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馬蜂橙:修订间差异

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{{NoteTA|zh-cn:箭叶橙;zh-tw:馬蜂橙;zh-hk:泰國青檸;}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Citrus hystrix
| taxon = Citrus hystrix
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|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724129
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724129
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref>
|accessdate=3 October 2015
|archive-date=2020-09-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919094544/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724129
|dead-url=no
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'''馬蜂橙'''({{lang-xm|Citrus hystrix}}),又名-{zh-cn:'''马蜂橙'''、'''泰国青柠''';zh-hk:'''箭葉橙'''、'''馬蜂橙''';zh-tw:'''箭葉橙'''、'''泰國青檸'''}-、'''泰國萊姆'''、'''卡菲爾青檸'''、'''泰國檸檬'''、'''痲瘋柑''',为[[芸香科]][[柑橘属]]下的一个种,原產於[[東南亞]]熱帶地區<ref>{{cite web |title=''Citrus hystrix'' |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291778&isprofile=0& |website=Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=2019-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218014848/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291778&isprofile=0& |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291778&isprofile=0& |date=20191218014848 }}</ref>。其葉片常用於東南亞料理中增添香氣,有時也使用其果皮。一些地區的民俗療法會利用其果皮或果汁。馬蜂橙的精油常用於美妝品<ref name=Ng>{{cite journal |author1=Ng, D.S.H. |author2=Rose, L.C. |author3=Suhaimi, H. |author4=Mohamad, H. |author5=Rozaini, M.Z.H. |author6=Taib, M. |year=2011 |title=Preliminary evaluation on the antibacterial activities of ''Citrus hystrix'' oil emulsions stabilized by TWEEN 80 and SPAN 80 |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=3 |issue=Suppl. 2 |url=http://www.ijppsjournal.com/Vol3Suppl2/2007.pdf |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2018-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412213816/http://ijppsjournal.com/Vol3Suppl2/2007.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.ijppsjournal.com/Vol3Suppl2/2007.pdf |date=20180412213816 }}</ref>和保健食品中。
'''箭叶橙'''又名'''泰國萊姆'''、'''卡菲爾萊姆'''、劍葉橙、馬蜂橙、痲瘋柑([[学名]]:{{lang|la|'''''Citrus hystrix'''''}})为[[芸香科]][[柑橘属]]下的一个种。

==名稱==
[[File:Citrus hystrix Blanco2.408-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[弗朗西斯科·曼努埃爾·布蘭科]]的馬蜂橙繪圖]]
馬蜂橙又被稱為「卡菲爾[[青檸]]」(Kaffir Lime),該名的最可能來源是[[斯里蘭卡卡菲爾]],他們部分是被奴役的[[班圖人]]的後裔<ref name="Slate 140703">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=L. V. |title=Is the Name Kaffir Lime Racist? Why You May Want to Think Twice About Using That Term. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2014/07/kaffir-lime-racist-murky-origins-suggest-a-racial-slur-might-be-responsible-for-the-fruits-name.html |website=Slate Magazine |access-date=1 May 2021 |language=en |date=3 July 2014 |archive-date=2023-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710215517/https://slate.com/culture/2014/07/kaffir-lime-racist-murky-origins-suggest-a-racial-slur-might-be-responsible-for-the-fruits-name.html |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=https://slate.com/culture/2014/07/kaffir-lime-racist-murky-origins-suggest-a-racial-slur-might-be-responsible-for-the-fruits-name.html |date=20230710215517 }}</ref>。最早使用「卡菲爾青檸」一名的書籍可追溯至1888年<ref name="Slate 140703"/><ref name="Bonavia">{{cite book |last1=Bonavia |first1=Emanuel |title=The cultivated oranges and lemons, etc. of India and Ceylon, with researches into their origin and the derivation of their names, and other useful information. With an atlas of illustrations |date=1888 |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co |location=London |page=309 |url=https://archive.org/details/cultivatedorange00bonarich/page/309/mode/2up}}</ref>。

===各地別名===
* [[印尼]]:''jeruk purut'';[[馬來西亞]]:''limau purut'' (「Purut」意思是表皮粗糙,形容馬蜂橙凹凸不平的表皮<ref>{{Cite web|last=pann|date=2019-04-07|title=Apa itu purut?|url=https://glosarium.org/arti-purut/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Glosarium Online|language=id|archive-date=2021-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704220102/https://glosarium.org/arti-purut/|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=https://glosarium.org/arti-purut/ |date=20210704220102 }}</ref>
* [[菲律賓]]:''kabuyaw'' 或 ''kulubot'' <ref name="CRC Press/Taylor & Francis">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIp-mAEACAAJ|title=CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. M-Q|date=2012-01-01|publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781439895702|language=en}}</ref>。[[內湖省]]的[[卡布堯]]市(Cabuyao)就是以馬蜂橙命名<ref name="CRC Press/Taylor & Francis"/>。
* [[泰國]]:''makrud'' 或 ''makrut'' ({{lang|th|[[wikt:มะกรูด|มะกรูด]]}}, {{IPA|lang=th|/máʔ.krùːt/}})(該名在泰語亦可指[[香檸檬]])
* [[老撾]]:''mak khi hut'' ({{lang|lo|ໝາກຂີ້ຫູດ}}, {{IPA|lang=lo|/ma᷆ːk.kʰi᷆ː.hu᷆ːt/}})
* [[越南]]:''trúc'' 或 ''chanh sác''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Katzer |first1=Gernot |title=Kaffir Lime (''Citrus hystrix'' DC.) |url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Citr_hys.html |website=Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=2018-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018014731/http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Citr_hys.html |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Citr_hys.html |date=20181018014731 }}</ref>
* 法屬[[留尼汪島]]:''combava''

原產於菲律賓的[[小花大翼橙]]是不少混種青檸的祖種,如[[墨西哥萊檬]]和波斯青檸。 小花大翼橙和馬蜂橙可能屬於同一品種,但後者的基因組數據不足以得出明確的結論<ref>{{cite book |chapter=''Citrus'' taxonomy |last1=Ollitrault |first1=Patrick |last2=Curk |first2=Franck |last3=Krueger |first3=Robert |title=The Citrus Genus |editor-last1=Talon | editor-first1=Manuel | editor-last2=Caruso |editor-first2=Marco | editor-last3=Gmitter |editor-first3=Fred G Jr. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2020 |pages=57–81 |isbn=9780128121634 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo4swEACAAJ&pg=PA57 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8|s2cid=242819146 }}</ref>。

==描述==
馬蜂橙是一種多刺灌木,高 2 至 11 米,具有芳香且形狀獨特的“雙”葉<ref name="Kumar2008">{{cite book|first=Kuntal|last=Kumar|title=The Original Organics Cookbook: recipes for healthy living|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG2zBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|date=1 January 2008|publisher=TERI Press|isbn=978-81-7993-155-4|page=54}}</ref><ref name="StaplesKristiansen1999"/>。 這些沙漏形的葉子由葉片和扁平的葉狀莖(或[[葉柄]])組成。 果實粗糙,呈綠色,成熟時呈黃色; 它的特點是其凹凸不平的外部和小尺寸,大約 4 厘米(2 英寸)寬<ref name="StaplesKristiansen1999"/>。

==應用==
===食用===
[[File:Citrus_hystrix_leaf.jpg|left|thumb|200px|馬蜂橙形狀獨特的“雙”葉]]
馬蜂橙的葉片是[[泰國飲食|泰國]]<ref name="thaitravel">{{cite web|last=Loha-unchit|first=Kasma|title=Kaffir Lime –Magrood|url=http://www.thaifoodandtravel.com/ingredients/klime.html|access-date=December 7, 2014|archive-date=2019-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509021529/http://www.thaifoodandtravel.com/ingredients/klime.html|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=http://www.thaifoodandtravel.com/ingredients/klime.html |date=20190509021529 }}</ref><ref name="BP-20171112">{{cite news|last1=Sukphisit|first1=Suthon|title=Clean up in kitchen with versatile fruit|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1359143/clean-up-in-kitchen-with-versatile-fruit|access-date=13 November 2017|work=Bangkok Post|date=12 November 2017}}</ref>(如[[冬蔭]])和[[柬埔寨飲食|柬埔寨]]料理<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.village-bakery.com/kaffir-lime-leaves-substitute/|title=What to Replace Kaffir Lime Leaves With|date=2018-12-17|website=Village Bakery|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=2019-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128082444/https://www.village-bakery.com/kaffir-lime-leaves-substitute/|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=https://www.village-bakery.com/kaffir-lime-leaves-substitute/ |date=20191128082444 }}</ref> 的常見材料。在[[越南菜]]中,馬蜂橙的葉子亦會被用作為雞肉菜餚增添香味,並減少蒸蝸牛時的刺鼻氣味。 另外,在越南收蠶的村莊里,處於[[蛹]]期的蠶會與檸檬葉一起炒<ref>{{cite web |title=How Mountains Of Worm Cocoons Are Turned Into Expensive Silk In Vietnam {{!}} Big Business |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBz40ZxKJBs |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2023-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907085529/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBz40ZxKJBs |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBz40ZxKJBs |date=20230907085529 }}</ref>。馬蜂橙葉子在[[印尼飲食|印度尼西亞菜]](尤其是[[峇里]]菜和[[爪哇]]菜)中用於製作[[雞湯|印尼雞湯]]等食物,並與[[黃金蒲桃]]一起用於烹調雞肉和魚。 它們也出現在[[馬來料理|馬來西亞]]和[[緬甸菜]]中。<ref name="hutton">{{cite book|last1=Wendy Hutton|first1=Wendy|last2=Cassio|first2=Alberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-Hh-ezDkVwC&q=kaffir+lime+limau+purut&pg=PA40|title=Handy Pocket Guide to Asian Herbs & Spices|publisher=Periplus Editions|location=Singapore|page=40|isbn=978-0-7946-0190-4|year=2003}}</ref>

馬蜂橙的[[果皮]]亦常用於製作[[老撾]]及[[泰國咖哩]]醬,以添加芳香及澀味<ref name=thaitravel />。在[[毛里裘斯]]、[[留尼汪島]]及[[馬達加斯加]]的[[克里奧爾人|克里奧爾]]菜中,馬蜂橙果皮會被用於為[[蘭姆酒]]調味<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/mauritian-rum-has-a-distinct-character-to-it-sweeter-and-smoother/articleshow/46647281.cms| title=Mauritian rum has a distinct character to it: Sweeter and smoother| newspaper=The Economic Times| date=2015-03-22| accessdate=2023-07-10| archive-date=2018-11-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003622/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/mauritian-rum-has-a-distinct-character-to-it-sweeter-and-smoother/articleshow/46647281.cms| dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/mauritian-rum-has-a-distinct-character-to-it-sweeter-and-smoother/articleshow/46647281.cms |date=20181124003622 }}</ref>。

在[[柬埔寨]],馬蜂橙整個果實會被製成[[蜜餞]]<ref name=dyphon>Dy Phon Pauline, 2000, ''Plants Used In Cambodia'', printed by Imprimerie Olympic, Phnom Penh</ref>。

===藥用===
在一些亞洲國家,馬蜂橙果皮的汁液和果皮被用作傳統藥物; 這種果汁經常用於洗髮水中,並被認為可以殺死[[頭蝨]]<ref name="StaplesKristiansen1999">{{cite book|first1=George|last1=Staples|first2=Michael S.|last2=Kristiansen|title=Ethnic Culinary Herbs: A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai'i|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbsdYHEJiDIC&pg=PA27|date=1 January 1999|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2094-7|pages=27–29}}</ref>。

===其他用途===
在泰國<ref name="BP-20171112"/>,馬蜂橙果汁被用作衣服和頭髮的清潔劑,偶爾在柬埔寨也被使用。 在柬埔寨,浸過[[聖水]]的馬蜂橙果片會被用於宗教儀式。

馬蜂橙果油是許多產業的原料,包括製藥、農藝、食品、衛生、化妝品和香水行業。 它還廣泛用於[[芳香療法]],作為各種化妝品和美容產品的基本成分。<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.3626|doi=10.1002/ffj.3626|title=Techniques for essential oil extraction from makrut lime and its application in health care products—A review|year=2021|last1=Suresh|first1=Anuja|last2=Velusamy|first2=Sangeetha|last3=Ayyasamy|first3=Sudha|last4=Rathinasamy|first4=Menaha|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|volume=36|pages=5–21|s2cid=226314486|access-date=2023-07-10|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405064437/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.3626|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.3626 |date=20230405064437 }}</ref>

馬蜂橙亦會被種在花盆、花園、[[露天平台|陽台]]及溫室裡,以供應果實及葉片。

<gallery>
File:Fish stuffed with Thai herbs.jpg|已塞入馬蜂橙葉及[[香茅]]的[[線鱧]],準備蒸製
File:Flickr - cyclonebill - Tom yam.jpg|[[冬蔭]]湯上的馬蜂橙葉
File:Citrus hystrix DC. (AM AK305877-3).jpg|果實的直切面
File:Combava Rind Madagascar.jpg|果皮乾
File:Combava Powder Madagascar.jpg|用於[[馬爾加什人|馬爾加什]]菜的果皮粉
File:Phanaeng kai.jpg|泰國紅咖哩上的馬蜂橙葉條
File:2022.08-516-248ap1_Large_bags_with_Citrus_hystrix_leaves_for_sale_in_Phou_Puy_Wholesale_Vegetable_Market_in_Battambang,_Cambodia_sat27aug2022-1516h.jpg| 柬埔寨[[馬德望]] Phou Puy 蔬菜批發市場上販賣的大包馬蜂橙葉(攝於2022年8月)
</gallery>

==成分==
[[File:Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) 1.jpg|thumb|馬蜂橙盆栽]]
為馬蜂橙產生獨特香氣的化合物已被鑑定為 (–)-(S)-[[香茅醛]],在葉油中的含量高達 80%; 次要成分包括[[香茅醇]](10%)、[[橙花醇]]和[[檸檬烯]]。

從[[立體化學]]的角度來看,馬蜂橙葉的特別之處是,它僅含有香茅醛的 (S) [[立體異構體]],而其[[對映體]] (+)-(R)-香茅醛則存在於檸檬香脂和香茅(香茅醛只是香茅精油中的微量成分)。

馬蜂橙果皮含有與青檸果皮油相當的精油; 主要成分為[[檸檬烯]]和 β-[[蒎烯]]。<ref name=Ng/><ref name="kasuan">{{cite journal|last=Kasuan|first=Nurhani|url=http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v17_n3/Nurhani.pdf|journal=Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences|title=Extraction of ''Citrus hystrix'' D.C. (Kaffir Lime) Essential Oil Using Automated Steam Distillation Process: Analysis of Volatile Compounds|volume=17|issue=3|pages=359–369|year=2013|access-date=2023-07-10|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806075157/http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v17_n3/Nurhani.pdf|dead-url=no}} {{Wayback|url=http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v17_n3/Nurhani.pdf |date=20200806075157 }}</ref>

==毒性==
馬蜂橙果皮和果肉中都含有大量的[[呋喃香豆素]]<ref name="Dugrand-Judek et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Dugrand-Judek |first1=Audray |last2=Olry |first2=Alexandre |last3=Hehn |first3=Alain |last4=Costantino |first4=Gilles |last5=Ollitrault |first5=Patrick |last6=Froelicher |first6=Yann |last7=Bourgaud |first7=Frédéric |title=The Distribution of Coumarins and Furanocoumarins in ''Citrus'' Species Closely Matches ''Citrus'' Phylogeny and Reflects the Organization of Biosynthetic Pathways |journal=PLOS ONE |date=November 2015 |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=e0142757 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0142757 |pmid=26558757 |pmc=4641707|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1042757D |doi-access=free }}</ref>。呋喃香豆素已知會引起植物日光性皮炎<ref name="McGovern and Barkley 2000">{{cite journal |journal=The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology |url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |title=Botanical Dermatology |last1=McGovern |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Barkley |first2=Theodore M. |at=Section&nbsp;[http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis] |publisher=Internet Dermatology Society |date=2000 |volume=37 |issue=5 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x |pmid=9620476 |s2cid=221810453 |access-date=November 29, 2018 |archive-date=2017-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601195720/http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |date=20170601195720 }}</ref>,一種潛在的嚴重皮膚炎症。 已有因外用馬蜂橙誘發植物日光性皮炎的病例報導<ref name="Koh and Ong 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Koh |first1=D. |last2=Ong |first2=C. N. |title=Phytophotodermatitis due to the application of ''Citrus hystrix'' as a folk remedy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-dermatology_1999-04_140_4/page/n186 |journal=Br J Dermatol |date=April 1999 |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=737–738 |pmid=10233333 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02782.x|s2cid=45603195 }}</ref>。


== 参考资料 ==
== 参考资料 ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web | url=http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/SearchResult.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-079-07957 | title=箭叶橙 ''Citrus hystrix'' | publisher=中国植物物种信息数据库 | accessdate=2013-01-15}}
*{{cite web | url=http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/SearchResult.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-079-07957 | title=箭叶橙 ''Citrus hystrix'' | publisher=中国植物物种信息数据库 | accessdate=2013-01-15 | archive-date=2021-08-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823024025/http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/SearchResult.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-079-07957 | dead-url=no }} {{Wayback|url=http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/SearchResult.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-079-07957 |date=20210823024025 }}


{{Taxonbar}}
{{Taxonbar}}

2024年5月5日 (日) 17:49的最新版本

馬蜂橙
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目: 无患子目 Sapindales
科: 芸香科 Rutaceae
属: 柑橘属 Citrus
种:
馬蜂橙 C. hystrix
二名法
Citrus hystrix
DC. Cat., 1813
異名[1]
  • C. auraria Michel
  • C. balincolong (Yu.Tanaka) Yu.Tanaka
  • C. boholensis (Wester) Yu.Tanaka
  • C. celebica Koord.
  • C. combara Raf.
  • C. echinata St.-Lag. nom. illeg.
  • C. hyalopulpa Yu.Tanaka
  • C. kerrii (Swingle) Tanaka
  • C. kerrii (Swingle) Yu.Tanaka
  • C. latipes Hook.f. & Thomson ex Hook.f.
  • C. macroptera Montrouz.
  • C. micrantha Wester
  • C. papeda Miq.
  • C. papuana F.M.Bailey
  • C. southwickii Wester
  • C. torosa Blanco
  • C. tuberoides J.W.Benn.
  • C. ventricosa Michel
  • C. vitiensis Yu.Tanaka
  • C. westeri Yu.Tanaka
  • Fortunella sagittifolia K.M.Feng & P.Y.Mao
  • Papeda rumphii Hassk.

馬蜂橙學名Citrus hystrix),又名马蜂橙泰国青柠泰國萊姆卡菲爾青檸泰國檸檬痲瘋柑,为芸香科柑橘属下的一个种,原產於東南亞熱帶地區[2]。其葉片常用於東南亞料理中增添香氣,有時也使用其果皮。一些地區的民俗療法會利用其果皮或果汁。馬蜂橙的精油常用於美妝品[3]和保健食品中。

名稱

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弗朗西斯科·曼努埃爾·布蘭科的馬蜂橙繪圖

馬蜂橙又被稱為「卡菲爾青檸」(Kaffir Lime),該名的最可能來源是斯里蘭卡卡菲爾,他們部分是被奴役的班圖人的後裔[4]。最早使用「卡菲爾青檸」一名的書籍可追溯至1888年[4][5]

各地別名

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  • 印尼jeruk purut馬來西亞limau purut (「Purut」意思是表皮粗糙,形容馬蜂橙凹凸不平的表皮[6]
  • 菲律賓kabuyawkulubot [7]內湖省卡布堯市(Cabuyao)就是以馬蜂橙命名[7]
  • 泰國makrudmakrutมะกรูด, /máʔ.krùːt/)(該名在泰語亦可指香檸檬
  • 老撾mak khi hut (ໝາກຂີ້ຫູດ, /ma᷆ːk.kʰi᷆ː.hu᷆ːt/)
  • 越南trúcchanh sác[8]
  • 法屬留尼汪島combava

原產於菲律賓的小花大翼橙是不少混種青檸的祖種,如墨西哥萊檬和波斯青檸。 小花大翼橙和馬蜂橙可能屬於同一品種,但後者的基因組數據不足以得出明確的結論[9]

描述

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馬蜂橙是一種多刺灌木,高 2 至 11 米,具有芳香且形狀獨特的“雙”葉[10][11]。 這些沙漏形的葉子由葉片和扁平的葉狀莖(或葉柄)組成。 果實粗糙,呈綠色,成熟時呈黃色; 它的特點是其凹凸不平的外部和小尺寸,大約 4 厘米(2 英寸)寬[11]

應用

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食用

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馬蜂橙形狀獨特的“雙”葉

馬蜂橙的葉片是泰國[12][13](如冬蔭)和柬埔寨料理[14] 的常見材料。在越南菜中,馬蜂橙的葉子亦會被用作為雞肉菜餚增添香味,並減少蒸蝸牛時的刺鼻氣味。 另外,在越南收蠶的村莊里,處於期的蠶會與檸檬葉一起炒[15]。馬蜂橙葉子在印度尼西亞菜(尤其是峇里菜和爪哇菜)中用於製作印尼雞湯等食物,並與黃金蒲桃一起用於烹調雞肉和魚。 它們也出現在馬來西亞緬甸菜中。[16]

馬蜂橙的果皮亦常用於製作老撾泰國咖哩醬,以添加芳香及澀味[12]。在毛里裘斯留尼汪島馬達加斯加克里奧爾菜中,馬蜂橙果皮會被用於為蘭姆酒調味[17]

柬埔寨,馬蜂橙整個果實會被製成蜜餞[18]

藥用

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在一些亞洲國家,馬蜂橙果皮的汁液和果皮被用作傳統藥物; 這種果汁經常用於洗髮水中,並被認為可以殺死頭蝨[11]

其他用途

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在泰國[13],馬蜂橙果汁被用作衣服和頭髮的清潔劑,偶爾在柬埔寨也被使用。 在柬埔寨,浸過聖水的馬蜂橙果片會被用於宗教儀式。

馬蜂橙果油是許多產業的原料,包括製藥、農藝、食品、衛生、化妝品和香水行業。 它還廣泛用於芳香療法,作為各種化妝品和美容產品的基本成分。[19]

馬蜂橙亦會被種在花盆、花園、陽台及溫室裡,以供應果實及葉片。

成分

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馬蜂橙盆栽

為馬蜂橙產生獨特香氣的化合物已被鑑定為 (–)-(S)-香茅醛,在葉油中的含量高達 80%; 次要成分包括香茅醇(10%)、橙花醇檸檬烯

立體化學的角度來看,馬蜂橙葉的特別之處是,它僅含有香茅醛的 (S) 立體異構體,而其對映體 (+)-(R)-香茅醛則存在於檸檬香脂和香茅(香茅醛只是香茅精油中的微量成分)。

馬蜂橙果皮含有與青檸果皮油相當的精油; 主要成分為檸檬烯和 β-蒎烯[3][20]

毒性

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馬蜂橙果皮和果肉中都含有大量的呋喃香豆素[21]。呋喃香豆素已知會引起植物日光性皮炎[22],一種潛在的嚴重皮膚炎症。 已有因外用馬蜂橙誘發植物日光性皮炎的病例報導[23]

参考资料

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  1. ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, [3 October 2015], (原始内容存档于2020-09-19) 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ Citrus hystrix. Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. [13 August 2018]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-18). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Ng, D.S.H.; Rose, L.C.; Suhaimi, H.; Mohamad, H.; Rozaini, M.Z.H.; Taib, M. Preliminary evaluation on the antibacterial activities of Citrus hystrix oil emulsions stabilized by TWEEN 80 and SPAN 80 (PDF). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011, 3 (Suppl. 2) [2023-07-10]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-04-12). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Anderson, L. V. Is the Name Kaffir Lime Racist? Why You May Want to Think Twice About Using That Term.. Slate Magazine. 3 July 2014 [1 May 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-10) (英语). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ Bonavia, Emanuel. The cultivated oranges and lemons, etc. of India and Ceylon, with researches into their origin and the derivation of their names, and other useful information. With an atlas of illustrations. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1888: 309. 
  6. ^ pann. Apa itu purut?. Glosarium Online. 2019-04-07 [2020-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-04) (印度尼西亚语). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. M-Q. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. 2012-01-01. ISBN 9781439895702 (英语). 
  8. ^ Katzer, Gernot. Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC.). Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. [13 August 2018]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-18). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  9. ^ Ollitrault, Patrick; Curk, Franck; Krueger, Robert. Citrus taxonomy. Talon, Manuel; Caruso, Marco; Gmitter, Fred G Jr. (编). The Citrus Genus. Elsevier. 2020: 57–81. ISBN 9780128121634. S2CID 242819146. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8. 
  10. ^ Kumar, Kuntal. The Original Organics Cookbook: recipes for healthy living. TERI Press. 1 January 2008: 54. ISBN 978-81-7993-155-4. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Staples, George; Kristiansen, Michael S. Ethnic Culinary Herbs: A Guide to Identification and Cultivation in Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. 1 January 1999: 27–29. ISBN 978-0-8248-2094-7. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Loha-unchit, Kasma. Kaffir Lime –Magrood. [December 7, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-09). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Sukphisit, Suthon. Clean up in kitchen with versatile fruit. Bangkok Post. 12 November 2017 [13 November 2017]. 
  14. ^ What to Replace Kaffir Lime Leaves With. Village Bakery. 2018-12-17 [2018-12-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-28) (美国英语). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  15. ^ How Mountains Of Worm Cocoons Are Turned Into Expensive Silk In Vietnam | Big Business. [2023-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-07). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  16. ^ Wendy Hutton, Wendy; Cassio, Alberto. Handy Pocket Guide to Asian Herbs & Spices. Singapore: Periplus Editions. 2003: 40. ISBN 978-0-7946-0190-4. 
  17. ^ Mauritian rum has a distinct character to it: Sweeter and smoother. The Economic Times. 2015-03-22 [2023-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-24). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  18. ^ Dy Phon Pauline, 2000, Plants Used In Cambodia, printed by Imprimerie Olympic, Phnom Penh
  19. ^ Suresh, Anuja; Velusamy, Sangeetha; Ayyasamy, Sudha; Rathinasamy, Menaha. Techniques for essential oil extraction from makrut lime and its application in health care products—A review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2021, 36: 5–21 [2023-07-10]. S2CID 226314486. doi:10.1002/ffj.3626. (原始内容存档于2023-04-05). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  20. ^ Kasuan, Nurhani. Extraction of Citrus hystrix D.C. (Kaffir Lime) Essential Oil Using Automated Steam Distillation Process: Analysis of Volatile Compounds (PDF). Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 2013, 17 (3): 359–369 [2023-07-10]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-06). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  21. ^ Dugrand-Judek, Audray; Olry, Alexandre; Hehn, Alain; Costantino, Gilles; Ollitrault, Patrick; Froelicher, Yann; Bourgaud, Frédéric. The Distribution of Coumarins and Furanocoumarins in Citrus Species Closely Matches Citrus Phylogeny and Reflects the Organization of Biosynthetic Pathways. PLOS ONE. November 2015, 10 (11): e0142757. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1042757D. PMC 4641707可免费查阅. PMID 26558757. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142757可免费查阅. 
  22. ^ McGovern, Thomas W.; Barkley, Theodore M. Botanical Dermatology. The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology (Internet Dermatology Society). 2000, 37 (5). Section Phytophotodermatitis [November 29, 2018]. PMID 9620476. S2CID 221810453. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x. (原始内容存档于2017-06-01). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  23. ^ Koh, D.; Ong, C. N. Phytophotodermatitis due to the application of Citrus hystrix as a folk remedy. Br J Dermatol. April 1999, 140 (4): 737–738. PMID 10233333. S2CID 45603195. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02782.x.