kitchen with versatile fruit|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1359143/clean-up-in-kitchen-with-versatile-fruit|access-date=13 November 2017|work=Bangkok Post|date=12 November 2017}}</ref>(如[[冬蔭]])和[[柬埔寨飲食|柬埔寨]]料理<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.village-bakery.com/kaffir-lime-leaves-substitute/|title=What to Replace Kaffir Lime Leaves With|date=2018-12-17|website=Village Bakery|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=2019-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128082444/https://www.village-bakery.com/kaffir-lime-leaves-substitute/|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=https://www.village-bakery.com/kaffir-lime-leaves-substitute/ |date=20191128082444 }}</ref> 的常見材料。在[[越南菜]]中,馬蜂橙的葉子亦會被用作為雞肉菜餚增添香味,並減少蒸蝸牛時的刺鼻氣味。 另外,在越南收蠶的村莊里,處於[[蛹]]期的蠶會與檸檬葉一起炒<ref>{{cite web |title=How Mountains Of Worm Cocoons Are Turned Into Expensive Silk In Vietnam {{!}} Big Business |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBz40ZxKJBs |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2023-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907085529/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBz40ZxKJBs |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBz40ZxKJBs |date=20230907085529 }}</ref>。馬蜂橙葉子在[[印尼飲食|印度尼西亞菜]](尤其是[[峇里]]菜和[[爪哇]]菜)中用於製作[[雞湯|印尼雞湯]]等食物,並與[[黃金蒲桃]]一起用於烹調雞肉和魚。 它們也出現在[[馬來料理|馬來西亞]]和[[緬甸菜]]中。<ref name="hutton">{{cite book|last1=Wendy Hutton|first1=Wendy|last2=Cassio|first2=Alberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-Hh-ezDkVwC&q=kaffir+lime+limau+purut&pg=PA40|title=Handy Pocket Guide to Asian Herbs & Spices|publisher=Periplus Editions|location=Singapore|page=40|isbn=978-0-7946-0190-4|year=2003}}</ref> |
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馬蜂橙的[[果皮]]亦常用於製作[[老撾]]及[[泰國咖哩]]醬,以添加芳香及澀味<ref name=thaitravel />。在[[毛里裘斯]]、[[留尼汪島]]及[[馬達加斯加]]的[[克里奧爾人|克里奧爾]]菜中,馬蜂橙果皮會被用於為[[蘭姆酒]]調味<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/mauritian-rum-has-a-distinct-character-to-it-sweeter-and-smoother/articleshow/46647281.cms| title=Mauritian rum has a distinct character to it: Sweeter and smoother| newspaper=The Economic Times| date=2015-03-22| accessdate=2023-07-10| archive-date=2018-11-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003622/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/mauritian-rum-has-a-distinct-character-to-it-sweeter-and-smoother/articleshow/46647281.cms| dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/mauritian-rum-has-a-distinct-character-to-it-sweeter-and-smoother/articleshow/46647281.cms |date=20181124003622 }}</ref>。 |
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在[[柬埔寨]],馬蜂橙整個果實會被製成[[蜜餞]]<ref name=dyphon>Dy Phon Pauline, 2000, ''Plants Used In Cambodia'', printed by Imprimerie Olympic, Phnom Penh</ref>。 |
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===藥用=== |
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在一些亞洲國家,馬蜂橙果皮的汁液和果皮被用作傳統藥物; 這種果汁經常用於洗髮水中,並被認為可以殺死[[頭蝨]]<ref name="StaplesKristiansen1999">{{cite book|first1=George|last1=Staples|first2=Michael S.|last2=Kristiansen|title=Ethnic Culinary Herbs: A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai'i|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbsdYHEJiDIC&pg=PA27|date=1 January 1999|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2094-7|pages=27–29}}</ref>。 |
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===其他用途=== |
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在泰國<ref name="BP-20171112"/>,馬蜂橙果汁被用作衣服和頭髮的清潔劑,偶爾在柬埔寨也被使用。 在柬埔寨,浸過[[聖水]]的馬蜂橙果片會被用於宗教儀式。 |
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馬蜂橙果油是許多產業的原料,包括製藥、農藝、食品、衛生、化妝品和香水行業。 它還廣泛用於[[芳香療法]],作為各種化妝品和美容產品的基本成分。<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.3626|doi=10.1002/ffj.3626|title=Techniques for essential oil extraction from makrut lime and its application in health care products—A review|year=2021|last1=Suresh|first1=Anuja|last2=Velusamy|first2=Sangeetha|last3=Ayyasamy|first3=Sudha|last4=Rathinasamy|first4=Menaha|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|volume=36|pages=5–21|s2cid=226314486|access-date=2023-07-10|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405064437/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.3626|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.3626 |date=20230405064437 }}</ref> |
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馬蜂橙亦會被種在花盆、花園、[[露天平台|陽台]]及溫室裡,以供應果實及葉片。 |
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<gallery> |
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File:Fish stuffed with Thai herbs.jpg|已塞入馬蜂橙葉及[[香茅]]的[[線鱧]],準備蒸製 |
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File:Flickr - cyclonebill - Tom yam.jpg|[[冬蔭]]湯上的馬蜂橙葉 |
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File:Citrus hystrix DC. (AM AK305877-3).jpg|果實的直切面 |
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File:Combava Rind Madagascar.jpg|果皮乾 |
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File:Combava Powder Madagascar.jpg|用於[[馬爾加什人|馬爾加什]]菜的果皮粉 |
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File:Phanaeng kai.jpg|泰國紅咖哩上的馬蜂橙葉條 |
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File:2022.08-516-248ap1_Large_bags_with_Citrus_hystrix_leaves_for_sale_in_Phou_Puy_Wholesale_Vegetable_Market_in_Battambang,_Cambodia_sat27aug2022-1516h.jpg| 柬埔寨[[馬德望]] Phou Puy 蔬菜批發市場上販賣的大包馬蜂橙葉(攝於2022年8月) |
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</gallery> |
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==成分== |
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[[File:Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) 1.jpg|thumb|馬蜂橙盆栽]] |
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為馬蜂橙產生獨特香氣的化合物已被鑑定為 (–)-(S)-[[香茅醛]],在葉油中的含量高達 80%; 次要成分包括[[香茅醇]](10%)、[[橙花醇]]和[[檸檬烯]]。 |
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從[[立體化學]]的角度來看,馬蜂橙葉的特別之處是,它僅含有香茅醛的 (S) [[立體異構體]],而其[[對映體]] (+)-(R)-香茅醛則存在於檸檬香脂和香茅(香茅醛只是香茅精油中的微量成分)。 |
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馬蜂橙果皮含有與青檸果皮油相當的精油; 主要成分為[[檸檬烯]]和 β-[[蒎烯]]。<ref name=Ng/><ref name="kasuan">{{cite journal|last=Kasuan|first=Nurhani|url=http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v17_n3/Nurhani.pdf|journal=Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences|title=Extraction of ''Citrus hystrix'' D.C. (Kaffir Lime) Essential Oil Using Automated Steam Distillation Process: Analysis of Volatile Compounds|volume=17|issue=3|pages=359–369|year=2013|access-date=2023-07-10|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806075157/http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v17_n3/Nurhani.pdf|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v17_n3/Nurhani.pdf |date=20200806075157 }}</ref> |
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==毒性== |
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馬蜂橙果皮和果肉中都含有大量的[[呋喃香豆素]]<ref name="Dugrand-Judek et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Dugrand-Judek |first1=Audray |last2=Olry |first2=Alexandre |last3=Hehn |first3=Alain |last4=Costantino |first4=Gilles |last5=Ollitrault |first5=Patrick |last6=Froelicher |first6=Yann |last7=Bourgaud |first7=Frédéric |title=The Distribution of Coumarins and Furanocoumarins in ''Citrus'' Species Closely Matches ''Citrus'' Phylogeny and Reflects the Organization of Biosynthetic Pathways |journal=PLOS ONE |date=November 2015 |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=e0142757 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0142757 |pmid=26558757 |pmc=4641707|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1042757D |doi-access=free }}</ref>。呋喃香豆素已知會引起植物日光性皮炎<ref name="McGovern and Barkley 2000">{{cite journal |journal=The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology |url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |title=Botanical Dermatology |last1=McGovern |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Barkley |first2=Theodore M. |at=Section [http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis] |publisher=Internet Dermatology Society |date=2000 |volume=37 |issue=5 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x |pmid=9620476 |s2cid=221810453 |access-date=November 29, 2018 |archive-date=2017-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601195720/http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |date=20170601195720 }}</ref>,一種潛在的嚴重皮膚炎症。 已有因外用馬蜂橙誘發植物日光性皮炎的病例報導<ref name="Koh and Ong 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Koh |first1=D. |last2=Ong |first2=C. N. |title=Phytophotodermatitis due to the application of ''Citrus hystrix'' as a folk remedy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-dermatology_1999-04_140_4/page/n186 |journal=Br J Dermatol |date=April 1999 |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=737–738 |pmid=10233333 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02782.x|s2cid=45603195 }}</ref>。 |
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== 参考资料 == |
== 参考资料 == |
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{{reflist}} |
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*{{cite web | url=http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/SearchResult.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-079-07957 | title=箭叶橙 ''Citrus hystrix'' | publisher=中国植物物种信息数据库 | accessdate=2013-01-15}} |
*{{cite web | url=http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/SearchResult.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-079-07957 | title=箭叶橙 ''Citrus hystrix'' | publisher=中国植物物种信息数据库 | accessdate=2013-01-15 | archive-date=2021-08-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823024025/http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/SearchResult.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-079-07957 | dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/SearchResult.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-079-07957 |date=20210823024025 }} |
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2024年5月5日 (日) 17:49的最新版本
馬蜂橙 | |
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科学分类 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
演化支: | 蔷薇类植物 Rosids |
目: | 无患子目 Sapindales |
科: | 芸香科 Rutaceae |
属: | 柑橘属 Citrus |
种: | 馬蜂橙 C. hystrix
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二名法 | |
Citrus hystrix DC. Cat., 1813
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異名[1] | |
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馬蜂橙(學名:Citrus hystrix),又名马蜂橙、泰国青柠、泰國萊姆、卡菲爾青檸、泰國檸檬、痲瘋柑,为芸香科柑橘属下的一个种,原產於東南亞熱帶地區[2]。其葉片常用於東南亞料理中增添香氣,有時也使用其果皮。一些地區的民俗療法會利用其果皮或果汁。馬蜂橙的精油常用於美妝品[3]和保健食品中。
名稱
[编辑]馬蜂橙又被稱為「卡菲爾青檸」(Kaffir Lime),該名的最可能來源是斯里蘭卡卡菲爾,他們部分是被奴役的班圖人的後裔[4]。最早使用「卡菲爾青檸」一名的書籍可追溯至1888年[4][5]。
各地別名
[编辑]- 印尼:jeruk purut;馬來西亞:limau purut (「Purut」意思是表皮粗糙,形容馬蜂橙凹凸不平的表皮[6]
- 菲律賓:kabuyaw 或 kulubot [7]。內湖省的卡布堯市(Cabuyao)就是以馬蜂橙命名[7]。
- 泰國:makrud 或 makrut (มะกรูด, /máʔ.krùːt/)(該名在泰語亦可指香檸檬)
- 老撾:mak khi hut (ໝາກຂີ້ຫູດ, /ma᷆ːk.kʰi᷆ː.hu᷆ːt/)
- 越南:trúc 或 chanh sác[8]
- 法屬留尼汪島:combava
原產於菲律賓的小花大翼橙是不少混種青檸的祖種,如墨西哥萊檬和波斯青檸。 小花大翼橙和馬蜂橙可能屬於同一品種,但後者的基因組數據不足以得出明確的結論[9]。
描述
[编辑]馬蜂橙是一種多刺灌木,高 2 至 11 米,具有芳香且形狀獨特的“雙”葉[10][11]。 這些沙漏形的葉子由葉片和扁平的葉狀莖(或葉柄)組成。 果實粗糙,呈綠色,成熟時呈黃色; 它的特點是其凹凸不平的外部和小尺寸,大約 4 厘米(2 英寸)寬[11]。
應用
[编辑]食用
[编辑]馬蜂橙的葉片是泰國[12][13](如冬蔭)和柬埔寨料理[14] 的常見材料。在越南菜中,馬蜂橙的葉子亦會被用作為雞肉菜餚增添香味,並減少蒸蝸牛時的刺鼻氣味。 另外,在越南收蠶的村莊里,處於蛹期的蠶會與檸檬葉一起炒[15]。馬蜂橙葉子在印度尼西亞菜(尤其是峇里菜和爪哇菜)中用於製作印尼雞湯等食物,並與黃金蒲桃一起用於烹調雞肉和魚。 它們也出現在馬來西亞和緬甸菜中。[16]
馬蜂橙的果皮亦常用於製作老撾及泰國咖哩醬,以添加芳香及澀味[12]。在毛里裘斯、留尼汪島及馬達加斯加的克里奧爾菜中,馬蜂橙果皮會被用於為蘭姆酒調味[17]。
藥用
[编辑]在一些亞洲國家,馬蜂橙果皮的汁液和果皮被用作傳統藥物; 這種果汁經常用於洗髮水中,並被認為可以殺死頭蝨[11]。
其他用途
[编辑]在泰國[13],馬蜂橙果汁被用作衣服和頭髮的清潔劑,偶爾在柬埔寨也被使用。 在柬埔寨,浸過聖水的馬蜂橙果片會被用於宗教儀式。
馬蜂橙果油是許多產業的原料,包括製藥、農藝、食品、衛生、化妝品和香水行業。 它還廣泛用於芳香療法,作為各種化妝品和美容產品的基本成分。[19]
馬蜂橙亦會被種在花盆、花園、陽台及溫室裡,以供應果實及葉片。
成分
[编辑]為馬蜂橙產生獨特香氣的化合物已被鑑定為 (–)-(S)-香茅醛,在葉油中的含量高達 80%; 次要成分包括香茅醇(10%)、橙花醇和檸檬烯。
從立體化學的角度來看,馬蜂橙葉的特別之處是,它僅含有香茅醛的 (S) 立體異構體,而其對映體 (+)-(R)-香茅醛則存在於檸檬香脂和香茅(香茅醛只是香茅精油中的微量成分)。
馬蜂橙果皮含有與青檸果皮油相當的精油; 主要成分為檸檬烯和 β-蒎烯。[3][20]
毒性
[编辑]馬蜂橙果皮和果肉中都含有大量的呋喃香豆素[21]。呋喃香豆素已知會引起植物日光性皮炎[22],一種潛在的嚴重皮膚炎症。 已有因外用馬蜂橙誘發植物日光性皮炎的病例報導[23]。
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, [3 October 2015], (原始内容存档于2020-09-19) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Citrus hystrix. Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. [13 August 2018]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-18). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Ng, D.S.H.; Rose, L.C.; Suhaimi, H.; Mohamad, H.; Rozaini, M.Z.H.; Taib, M. Preliminary evaluation on the antibacterial activities of Citrus hystrix oil emulsions stabilized by TWEEN 80 and SPAN 80 (PDF). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011, 3 (Suppl. 2) [2023-07-10]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-04-12). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Anderson, L. V. Is the Name Kaffir Lime Racist? Why You May Want to Think Twice About Using That Term.. Slate Magazine. 3 July 2014 [1 May 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-10) (英语). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ pann. Apa itu purut?. Glosarium Online. 2019-04-07 [2020-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-04) (印度尼西亚语). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ 7.0 7.1 CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. M-Q. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. 2012-01-01. ISBN 9781439895702 (英语).
- ^ Katzer, Gernot. Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC.). Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. [13 August 2018]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-18). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Ollitrault, Patrick; Curk, Franck; Krueger, Robert. Citrus taxonomy. Talon, Manuel; Caruso, Marco; Gmitter, Fred G Jr. (编). The Citrus Genus. Elsevier. 2020: 57–81. ISBN 9780128121634. S2CID 242819146. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8.
- ^ Kumar, Kuntal. The Original Organics Cookbook: recipes for healthy living. TERI Press. 1 January 2008: 54. ISBN 978-81-7993-155-4.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Staples, George; Kristiansen, Michael S. Ethnic Culinary Herbs: A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. 1 January 1999: 27–29. ISBN 978-0-8248-2094-7.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Loha-unchit, Kasma. Kaffir Lime –Magrood. [December 7, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-09). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Sukphisit, Suthon. Clean up in kitchen with versatile fruit. Bangkok Post. 12 November 2017 [13 November 2017].
- ^ What to Replace Kaffir Lime Leaves With. Village Bakery. 2018-12-17 [2018-12-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-28) (美国英语). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ How Mountains Of Worm Cocoons Are Turned Into Expensive Silk In Vietnam | Big Business. [2023-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-07). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Wendy Hutton, Wendy; Cassio, Alberto. Handy Pocket Guide to Asian Herbs & Spices. Singapore: Periplus Editions. 2003: 40. ISBN 978-0-7946-0190-4.
- ^ Mauritian rum has a distinct character to it: Sweeter and smoother. The Economic Times. 2015-03-22 [2023-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-24). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Dy Phon Pauline, 2000, Plants Used In Cambodia, printed by Imprimerie Olympic, Phnom Penh
- ^ Suresh, Anuja; Velusamy, Sangeetha; Ayyasamy, Sudha; Rathinasamy, Menaha. Techniques for essential oil extraction from makrut lime and its application in health care products—A review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2021, 36: 5–21 [2023-07-10]. S2CID 226314486. doi:10.1002/ffj.3626. (原始内容存档于2023-04-05). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Kasuan, Nurhani. Extraction of Citrus hystrix D.C. (Kaffir Lime) Essential Oil Using Automated Steam Distillation Process: Analysis of Volatile Compounds (PDF). Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 2013, 17 (3): 359–369 [2023-07-10]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-06). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Dugrand-Judek, Audray; Olry, Alexandre; Hehn, Alain; Costantino, Gilles; Ollitrault, Patrick; Froelicher, Yann; Bourgaud, Frédéric. The Distribution of Coumarins and Furanocoumarins in Citrus Species Closely Matches Citrus Phylogeny and Reflects the Organization of Biosynthetic Pathways. PLOS ONE. November 2015, 10 (11): e0142757. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1042757D. PMC 4641707 . PMID 26558757. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142757 .
- ^ McGovern, Thomas W.; Barkley, Theodore M. Botanical Dermatology. The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology (Internet Dermatology Society). 2000, 37 (5). Section Phytophotodermatitis [November 29, 2018]. PMID 9620476. S2CID 221810453. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x. (原始内容存档于2017-06-01). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Koh, D.; Ong, C. N. Phytophotodermatitis due to the application of Citrus hystrix as a folk remedy. Br J Dermatol. April 1999, 140 (4): 737–738. PMID 10233333. S2CID 45603195. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02782.x.
- 箭叶橙 Citrus hystrix. 中国植物物种信息数据库. [2013-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-23). (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)