美國中期選舉:修订间差异
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{{NoteTA |
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|G1=美国州份 |
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|G2=美国总统 |
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|T=zh-tw:美國期中選舉;zh-cn:美国中期选举;zh-hk:美國中期選舉; |
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|1=zh-tw:美國期中選舉;zh-cn:美国中期选举;zh-hk:美國中期選舉; |
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|2=zh-tw:期中選舉;zh-cn:中期选举;zh-hk:中期選舉; |
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}} |
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{{美国政治}} |
{{美国政治}} |
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'''美國 |
'''美國期中選舉'''({{lang-en|United States Midterm Election}}),或譯為'''美國-{zh-hans:期中;zh-tw:中期;zh-hk:期中}-選舉''',定期每四年舉行,日期坐落在[[美國總統|總統]]任期中間(第二年的11月)。[[美国国会]]大部分成员皆会在中期选举中改选,包括兩年任期的[[美国众议院|众议院]]的435个全部席位,以及在[[美国参议院|参议院]]100个席位裡33或34个、新議員將有完整六年任期,以及補選完成餘下任期(兩年或四年)。中期选举一般在选举年11月的第一个星期二举行。此外,50个[[州]]裡的34个州将会在中期选举中选出四年任期的[[州長 (美國)|州长]]。[[佛蒙特州]]和[[新罕布什尔州]]则会在中期选举及总统选举年中选出两年任期的州长。所以,中期选举中会选出36位州长。许多州也会每两年,即中期选举年及总统大选年选出州议会官员和县级官员。特别选举(補选)经常和常规选举一起举行,会选出新的参议员及州长,但只有不完全的任期,通常只會完成原參議員及州長的任期。 |
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== 选举内容 == |
== 选举内容 == |
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== 概要 == |
== 概要 == |
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由于[[选民]]会根据[[美國總統|总统]]上任近兩年来的政绩来在中期选举中改变自己的投票目标,因此中期选举可 |
由于[[选民]]会根据[[美國總統|总统]]上任近兩年来的政绩来在中期选举中改变自己的投票目标,因此中期选举可謂总统的期中考试。但過去有不少情況是在野黨掌控國會的情況下,總統得以順利連任,同時在野黨繼續掌控國會,包括亦有部分選民投票給[[在野黨]],希望國會由在野黨掌控,以制衡執政黨,避免執政黨長期行政與立法「完全執政」的局勢。美國建國後大部分時間,歷任總統所屬[[執政黨]]皆會在中期選舉中落敗或減少議席,只有1998年及2002年除外。不過作为全国性[[大選]],中期選舉的投票率一直偏低,与[[美國總統選舉|总统選舉]]的55-60%相比,一般只有40%的选民参与选举投票,而參與的選民多為民主、共和兩黨的核心支持者,因此兩黨歷屆中期選舉均希望動員核心選民出來投票,惟很多情況是通常是執政黨的選民較少出現投票,較在野黨的選民投票率低,因此在野黨控制國會的機率在中期選舉通常較执政黨有較高勝算。 |
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== 歷年中期选举 == |
== 歷年中期选举 == |
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中期选举被认为是对总统及执政党表现的 |
中期选举被认为是对总统及其所屬执政党表现的[[信任投票]],可謂下屆總統大選前哨戰。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/07/AR2006110701697.html |title=A Voter Rebuke For Bush, the War And the Right |publisher=[[華盛頓郵報]] |date=2006-11-08 |quote=Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall, hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president's leadership. |first1=Peter |last1=Baker |first2=Jim |last2=VandeHei |accessdate=2010-05-26 |archive-date=2021-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316205224/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/07/AR2006110701697.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/04/impeachment/ |title=Election '98 Lewinsky factor never materialized |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=1998-11-04 |quote=Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton's behavior, dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate. |accessdate=2010-11-04 |archive-date=2020-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925234232/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/04/impeachment/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>选举结果通常对总统所屬執政党不利。在过往的22次中期选举中,总统所屬執政党平均在众议院中失去29席,在参议院中失去4席。 |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" cellpadding="8" style="font-size:95%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center;" |
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! 執政党众议院净增/減席次 |
! 執政党众议院净增/減席次 |
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! 執政党参议院净增/減席次 |
! 執政党参议院净增/減席次 |
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! 众议院 |
! 众议院多數党 |
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! 参议院 |
! 参议院多數党 |
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|- |
|- |
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|1790 |
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|[[1930年美国选举|1930年]] |
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|[[喬治·華盛頓]] |
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||[[獨立人士]] |
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||(無政黨){{increase}}5 |
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||(無政黨){{increase}}3 |
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||(無政黨) |
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||(無政黨) |
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|- |
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|1794 |
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|[[喬治·華盛頓]] |
|||
||[[獨立人士]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}5 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[聯邦黨]] {{increase}}3 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[聯邦黨]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|1798 |
|||
|[[約翰·亞當斯]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[聯邦黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[聯邦黨]] {{increase}}3 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[聯邦黨]] 0 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[聯邦黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[聯邦黨]] |
|||
|- |
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|1802 |
|||
|[[湯馬斯·傑弗遜]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}35 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}5 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|1806 |
|||
|[[湯馬斯·傑弗遜]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}2 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}1 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|1810 |
|||
|[[詹姆斯·麥迪遜]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}13 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] 0 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|1814 |
|||
|[[詹姆斯·麥迪遜]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}5 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{decrease}}3 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|- |
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|1818 |
|||
|[[詹姆士·門羅]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}13 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}3 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|1822 |
|||
|[[詹姆士·門羅]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{increase}}34 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] 0 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|1826 |
|||
|[[約翰·昆西·亞當斯]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{decrease}}9 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[民主共和黨]] {{decrease}}1 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1830 |
|||
|[[安德魯·傑克森]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}10 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}1 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1834 |
|||
|[[安德魯·傑克森]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}12 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}1 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1838 |
|||
|[[馬丁·范布倫]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}16 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}3 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1842 |
|||
|[[約翰·泰勒]] |
|||
||[[獨立人士]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}37 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}2 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Whig}} |[[輝格黨 (美國)|輝格黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1846 |
|||
|[[詹姆斯·諾克斯·波爾克]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Whig}} |[[輝格黨 (美國)|輝格黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Whig}} |[[輝格黨 (美國)|輝格黨]] {{increase}}37 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Whig}} |[[輝格黨 (美國)|輝格黨]] {{decrease}}2 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Whig}} |[[輝格黨 (美國)|輝格黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1850 |
|||
|[[米勒德·菲爾莫爾]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Whig}} |[[輝格黨 (美國)|輝格黨]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Whig}} |[[輝格黨 (美國)|輝格黨]] {{decrease}}7 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Whig}} |[[輝格黨 (美國)|輝格黨]] {{increase}}2 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1854 |
|||
|[[富蘭克林·皮爾斯]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}23 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}5 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1858 |
|||
|[[詹姆斯·布坎南]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}23 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}5 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1862 |
|||
|[[亞伯拉罕·林肯]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}27 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{increase}}1 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1866 |
|||
|[[安德魯·詹森]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}23 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}2 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1870 |
|||
|[[尤利西斯·格蘭特]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}33 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}3 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1874 |
|||
|[[尤利西斯·格蘭特]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}92 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}9 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1878 |
|||
|[[拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{increase}}14 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}6 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1882 |
|||
|[[切斯特·亞瑟]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}68 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}1 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1886 |
|||
|[[格羅弗·克里夫蘭]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}11 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}2 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1890 |
|||
|[[班傑明·哈里森]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}86 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}2 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1894 |
|||
|[[格羅弗·克里夫蘭]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}110 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}2 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1898 |
|||
|[[威廉·麥金利]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}37 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{increase}}8 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1902 |
|||
|[[狄奧多·羅斯福]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}25 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}4 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1906 |
|||
|[[狄奧多·羅斯福]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}32 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{increase}}3 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1910 |
|||
|[[威廉·霍華德·塔虎脫]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}55 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}9 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1914 |
|||
|[[伍德羅·威爾遜]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}62 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}3 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1918 |
|||
|[[伍德羅·威爾遜]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}24 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}6 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1922 |
|||
|[[沃倫·哈定]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}77 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}7 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1926 |
|||
|[[卡爾文·柯立芝]] |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}9 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}6 |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|1930 |
|||
|[[赫伯特·胡佛]] |
|[[赫伯特·胡佛]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}52 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}8 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
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|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1934 |
|||
|[[1934年美国选举|1934年]] |
|||
|[[富兰克林 |
|[[富兰克林·罗斯福]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}9 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}9 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1938 |
|||
|[[1938年美国选举|1938年]] |
|||
|[[富兰克林 |
|[[富兰克林·罗斯福]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}72 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}7 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1942 |
|||
|[[1942年美国选举|1942年]] |
|||
|[[富兰克林 |
|[[富兰克林·罗斯福]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}45 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}8 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1946 |
|||
|[[1946年美国选举|1946年]] |
|||
|[[哈利 |
|[[哈利·杜鲁门]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}54 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}12 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1950 |
|||
|[[1950年美国选举|1950年]] |
|||
|[[哈利 |
|[[哈利·杜鲁门]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}28 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}5 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1954 |
|||
|[[1954年美国选举|1954年]] |
|||
|[[德怀特 |
|[[德怀特·艾森豪]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}18 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}2 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1958 |
|||
|[[1958年美国选举|1958年]] |
|||
|[[德怀特 |
|[[德怀特·艾森豪]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}48 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}12 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1962 |
|||
|[[1962年美国选举|1962年]] |
|||
|[[约翰·肯尼迪]] |
|[[约翰·肯尼迪]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}4 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}4 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1966 |
|||
|[[1966年美国选举|1966年]] |
|||
|[[林登·詹森]] |
|[[林登·詹森]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}47 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}3 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1970 |
|||
|[[1970年美国选举|1970年]] |
|||
|[[理查德·尼克松]] |
|[[理查德·尼克松]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}48 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}12 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1974 |
|||
|[[1974年美国选举|1974年]] |
|||
|[[杰拉尔德·福特]] |
|[[杰拉尔德·福特]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}49 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}12 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1978 |
|||
|[[1988年美国选举|1978年]] |
|||
|[[吉米·卡特]] |
|[[吉米·卡特]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}15 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}3 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1982 |
|||
|[[1982年美国选举|1982年]] |
|||
|[[羅納德·雷根]] |
|[[羅納德·雷根]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}26 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} 0 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1986 |
|||
|[[1986年美国选举|1986年]] |
|||
|[[羅納德·雷根]] |
|[[羅納德·雷根]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}5 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}8 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1990 |
|||
|[[1990年美国选举|1990年]] |
|||
|[[乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什]] |
|[[乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}8 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}1 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1994 |
|||
|[[1994年美国选举|1994年]] |
|||
|[[比尔·克林顿]] |
|[[比尔·克林顿]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}54 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}10 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1998 |
|||
|[[1998年美国选举|1998年]] |
|||
|[[比尔·克林顿]] |
|[[比尔·克林顿]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}5 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} 0 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2002 |
|||
|[[2002年美国选举|2002年]] |
|||
|[[乔治·沃克·布什]] |
|[[乔治·沃克·布什]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{increase}}8 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{increase}}2 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[2006年美国选举|2006 |
|[[2006年美国选举|2006]] |
||
|[[乔治·沃克·布什]] |
|[[乔治·沃克·布什]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}31 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}2 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[2010年美国选举|2010 |
|[[2010年美国选举|2010]] |
||
|[[巴拉克·奥巴马]] |
|[[巴拉克·奥巴马]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}63 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}6 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2014 |
|||
|[[2014年美国选举|2014年]] |
|||
|[[巴拉克·奥巴马]] |
|[[巴拉克·奥巴马]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}13 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}9 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[2018年美国选举|2018 |
|[[2018年美国选举|2018]] |
||
|[[唐納·川普]] |
|[[唐納·川普]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{decrease}}41 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} {{increase}}2 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} | |
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[2022年美国选举|2022 |
|[[2022年美国选举|2022]] |
||
|[[喬·拜登]] |
|[[喬·拜登]] |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{decrease}}9 |
||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | |
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} {{increase}}1 |
||
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{GOP}} |
|||
|| |
|||
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{DP}} |
|||
|| |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
2023年12月28日 (四) 15:09的最新版本
美國政府与政治 系列条目 |
美國期中選舉(英語:United States Midterm Election),或譯為美國期中選舉,定期每四年舉行,日期坐落在總統任期中間(第二年的11月)。美国国会大部分成员皆会在中期选举中改选,包括兩年任期的众议院的435个全部席位,以及在参议院100个席位裡33或34个、新議員將有完整六年任期,以及補選完成餘下任期(兩年或四年)。中期选举一般在选举年11月的第一个星期二举行。此外,50个州裡的34个州将会在中期选举中选出四年任期的州长。佛蒙特州和新罕布什尔州则会在中期选举及总统选举年中选出两年任期的州长。所以,中期选举中会选出36位州长。许多州也会每两年,即中期选举年及总统大选年选出州议会官员和县级官员。特别选举(補选)经常和常规选举一起举行,会选出新的参议员及州长,但只有不完全的任期,通常只會完成原參議員及州長的任期。
选举内容
[编辑]- 改选美国众议院435席全部席位,选民直接选举产生。众议员按各州人口比例选出,大约50万人选一名,任期两年,但會依每十年的人口普查重劃選區。候选人必须年满25周岁,作为美国公民已满7年,且为选出州的居民。任何文官不得担任;
- 改选美国参议院約1/3的席位,选民直接选举产生。参议员每州选两名,任期六年。候选人必须年满30周岁,作为美国公民已满9年,且必须是选出州的居民。任何文官不得担任;
- 部分州长的选举,各州州长由选民直接选出。一般任期为4年,佛蒙特州和新罕布什尔州任期2年、無連任限制次數;部分州長有任期限制,但不少州長無任期限制;
- 各州、市、县举行的行政(州長、市長、縣長)、立法(州議會(州參議院、州眾議院)、市議會、縣議會)地方議會选举。
概要
[编辑]由于选民会根据总统上任近兩年来的政绩来在中期选举中改变自己的投票目标,因此中期选举可謂总统的期中考试。但過去有不少情況是在野黨掌控國會的情況下,總統得以順利連任,同時在野黨繼續掌控國會,包括亦有部分選民投票給在野黨,希望國會由在野黨掌控,以制衡執政黨,避免執政黨長期行政與立法「完全執政」的局勢。美國建國後大部分時間,歷任總統所屬執政黨皆會在中期選舉中落敗或減少議席,只有1998年及2002年除外。不過作为全国性大選,中期選舉的投票率一直偏低,与总统選舉的55-60%相比,一般只有40%的选民参与选举投票,而參與的選民多為民主、共和兩黨的核心支持者,因此兩黨歷屆中期選舉均希望動員核心選民出來投票,惟很多情況是通常是執政黨的選民較少出現投票,較在野黨的選民投票率低,因此在野黨控制國會的機率在中期選舉通常較执政黨有較高勝算。
歷年中期选举
[编辑]中期选举被认为是对总统及其所屬执政党表现的信任投票,可謂下屆總統大選前哨戰。[1][2]选举结果通常对总统所屬執政党不利。在过往的22次中期选举中,总统所屬執政党平均在众议院中失去29席,在参议院中失去4席。
与其他美国选举比较
[编辑]年度 | 2020年 | 2021年 | 2022年 | 2023年 | 2024年 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
类型 | 总统选举 | 非大选年选举a | 中期選舉 | 非大选年选举b | 总统选举 |
总统 | 是 | 否 | 是 | ||
参议院 | 第二批 (33席) | 否 | 第三批 (34席) | 否 | 第一批 (33席) |
众议院 | 全部435席[2] | 否 | 全部435席[3] | 否 | 全部435席[2] |
州長 | 11个州,2个自治邦 特拉华州,印第安纳州,密蘇里州,蒙大拿州,新罕布什尔州,北卡罗来纳州,北达科他州,犹他州,佛蒙特州,华盛顿州,西維吉尼亞州,美屬薩摩亞,波多黎各 |
2个州 新泽西州,弗吉尼亚州 |
36个州,DC和3个自治邦[4] 亚拉巴马州,阿拉斯加州,亞利桑那州,阿肯色州,加利福尼亚州,科羅拉多州,康乃狄克州,佛罗里达州,喬治亞,夏威夷州,爱达荷州,伊利诺伊州,艾奥瓦州,堪薩斯州,缅因州,马里兰州,麻薩諸塞州,密西根州,明尼蘇達州,內布拉斯加州,内华达州,新罕布什尔州,新墨西哥州,纽约州,俄亥俄州,奧克拉荷馬州,俄勒冈州,宾夕法尼亚州,羅德島州,南卡罗来纳州,南达科他州,田纳西州,德克萨斯州,佛蒙特州,威斯康辛州,怀俄明州,华盛顿哥伦比亚特区,關島,北马里亚纳群岛,美屬維爾京群島 |
3个州 肯塔基州,路易斯安那州,密西西比州 |
11个州,2个自治邦 特拉华州,印第安纳州,密蘇里州,蒙大拿州,新罕布什尔州,北卡罗来纳州,北达科他州,犹他州,佛蒙特州,华盛顿州,西維吉尼亞州,美屬薩摩亞,波多黎各 |
其他州及地方 公职人员 |
不尽相同。 |
- 1 这个表格不包括特别选举。特别选举中会投票选出适当人选来填充政治机构中因某些原因,常规任期未满而空出的职位。
- 2 As well as all six non-voting delegates of the U.S. House.
- 3 As well as five non-voting delegates of the U.S. House. The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico instead serves a four-year term that coincides with the presidential term.
- 4 新罕布什尔州及佛蒙特州州长每两年选举一次。其他48个州州长任期均为四年。
相关内容
[编辑]参考
[编辑]- ^ Baker, Peter; VandeHei, Jim. A Voter Rebuke For Bush, the War And the Right. 華盛頓郵報. 2006-11-08 [2010-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-16).
Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall, hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president's leadership.
- ^ Election '98 Lewinsky factor never materialized. CNN. 1998-11-04 [2010-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-25).
Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton's behavior, dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate.
外部链接
[编辑]- Q&A: US mid-term elections. BBC News. 2006-11-08 [2010-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-24).
- Q&A: mid-term elections. Channel 4.