里约热内卢:修订间差异
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|1=zh-tw:馬拉卡納;zh-hk:馬拉簡拿;zh-cn:马拉卡纳; |
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|2=里约=>zh-hant:里約;里約=>zh-hant:里約;里约=>zh-hk:里約;里約=>zh-hk:里約;里约=>zh-mo:里約;里約=>zh-mo:里約;里约=>zh-tw:里約;里約=>zh-tw:里約; |
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{{Otheruses|里約熱內盧州|subject=[[巴西]]的一個城市|other=[[巴西]]的一個州}} |
{{Otheruses|里約熱內盧州|subject=[[巴西]]的一個城市|other=[[巴西]]的一個州}} |
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{{citation style|time=2016-02-10T06:53:22+00:00}} |
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{{Translating|tfrom=[[:en:Rio de Janeiro]]|time=2007-11-3}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|name = 里约热内卢 |
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|chinese_name=里約熱內盧 |
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|native_name=Rio de Janeiro |
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|settlement_type = [[市镇 (巴西)|自治市]] |
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|image_skyline = Corcovado statue01 2005-03-14.jpg |imagesize = 250px |
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|official_name = ''{{lang|pt|Município do Rio de Janeiro}}''<br>里约热内卢自治市 |
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|image_skyline = Rio_Collage.png |
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|image_caption =從左上順時針:里約市中心全景、[[救世基督像]]、[[博塔弗戈]]灣、巴拉達蒂茹卡海灘、明日博物館(前)和[[里約-尼泰羅伊大橋]](後)、聖特雷莎的電車。 |
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|image_seal = Escudo_Rio_de_Janeiro.gif |
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|image_flag = Rio de Janeiro (RJ) - Bandeira.svg |
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|image_map = RiodeJaneiro_Municip_RiodeJaneiro.svg |
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|image_seal = Rio de Janeiro (RJ) - Brasao.svg |
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|mapsize = 250px |
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|image_map = RiodeJaneiro Municip RiodeJaneiro.svg |
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|map_caption = 里約熱內盧位置 |
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|mapsize = 300px |
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|subdivision_type = [[國家]] |
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|map_caption = 在里约热内卢州的位置 |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]] |
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|pushpin_map = Brazil |
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|pushpin_map_size = 270 |
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|subdivision_name = [[巴西]] |
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|pushpin_map_caption = 在巴西的位置 |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]] |
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|latd = 22|latm = 54|lats = 30|latNS = S |
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|subdivision_name2 = [[里約熱內盧省]] |
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|longd = 43|longm = 17|longs = 47|longEW = W |
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|leader_title = [[里約熱內盧市長|市長]] |
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|coordinates_display = inline,title |
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|leader_name = [[Cesar Maia]] ([[Party of the Liberal Front (Brazil)|PFL]]) |
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|coordinates_region = BR |
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|area_note = |
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|subdivision_type = [[主权国家|国家]] |
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|area_total = 1260 |
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|subdivision_type1 = 大区 |
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|population_as_of = 2005年 |
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|subdivision_type2 = [[巴西行政区划|州]] |
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|population_footnotes =<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/gratis/brazilian_cities.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_2006_1.html]</ref> |
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|subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} |
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|population_total = 6023699 |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[巴西东南部|东南]] |
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|population_density = 4781 |
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|subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Bandeira Estado RiodeJaneiro Brasil2.svg}} [[里约热内卢州]] |
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|population_total = 5613000 |
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|government_type = 市长议会制 |
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|population_metro = 12620000 |
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|governing_body = 里约热内卢市政团 |
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|timezone = [[UTC|UTC-3]] |
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|leader_title = 市长 |
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|leader_name = Marcelo Crivella |
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|leader_party = PRB |
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|established_title = 建立 |
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|established_date = 1565年3月1日 |
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|area_total_km2 = 1221 |
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|area_total_sq_mi = 486.5 |
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|area_metro_sq_mi = 1759.6 |
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|area_metro_km2 = 4539.8 |
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|population_as_of = 2020 |
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|population_metro = 12,280,702 |
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|population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/rio-de-janeiro/panorama |title=2019 population estimates. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). |publisher=Ibge.gov.br |date= |accessdate=30 May 2020 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518110653/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/rio-de-janeiro/panorama }}</ref> |
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|population_total = 6747815 |
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|population_rank = [[人口超過十萬人之巴西城市列表|第二位]] |
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|population_urban = 11,616,000 |
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|population_density_km2 = |
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|population_density_metro_km2 = 2705.1 |
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|demonym = {{lang|pt|Carioca}} |
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|timezone = BRT |
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|idh = 0,841 |
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|utc_offset = -3 |
|utc_offset = -3 |
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|timezone_DST = |
|timezone_DST = BRST |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
|utc_offset_DST = -2 |
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|elevation_m = 0米至1021米 |
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|latd = 22|latm= 54|lats= 30|latNS=S |
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|elevation_ft = 0英尺至3349英尺 |
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|longd = 43|longm=11|longs= 47|longEW=W |
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|area_code = +55 21 |
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|elevation = |
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|postal_code_type = 邮政编码 |
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|elevation_ft = |
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|postal_code = 20000-000 |
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|website = [http://www.rio.rj.gov.br www.rio.rj.gov.br] |
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|blank_name = |
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|blank_info = |
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|footnotes = |
|footnotes = |
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|website = [http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/ www.rio.rj.gov.br] |
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|}} |
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}} |
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'''里約熱內盧'''([[葡萄牙文]]:Rio de Janeiro,意即「[[一月]]的河」),有時中譯簡稱'''里約''',位於[[巴西]]東南部,經緯度{{coor dm|22|54|S|43|14|W|region:BR-RJ_type:city(6,150,000)}},是巴西第二大城,仅次于[[聖保羅 (巴西城市)|圣保罗]],面积1,256平方公里,人口6,094,183人([[2005年]]),其也是巴西的舊[[首都]]<sup>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1]</sup>,其在[[1960年]]以前为巴西[[首都]],後遷至[[巴西利亞]],风景优美,每年吸引大量遊客到此[[觀光]],市境內的[[里約熱內盧港]]是[[世界三大天然良港]]之一,而[[里約熱內盧基督像]]也是[[世界新七大奇跡]]之一。<!-- "River of January"}}) is the name of both a [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state]] and a city in southeastern [[Brazil]]. The city was the capital of Brazil (1763–1960) and of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (1808–1821). Commonly known as just '''Rio''', the city is also nicknamed ''A Cidade Maravilhosa'' - "The Marvelous City". --> |
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'''里約熱內盧'''({{lang-pt|Rio de Janeiro}},{{IPA-pt|ˈʁi.u d(ʒi) ʒɐˈne(j)ɾu|pron|Pt-br Rio de Janeiro.ogg}}<ref>It is pronounced {{IPA-pt|ˈʁi.u d(ʒi) ʒaˈnejɾu|}} in the variety of [[Brazilian Portuguese]] spoken in Rio de Janeiro according to ''Larousse Concise Dictionary: Portuguese-English'', 2008, p. 339.</ref>,意即“一月之河”),有時僅簡稱為'''里約'''(Rio)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro: travel guide |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/world-cup/2014/rio-de-janeiro-travel-guide/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613010722/http://www.v-brazil.com/world-cup/2014/rio-de-janeiro-travel-guide/ |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>,位於巴西東南部,為[[里約熱內盧州]][[首府]],也是[[巴西]]人口第二多的城市,仅次于[[聖保羅 (巴西)|圣保罗]]。面积1,256平方公里,人口674.7万人,整个都会区人口达1228万(2020年)。 |
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<!-- It is famous for its spectacular natural setting, its [[Carnival]] celebrations, [[samba]] and other music, hotel-lined tourist beaches, such as [[Copacabana]], [[Ipanema]], and [[Leblon]] and pavements decorated with black and cream swirl pattern mosaics. Some of the most famous local landmarks in addition to the beaches include the giant statue of [[Jesus]], known as [[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|Christ the Redeemer]] ('Cristo Redentor') atop [[Corcovado]] mountain; [[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Sugarloaf]] mountain (''Pão de Açúcar'') with its cable car; the ''[[Sambódromo]]'', a giant permanent parade stand used during Carnival; and [[Estádio do Maracanã|Maracanã stadium]], the world's largest. Rio also boasts the world's largest forest inside an urban area, called ''Floresta da Tijuca'', or '[[Tijuca Forest]]'. --> |
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里約熱內盧由葡萄牙人於1565年建立,最初是[[葡萄牙帝國]]的里約熱內盧都督所在地。後在1763年成為葡萄牙帝國的巴西州首府,在本土被[[半岛战争|拿破崙入侵]]後,葡萄牙王室於1808年遷往巴西,里約熱內盧成為葡萄牙女王[[玛丽亚一世_(葡萄牙)|玛丽亚一世]]的[[臨時首都]]所在地。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-04-05 |archive-date=2016-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104300/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 |dead-url=no }}</ref>隨後,她在她的兒子葡萄牙攝政王[[若昂六世]]的領導下,以皇帝委任的葡萄牙總督身分開始統治城市。1822年巴西獨立戰爭後,里約熱內盧成為巴西的首都,直至1960年4月21日遷都至[[巴西利亞]]為止。 |
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<!-- ([[2005]] IBGE estimate), occupying an area of 1,182.3 square kilometres (456.5 sq mi)<sup>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5]</sup>. The larger [[metropolitan area]] population is estimated at 11-12 million. It is Brazil's [[Second city|second-largest city]] after [[São Paulo]] and was the country's capital until 1960, when [[Brasília]] took its place. Residents of the city are known as [[Carioca]]s. The city's current mayor (2006) is [[Cesar Maia]]. The official song of Rio is "Cidade Maravilhosa." (translated as "Marvelous City") --> |
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里約熱內盧的[[国内生产总值|GDP]]在全國排名第二,2008年位居世界第30位。<ref name="IBGE_PIB_Ranking">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=Posição ocupada pelos 100 maiores municípios em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2006/tab02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419111619/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2006/tab02.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2009 |access-date=16 December 2008 |publisher=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)}}</ref>估計約為3430億雷亞爾(近2010億美元)。<ref name="Richest_Cities">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2007 |title=The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005 |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html |access-date=8 September 2008 |publisher=City Mayors Statistics |archive-date=2012-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918030640/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html }}</ref>里約同時也是[[巴西石油]]、[[淡水河谷公司]]和[[环球集团|環球傳媒]]等多間跨國傳媒集團的總部<ref name="Unicamp_2005">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2005 |title=Assessoria de Comunicação e Imprensa |url=http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/canal_aberto/clipping/junho2005/clipping050617_correiopop.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617115727/http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/canal_aberto/clipping/junho2005/clipping050617_correiopop.html |archive-date=17 June 2008 |access-date=8 September 2008 |publisher=Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veja o ranking das capitais mais violentas do Brasil |url=https://brasil.estadao.com.br/galerias/geral,veja-o-ranking-das-capitais-mais-violentas-do-brasil,32650 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=www.estadao.com.br |publisher=O Estado de Sao Paulo |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121320/https://brasil.estadao.com.br/galerias/geral,veja-o-ranking-das-capitais-mais-violentas-do-brasil,32650 }}</ref>,里約市內风景优美,以其自然環境、[[里约狂欢节|狂歡節]]、[[桑巴|森巴舞]]、[[巴薩諾瓦]]等文化而聞名<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_8250000/newsid_8250700/8250788.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=8250788&bbcws=1 "Rio de Janeiro's Beach Culture"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_8250000/newsid_8250700/8250788.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=8250788&bbcws=1 |date=20180705065420 }} Tayfun King, ''Fast Track'', BBC World News (11 September 2009)</ref>,每年吸引大量遊客到此[[觀光]],市內的{{link-en|里約熱內盧港|Port of Rio de Janeiro}}是{{link-zh-yue|世界三大天然良港}}之一,而[[里約熱內盧基督像]]也是[[世界新七大奇跡]]之一。2012年,該市的一部分被指定為世界遺產,命名為「'''里約熱內盧:從山到海之間的卡里奧卡景觀'''」。<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2012 |title=Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1100 |access-date=1 July 2012 |publisher=UNESCO |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707124025/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1100 }}</ref>里约亦為[[2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會|第31届夏季奥运]]的主辦地,是第一座舉辦[[夏季奥林匹克运动会|夏季奧運]]的[[南美洲]]城市。<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2009 |title=BBC Sport, Rio to stage 2016 Olympic Games |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8282518.stm |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-date=2019-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213195022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8282518.stm }}</ref> |
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==历史== |
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[[Image:Rio_de_Janeiro's_waterfront,_1919.jpg|left|thumb|250px|里约热内卢沿岸和Morro de Castello,1919年自Ilha das Cobras, 由[[Harriet Chalmers Adams]]。]] |
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[[Guanabara Bay]]是將來的城市所在地,被[[葡萄牙]]探險家[[Gaspar de Lemos]]在[[1502年]][[1月20日]]發現 。; 因此稱為Rio de Janeiro, "一月河"。這是名稱是一個傳說,因此他们认为海湾口实际是河口, 这是没有经验的水手们会犯错误。因为当时, "河"是任何大面积水体的通称. |
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== 历史 == |
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非官方的欧洲人在此地出现并未长时间持续。1519年当[[Ferdinand Magellan]]在此地的海滩给他的船补给时,法国走私船已经开始使用这座海滩作为他们走私的大本营[[巴西木材]]。当[[法国]]海军军官[[Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon]] 与1555年与一只舰队和两只船到达,与其一起到达的还有600名战士和殖民者,他在这里建立了第一个欧洲永久居住地。殖民地被指为"[[France Antarctique]]". 殖民者主要由法国[[雨格诺教徒]]与[[瑞士]] [[加尔文教派|加尔文教徒]]组成。Villegaignon于1557年在与一些殖民者的冲突后离开。 |
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===前殖民時期=== |
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里約熱內盧地區過去曾居住著[[圖皮人]]、普里人、博托庫多人和馬薩卡利人等原住民。 |
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===殖民時期=== |
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[[File:Rio_de_Janeiro's_waterfront,_1919.jpg|thumb|250px|1919年里约热内卢沿岸]] |
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1502年1月1日<ref name="#1">Jorge Couto, 1995, ''A Construção do Brasil'', Lisbon: Cosmos.</ref>,[[葡萄牙]]探險家[[佩德羅·阿爾瓦雷斯·卡布拉爾]]發現了現今城市的所在地[[瓜纳巴拉湾]],並稱該處為Rio de Janeiro,即「一月之河」。当时他们认为海湾实际是河口。事实上,「河」是当时任何大面积水体的通称<ref name="#1"/>。當時此地的原住民為[[圖皮人]]({{lang|en|Tupi people}})、普里人、{{link-en|博托库多人|Botocudo people}}({{lang|en|Botocudo people}})和{{link-en|马沙卡利人|Maxakali}}({{lang|en|Maxakali}})。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VifrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT750&lpg=PT750&dq=Tupi,+Puri,+Botocudo+and+Maxakal%C3%AD&source=bl&ots=9JKlcjCXF5&sig=XOenXzJwCiVmL515wMkWeqGZDQc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU-cevyKXPAhVEAsAKHRxTDRsQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Tupi%2C%20Puri%2C%20Botocudo%20and%20Maxakal%C3%AD&f=false |title=Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: The Social Science of Garbage |publisher= |accessdate=2016-09-23 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518110651/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VifrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT750&lpg=PT750&dq=Tupi%2C+Puri%2C+Botocudo+and+Maxakal%C3%AD&source=bl&ots=9JKlcjCXF5&sig=XOenXzJwCiVmL515wMkWeqGZDQc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU-cevyKXPAhVEAsAKHRxTDRsQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Tupi%2C%20Puri%2C%20Botocudo%20and%20Maxakal%C3%AD&f=false }}</ref> |
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隨後[[法國]]也有船隊到來,设立他们走私[[巴西紅木]]的大本营。1555年,[[法国]]海军军官[[尼古拉·迪朗·德维尔盖尼翁]]帶領了600多名战士和殖民者,在海湾内靠近里约热内卢的{{le|Villegagnon Island|Villegagnon Island|Serigipe Island}}小岛上建立了第一个歐洲人殖民地,小岛上建有城堡命名为{{le|Fort Coligny}},随后控制了附近一带。在大陆上也建起殖民地,以法国亨利二世之名命名为Henriville。这海湾的法国殖民地区,历史上称为「{{le|France Antarctique}}」。 |
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這個城市在[[1565年]][[3月1日]],由葡萄牙[[騎士]][[Estácio de Sá]]名為''São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro'' (St. Sebastian of the January River),在[[塞巴斯蒂昂(葡萄牙)|塞巴斯蒂昂一世]]之下成立。整個世紀以來,這移居地通常稱作São Sebastião又稱為Saint Sebastian。这座城市被建做一个用来侵略法国殖民地的基地。他们在1567年成功占领并将法国人驱逐出境。以後,“São Sebastião”經常被海盜及私掠船攻擊,特别是葡萄牙的敌人,如[[荷兰]]和[[法国]]。 |
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[[Image:Redentor.jpg|left|thumb|200px|里约热内卢著名的耶稣基督像]] |
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1560年起,葡萄牙立意驱逐法国势力,摧毁了Fort Coligny但无法驱逐法国人。1565年3月1日,葡萄牙人建立里约热内卢城。经两年努力后,1567年成功完全驱逐法国。此後城市經常遭遇[[海盜]]及私掠船的攻擊,特别是法国海盗。也因此自16世紀起,葡萄牙人開始在此地,包括前述的Fort Coligny遗址上建筑一批城堡,用作防御和抵抗侵略者。 |
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里约初始地址确切位于Sugarloaf Mountainat的山脚下[[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Pão-de-Açúcar]]。后来,整个城市被迁移至一个以一座山包围的山顶中,模仿中世纪欧洲加强防御机制的[[城堡]]——而此地后被称为''Morro do Castelo''(城堡山)。因此,这座城市从现有的市中心(城区,见下) 先向南后向北(以大面积的建筑活动来开垦土地);一个至今仍在继续的城市化过程. |
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[[File:Redentor.jpg|left|thumb|200px|里约热内卢著名的耶稣基督像]] |
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在1720年後,葡萄牙人在巴西發現了黃金礦和鑽石礦。他們利用里約熱內盧作為港口,輸出黃金和鑽石至歐洲。1763年,葡萄牙的殖民地政治將行政權移到里約熱內盧。 |
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16世紀後期葡萄牙人聚集開始型成村莊一个巴西境内[[大西洋]]海上运输的战略位置,非洲殖民地到歐洲也有。建筑城堡并与土著邻邦成立同盟来防御和抵抗侵略者——里约的邻居,例如[[Niterói]],由一个土著统领建立的名为Tamoio Indian Araribóia的地区。其目的为支持防御。[[甘蔗糖]]以前是本地的第一产业。土著人与非洲人通常[[奴隶制度|奴隶]]被雇于手工业。最终工业缩减,巴西北方生产的高品质甘蔗糖产业从而得到发展。 |
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===葡萄牙王室和帝都=== |
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此城市繼續成為殖民地的首府,直到1808年為止。當時葡萄牙貴族及皇室害怕[[拿破崙]]入侵葡萄牙,乃逃亡到里約熱內盧。此地更成升格為葡萄牙首都,因此里約熱內盧是唯一一個歐洲國家在歐洲以外地區設立首都的城市,也是世界历史上仅有的几个殖民国迁往其[[殖民地]]的首都之一。那個時候,由於貴族突然遷徙,城市缺乏建設空間給予貴族居住。結果大量原居民被迫遷離,以留下空間予一眾葡萄牙貴族。 |
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===獨立後至今=== |
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1822年,[[佩德罗一世 (巴西)|佩德罗一世]]宣布[[巴西独立]],他決定將里約熱內盧设為國家的首都,不過城市逐漸失去重要性,他將經濟和政治中心遷移到[[聖保羅 (巴西)|聖保羅]]。但當君主制倒臺,1889年改建[[巴西第一共和国]],里約熱內盧仍是巴西的首都。也就在這時候,大量非洲人被運來里約熱內盧作為奴隸。在1840年,市內奴隸數目達到220,000人。 |
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直到18世紀初期,城市多次被威脅及試圖入侵,通常是法國[[海盜]],當中包括[[Jean-François Duclerc]]及[[René Duguay-Trouin]]。1720年後,當葡萄牙人在[[Minas Gerais]]發現[[黃金]]及[[鑽石]]後,里約熱內盧成為了重要的出口港口。1763年,葡萄牙的殖民地政治將行政權移到里約熱內盧。 |
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早年-{}-里約熱內盧人口都是集中於今日商業中心區一帶。直到20世紀早期,城市開始急速發展,市中心的重心开始向南和西转移。而在市內的海灘[[科帕卡瓦纳 (里约热内卢)|科帕卡瓦纳]],也於19世纪30年代建成豪华酒店{{link-en|科帕卡巴纳皇宫饭店|Copacabana Palace Hotel}}({{lang|en|Copacabana Palace Hotel}})。此酒店在多年來,是派對的主要進行點。 |
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[[Image:Pao_de_Acucar_visto_de_Copacabana.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Copacabana沙灘]]]] |
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早於1930年代,巴西政府已著手討論[[遷都]]的問題。1955年新上任的總統[[儒塞利諾·庫比契克]]還大力推行建設新首都。尽管有很多意见认为这只是基於[[选举]]作的舉動,但是庫比契克仍最終於1960年4月21日把首都遷入[[巴西利亞]]。 |
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此城市繼續成為殖民地地首都,直到1808年為止,當葡萄牙貴族及皇室害怕[[拿破崙]]入侵葡萄牙,遷移到里約熱內盧。此地更成為葡萄牙首都,因此里約熱內盧是唯一一個歐洲國家在歐洲以外地區設立首都的城市。那個時候,對於貴族突然遷徙,城市沒辦法建設空間給予適當的環境貴族居住。 |
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==地理== |
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1822年,[[佩德罗一世 (巴西)|佩德罗一世]]宣佈巴西獨立,他決定將里約熱內盧成為國家的首都,不過城市逐漸失去重要性,他將經濟和政治中心遷移到[[聖保羅 (巴西)|聖保羅]]。 |
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[[File:Rio de Janeiro, satellite image, LandSat-5, 2011-05-09 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|大里約熱內盧地區的衛星圖]] |
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里約熱內盧位於巴西[[大西洋]]沿岸地帶的最西部(位於[[格蘭德島 (里約熱內盧州)|格蘭德島]]以東的海峽、佛得角海岸和卡波弗里奧之間),靠近[[南回归线]],海岸線從東向西。城市主要朝向南方,建在[[瓜纳巴拉湾|瓜納巴拉灣]]海岸的出口處。<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2011 |title=Where is Rio de Janeiro? |url=http://riobrazilblog.com/where-is-rio-de-janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085554/http://riobrazilblog.com/where-is-rio-de-janeiro |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Riobrazilblog.com}}</ref> |
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市中心({{lang|en|Centro}})是里約的核心位於瓜納巴拉灣西岸的平原上。城市向西北延伸的大部分地區通常被稱為北區({{lang|en|Zona Norte}}),位於由海洋和陸源沉積物組成的平原,以及丘陵和幾座山脈上。城市的南區 ({{lang|en|Zona Sul}}) 則在到達公海邊緣處的海灘,與中部和北區被沿海山脈隔開。這些山脈和丘陵是西北部[[馬爾山脈]]的分支,是形成巴西高地南坡的古老山脈,由[[片麻岩]]與[[花崗岩]]構成,20世紀末,新的道路和隧道,能夠使南部地區的居民們更容易前往大西部地區(Zona Oeste),該地區長期被山區地形隔開。<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/rio-de-janeiro Rio de Janeiro – History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822105017/http://www.history.com/topics/rio-de-janeiro |date=22 August 2011 }}</ref> |
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里約熱內盧市的[[人口密度]]為1,182.3平方公里(456.5 平方英里)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Area Territorial Official |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt |archive-date=2017-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210035204/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5 }}</ref>,約為 6,000,000人。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimativas para 1° de Julho de 2006 |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] |language=pt |archive-date=2016-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104300/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 }}</ref>大都市區的人口估計為11-1350萬人。城市的居民被稱為卡里奧卡(Carioca)。城市的官方歌曲是作曲家{{link-pt|安德烈·菲略|André Filho}}編曲的“Cidade Maravilhosa ” 。 |
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當君主制被共和國所代替,里約熱內盧仍是巴西的首都。 |
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===公園=== |
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[[Image:Hotel copacabana palace.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Copacabana Palace Hotel于[[Copacabana]]海滩,是里约热内卢最著名、最豪华的旅馆之一,建于19世纪20年代]] |
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直到20世紀早期,城市開始發展到有分區的情況(見下文),市中心的重心开始向南和西转移,至一个被称为Zona Sul(北方地区)的地区,第一條丈在山下的隧道建成通往[[Botafogo]]与邻近的城市,其现名为[[Copacabana]]。那座海滩的天然美,与其美誉并称[[Copacabana Palace Hotel]],美洲19世纪30年代的豪华酒店,到現仍里約熱內盧仍成為派對主要進行城市(尽管,此美誉近年来多少被[[毒品]]贸易所导致的暴力诋毁)。 |
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| caption1 = 恩里克·拉格公園 |
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[[Image:Rio08.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ipanema海滩]] |
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巴西有意將首都移到國家的中心,而當時亦有遷都的討論,1955年當總統[[Juscelino Kubitschek]]大力推行建設新的首都。尽管有很多意见认为这只是[[政治选举|选举]] [[修辞学]], Kubitschek仍想于1960年前在大海滩地区建立[[巴西利亞]]。[[4月21日]],巴西正式將首都轉移到巴西利亞。 |
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| image2 = Arcos do Jardim Botânico do Rio..jpg |
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1960年至1975年里約熱內盧是一個[[Guanabara州]]城邦(類似[[德國]][[漢堡]]、[[奧地利]][[維也納]]及[[美國]]的[[華盛頓]])。不過因行政及政治原因,一个被称为"A Fusão"("融合")总统政令使城市的联邦状态不复存在并将其于1975年与[[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state of Rio de Janeiro]]并吞。直到現在,[[Carioca|''Cariocas'']]仍倡议城市应当擁有自治權。 |
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| caption2 =植物園 |
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| image3 = A_bela_vista_do_Cristo.jpg |
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==分区== |
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| caption3 = [[羅德里戈·弗雷塔斯潟湖]] |
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[[Image:Teatro municipal rio de janeiro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|市政劇院,建於20世紀初,原是歌劇舞台,部份建議複製巴黎歌劇院。]] |
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}} |
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一般而言, 里約熱內盧區分為以下地區:舊市區(中區), 方便外國遊客旅遊, 擁有世界著名海灘的南區, 工廠集中的北區, 以及新市鎮的西區. |
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里約熱內盧擁有世界上最大的城市森林蒂茹卡國家公園,和被[[联合国教育、科学及文化组织|聯合國教科文組織]]登記為環境遺產和生物保護區的公園和生態保護區:如{{link-en|佩德拉布蘭卡州立公園|Pedra_Branca_State_Park}}、[[美景公园|美景公園]]、{{link-en|里約植物園|Rio_de_Janeiro_Botanical_Garden}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2005 |title="Cochicho da Mata" recria floresta dentro da floresta |url=http://www.jbrj.gov.br/materias/07_10_2005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155016/http://www.jbrj.gov.br/materias/07_10_2005.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=15 May 2017 |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}</ref>、動物園、{{link-en|恩里克·拉格公園|Parque Lage}};還有美洲最古老的公園之一的{{link-en|公共公園|Passeio Público}},{{link-en|弗拉門戈公園|Flamengo_Park}}是市內最大的公園和休閒區<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca (PEPB) |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/unidades/pqpedra_branca.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012125009/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/unidades/pqpedra_branca.asp |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=Governo do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Instituto Nacional do Ambiente |language=pt}}</ref>。從中心延伸到南部區域,除了大量植物外,周圍設施還包含博物館和紀念碑。 |
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===環境問題=== |
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由於近年來大都市區的開發,里約熱內盧面臨著嚴重的環境污染問題。瓜納巴拉灣失去了不少紅樹林地區,並遭受工業污水、油類和重金屬的殘留物所破壞。雖然水域在到達大海時會消散,但海灣是沿其河岸、河流和溪流的盆地依然受到嚴重的影響。此外城市空氣的顆粒物含量是[[世界卫生组织|世界衛生組織]]推薦值的兩倍,部分原因是大量車輛流通排放的廢氣。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afra Balazina |date=21 September 2007 |title=Estudo revela poluição elevada em seis capitais |trans-title=Study reveals high pollution levels in six capitals |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u330220.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221042944/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u330220.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2007 |access-date=26 October 2008 |website=Folha Online |language=pt}}</ref> |
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市中心(Centro)是市內的金融中心。 本區內的名勝古蹟包含在葡萄牙殖民時期所建造,當作其巴西總督官邸的所謂"皇宮"[[Paço Imperial]]; 許多歷史悠久的教堂, 諸如坎德拉利亞教堂(意即:黑聖母教堂)[[Candelária Church]], 老里約大教堂 [[Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro|colonial Cathedral]] 以及現代的里約大教堂[[Rio de Janeiro Cathedral]]. 在西尼蘭地亞廣場(意即:戲院廣場)[[Cinelandia square]]附近有幾個屬於里約美好年代[[Belle Epoque]]的知名地標, 包含市政戲院[[Municipal Theatre]]和巴西國家圖書館[[National Library]].在博物館中,國立美術館[[Museu Nacional de Belas Artes]] 與歷史博物館 [[Museu Histórico Nacional]]最具重要性. Other important historical attractions in central Rio include its [[Passeio Público (Rio de Janeiro)|Passeio Público]], an 18th-century public garden, as well as the imposing arches of the [[Arcos da Lapa]], a Roman-style [[aqueduct]] built around 1750. A ''bondinho'' ([[tram]]) leaves from a city centre station, crosses the aqueduct (converted to a tram viaduct in 1896) and rambles through the hilly streets of the Santa Teresa neighbourhood nearby. |
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塞佩蒂巴灣的水域沿著瓜納巴拉灣的軌跡緩慢移動,大約有129 萬居民產生的污水未經處理就排放到溪流或河流中。在工業污染方面,在國家政策監督下建造的聖克魯斯、伊塔瓜伊和新伊瓜蘇工業區的工廠,多年來曾在周圍水域傾倒含有高濃度重金屬(主要是鋅和鎘)的劇毒廢水,污水的非法排放導致藻類死亡,同時也因減少了水域的含氧量導致魚類死亡。<ref name="OQ">{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Contexto ambiental da Baía de Sepetiba |url=http://www.koinonia.org.br/oq/dossies/marambaia/not_contexto1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501032842/http://www.koinonia.org.br/oq/dossies/marambaia/not_contexto1.htm |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=Observatório Quilombola (OQ) |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agência Brasil |date=18 May 2010 |title=Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas estará despoluída até 2014, diz secretário |trans-title=Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon will be unpolluted until 2014, says secretary |url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,lagoa-rodrigo-de-freitas-estara-despoluida-ate-2014-diz-secretario,553395,0.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518003936/http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,lagoa-rodrigo-de-freitas-estara-despoluida-ate-2014-diz-secretario,553395,0.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 November 2012 |website=O Estado de S. Paulo |language=pt}}</ref> |
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市中心是城市的商業心臟地帶,最具規模的巴西公司在此設立總部,包括[[巴西石油股份|巴西石油]]及[[淡水河谷公司]](其中兩家最具規模的巴西企業)。 |
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2008年,里約建立的公私合作夥伴關係對[[羅德里戈·弗雷塔斯潟湖]]進行了去污行動,以確保潟湖水域乾淨。<ref>{{Cite news |title=For rowers in Rio's Olympic water, it's all about avoiding the splash |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-olympic-rowing-dirty-water-20160806-story.html |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=2019-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320070402/https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-olympic-rowing-dirty-water-20160806-story.html }}</ref> |
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===南区=== |
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=== 气候 === |
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[[Image:Rio_de_Janeiro-Ipanema_Beach.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|Ipanema沙灘,位於南區。as featured in the [[Tom Jobim]] and [[Vinicius de Morais]] song ''[[The Girl from Ipanema]]''. Dois irmãos belvedere can be seen in the background.]] |
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里约热内卢属于[[夏雨型暖濕氣候]],终年高温,一年中有干季与湿季,年降雨量在1500毫米左右。在5月到11月的干季,由于受副高或干燥信风带控制,气流干燥以下沉为主,不易形成降水;在12月到4月的雨季,由于受赤道低压带或赤道西風控制,降水丰富,降水类型多为对流雨。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alvares |first1=Clayton Alcarde |last2=Stape |first2=José Luiz |last3=Sentelhas |first3=Paulo Cesar |last4=de Moraes Gonçalves |first4=José Leonardo |last5=Sparovek |first5=Gerd |year=2013 |title=Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |publisher=E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung |volume=22 |pages=711–728 |bibcode=2013MetZe..22..711A |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507 |number=6}}</ref> |
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由於其地理條件,沿著海岸,吹向陸上和海上的微風緩和了溫度。該市經常有來自南極洲的[[冷锋|冷鋒]]到達,特別是在秋季和冬季時導致天氣變化頻繁。夏季可能會有強降雨,在某些情況下會引發災難性的洪水和土石流。里約過去曾經歷過罕見的霜凍。一些地區偶爾會出現雪粒和冰粒、甚至[[冰雹]]。<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2012 |title=Hail falls in Rio de Janeiro's West Zone and Baixada Fluminense |language=pt |publisher=Globo News |url=http://globotv.globo.com/globo-news/jornal-globo-news/v/chuva-de-granizo-atinge-zona-oeste-e-baixada-fluminense-do-rio/1853797/ |url-status=dead |access-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202140159/http://globotv.globo.com/globo-news/jornal-globo-news/v/chuva-de-granizo-atinge-zona-oeste-e-baixada-fluminense-do-rio/1853797/ |archive-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=Chuvinha de granizo – Nova Iguaçu 18-2-2013 |trans-title=Little hail shower – Nova Iguaçu, 18 February 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2c-u7vOEdk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/r2c-u7vOEdk| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=YouTube |language=pt}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2015 |title=As hail falls, Rio enters a warning interval |language=pt |publisher=G1 |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/com-chuva-de-granizo-rio-entra-em-estagio-de-atencao.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123610/https://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/com-chuva-de-granizo-rio-entra-em-estagio-de-atencao.html }}</ref> |
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由於該市強烈的季節性熱帶氣候,偶爾會發生[[乾旱]]。2014年至2015年的巴西乾旱影響了整個大都市區的供水來源。<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=Brazil drought crisis leads to rationing and tensions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2014/sep/05/brazil-drought-crisis-rationing |access-date=2 February 2015 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125416/https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2014/sep/05/brazil-drought-crisis-rationing }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2015 |title=Brazil's worst drought in history prompts protests and blackouts |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/brazil-worst-drought-history |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125407/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/brazil-worst-drought-history }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2015 |title=Paraíba do Sul River might not have enough water to rescue São Paulo's Sistema Cantareira |url=http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2015/02/rio-paraiba-do-sul-pode-nao-ter-agua-para-socorrer-sistema-cantareira.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |publisher=G1 |language=pt |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123613/https://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2015/02/rio-paraiba-do-sul-pode-nao-ter-agua-para-socorrer-sistema-cantareira.html }}</ref>,此外里約各地區的溫度也會因海拔、與海岸的距離以及植被或土地利用類型而異。在冬季,冷鋒和早晨的海風會帶來溫和的溫度;而冷鋒、來自亞馬遜森林的[[熱帶輻合帶]]溫帶氣旋經常會帶來陣雨或風暴。因此,類似季風的氣候具有乾燥溫和的冬季和春季,以及非常潮濕和溫暖的夏季和秋季。<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2010 |title=Com sensação térmica de 48°C, cariocas se refugiram do calor nas praias |trans-title=Feeling like 48°C, cariocas bathe in beaches trying to escape from the heat |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0,,MUL1502179-5606,00-COM+SENSACAO+TERMICA+DE+C+CARIOCAS+SE+REFUGIAM+DO+CALOR+NAS+PRAIAS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226030724/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0%2C%2CMUL1502179-5606%2C00-COM%2BSENSACAO%2BTERMICA%2BDE%2BC%2BCARIOCAS%2BSE%2BREFUGIAM%2BDO%2BCALOR%2BNAS%2BPRAIAS.html |archive-date=26 February 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2012 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio de Janeiro chega a 50°C nesta terça-feira |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro will be feeling like 50°C this Tuesday |url=http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/sensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-t%C3%A9rmica-rio-de-janeiro-chega-a-50-233457951.html |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Yahoo! Notícias |language=pt |archive-date=2013-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216124021/http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/sensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-t%C3%A9rmica-rio-de-janeiro-chega-a-50-233457951.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2013 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio ultrapassa os 50 graus |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro's feels like is now greater than 50 celsius |url=http://www.redetv.com.br/Video.aspx?52,15,320681,jornalismo,redetv-news,sensacao-termica-no-rio-ultrapassa-os-50-graus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213130508/http://www.redetv.com.br/Video.aspx?52%2C15%2C320681%2Cjornalismo%2Credetv-news%2Csensacao-termica-no-rio-ultrapassa-os-50-graus |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Rede TV! |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio chega aos 51 graus, diz pesquisa do Inpe |language=pt |trans-title=Feels like in Rio gets in 51 celsius mark, according to research |work=O Globo |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/sensacao-termica-no-rio-chegou-aos-51-graus-diz-pesquisa-do-inpe-11202125 |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121620/https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/sensacao-termica-no-rio-chegou-aos-51-graus-diz-pesquisa-do-inpe-11202125 }}</ref> |
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里約熱內盧南區是有多個地區, amongst which are [[São Conrado]], [[Leblon]], [[Ipanema]], [[Arpoador]], [[Copacabana]] and [[Leme]],包括了里約熱內盧的沙灘線。其他的地區包括了[[Botafogo]], [[Flamengo]] and [[Urca]], which border [[Guanabara Bay]] and [[Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro|Lagoa]], [[Gávea]], [[Jardim Botânico]] and [[Laranjeiras]]. |
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里約熱內盧是僅次於[[库亚巴|庫亞巴]]的巴西北部和東北部外,最熱的巴西首府;低於14 °C (57 °F) 的溫度每年都會發生,而低於11 °C (52 °F) 的溫度則較少機率發生。 |
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The neighbourhood of Copacabana beach hosts one of the world's most spectacular [[New Year's Eve]] parties ("Reveillon"), as more than two million revellers crowd onto the sands to watch the [[firework]] display. As of 2001, the fireworks have been launched from boats, to improve the safety of the event. |
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{{Weather box |
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|location=里約熱內盧 (1961—1990) |
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|width = 100% |
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|metric first = yes |
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|single line = yes |
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|Jan high C = 30.2 |Jan record high C= 40.9 |
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<!-- To the north of Leme, and at the entrance to Guanabara bay, lies the district of [[Urca]] and the [[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Sugarloaf Mountain]] ('Pão de Açúcar'), whose name describes the famous mountain rising out of the sea. --> |
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|Feb high C = 30.2 |Feb record high C= 41.8 |
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[[Image:Pedra da Gavea éloignée.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Pedra da Gavea]] |
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|Mar high C = 29.4 |Mar record high C= 41.0 |
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|Apr high C = 27.8 |Apr record high C= 39.3 |
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|May high C = 26.4 |May record high C= 36.3 |
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|Jun high C = 25.2 |Jun record high C= 35.9 |
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|Jul high C = 25.0 |Jul record high C= 34.9 |
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|Aug high C = 25.5 |Aug record high C= 38.9 |
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|Sep high C = 25.4 |Sep record high C= 40.6 |
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|Oct high C = 26.0 |Oct record high C= 42.8 |
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|Nov high C = 27.4 |Nov record high C= 40.5 |
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|Dec high C = 28.6 |Dec record high C= 43.2 |
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|year high C= 27.3 |year record high C= |
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|Jan mean C = 26.3 |
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<!-- The summit can be reached via a two-stage [[Aerial tramway|cable car]] trip from Praia Vermelha, with the intermediate stop on Morro da Urca. It offers views second only to Corcovado mountain. |
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|Feb mean C = 26.6 |
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|Mar mean C = 26.0 |
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|Apr mean C = 24.4 |
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|May mean C = 22.8 |
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|Jun mean C = 21.8 |
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|Jul mean C = 21.3 |
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|Aug mean C = 21.8 |
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|Sep mean C = 22.2 |
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|Oct mean C = 22.9 |
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|Nov mean C = 24.0 |
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|Dec mean C = 25.3 |
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|year mean C= 23.8 |
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|Jan low C = 23.3 |Jan record low C = 17.7 |
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One of the highest hills in the city is the 842 metres (2,762 [[Foot (unit)|ft]]) high [[Pedra da Gávea]] ([[Crow's nest]] Rock) near the [[botanical gardens]]. On the top of its summit is a huge sculpture of a sphinx-like bearded head that is visible for many kilometers around. |
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|Feb low C = 23.5 |Feb record low C = 18.9 |
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|Mar low C = 23.3 |Mar record low C = 18.6 |
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|Apr low C = 21.9 |Apr record low C = 16.2 |
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|May low C = 20.4 |May record low C = 11.1 |
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|Jun low C = 18.7 |Jun record low C = 11.6 |
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|Jul low C = 18.4 |Jul record low C = 12.2 |
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|Aug low C = 18.9 |Aug record low C = 10.6 |
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|Sep low C = 19.2 |Sep record low C = 10.2 |
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|Oct low C = 20.2 |Oct record low C = 10.1 |
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|Nov low C = 21.4 |Nov record low C = 15.1 |
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|Dec low C = 22.4 |Dec record low C = 17.1 |
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|year low C= 21.0 |year record low C= 10.1 |
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|Jan rain mm = 137.1 |
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[[Hang gliding]] is a popular activity on the nearby Pedra Bonita (Beautiful Rock). After a short flight, gliders land on the Praia do Pepino beach in São Conrado. --> |
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|Feb rain mm = 130.4 |
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[[Image:Leblon3.jpg|right|thumb|280px|Leblon]] |
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|Mar rain mm = 135.8 |
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<!-- Since 1961, the [[Tijuca Forest]] ("Floresta da Tijuca"), the largest city-surrounded urban forest and the second largest urban forest in the world, has been a [[National Park]]. The largest urban forest in the world is the Floresta da Pedra Branca (White Rock Forest), which is also located in the city of Rio de Janeiro {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. The Catholic University in Rio ([[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] or PUC-Rio) sits right at the edge of the forest linking city with forest. The 1984 film ''[[Blame it on Rio]]'' was filmed nearby, with the rental house used by the story's characters sitting at the edge of the forest on a mountain overlooking the famous beaches. --> |
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|Apr rain mm = 94.9 |
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|May rain mm = 69.8 |
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|Jun rain mm = 42.7 |
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|Jul rain mm = 41.9 |
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|Aug rain mm = 44.5 |
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|Sep rain mm = 53.6 |
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|Oct rain mm = 86.5 |
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|Nov rain mm = 97.8 |
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|Dec rain mm = 134.2 |
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|year rain mm= 1069.4 |
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|rain colour = green |
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|Jan sun = 211.9 |
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===北区=== |
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|Feb sun = 201.3 |
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北區是足球場[[Estádio do Maracanã|Maracanã stadium]]所在地,曾是世界上容納觀眾最多的球土場,在1950年舉辦[[世界杯足球賽]]。In modern times its capacity has been reduced to conform with modern safety regulations and the stadium has introduced seating for all fans. Currently undergoing renovation, it only has the capacity for 45,000 fans, it will eventually hold around 120,000 people. Maracanã will be the site for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football competition of the 2007 [[泛英運動智會]]. |
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|Mar sun = 206.4 |
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|Apr sun = 181.0 |
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|May sun = 186.3 |
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|Jun sun = 175.1 |
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|Jul sun = 188.6 |
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|Aug sun = 184.8 |
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|Sep sun = 146.2 |
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|Oct sun = 152.1 |
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|Nov sun = 168.5 |
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|Dec sun = 179.6 |
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|year sun= 2181.8 |
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|unit rain days= 1 mm |
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Besides the Maracanã, the North Zone of Rio also holds other tourist and historical attractions, such as 'Manguinhos', the home of [[Instituto Oswaldo Cruz]], a centenarian [[biomedicine|biomedical]] research institution with a main building fashioned like a [[Moorish]] palace, and the beautiful [[Quinta da Boa Vista]], the park where the historical old Imperial Palace is located. Nowadays, the palace hosts the [[Museu Nacional (Brazil)|National Museum]], specialising in Natural History, Archaeology and Ethnology. |
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|Jan rain days = 11 |
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|Feb rain days = 7 |
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|Mar rain days = 8 |
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|Apr rain days = 9 |
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|May rain days = 6 |
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|Jun rain days = 6 |
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|Jul rain days = 4 |
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|Aug rain days = 5 |
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|Sep rain days = 7 |
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|Oct rain days = 9 |
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|Nov rain days = 10 |
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|Dec rain days = 11 |
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|year rain days= 93 |
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|Jan humidity = 79 |
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<!-- The [[Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport|International Airport of Rio de Janeiro]] (Galeão – Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport,由巴西音樂家[Antônio Carlos Jobim|"Tom" Jobim]]), the main campus of the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]] at the Fundão Island, and the Governador Island are also located in the Northern part of Rio. Some of the main neighbourhoods of Rio's north zone are Tijuca, who shares The Tijuca Forest with the South Zone, and Grajaú, Vila Isabel, Méier, São Cristovão among others. --> |
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|Feb humidity = 79 |
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|Mar humidity = 80 |
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|Apr humidity = 80 |
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|May humidity = 80 |
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|Jun humidity = 79 |
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|Jul humidity = 77 |
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|Aug humidity = 77 |
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|Sep humidity = 79 |
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|Oct humidity = 80 |
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|Nov humidity = 79 |
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|Dec humidity = 80 |
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|year humidity= 79.1 |
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|source 1 = Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).<ref name="AverageLowC_INMET">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Mínima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060545/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="AverageHighC_INMET">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Máxima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060537/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="DailyMeanC_INMET">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Média Compensada (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060540/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="Rainfall_INMET">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060527/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="RecordLowC_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Mínima Absoluta (ºC) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="RecordHighC_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Máxima Absoluta (ºC) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="RainyDays_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Número de Dias com Precipitação Maior ou Igual a 1 mm (dias) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827173708/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref><ref name="Sunshine_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Insolação Total (horas) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060530/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref><ref name="Humidity_INMET">{{Cite web |title=Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada (%) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060524/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref> |
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===西区=== |
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}} |
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[[Image:Leblon_and_Ipanema.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View of [[Leblon]]]] |
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<!-- The West Zone is the region furthest from the centre of Rio de Janeiro. It includes [[Barra da Tijuca]], [[Jacarepaguá]], [[Recreio dos Bandeirantes]], Vargem Grande, Vargem Pequena, Realengo, Padre Miguel, Bangu, Campo Grande, Jardim Sulacap, and Santa Cruz. Neighbouring districts within the West Zone reveal stark differences between social classes. The area has industrial zones, but some agricultural areas still remain in its wide area. |
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== 分区 == |
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Westwards from the older zones is Barra da Tijuca, a flat expanse of formerly undeveloped coastal land, which is currently experiencing a wave of new construction. It remains an area of accelerated growth, attracting some of the richer sectors of the population as well as luxury companies. High rise flats and sprawling [[shopping centre]]s give the area a far more American feel than the crowded city centre. The urban planning of the area, made in the late 1960s, resembles that of United States' [[suburb]]s, though mixing zones of single-family houses with residential skyscrapers. The beaches of Barra da Tijuca are also popular with the city's residents. Barra da Tijuca is the home of Pan-American Village for the 2007 [[Pan American Games]]. Barra da Tijuca now has a tiny, but growing movement for separating Barra from the city of Rio and making Barra a new city. --> |
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[[File:Zoneamento da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro.svg|thumb|480px|center|里約熱內盧行政區劃和地區劃分 |
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{|width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent" |
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|- |
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|valign="top"| |
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{{Legend|#00923f|西區}} |
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|valign="top"| |
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{{Legend|#005197|北區}} |
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|valign="top"| |
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{{Legend|#f8c300|南區}} |
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{{Legend|#da251d|中央區}} |
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一般而言,里約熱內盧區分為以下地區:{{link-en|旧市区 (里约热内卢)|Centro, Rio de Janeiro|旧市区}}({{lang|en|Centro}})、方便外國遊客旅遊、擁有世界著名海灘的{{link-en|南区 (里约热内卢)|South Zone (Rio de Janeiro)|南区}}({{lang|en|South Zone}})、工廠集中的北區,以及新市鎮的西區。 |
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=== 市中心 === |
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<!-- Beyond the neighbourhoods of Barra da Tijuca and Jacarepaguá another district, which has exhibited good economic growth, is that of [[Campo Grande (neighborhood)|Campo Grande]]. Some sports competitions in the [[Pan-American Games]] of 2007 will be held in the [[Miécimo da Silva Sports Centre]], nicknamed the 'Algodão' (Cotton) Gymnasium, and others in the [[Estádio Ítalo del Cima|Ítalo del Cima Stadium]], in Campo Grande. --> |
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[[File:At_Rio_de_Janeiro_2019_200.jpg|thumb|250px|[[里约热内卢市立剧院]],建於20世紀初,原是歌劇舞台,部分複製自巴黎歌劇院]] |
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[[File:Fachada_do_Copacabana_Palace_ao_anoitecer_-_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_foto_Carlos_Alkmin.jpg|thumb|left|[[科帕卡瓦納宮]],是里约热内卢最著名、最豪华的旅馆之一]] |
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市中心(也称旧市区)({{lang|en|Centro}})是市內的金融中心與歷史核心。區內的名勝古蹟,包括了在葡萄牙殖民時期所建造,用作巴西總督官邸的[[里约热内卢皇宫]];另有許多歷史悠久的教堂,諸如[[坎德拉里亚教堂 (里约热内卢)|坎德拉里亚教堂]](意即:黑聖母教堂)、{{link-en|老里約大教堂|Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro}}以及現代的[[里约热内卢主教座堂]]。在[[西尼蘭地亞廣場]](意即:戲院廣場)附近有幾個屬於市內的知名地標,包含[[里约热内卢市立剧院]]和[[巴西國家圖書館]]。在博物館中,{{link-en|國立美術館 (里约热内卢)|Museu Nacional de Belas Artes|國立美術館}}與{{link-en|歷史博物館 (里约热内卢)|National Historical Museum (Brazil)|歷史博物館}}也最具代表性。 |
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市中心是城市的商業心臟,最具規模的巴西公司在此設立總部,包括[[巴西石油股份|巴西石油]]及[[淡水河谷公司]](其中兩家最具規模的巴西企業)。 |
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==气候== |
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里约热内卢属于[[热带干湿季气候]],终年高温,一年中有明显的干季与雨季,年降雨量在1300毫米左右。在12月到4月的干季,由于受副高或干燥信风带控制,气流干燥以下沉为主,不易形成降水;在5月到11月的雨季,由于受赤道低压带控制,降水丰富,降水类型多为对流雨。 |
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{| table class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! |
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! 1月 |
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! 2月 |
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! 3月 |
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! 4月 |
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! 5月 |
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! 6月 |
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! 7月 |
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! 8月 |
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! 9月 |
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! 10月 |
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! 11月 |
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! 12月 |
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! 年 |
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|- |
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! 最高温度 (°C) |
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| <span style="color:#CC0000">30</span> |
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| <span style="color:#CC0000">31</span> |
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| <span style="color:#CC0000">29</span> |
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| <span style="color:#CC0000">28</span> |
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| <span style="color:#CC0000">27</span> |
|||
| <span style="color:#CC0000">26</span> |
|||
| <span style="color:#CC0000">25</span> |
|||
| <span style="color:#CC0000">26</span> |
|||
| <span style="color:#CC0000">25</span> |
|||
| <span style="color:#CC0000">26</span> |
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| <span style="color:#CC0000">28</span> |
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| <span style="color:#CC0000">29</span> |
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| <span style="color:#CC0000">'''29'''</span> |
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|- |
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! 最低温度 (°C) |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">21</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">21</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">20</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">20</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">19</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">18</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">17</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">18</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">17</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">20</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">21</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">21</span> |
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| <span style="color:#0033FF">'''20'''</span> |
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|- |
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! 降水量 (cm) |
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| 114 |
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| 104 |
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| 104 |
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| 137 |
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| 86 |
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| 81 |
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| 70 |
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| 64 |
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| 59 |
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| 86 |
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| 90 |
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| 170 |
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| '''109''' |
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|} |
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2024年11月18日至19日,二十国集团(G20)领导人峰会将在巴西里约热内卢市(Rio de Janeiro)现代艺术博物馆举办。 |
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==社会条件== |
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=== 南区 === |
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[[Image:Es2006_faveladarocinha.JPG|thumb|320px|Rocinha贫民窟全景]] |
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[[File:Praia_de_Copacabana_-_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brasil.jpg|thumb|250px|科帕卡巴納沙灘]] |
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[[Image:RiodeJaneiro-Favela.jpg|thumb|250px|山上的贫民窟和右侧的喜来登大饭店]] |
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里約熱內盧南區由幾個區域組成,包括[[圣康拉多]]、[[莱伯伦]]、[[伊帕内玛]]、[[Arpoador]]、[[科帕卡瓦纳 (里约热内卢)|科帕卡瓦纳]]和[[莱米 (里约热内卢)|莱米]],涵盖了里約熱內盧最著名的大西洋沙灘線。其他的地區还包括了[[博塔弗戈]]、[[弗拉门戈]]以及[[乌尔卡]],邻接着[[瓜纳巴拉湾]]和[[拉各亚]]、[[Gávea]]、[[Jardim Botânico]]以及[[拉兰热拉斯]],是這座城市最富有的區域,也是里約第一個葡萄牙居民點所在之處。[[塔糖山]]是南区的重要地標,遊客可以空中纜車系統到達山頂,遙望科爾科瓦多山的城市景觀,科帕卡巴纳是全世界最著名的海灘之一,海灘周圍設有酒店,餐館,酒吧,夜總會和住宅樓等設施,每年在科帕卡巴纳主办的新年派对“雷韦隆”(Reveillon)是全世界最精彩的派对之一,有超过两百万狂欢者涌入沙滩,观赏烟火表演。从2001年起,烟火改由船上发射,以增进烟火表演的安全性。<ref>[http://www.vermelho.org.br/diario/2006/0104/zillah_0104.asp?nome=Zillah%20Branco&cod=5264 Rio Reveillon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145446/http://www.vermelho.org.br/diario/2006/0104/zillah_0104.asp?nome=Zillah%20Branco&cod=5264 |date=13 October 2007 }}</ref> |
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自1961年以來,世界上最大的城市森林{{link-pt|佩德拉布蘭卡州立公園|Parque_Estadual_da_Pedra_Branca}}與{{link-en|蒂茹卡國家公園|Tijuca_National_Park}}就位於南區附近的森林處,[[里约热内卢天主教大学|里約熱內盧天主教大學]]位於森林邊緣的加維亞區。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engelbrecht Ferreira |first=Daniel Ernesto |date=April 2005 |title=Poluição afeta Pedra Branca |language=pt |work=[[O Globo]] |url=http://www.biodiversityreporting.org/index.php?pageId=sub&lang=pt_BR¤tItem=article&docId=18381&c=Brasil&cRef=Brazil&year=2006&date=abril%202005 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007173549/http://www.biodiversityreporting.org/index.php?pageId=sub&lang=pt_BR¤tItem=article&docId=18381&c=Brasil&cRef=Brazil&year=2006&date=abril%202005 |archive-date=7 October 2007}}</ref>2012年,CNN將伊帕內瑪海灘推選為世界上最好的城市海灘。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forgan |first=Duncan |date=23 May 2012 |title=World's best city beaches #2 |url=http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/life/best-city-beaches-209050?page=0,1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901062305/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/life/best-city-beaches-209050?page=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 September 2012 |access-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=CNNGo.com}}</ref>另外巴西最大的貧民窟{{link-en|羅西尼亞|Rocinha}}也位於南區。 |
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{{wide image|Cidade de luz e cor.jpg|800px|從塔糖山看里約熱內盧}} |
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===北區 === |
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里约热内卢是一个贫富对比鲜明的城市。尽管该市无疑属于世界主要大都市之一,该市650万居民中却有高达15%的人居住条件恶劣。穷人区中条件最差的贫民窟称为“favela”,拥挤在山坡上,在那里不容易建造牢固的建筑,遇到暴雨时经常发生事故。贫民窟地区还有毒品犯罪、团伙殴斗、警察暴力、缺乏卫生设施等各种社会问题。 |
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北區是足球場[[馬拉簡拿球場]]所在地,曾是世界上容納觀眾最多的球場,能夠容納近199,000人,在1950年舉辦[[世界杯足球賽]]。到了現代因應球場的安全性,入場人數大幅減少,現時只能容納9萬5000名觀眾。馬拉簡拿是[[2007年泛美運動會]]与[[2016年奥林匹克运动会]]開幕禮及閉幕禮以及足球比賽舉行的地方。 |
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除了馬拉卡納體育場,里約北部地區還有其他旅遊和歷史景點,如[[救世基督像]]、[[奥斯瓦尔多·克鲁兹基金会]]、[[圣克里斯托旺宫]]等設施,[[里约热内卢/加利昂-安东尼奥·卡洛斯·若比姆国际机场]]、[[里约热内卢联邦大学]]主校區和里約熱內盧州立大學也都在位於北區。北區也是里約熱內盧大部分桑巴舞學校的所在地,此外里大約1000個山地貧民窟都位於此區域。<ref>"Reinventing Rio"[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Reinventing-Rio.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617113704/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Reinventing-Rio.html|date=17 June 2011}}, Alan Riding, September 2010, ''Smithsonian''</ref> |
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里约热内卢贫民窟的独特之处在于它们距离富人区非常之近。上流社会的社区Ipanema和Copacabana夹在海滩和群山之间,而山上就是穷人区所在。 |
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== |
=== 西区 === |
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西區是里約熱內盧最新開發的地區。整區主要以高級住宅為主,但也有棚戶區。整個區域的規劃,乃類似於美國一些城市的市郊地區,但主要是高級的住宅大廈,吸引了一批富裕階層居住,並有豪華的購物中心。而沿海一帶則還有一些未開發的土地。位於此區域的佩德拉布蘭卡州立公園是世界上最大的城市州立公園<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inea – Portal |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008594 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=www.inea.rj.gov.br |archive-date=2022-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083416/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008594 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[PDF] Trail Guide of Pedra Branca State |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/cs/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=13669&dDocName=PRODUCAO_PORTAL011861 |access-date=2022-02-26 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121836/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/cs/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=13669&dDocName=PRODUCAO_PORTAL011861 }}</ref>,该區是[[2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會|2016年夏季奧運會]]的比賽場馆和奧運村所在地。 |
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===种族=== |
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==經濟== |
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里约热内卢的大部分人口属于[[葡萄牙]]人后裔,也有很多人是非洲人后裔,或葡萄牙人与黑人的混血。该市其他重要的族裔还有德国裔、意大利裔、西班牙裔、阿拉伯裔、犹太人、韩国裔、日本裔以及印第安人。<!-- |
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[[File:Aerial View of Flamengo 1.jpg|thumb|里約市中心,也是城市的金融區所在]] |
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[[File:Museu do Amanhã - entrada (28044443423).jpg|thumb|明天博物館]] |
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里約熱內盧的GDP位居巴西第二大,僅次於[[聖保羅 (巴西)|聖保羅]]。根據IBGE的數據,里約熱內盧在2008年約為2010億美元,相當於全國總額的 5.1%。根據IBGE於2008年10月發布的一項研究,考慮到大都市(覆蓋 11.3% 的人口)所施加的影響,這一比例導致里約的GDP上升到14.4%。<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of economy |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/29092003estatisticasecxxhtml.shtm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103124742/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/29092003estatisticasecxxhtml.shtm |archive-date=3 January 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Ibge.gov.br}}</ref> |
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人口构成中,白人占56%,混血种占32.3%,黑人占11.4%,亚洲裔和印第安人各占0.1%。<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=161&id_pagina=1]</ref> |
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IBGE認為,大里約熱內盧地區的GDP為1870億美元,是巴西第二大國家金融中心。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Economist |date=30 August 2011 |title=Comparing Brazilian states with countries |work=Magazine |publisher=Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/content/compare-cabana |access-date=3 October 2012 |archive-date=2014-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210115526/http://www.economist.com/content/compare-cabana }}</ref>人均國內生產總值為11,786美元。它集中了該州68%的經濟實力和該國生產所有商品和服務的7.9%。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cidade – Protected Planet |url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/478446 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205003206/http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/478446 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>服務業佔GDP的最大部分(65.5%),其次是商業(23.4%)、工業活動(11.1%)和農業(0.1%)。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro %28city%29 |url=http://gold.dreab.com/p-Rio_de_Janeiro_%28city%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001752/http://gold.dreab.com/p-Rio_de_Janeiro_%28city%29 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Gold.dreab.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About BCG – Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.bcg.com/offices/rio-de-janeiro/default |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121918/https://www.bcg.com/offices/rio-de-janeiro/default }}</ref> |
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===音乐=== |
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<!-- The official song of Rio de Janeiro is "''Cidade Maravilhosa''", which means "marvelous city." The song is considered the "national anthem" of Rio, and is always the favorite song during Rio's [[Brazilian Carnival|Carnival]] in February. These are the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] lyrics to the song: |
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得益於長期以來(1763-1960年)擁有的聯邦首都地位,里約熱內盧成為一個充滿活力的行政、金融、商業和文化中心。當里約還是巴西的首都時,就成為吸引公司開設總部的地方,因為社會和政府的重要部門都設在這個城市,即使他們的工廠位於其他城市或州份。該市被選為國有企業的總部,例如[[巴西石油]]、{{link-en|Eletrobras|Eletrobras}}、{{link-en|巴西聯邦儲蓄銀行|Caixa Econômica Federal}}、{{link-en|國家經濟和社會發展銀行|CBrazilian_Development_Bank}}和[[淡水河谷公司]](在1990年代私有化)。{{link-en|里約熱內盧證券交易所|Rio_de_Janeiro_Stock_Exchange}}(BVRJ) 目前只交易政府證券,是1845年在巴西成立的第一家證券交易所。儘管1960年巴西將首都轉移到巴西利亞,但其中許多總部仍留在里約。 |
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''Cidade maravilhosa''<br> |
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''Cheia de encantos mil''<br> |
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''Cidade maravilhosa''<br> |
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''Coração do meu Brasil''<br> |
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''Cidade maravilhosa''<br> |
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''Cheia de encantos mil''<br> |
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''Cidade maravilhosa''<br> |
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''Coração do meu Brasil''<br> |
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''Berço do samba e das lindas canções''<br> |
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''Que vivem n'alma da gente''<br> |
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''És o altar dos nossos corações''<br> |
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''Que cantam alegremente!''<br> |
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''Cidade maravilhosa''<br> |
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''Cheia de encantos mil''<br> |
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''Cidade maravilhosa''<br> |
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''Coração do meu Brasil''<br> |
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''Cidade maravilhosa''<br> |
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''Cheia de encantos mil''<br> |
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''Cidade maravilhosa''<br> |
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''Coração do meu Brasil''<br> --> |
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坎波斯盆地海上石油的勘探始於1968年,成為巴西石油生產的主要地點。<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBGE – Economy of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=17&i=P&c=793 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614223617/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=17&i=P&c=793 }}</ref>這導致許多石油和天然氣公司也將總部設在里約熱內盧,例如[[殼牌]]、EBX集團和[[埃索]]的巴西分公司。多年來,里約一直是巴西的第二大工業中心,擁有煉油廠、造船業、鋼鐵、冶金、石化、水泥、製藥、紡織、加工食品和家具行業等設施。主要的國際製藥公司在里約也設有巴西總部,例如:[[默克集團]]、羅氏、艾睿、達羅、[[百特国际]]等公司。近年較成熟的行業為電子業。建築業也是一項重要活動,為大量非技術工人提供了重要的就業來源,並受到在大里約熱內盧地區建造公寓數量的推動。 |
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<!-- Rio was eternalized in the super smash hit song "[[Garota de Ipanema]]" (The Girl from Ipanema) composed by [[Antonio Carlos Jobim]] and recognized worldwide and recorded by [[Astrud Gilberto]] and [[João Gilberto]], [[Frank Sinatra]], and [[Ella Fitzgerald]]. This is also the main key song of the [[Bossa Nova]], a musical genre that was born in Rio. --> |
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里約是巴西重要的金融中心,業務量僅次於聖保羅。證券市場雖然相對於聖保羅的重要性有所下降,但仍然具有重要意義。近幾十年來,其經濟狀況發生了急劇變化,越來越成為巴西國家服務和商業的主要中心之一。該市是不少大型電信公司的總部,巴西主要的娛樂和媒體組織都設在里約熱內盧,旅遊和娛樂是該市經濟生活的主要產業。尤其是里約在當代也是巴西人和外國人的頂級旅遊勝地。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism in Rio |url=http://www.portalemfoco.com.br/artigos.php?pag=artigo&artigoid=150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153936/http://www.portalemfoco.com.br/artigos.php?pag=artigo&artigoid=150 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Portalemfoco.com.br}}</ref> |
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===狂欢节=== |
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[[File:Barra_Panorama.jpg|thumb|left|巴拉達蒂茹卡]] |
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為了吸引工業,州政府將城市郊區的某些區域指定為工業區,提供基礎設施並在特殊條件下進行土地出售。來自里約熱內盧州北部海岸油田的石油和天然氣,也是里約大都市區用於發展製造業活動的主要資產,使其能夠與其他主要城市競爭新的工業投資。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro será a capital do petróleo entre os dias 13 e 16 de setembro – Agricultura |RuralBR |url=http://agricultura.ruralbr.com.br/noticia/2010/09/rio-de-janeiro-sera-a-capital-do-petroleo-entre-os-dias-13-e-16-de-setembro-3035609.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105160734/http://agricultura.ruralbr.com.br/noticia/2010/09/rio-de-janeiro-sera-a-capital-do-petroleo-entre-os-dias-13-e-16-de-setembro-3035609.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Agricultura.ruralbr.com.br}}</ref>由於靠近里約的港口設施,巴西的許多進出口公司都將總部設在該市。大里約熱內盧是巴西人均收入最高的地區之一,零售貿易規模巨大。許多最重要的零售店都位於市中心,但其他一些則分散在其他地區提供大量貿易的商業區,購物中心、超市和其他零售企業等。 |
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截至2014年,里約熱內盧是巴西第二大出口城市。每年共出口價值7.49B (USD)的商品。<ref>DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/show.9/all/all/?order=export_val.desc "2014 Brazilian Trade by Municipality"] {{Wayback|url=http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/show.9/all/all/?order=export_val.desc|date=20160406102236}}, ''[[DataViva]]'', Retrieved on 17 June 2015.</ref>該市出口前三位的商品是原油(40%)、半成品鐵產品(16%)和半成品鋼材(11%)。<ref>DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.6/all/?order=export_val.desc "Exports by Product for Rio de Janeiro (2014)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618102649/https://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.6/all/?order=export_val.desc|date=18 June 2015}}, ''[[DataViva]]'', Retrieved 17 June 2015.</ref>礦物產品 (42%) 和金屬 (29%) 的材料類別,佔里約熱內盧所有出口的71%。<ref>DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.2/all/?order=export_val.desc "International Trade by Section for Rio de Janeiro (2014)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618102028/https://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.2/all/?order=export_val.desc|date=18 June 2015}}, ''[[DataViva]]'', Retrieved 17 June 2015.</ref>與其他城市相比,里約熱內盧的經濟規模位居巴西第二位,僅次於聖保羅, 2010年GDP為2019億雷亞爾,位居世界第30位。該市人均收入為2007年為22,903美元(約合14,630美元)。<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288 |title=per capita income |publisher=IBGE |year=2005 |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |location=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |language=pt |format=PDF |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-date=2010-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701054146/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288 }}</ref>很大程度上由於當時巴西貨幣的強勢,美世的外籍員工生活成本城市排名報告稱,里約熱內盧在2011年世界上最昂貴的城市中排名第12位,僅次於聖保羅(排名第10),領先於[[倫敦]]、[[巴黎]]、[[米蘭]]和[[紐約]]。<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2011 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 – Top 50 cities: Cost of living ranking |url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#City_rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725215323/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2011 |title=SP é a 10ª cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros; RJ é a 12ª |language=pt |work=UOL Noticias |url=http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715220331/http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm }}</ref>里約熱內盧的酒店價格在巴西也是最昂貴的,其五星級酒店的每日價格僅次於紐約,位居世界第二。<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2011 |title=Rio de Janeiro lidera lista de hotéis mais caros do País |language=pt |work=UOL Noticias |url=http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/infomoney/2011/03/23/rio-de-janeiro-lidera-lista-de-hoteis-mais-caros-do-pais.jhtm |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008004554/http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/infomoney/2011/03/23/rio-de-janeiro-lidera-lista-de-hoteis-mais-caros-do-pais.jhtm }}</ref> |
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里约热内卢主內有多個的狂欢节,包括著名的 ''[[Samba school|Escolas de Samba]]'' (Samba schools) parades in the [[sambódromo]] exhibition centre and the popular 'blocos de carnaval', which parade in almost every corner of the city. The most famous ones are the following: |
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* ''Cordão do Bola Preta'':市中心的遊行活動,是傳統的嘉年華。2006年,總共有20萬人參與。 |
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* ''Suvaco do Cristo'': Band that parades in the Botanic Garden, directly below the Redeemer statue's arm. The name, in English, translates as 'Christ's armpit', and was chosen for that reason. |
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* ''Carmelitas'': Band that was supposedly created by nuns, but in fact it is just a theme chosen by the band. It parades in the hills of Santa Teresa, which have very nice views. |
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* ''Simpatia é Quase Amor'': One of the most popular parades in Ipanema. Translates as 'Friendliness is almost love'. |
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*''Banda de Ipanema'': The most traditional in Ipanema. It attracts a wide range of revellers, including families and a wide spectrum of the gay population (notably spectacular drag queens). |
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===旅遊=== |
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里約熱內盧是巴西最的主要旅遊勝地和度假勝地。每年共接待約282萬國際遊客。<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2010 |title=Rio de Janeiro is the main tourist destination in the South Hemisphere |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-de-janeiro-is-the-main-tourist-destination-in-the-south-hemisphere |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118174506/http://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-de-janeiro-is-the-main-tourist-destination-in-the-south-hemisphere |archive-date=18 November 2015 |access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref>這座城市擁有世界一流的酒店,如[[科帕卡瓦纳宫]]、大約80公里的海灘以及著名的科爾科瓦多、舒格洛夫山脈和馬拉卡納體育場。雖然該市過去曾擁有蓬勃發展的旅遊業,但該行業在20世紀最後一個季度進入衰退期。1985年至1993年間,每年的國際機場到達人數從621,000人次下降到378,000 人次,酒店平均入住率下降到50%。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flickr roger4336 |title=Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.touristlink.com.br/Brasil/rio-de-janeiro/overview.html |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=TouristLink |archive-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003812/http://www.touristlink.com.br/Brasil/rio-de-janeiro/overview.html }}</ref>首都遷至巴西利亞及聖保羅的興起被認為是里約衰退的主要原因。 |
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[[Image:Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Pão_de_Açucar_-_Cablecar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Sugar Loaf]]]] |
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里约热内卢是南美洲最大的城市之一,但该市更为知名的是他一年中举行的各种各样的文化庆典活动,其中最著名的就是狂欢节,在传统的天主教四旬斋禁食期的两周之前举行。 |
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此後,里約熱內盧政府致力於實現城市經濟現代化,減少長期的社會不平等,並提高其商業地位,已作為旅遊業復興計劃的一部分。<ref name="Worldwide destinations">{{Cite book |last1=Boniface |first1=Brian G. |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwidedestina0000boni/page/233 |title=Worldwide destinations casebook: the geography of travel and tourism |last2=Cooper |first2=Christopher P. |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=2005 |isbn=0-7506-6440-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldwidedestina0000boni/page/233 233–35] |url-access=registration}}</ref>目前,這座城市是全球重要的[[LGBT]]旅遊目的地,每年共有100萬LGBT遊客到訪里約。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Do G1 RJ |date=24 November 2011 |title=G1 – Rio recebe quase 1 milhão de turistas homossexuais por ano, diz pesquisa – notícias em Rio de Janeiro |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/11/rio-recebe-quase-1-milhao-de-turistas-homossexuais-por-ano-diz-pesquisa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702111745/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/11/rio-recebe-quase-1-milhao-de-turistas-homossexuais-por-ano-diz-pesquisa.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=G1.globo.com}}</ref>里約熱內盧是世界旅遊大獎中南美“最佳目的地”類別中獲獎最多的地區。<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=World Travel Awards |url=http://www.worldtravelawards.com/ |access-date=11 February 2010 |archive-date=2020-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007201826/http://www.worldtravelawards.com/ }}</ref> |
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届时来自世界各地的人来到里约热内卢参与并见证这次狂欢。狂欢节意味着大量的人群、美食、色彩,当然还有[[桑巴舞]]。狂欢节的庆祝结束于“Mardi Gras”星期二。 |
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{{wide image|Panorama from Rio de Janeiro.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|從科爾科瓦多山看里約熱內盧}} |
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== 社会問題 == |
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除了狂欢节,新年也是里约热内卢的一个重要节日,届时会举办几场音乐会,并且在全市燃放焰火,规模最大的是在Copacabana海滩。人们穿着白色的衣服,一些人还<!-- make offerings to a [[Candomblé]] [[deity]] called ''[[Iemanjá]]''. |
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[[File:1 rocinha night 2014 panorama.jpg|thumb|250px|位於巴西里約熱內盧最大的貧民窟羅西尼亞的夜景,後方是兩兄弟山,攝於2014年6月]] |
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里约热内卢是一个贫富对比鲜明的城市。尽管该市无疑属于世界主要大都市之一,该市650万居民中却有高达15%的人居住条件恶劣。穷人区中条件最差的贫民窟称为“favela”,拥挤在山坡上,在那里不容易建造牢固的建筑,遇到暴雨时经常发生事故。贫民窟地区还有毒品犯罪、集体斗殴、警察暴力、缺乏卫生设施等各种社会问题。 |
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里约热内卢贫民窟的独特之处在于它们距离富人区非常之近。上流社会的社区[[伊帕內瑪]]和[[科帕卡瓦纳 (里约热内卢)|科帕卡瓦纳]]夹在海滩和群山之间,而山上就是穷人区所在。 |
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Rio also has one of the world's most talked-about nightlife. Rio has a lot of night clubs where the rich enjoy themselves and party the night away. Clubs like Baronneti, Nuth and Catwalk are some of the country's best known and frequented by celebrities such as [[Ronaldo]], [[Calvin Klein]], [[Mick Jagger]] and [[Naomi Campbell]]. --> |
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== |
== 文化 == |
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site |
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里约热内卢即将主办[[2007年泛美运动会]]。 其他知名的比賽是[[MotoGP]][[巴西大獎賽]]及世界[[沙灘排球]]錦標賽決賽。[[Jacarepaguá]]曾是[[一級方程式賽車]]1978年-1990年賽站[[巴西大獎賽]]以及是1996-1999年[[Champ Car]]賽事舉行地點。[[WCT]]/[[WQS]] [[Surf]] championships was contested on the beaches from 1985-2001. The city is building a new [[stadium]] near the [[Estádio do Maracanã|Maracanã]], to hold 145,000 people. It will be named after Brazilian ex-[[FIFA]] president [[João Havelange]].里約熱內盧曾申辦[[2012年夏季奧林匹克運動會]],但未能成為最後申辦城市。[[Copacabana]]沙灘would have been the site of the [[triathlon]] and [[beach volleyball]], while [[yachting]] competitions would have been held in Guanabara Bay. 2006年9月16日,城市宣佈申辦[[2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會]],最後獲選為申辦城市之一,將於2009年投票。 |
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| zh_name = 里約熱內盧:山海之間的卡里奧克景觀 |
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| en_name = Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea |
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| fr_name = Rio de Janeiro, paysages cariocas entre la montagne et la mer |
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| site_img = Image:Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg |
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| site_img_capt = 卡里奧克景觀 |
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| site_img_width = 350px |
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| country = {{BRA}} |
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| Region = 拉丁美洲和加勒比地区 |
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| criterion_c = (v)(vi) |
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| rg_year = 2012 |
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| ex_rg_year = |
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| remarks = |
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| org_url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1100 1100 |
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| map_img = |
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| map_img_width = |
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}} |
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里約熱內盧是巴西的主要文化中心。它的歷史古蹟包括建於16世紀至19世紀的教堂和建築,以及融合了20世紀現代建築的設計。里約多年來一直是葡萄牙皇室的故鄉和首都,因此在地的建築物深受著葡萄牙、英國和法國建築的影響。<ref name="#3">{{Cite web |title=FBN Summit |url=http://www.fbnsummit.org/2013/brazil-and-the-city-of-rio/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308075623/http://www.fbnsummit.org/2013/brazil-and-the-city-of-rio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>最為著名的自然景觀為山海之間的卡里奧克景觀,能夠從山上著名的基督雕像遙望瓜納巴拉灣附近的山丘。與其說是建築遺址,此地區更為一個特殊的城市景觀,從蒂茹卡國家公園山上的最高點一路向下直到大海,激發對於里約城市的塑造和發展自然要素。 |
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2012年7月1日,根據第36屆世界遺產委員會,聯合國教科文組織以「里約熱內盧:山海之間的卡里奧克景觀」名義將此帶列入《世界遺產名錄》。 |
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[[Image:Maracana01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Interior of Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]] |
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===設施=== |
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體育是受歡迎的娛樂之一。最受歡迎運動是[[足球]]。里約熱內盧是四隊巴西傳統勁旅的根據地,[[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|保地花高]]、[[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|法林明高]]、[[Fluminense Football Club|費倫明斯]] 以及[[Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama|華斯高]]. |
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里約有許多重要的文化地標,如[[巴西国家图书馆|巴西國家圖書館]],它是世界上最大的圖書館之一,藏書總量超過900萬件、[[里约热内卢市立剧院|市政劇院]]、[[巴西國家博物館]]、[[卡門·米蘭達|卡門米蘭達]]博物館、里約熱內盧植物園;拉格公、美景公园、[[里约热内卢皇宫]]、[[巴西文学院]]、里約熱內盧現代藝術博物館和自然歷史博物館等文化設施。 |
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里約也是匯集巴西影視媒體的製作中心<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming Soon page |url=http://www.theoilcommunity.com/?cp=locTopic&op=categoryData&ly=loc&li=92&ti=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403092715/http://www.theoilcommunity.com/?cp=locTopic&op=categoryData&ly=loc&li=92&ti=19 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>。里約熱內盧國際電影節自1999年以來每年舉辦一次。<ref name="#3"/>以里約熱內盧為背景的主要國際電影包括《半熟米飯》;[[詹姆士·龐德]]系列電影《[[鐵金剛勇破太空城|太空城]]》,獲得奧斯卡最佳外語片提名之《[[中央車站 (電影)|中央車站]]》,以及1959年《黑色俄耳甫斯》,描繪里約熱內盧的黑暗面為背景主題,其他國際知名的巴西電影包括《[[精銳部隊]]》和《[[無法無天_(2002年電影)|無法無天]]》。 |
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其他受歡迎運動包括[[沙灘足球]]、[[沙灘排球]]、[[滑浪]]、[[kitesurfing]]、[[hang gliding]]、[[賽車]]、 [[巴西柔術]], recreational [[sailing]], and competitive [[rowing (sport)|rowing]]. The peculiarly Brazilian dance/sport/[[martial art]] [[Capoeira]] is also popular. Another sport that is highly popular on the beaches of Rio is called "Fresco Ball" (or [[Matkot]]), a type of beach tennis. |
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里約設有許多重要的文化地標,如國家圖書館(Biblioteca Nacional),它是世界上最大的圖書館之一,藏書總量超過900萬件;其他著名的設施為市政劇院、國家美術館、卡門米蘭達博物館、里約熱內盧植物園、拉格公園、金塔達博阿維斯塔、帝國廣場、巴西文學院、里約熱內盧現代藝術博物館和自然歷史博物館等。 |
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里約熱內盧亦是攀石者的天堂,市內有數百個攀爬點,ranging from easy boulders to highly technical big wall climbs, all inside the city. The most famous, Rio's granite mountain, the [[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Sugar Loaf]] ([[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Pão de Açúcar]]), is an example, with routes from the easy 3rd grade (American 5.4, French 3) to the extremely difficult 9th grade (5.13/8b), up to 280 metres. |
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=== 种族 === |
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[[Hang gliding]] in Rio de Janeiro started in the mid 1970s and quickly proved to be perfectly suited for this town, due to its geography; steep mountains encounter the [[Atlantic Ocean]], which provide excellent take-off locations and great landing zones on the [[beach]]. Starting with amateur flights, this activity soon turned into a profitable industry of tandem hang gliding with some very experienced pilots at a cost for a ride around US$ 100.00.在12月至3月的夏季通常要預約才能夠使用。 |
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里约热内卢的大部分人口属于[[葡萄牙]]人后裔,也有很多人是非洲人后裔,或葡萄牙人与黑人的混血。该市其他重要的族裔还有德国裔、意大利裔、西班牙裔、阿拉伯裔、犹太人、韩国裔、日本裔以及印第安人。 |
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[[釣魚]]是巴西普及的活動。在里約熱內盧,有一道地方可以找到很多[[巴西銅魚]],又名為''peixe de cobre''.不少市集售賣''peixes de cobre'',牠們為巴西人日常主要食物。 |
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人口构成中,白人占56%,混血种占32.3%,黑人占11.4%,亚洲裔和印第安人各占0.1%。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=161&id_pagina=1 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-04-05 |archive-date=2007-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704172444/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=161&id_pagina=1 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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==交通== |
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[[Image:UBahnLinienbandRioDeJaneiro.png|thumb|400px|A map of Rio de Janeiro subway and integrated bus lines.]] |
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在里約熱內盧,巴士是主要集體運輸工具。總共有超過440條巴士線,每天接載400萬名乘客,以及連接其他路線的城市。雖然便宜和頻密,但是市內有交通政策以減才市內堵車及增加乘客流量。 |
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=== 文化活动 === |
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Rio de Janeiro has two [[Rapid transit|subway]] lines (''[[Metro Rio]]'') and several [[commuter rail]] lines. Future plans include building a third subway line to [[Niterói]] and [[São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro|São Gonçalo]], including an underwater tunnel beneath [[Guanabara Bay]] to supplement the [[ferry]] service currently there. |
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[[File:Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Pão_de_Açucar_-_Cablecar.jpg|thumb|250px|[[塔糖山]]({{lang|pl|Pão de Açucar}})]] |
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里约热内卢是南美洲最大的城市之一,但该市更为知名的是它一年中举行的各种各样的文化庆典活动,其中最著名的就是狂欢节,在传统的天主教四旬斋禁食期的两周之前举行。 |
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届时来自世界各地的人来到里约热内卢参与并见证这次狂欢。狂欢节意味着大量的人群、美食、色彩,当然还有[[桑巴舞]]。狂欢节的庆祝结束于[[忏悔星期二|“Mardi Gras”星期二]]。 |
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In Brazil, most interstate transportation is done by road. A large [[terminal]] for long-distance buses is in the Santo Cristo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro.市內還有兩個港口接載乘客 (里約熱內盧及 [[Sepetiba]]港)。 |
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除了狂欢节,新年也是里约热内卢的一个重要节日,届时会举办几场音乐会,并且在全市燃放焰火,规模最大的焰火在[[科巴卡巴那]]海滩。人们穿着白色的衣服,一些人还用跳舞祭祀[[叶玛亚]]。 |
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===机场=== |
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[[Image:Rio_deJaneiro_LE2002059_lrg.jpg|thumb|250px|[[NASA]]里約熱內盧[[衛星映像]]]] |
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=== 体育 === |
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市內有五個機場。 |
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里约热内卢曾主办[[2007年泛美运动会]]。其他知名的比賽是[[MotoGP]][[巴西大獎賽]]及世界[[沙灘排球]]錦標賽決賽。''Jacarepaguá''曾是[[一級方程式賽車]]1978年-1990年賽站[[巴西大獎賽]]以及是1996-1999年''Champ Car''賽事舉行地點。里約熱內盧曾申辦[[2012年夏季奧林匹克運動會]],但申辦失敗。2006年9月16日,城市宣布申辦[[2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會]],最後於2009年10月2日獲選為主辦城市,成为了第一个举办奥运会的南美洲国家。 |
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; [[Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport]] :所有國際航班以及部份國內長距離航機會使用此機場。 |
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; [[Santos Dumont Regional Airport]] : 里約熱內盧首個機場及前國際機場。部份航班是通往里約熱內盧省,特別是北方生產[[石油]]的城市。 |
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; Aeroporto de Jacarepaguá : 位於Barra da Tijuca區。現時由Aeroclube do Brasil(巴西飛行協會)管理,負責小型飛機的升降。 - São Paulo Air Shuttle Service since it is just inside Barra, the city's fastest-growing district. |
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; Campo dos Afonsos: 軍用機場,當巴西空軍舉行航空展時會使用。另外亦舉辦MUSAL (Museu Aero-Espacial),是拉丁美州其中一個大型航空展覽。 |
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; Santa Cruz Air Base:軍用機場。 |
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[[File:Maracana Stadium.jpg|thumb|250px|[[馬拉簡拿運動場]]]] |
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==公园与广场== |
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<!-- *[[Flamengo]] Park - Large park in the Flamengo neighbourhood, beside [[Guanabara Bay]]. |
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*[[Jardim Botânico]] – Magnificent Botanic Garden founded in the early 19th century. |
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*[[Quinta da Boa Vista]] - Site of the palace used by the Emperors of Brazil. |
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*[[Zoological Garden of Rio de Janeiro]] - Located in the Quinta da Boa Vista. |
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*[[Passeio Público (Rio de Janeiro)|Passeio Público]] - 18th century public garden in central Rio. |
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*[[Arpoador Park]] |
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*[[Morro Dois Irmãos Park]] --> |
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體育是受歡迎的娛樂之一。最受歡迎運動是[[足球]]。里約熱內盧是四隊巴西傳統勁旅的根據地,[[保地花高]]、[[法林明高]]、[[富明尼斯]]以及[[華斯高]]。 |
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==當地名人== |
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'Cariocas', as residents of Rio de Janeiro are called in Brazil, have made extensive contributions to Brazil's history, culture, music, literature, education, science, technology etc. – particularly when Rio de Janeiro was the federal capital and a great hub of Brazilian growth and innovation in all these areas. Some important Cariocas, who were born in Rio, are: |
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其他受歡迎運動包括[[沙灘足球]]、[[沙灘排球]]、[[籃球]]、[[滑浪]]、[[風箏衝浪]]、[[悬挂式滑翔]]、[[賽車]]、[[巴西柔术|巴西柔術]]。 |
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*[[Adolfo Lutz]],物理及科學家 |
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*[[Adriano Leite Ribeiro]],足球運動員 |
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*[[Bruno Barreto]],電影導演 |
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*[[Carlos Nemer]], architect and civil engineer |
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*[[Carlos Chagas Filho]],物理及科學家 |
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*[[Carlos Lacerda]],里約熱內盧市長 |
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*[[Carolina Solberg Salgado|Carolina Solberg]],沙灘排球運動員 |
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*[[Chico Buarque]],作曲家、歌手、作家 |
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*[[Bruno Campos]]演員 |
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*[[Fernanda Montenegro]]演員 |
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*[[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]],社會學家,兩任巴西總統 |
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*[[Garrincha]],足球運動員 |
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*[[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], classic composer and regent |
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*[[Ismael Silva]],歌手兼作曲家 |
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*[[Isabel Clark]],滑板運動員 |
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*[[Jaguar (cartoonist)|Jaguar]], cartoonist |
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*[[Jô Soares]], television entertainer and writer |
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*[[Jorge Ben Jor]],歌手及作曲家 |
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*[[Machado de Assis]],作家 |
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*[[Madame Satã]], famous outlaw |
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*[[Marisa Monte]],歌手兼作曲家 |
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*[[Millôr Fernandes]], cartoonist and playwright |
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*[[Milton Nascimento]],歌手兼作曲家 |
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*[[Nelson Piquet]]賽車手。 |
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*[[Noel Rosa]],歌手兼作曲家 |
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*[[Oscar Niemeyer]],建築設計師 |
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*[[Paulinho da Viola]],森巴舞高手 |
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*[[Paulo Coelho]]作家 |
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*[[Pedro II of Brazil|Emperor D. Pedro II]] |
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*[[Pixinguinha]], one of the fathers of ''[[Choro|Chorinho]]'' music |
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*[[Baden Powell de Aquino|Baden Powell]], composer and musician (guitar) |
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*[[Royce Gracie]], Mixed Martial Arts and Grappling legend |
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*[[羅馬里奧]],,足球運動員 |
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*[[朗拿度]],足球運動員 |
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*[[Sérgio Vieira de Mello]],外交官 |
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*[[Silvio Santos]],電視台老闆 |
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*[[Tom Jobim]], composer and musician, one of the creators of [[Bossa Nova]] |
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*[[Vinícius de Moraes]], writer, poet, musician and diplomat |
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*[[Walter Salles]],,電影導演 |
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*[[薜高]],足球運動員及教練 |
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里約熱內盧亦是攀石者的天堂,市內有數百個攀爬點。 |
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==教育== |
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* 國立大學 |
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**[[Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológico Celso Suckow da Fonseca]] (CEFET) - ''Celso Suckow da Fonseca Federal Center for Technological Education'' |
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**[[Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas]] (ENCE) - ''National School of Statistics Sciences'' |
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**[[Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro]] (UERJ) – ''State University of Rio de Janeiro'' |
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**[[Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense]] (UENF) – ''Norh Fluminense State University'' [Located in the nearby city of Campos] |
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**[[Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro]] (UFRJ) – ''Federal University of Rio de Janeiro'' |
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**[[Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro]] (UFRRJ) – ''Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro'' [Located in the nearby city of Seropédica] |
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**[[Universidade Federal Fluminense]] (UFF) – ''"Fluminense" Federal University'' [''Fluminense'', in Portuguese, is someone who is born in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This university is located in the nearby city of Niterói] |
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**[[Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro]] (UNIRIO) – ''Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro'' |
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**[[Instituto Militar de Engenharia]] (IME) – ''Military Institute of Engineering'' |
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**[[Instituto Superior de Educação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro]] (ISERJ) - ''Superior Institute for Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro'' |
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[[釣魚]]是巴西普及的活動。在里約熱內盧,有一道地方可以找到很多巴西銅魚,又名為''peixe de cobre''。不少市集售賣''peixes de cobre'',牠們為巴西人日常主要食物。 |
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*研究中心及書院 |
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**[[Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas]] (CBPF) – ''Brazilian Center for Physics Research'' |
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**[[Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello]] (CENPES) - ''Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center'' |
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**[[Escola de Comando e Estado Maior do Exército]] (ECEME) - ''Army School of Command and Estado Maior'' [''Estado Maior'' is a sector of the Brazilian army] |
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**[[Insituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Engenharia]] (COPPE) – ''Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering'' |
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**[[Insituto de Energia Nuclear]] (IEN) - ''Nuclear Energy Institute'' |
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**[[Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada]] (IMPA) – ''National institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics'' |
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**[[Instituto Oswaldo Cruz]] (FIOCRUZ) – ''Oswaldo Cruz Institute'' |
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**[[Instituto Radioproteção e Dosimetria]] (IRD) – ''Radiation Protection and Dosimetry Institute'' |
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**[[Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica]] (LNCC) – ''National Laboratory for Scientific Computing'' [Located in the nearby city of Petrópolis] |
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**[[Observatório Nacional]] (ON) – ''National Observatory'' |
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== 交通 == |
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* 私立大學 |
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**[[Centro de Ensino Superior de Valença]] (CESVA) [Located in the nearby city of Valença] |
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**[[Centro Universitário Augusto Motta]] (UNISUAM) |
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**[[Faculdade Angel Vianna]] |
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**[[Faculdade Anglo Americano]] |
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**[[Faculdade Arthur Sá Earp Neto]] (FASE) [Located in the nearby city of Petrópolis] |
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**[[Faculdade Carioca]] |
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**[[Faculdade Centro de Cultura Anglo-Americana]] (CCAA) |
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**[[Faculdade de Ciências Agro-Ambientais]] (FCAA) |
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**[[Faculdade de Medicina de Campos]] (FMC) [Located in the nearby city of Campos] |
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**[[Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis]] (FMP) [Located in the nearby city of Petrópolis] |
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**[[Faculdade de Odontologia de Nova Friburgo]] (FONF) [Located in the nearby city of Nova Friburgo] |
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**[[Faculdade de Odontologia de Campos]] (FOC) [Located in the nearby city of Campos] |
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**[[Faculdade de São Bento do Rio de Janeiro]] |
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**[[Faculdades Integradas Hélio Alonso]] (FACHA) |
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**[[Faculdades Integradas Bennett]] |
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**[[Faculdades Souza Marques]] |
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**[[Fundação Getúlio Vargas]] (FGV) – ''Getúlio Vargas Foundation'' |
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**[[Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilitação]] (IBMR) |
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**[[Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais]] (IBMEC) – ''Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets'' |
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**[[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]] (PUC-Rio) – ''Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro'' |
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**[[Universidade Cândido Mendes]] (UCAM) |
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**[[Universidade Católica de Petrópolis]] (UCP) [Located in the nearby city of Petrópolis] |
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**[[Universidade Estácio de Sá]] |
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**[[Universidade Iguaçu]] (UNIG) [Located in the nearby city of Nova Iguaçu] |
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**[[Universidade Gama Filho]] (UGF) |
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**[[Universidade do Grande Rio]] (UNIGRANRIO) |
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**[[Universidade Santa Úrsula]] (USU) |
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**[[Universidade Univercidade]] |
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**[[Universidade Veiga de Almeida]] (UVA) |
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市內還有兩個港口接載乘客(里約熱內盧及''Sepetiba''港)。 |
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*公眾及私立學院 |
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**[[Centro de Educação e Cultura da Barra]] (CEC) |
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**[[Colégio Santa Marcelina]] |
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**Colégio Pentágono |
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**Colégio Pedro II |
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**[[Colégio Princesa Isabel]] |
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**Colégio Andrews |
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**[[Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca]] (CEFET) - ''Federal Center of Technology Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca'' |
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**Centro Educacional Vieirence |
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**Charles Péguy |
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**Colégio Subtente Duplar Pires de Mello |
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**Corcovado |
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**Colégio da Imaculada Conceição |
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**CEL- Centro Educacional da Lagoa |
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** [[Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro (EARJ)]](American School) |
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**Escola Parque |
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**EDEM |
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**Instituto de Educação Sarah Kubitschek |
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**Instituto Analice |
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**São Bento - ''Saint Benedict School'' |
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**Santo Ignácio |
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**Santo Agostinho - ''Saint Augustin School'' |
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**São Vicente de Paula |
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**Sion |
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**FAETEC - ''Support Foundation of the Technical Schools'' |
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**Colégio dos Santos Anjos |
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**Colégio Marista São José |
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**Liceu Molière - ''Lyceé Molière'' |
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**Liceu Franco-Brasileiro |
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**CEAT- ''Educacional Center Aloísio Teixeira'' |
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**Teresiano |
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**PH |
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**Colégio Nossa Senhora de Lourdes |
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**Colégio de Aplicação da U.F.R.J. |
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**CEFETEQ de Nilópolis - ''Nilópolis Federal Tecnological Center of Chemistry'' |
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**Military School of Rio de Janeiro |
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**[[The British School-Rio de Janeiro]] |
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== |
=== 机场 === |
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[[File:Aeroporto galeao rj ME.jpg|thumb|里約熱內盧/加利昂-安東尼奧·卡洛斯·若比姆國際機場]] |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[File:Aeroporto do Rio de Janeiro - Santos Dumont - panoramio.jpg|thumb|聖杜蒙特機場]] |
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里約熱內盧內有五個機場。 |
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* [[里约热内卢/加利昂安东尼奥·卡洛斯·若比姆国际机场]]:所有國際航班以及部分國內長距離航機會使用此機場。 |
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* [[聖杜蒙特機場]]:里約熱內盧首個機場及前國際機場。部分航班是通往-{里}-約熱內盧省,特別是北方生產[[石油]]的城市。 |
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* Aeroporto de Jacarepaguá :位於''Barra da Tijuca''區。現時由''Aeroclube do Brasil''(巴西飛行協會)管理,負責小型飛機的升降。 - São Paulo Air Shuttle Service since it is just inside Barra, the city's fastest-growing district. |
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* Campo dos Afonsos:軍用機場,當巴西空軍舉行航空展時會使用。另外亦舉辦MUSAL(Museu Aero-Espacial),是拉丁美州其中一個大型航空展覽。 |
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* Santa Cruz Air Base:軍用機場。 |
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== |
===港口=== |
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里約熱內盧港是巴西貨運量第三大的港口,也是遊輪的中心。它位於瓜納巴拉灣的西海岸,服務於里約熱內盧、聖保羅、米納斯吉拉斯州和聖埃斯皮里圖州等地。該港口由里約熱內盧碼頭公司管理。里約熱內盧港的範圍從東部的毛亞碼頭到北部的腰果碼頭。擁有近七千公尺(2.3萬英尺)的貨櫃碼頭和一個 883公尺(2,897 英尺)的碼頭。 |
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<!-- *{{border|[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|25px]]}}[[中国]][[北京]] |
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*{{border|[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]]}}[[美国]][[亚特兰大]] |
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*{{border|[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]]}}[[巴西]][[卡布佛里乌]] |
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*{{border|[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]]}}[[巴西]][[特雷索波利斯]] --> |
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[[Image:PaodeAcucar.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The [[Sugar Loaf]]]] |
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===公共交通=== |
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* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[西班牙]][[巴塞罗那]] |
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[[File:Public transport map of Rio de Janeiro.png|thumb|400px|里約熱內盧地鐵和巴士綜合路線圖]] |
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* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[阿根廷]][[布宜诺斯艾利斯]] |
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在里約熱內盧,公共汽車是主要的公共交通工具。除城際線路外,還有近440條市政公交線路,每天服務超過400萬人次乘客。然便宜和頻密,但是市內有交通政策以減少市內堵車及增加乘客流量。 |
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* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[南非]][[开普敦]] |
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* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[南非]][[德班]] |
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* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[沙特阿拉伯]][[吉达]] |
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* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[葡萄牙]][[里斯本]] |
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* {{flagicon|United States}} [[美国]][[洛杉矶]] |
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* {{flagicon|United States}} [[美国]][[迈阿密]] |
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* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[加拿大]][[蒙特利尔]] |
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* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[巴西]][[尼泰罗伊]] |
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* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[日本]][[大阪]] |
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* {{flagicon|France}} [[法国]][[巴黎]] |
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* {{flagicon|Brazil}} 巴西[[桑托斯]] |
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* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[韩国]][[首尔]] |
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* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[澳大利亚]][[悉尼]] |
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人們在里約熱內盧乘坐公共交通工具的平均時間為95分鐘,例如上下班的尖峰時間。32%的公共交通乘客每天騎行超過兩個小時。人們在車站或車站等待公共交通的平均時間為19分鐘,而 35% 的乘客平均每天等待超過20分鐘。人們通常乘坐公共交通工具單次出行的平均距離為12.3公里,而37%的人單程出行超過12公里。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro Public Transportation Statistics |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Rio_de_Janeiro-322 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122153/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Rio_de_Janeiro-322 }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref> |
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== |
== 當地名人 == |
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{{sisterlinks<!-- |Rio de Janeiro -->}} |
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===官方網站=== |
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*{{pt icon}} [http://www.rio.rj.gov.br 市政府官方網站] |
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*[http://transito.rio.rj.gov.br/ Rio De Janeiro Webcams] |
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*[http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/riotur/en/ Riotur] |
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* [[阿多佛·魯茲]](Adolfo Lutz),物理及科學家 |
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===教育=== |
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* [[阿祖安奴|阿德里亞諾]],足球運動員 |
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*[http://www.cgmax.com.br/ CGMAX] - Computer Graphics University at Rio de Janeiro |
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* [[布鲁诺·巴列托]](Bruno Barreto),電影導演 |
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*[http://www.uva.br/ UVA-Rio] - Veiga de Almeida University of Rio de Janeiro |
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* [[卡洛斯·查格斯·菲利欧]](Carlos Chagas Filho),物理及科學家 |
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*[http://www.puc-rio.br/ PUC-Rio] - the Pontifical University of Rio de Janeiro |
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* [[卡洛斯·拉克德]](Carlos Lacerda),里約熱內盧市長 |
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*[http://www.ufrj.br/ UFRJ] Federal University of Rio de Janeiro |
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* [[卡罗莉娜·索尔伯格·萨尔加多]](Carolina Solberg Salgado),沙灘排球運動員 |
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*[http://www.ufrrj.br/ UFRRJ] Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro |
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* [[奇哥·布亞奇]](Chico Buarque),作曲家、歌手、作家 |
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*[http://www.uerj.br/ UERJ] - University of Rio de Janeiro State |
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* [[布鲁诺·坎波斯]](Bruno Campos),演員 |
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*[http://www.unirio.br/ UNIRIO] - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State |
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* [[菲南妲·蒙坦納葛羅]](Fernanda Montenegro),演員 |
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*[http://www.ucam.edu.br/ UCAM] - Universidade Candido Mendes |
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* [[費爾南多·恩里克·卡多佐]],社會學家,兩任巴西總統 |
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*[http://www.earj.com.br] - Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro [American School of Rio de Janeiro] |
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* [[加林查]],足球運動員 |
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*[http://www.estacio.br] - Universidade Estácio de Sá (Estacio de Sa University) |
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* [[伊斯梅尔·席尔瓦]](Ismael Silva),歌手兼作曲家 |
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* [[伊莎贝尔·克拉克]](Isabel Clark),滑板運動員 |
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* [[佐格·本·佐]](Jorge Ben Jor),歌手及作曲家 |
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* [[马查多·德·阿西斯]],作家 |
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* [[瑪麗莎·蒙特]](Marisa Monte),歌手兼作曲家 |
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* [[米爾頓·納奇曼托]](Milton Nascimento),歌手兼作曲家 |
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* [[尼爾森·皮奎]],賽車手 |
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* [[挪埃·何沙]],歌手兼作曲家 |
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* [[奧斯卡·尼邁耶]],建築設計師 |
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* [[帕乌林霍·达维奥拉]](Paulinho da Viola),森巴舞高手 |
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* [[保羅·科爾賀]],作家 |
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* [[羅馬里奧]],足球運動員 |
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* [[羅納度]](罗纳尔多),足球運動員 |
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* [[塞尔希奥·比埃拉·德梅洛]](Sérgio Vieira de Mello),外交官 |
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* [[西尔维奥·桑托斯]](Silvio Santos),電視台老闆 |
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* [[華特·沙勒斯]](Walter Salles),電影導演 |
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* [[济科]],足球運動員及教練 |
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== |
== 教育 == |
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[[葡萄牙語]]是巴西官方的國家語言,因此也是里约热内卢學校教授的主要語言。英語和西班牙語也是教育官方課程的一部分,此外里约热内卢也設有國際學校,如里約熱內盧美國學校、仁慈聖母學校、SIS 瑞士國際學校等。<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Schools in Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/rio-de-janeiro |access-date=22 September 2020 |website=International Schools Database |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123822/https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/rio-de-janeiro }}</ref> |
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*[http://eayearbooks.com/rio_images.htm Images of Rio— Hundreds of images from the 1920s to the present] |
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===教育機構=== |
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*[http://www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com/ 相片指南 visual impressions of "a cidade maravilhosa"] |
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里约热内卢設有超過137所高等學府、國立大學、私立大學、研究所等。巴西教育部已在里約認證了大約99所高等院校。其中城市最知名的大學是[[里约热内卢联邦大学]](UERJ)它是巴西最大的聯邦大學,也是巴西卓越的教學和研究中心之一。其他著名的大學包含里約熱內盧州聯邦大學(UNIRIO);里約熱內盧州立大學(UERJ);里約熱內盧聯邦農村大學(UFRRJ);弗魯米嫩塞聯邦大學(UFF);里約熱內盧天主教大學(PUC-Rio);热图利奥•瓦加斯基金会(FGV);軍事工程學院(IME);里約熱內盧電子科學高等技術學院(IST-Rio);宣傳與營銷學院(ESPM);巴西物理研究中心(CBPF);國家純粹與應用數學研究所(IMPA);里約熱內盧高等教育學院 (ISERJ) 和里約熱內盧聯邦科技教育中心(CEFET/RJ)。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pati |first=Camila |title=As 18 melhores universidades do Brasil em 2015 - EXAME.com |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/carreira/noticias/as-18-melhores-universidades-do-brasil-em-2015#3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031424/http://exame.abril.com.br/carreira/noticias/as-18-melhores-universidades-do-brasil-em-2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=abril.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=QS University Rankings: Latin America 2015 |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank%20region=%20country=%20faculty=%20stars=false%20search= |website=topuniversities.com |access-date=2022-02-27 |archive-date=2016-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122204927/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank%20region=%20country=%20faculty=%20stars=false%20search= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OnLine – Hospedagens e Desenvolvimento de Web Sites |title=Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC, Vestibular, Apostilas, Universitário, Profissão, Professor |url=http://www.seruniversitario.com.br |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Ser Universitário |archive-date=2011-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055510/http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/ }}</ref> |
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*[http://www.luxorio.com/ LuxoRio - Several hundred photos of emerging luxury property market in Ipanema, Copacabana and Leblon. Featured in CasaCor 2006.] |
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*[http://www.panmap.com/brazil/riodejaneiro/corcovado/panmap.html '''Corcovado''' Immersive Virtual Tour] |
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== |
== 友好城市 == |
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===姐妹城市=== |
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* {{wikitravel}} |
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里约热内卢與下列城市結成姊妹城市: |
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*{{pt icon}} [http://www.webbusca.com.br/pagam/guia_rio_janeiro.htm Rio de Janeiro Yellow Pages] |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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* [http://www.scandinavian-association.net The Scandinavian Association in Rio de Janeiro] |
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*{{POR}} [[阿加尼爾]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acordos de Geminação |url=https://www.cm-arganil.pt/municipio/acordos-de-geminacao/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-arganil.pt |publisher=Arganil |language=pt |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122214/https://www.cm-arganil.pt/municipio/acordos-de-geminacao/ }}</ref> |
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* [http://www.brasilturismo.com/turismo/riodejaneiro Tourist Information about Rio de Janeiro] |
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*{{USA}} [[亞特蘭大]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://www.atlantariofoundation.org/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=atlantariofoundation.org |publisher=Atlanta Rio de Janeiro Sister Cities Foundation |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122304/https://www.atlantariofoundation.org/ }}</ref> |
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* [http://www.travel-earth.com/brazil/rio-de-janeiro/ Rio de Janeiro Travel information and pictures] |
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*{{AZE}} [[巴库]]<ref name="riointernacional">{{Cite web |title=Rio + Internacional 2009–2012 / 2013–2016 |url=http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/documents/4804537/8c7ff4cf-d6ab-4507-9767-29739e31494c |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=rio.rj.gov.br |publisher=Rio de Janeiro |page=14 |language=pt |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504081708/http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/documents/4804537/8c7ff4cf-d6ab-4507-9767-29739e31494c }}</ref> |
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*{{pt icon}} [http://maplink.uol.com.br Maplink - Rio de Janeiro Street Guide and Maps] |
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*{{ESP}} [[巴塞隆納]]<ref name=riointernacional/> |
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*{{pt icon}} [http://www.terrabrasil.org.br/ Terra Brazil Institute] - For finding your way around ''Tijuca National Park'' |
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*{{CHN}} [[北京]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=ebeijing.gov.cn |publisher=Beijing |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202081742/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{LBN}} [[貝魯特]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=Rio-Beirut project to link up sister cities' initiatives |url=https://anba.com.br/en/rio-beirut-project-to-link-up-sister-cities-initiatives/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=anba.com.br |publisher=Brazil-Arab News Agency (ANBA) |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124727/https://anba.com.br/en/rio-beirut-project-to-link-up-sister-cities-initiatives/ }}</ref> |
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*{{POR}} [[布拉加]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geminações |url=https://www.cm-braga.pt/pt/0104/municipio/cooperacao-institucional/geminacoes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055911/http://www.cm-braga.pt/pt/0104/municipio/cooperacao-institucional/geminacoes |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-braga.pt |publisher=Braga |language=pt}}</ref> |
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*{{ARG}} [[布宜諾斯艾利斯]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios }}</ref> |
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*{{KOR}} [[釜山]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Sister Cities |url=https://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=english.busan.go.kr |publisher=Busan Metropolitan City |archive-date=2020-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226042626/http://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities }}</ref> |
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*{{RSA}} [[開普敦]]<ref name=riointernacional/> |
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*{{MAR}} [[卡薩布蘭卡]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2010 |title=Rio and Casablanca are sister cities |url=https://anba.com.br/en/rio-and-casablanca-are-sister-cities/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=anba.com.br |publisher=Brazil-Arab News Agency (ANBA) |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124729/https://anba.com.br/en/rio-and-casablanca-are-sister-cities/ }}</ref> |
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*{{GER}} [[科隆]]<ref name=riointernacional/> |
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*{{POR}} [[基馬拉斯自治市]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cidades |url=https://www.cm-guimaraes.pt/pages/455?folders_list_17_folder_id=29 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-guimaraes.pt |publisher=Guimarães |language=pt |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125519/https://www.cm-guimaraes.pt/pages/455?folders_list_17_folder_id=29 }}</ref> |
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*{{CHN}} [[貴陽]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/guiyang/sistercities.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=Guiyang |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124727/http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/guiyang/sistercities.html }}</ref> |
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*{{TUR}} [[伊斯坦堡]]<ref name=riointernacional/> |
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*{{UKR}} [[基輔]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2018 |title=Перелік міст, з якими Києвом підписані документи про поріднення, дружбу, співробітництво, партнерство |url=https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=kyivcity.gov.ua |publisher=Kyiv |language=uk |archive-date=2020-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128062444/https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf }}</ref> |
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*{{JPN}} [[神戶]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kobe |url=https://global.kobe-investment.jp/english/info-kobe.php |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=global.kobe-investment.jp |publisher=Global Kobe Investment |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124730/https://global.kobe-investment.jp/english/info-kobe.php }}</ref> |
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*{{PAK}} [[拉哈爾]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2016 |title=Lei nº 6.105/2016 |url=https://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=camara.rj.gov.br |publisher=Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806215908/https://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{POR}} [[里斯本]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acordos de geminação |url=https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos-de-geminacao |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=lisboa.pt |publisher=Lisboa |language=pt |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073427/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos-de-geminacao |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{UK}} [[利物浦]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liverpool China Sister City Partnerships |url=https://www.trueeducationpartnerships.com/council-partnerships/liverpool-china-sister-city-partnerships/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=trueeducationpartnerships.com |publisher=True Education Partnerships |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122437/https://www.trueeducationpartnerships.com/council-partnerships/liverpool-china-sister-city-partnerships/ }}</ref> |
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*{{ESP}} [[馬德里]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 }}</ref> |
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*{{FRA}} [[蒙彼利埃]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jumelages |url=http://www.montpellier.fr/30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=montpellier.fr |publisher=Montpellier |language=fr |archive-date=2017-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826015921/http://www.montpellier.fr/30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm }}</ref> |
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*{{FRA}} [[尼斯]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Déclaration de Nice signée par la Ville de Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.nice.fr/fr/actualites/la-declaration-de-nice-signee-par-la-ville-de-rio-de-janeiro?type=articles&parent=actualites |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=nice.fr |publisher=Nice |language=fr |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124730/https://www.nice.fr/fr/actualites/la-declaration-de-nice-signee-par-la-ville-de-rio-de-janeiro?type=articles&parent=actualites }}</ref> |
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*{{KEN}} [[奈羅比]] |
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*{{USA}} [[奧克拉荷馬市]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Cities |url=http://sistercitiesokc.org/about-us/our-cities |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=sistercitiesokc.org |publisher=Sister Cities OKC |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125603/http://sistercitiesokc.org/about-us/our-cities }}</ref> |
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*{{POR}} [[奧良]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Geminação entre cidades de Olhão e Rio de Janeiro vai avançar |url=https://regiao-sul.pt/2018/01/09/sociedade/geminacao-entre-cidades-de-olhao-e-rio-de-janeiro-vai-avancar/407095 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=regiao-sul.pt |publisher=DiariOnline Região Sul |language=pt |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124732/https://regiao-sul.pt/2018/01/09/sociedade/geminacao-entre-cidades-de-olhao-e-rio-de-janeiro-vai-avancar/407095 }}</ref> |
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*{{flagdeco|ISR}} [[拉馬干]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ערים תאומות |url=https://ramat-hasharon.muni.il/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=ramat-hasharon.muni.il |publisher=Ramat HaSharon |language=he |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122523/https://ramat-hasharon.muni.il/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/ }}</ref> |
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*{{RUS}} [[聖彼得堡]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Международные и межрегиональные связи |url=https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=gov.spb.ru |publisher=Federal city of Saint Petersburg |language=ru |archive-date=2018-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105013852/http://gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ }}</ref> |
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*{{UZB}} [[撒馬爾罕]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2013 |title=Samarkand and Gyeongju become sister cities |url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/24158 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=uzdaily.uz |publisher=UZ Daily |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124732/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/24158 }}</ref> |
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*{{ESP}} [[聖克魯斯省]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz de Tenerife |url=https://www.arandadeduero.es/hermanamientos.php?hermanamiento=2 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=arandadeduero.es |publisher=Aranda de Duero |language=es |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122525/https://www.arandadeduero.es/hermanamientos.php?hermanamiento=2 }}</ref> |
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*{{POR}} [[維亞納堡]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relações internacionais / cooperação |url=http://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/pt/relacoes-internacionais-cooperacao |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-viana-castelo.pt |publisher=Viana do Castelo |language=pt |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621124620/http://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/pt/relacoes-internacionais-cooperacao }}</ref> |
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*{{POR}} [[維塞烏]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cidades Geminadas com Viseu |url=https://www.cm-viseu.pt/index.php/diretorio/cidades-geminadas |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-viseu.pt |publisher=Viseu |language=pt |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621124624/https://www.cm-viseu.pt/index.php/diretorio/cidades-geminadas }}</ref> |
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*{{POL}} [[華沙]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Warsaw |language=pl |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200516/https://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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{{div col end}} |
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===夥伴城市=== |
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{{coor title dms|22|54|30|S|43|14|37|W|type:city(6,150,000)_region:BR-RJ}} |
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里約熱內盧與下列城市結成夥伴城市: |
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{{Template:世界七大自然奇觀}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT::Rio de Janeiro}} |
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*{{GER}} [[柏林]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/e9589b9aabd9cac8032564fe0065abb4/4946a0f046208234032576ac00738861?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031426/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/e9589b9aabd9cac8032564fe0065abb4/4946a0f046208234032576ac00738861?OpenDocument }}</ref> |
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[[Category:巴西城市]] |
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*{{USA}} [[堪薩斯城]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/c5e78996b82f9e0303257960005fdc93/9614c9f0b840ed9c032576ac007388f6?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031425/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/c5e78996b82f9e0303257960005fdc93/9614c9f0b840ed9c032576ac007388f6?OpenDocument }}</ref> |
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[[category:大西洋沿海城市]] |
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*{{RUS}} [[莫斯科]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1e88325e3066b43d032576ac00738899?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204010558/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1e88325e3066b43d032576ac00738899?OpenDocument }}</ref> |
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*{{USA}} [[紐約]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/421e67a6ef874a2b032576ac00738a0d?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204013641/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/421e67a6ef874a2b032576ac00738a0d?OpenDocument }}</ref> |
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*{{FRA}} [[巴黎]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |url=http://www.paris.fr/politiques/paris-a-l-international/paris-ville-monde/les-pactes-d-amitie-et-de-cooperation/rub_6587_stand_16468_port_14974 |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011700/http://www.paris.fr/politiques/paris-a-l-international/paris-ville-monde/les-pactes-d-amitie-et-de-cooperation/rub_6587_stand_16468_port_14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{USA}} [[費城]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei 1383/89 – Lei nº 1383 de 10 de maio de 1989 |url=http://cm-rio-de-janeiro.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/279288/lei-1383-89?ref=home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429053452/http://cm-rio-de-janeiro.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/279288/lei-1383-89?ref=home |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=JusBrasil}}</ref> |
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*{{JPN}} [[東京]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1c2bd7addb3abc13032576ac00738895?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106185402/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1c2bd7addb3abc13032576ac00738895?OpenDocument }}</ref> |
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*{{CAN}} [[多倫多]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anabailao |url=http://www.anabailao.com/toronto_and_rio_de_janeiro_friendship_city_agreementOpenDocument |access-date=10 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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*{{ARM}} [[葉里溫]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ |access-date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Yerevan Municipal Government |archive-date=2014-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225714/https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ }}</ref> |
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{{div col end}} |
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===伊比利亞美洲首都城市聯盟=== |
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{{Link GA|de}} |
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里約熱內盧是伊比利亞美洲首都城市聯盟的一部分。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciudades miembro |url=https://ciudadesiberoamericanas.org/quienes-somos/ciudades-miembro/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=ciudadesiberoamericanas.org |publisher=Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas |language=es |archive-date=2022-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611033704/https://ciudadesiberoamericanas.org/quienes-somos/ciudades-miembro/ }}</ref> |
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== 參考 == |
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[[af:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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{{Portal box|巴西|地理}} |
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[[ang:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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{{reflist|25em}} |
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[[ar:ريو دي جانيرو]] |
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[[bat-smg:Rio dė Žanėiros]] |
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== 外部链接 == |
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[[be-x-old:Рыё-дэ-Жанэйра]] |
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{{Sisterlinks |
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[[bg:Рио де Жанейро]] |
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|commons = Rio de Janeiro |
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[[bn:রিউ দি জানেইরু]] |
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|voy = 里约热内卢 |
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[[bo:རི་འོ་དེ་རན་ནེ་རོ]] |
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|d = Q8678 |
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[[br:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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}} |
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[[bs:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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{{Commons category|Rio de Janeiro city|里约热内卢分類}} |
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[[co:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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; 遊戲 |
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[[cs:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* {{gangstar rio}}里約熱內盧聖徒之城 |
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[[cy:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[da:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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; 官方網站 |
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[[de:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* {{pt icon}} [http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/ 市政府官方網站] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/ |date=20110214010202 }} |
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[[el:Ρίο ντε Τζανέιρο]] |
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* [http://transito.rio.rj.gov.br/ Rio De Janeiro Webcams] {{Wayback|url=http://transito.rio.rj.gov.br/ |date=20210518110701 }} |
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[[en:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070209045426/http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/riotur/en/ Riotur] |
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[[eo:Rio-de-Ĵanejro]] |
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[[es:Río de Janeiro]] |
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; 教育 |
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[[et:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060714040459/http://www.cgmax.com.br/ CGMAX] - Computer Graphics University at Rio de Janeiro |
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[[eu:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [http://www.uva.br/ UVA-Rio] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uva.br/ |date=20080527231807 }} - Veiga de Almeida University of Rio de Janeiro |
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[[fa:ریو دوژانیرو]] |
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* [http://www.puc-rio.br/ PUC-Rio] {{Wayback|url=http://www.puc-rio.br/ |date=20130302152645 }} - the Pontifical University of Rio de Janeiro |
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[[fi:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [http://www.ufrj.br/ UFRJ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ufrj.br/ |date=20190330230959 }} Federal University of Rio de Janeiro |
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[[fr:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150223210610/http://ufrrj.br/ UFRRJ] Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro |
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[[ga:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [http://www.uerj.br/ UERJ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uerj.br/ |date=20210518110754 }} - University of Rio de Janeiro State |
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[[gd:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [http://www.uezo.rj.gov.br/ UEZO] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uezo.rj.gov.br/ |date=20210518110734 }} - West Zone State University |
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[[gl:Río de Xaneiro - Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [http://www.unirio.br/ UNIRIO] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unirio.br/ |date=20210518110739 }} - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State |
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[[he:ריו דה ז'ניירו]] |
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* [http://www.ucam.edu.br/ UCAM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ucam.edu.br/ |date=20190320205140 }} - Universidade Candido Mendes |
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[[hi:रीओ दी जैनेरो]] |
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* [http://www.earj.com.br/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.earj.com.br/ |date=20210518110752 }} - Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro [American School of Rio de Janeiro] |
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[[hr:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [http://www.estacio.br/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.estacio.br/ |date=20210518110753 }} - Universidade Estácio de Sá(Estacio de Sa University) |
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[[hu:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[id:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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; 图片 |
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[[io:Rio de Janeiro (urbo)]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051221051314/http://eayearbooks.com/rio_images.htm Images of Rio—Hundreds of images from the 1920s to the present] |
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[[is:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121125045728/http://www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com/ 相片指南visual impressions of "a cidade maravilhosa"] |
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[[it:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [http://www.panmap.com/brazil/riodejaneiro/corcovado/panmap.html '''Corcovado''' Immersive Virtual Tour] {{Wayback|url=http://www.panmap.com/brazil/riodejaneiro/corcovado/panmap.html |date=20210224175756 }} |
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[[ja:リオデジャネイロ市]] |
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[[jv:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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; 旅游 |
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[[ka:რიო-დე-ჟანეირო (ქალაქი)]] |
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* {{Wikitravel}} |
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[[ko:리우데자네이루]] |
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* {{Osmrelation-inline|57963}} |
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[[la:Urbs Fluminensis]] |
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* [//maps.google.com/maps?q=Rio%20de%20Janeiro Google地图] |
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[[li:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* {{pt icon}} [http://www.webbusca.com.br/pagam/guia_rio_janeiro.htm Rio de Janeiro Yellow Pages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.webbusca.com.br/pagam/guia_rio_janeiro.htm |date=20210318181435 }} |
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[[lij:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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* [http://www.scandinavian-association.net/ The Scandinavian Association in Rio de Janeiro] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scandinavian-association.net/ |date=20200919161943 }} |
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[[lt:Rio de Žaneiras]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070403132256/http://www.brasilturismo.com/turismo/riodejaneiro/ Tourist Information about Rio de Janeiro] |
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[[lv:Riodežaneiro (pilsēta)]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070601175545/http://www.travel-earth.com/brazil/rio-de-janeiro/ Rio de Janeiro Travel information and pictures] |
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[[mk:Рио де Жанеиро]] |
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* {{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821110216/http://maplink.uol.com.br/ Maplink - Rio de Janeiro Street Guide and Maps] |
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[[ml:റിയോ ഡി ജനീറോ]] |
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* {{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071230233317/http://www.terrabrasil.org.br/ Terra Brazil Institute] - For finding your way around ''Tijuca National Park'' |
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[[mr:रियो दि जानेरो]] |
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* {{pt icon}} [[維客旅行]]上的[http://wikitravel.org/pt/Rio_de_Janeiro 里约热内卢] {{Wayback|url=http://wikitravel.org/pt/Rio_de_Janeiro |date=20210518110838 }} |
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[[ms:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[nl:Rio de Janeiro (stad)]] |
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{{-}} |
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[[nn:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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{{夏奥会主办城市}} |
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[[no:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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{{泛美运动会举办城市}} |
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[[nrm:Riviéthe dé Janvyi]] |
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{{巴西世界遗产|state=expanded}} |
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[[oc:Rio de Janeiro (ciutat)]] |
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{{里約熱內盧州市鎮}} |
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[[pl:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[pms:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[pt:Rio de Janeiro (cidade)]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rio de Janeiro}} |
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[[Category:巴西城市]] |
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[[rm:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[Category:里約熱內盧| ]] |
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[[ro:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[Category:大西洋沿海城市]] |
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[[ru:Рио-де-Жанейро]] |
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[[Category:夏季奧林匹克運動會主辦城市]] |
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[[scn:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[Category:南美洲前首都]] |
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[[sh:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[Category:里约热内卢州市镇]] |
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[[simple:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[sk:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[sl:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[sq:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[sr:Рио де Жанеиро]] |
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[[su:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[sv:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[sw:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[szl:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[ta:ரியோ டி ஜனேரோ]] |
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[[th:รีโอเดจาเนโร]] |
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[[tl:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[tr:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[uk:Ріо-де-Жанейро]] |
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[[vec:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[vi:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[vo:Rio de Janeiro]] |
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[[yi:ריא דע זשאנערא]] |
2024年8月14日 (三) 23:00的最新版本
此條目的引用需要清理,使其符合格式。 (2016年2月10日) |
里约热内卢 Rio de Janeiro | |
---|---|
自治市 | |
Município do Rio de Janeiro 里约热内卢自治市 | |
在里约热内卢州的位置 | |
坐标:22°54′40″S 43°12′20″W / 22.9111°S 43.2056°W | |
国家 | 巴西 |
大区 | 东南 |
州 | 里约热内卢州 |
建立 | 1565年3月1日 |
政府 | |
• 类型 | 市长议会制 |
• 行政机构 | 里约热内卢市政团 |
• 市长 | Marcelo Crivella (PRB) |
面积 | |
• 自治市 | 1,221 平方公里(486.5 平方英里) |
• 都會區 | 4,539.8 平方公里(1,759.6 平方英里) |
海拔 | 0米至1,021米 公尺(0英尺至3,349英尺 英尺) |
人口(2020)[1] | |
• 自治市 | 6,747,815人 |
• 排名 | 第二位 |
• 市区 | 11,616,000 |
• 都會區 | 12,280,702 |
• 都會區密度 | 2,705.1人/平方公里(7,006人/平方英里) |
时区 | BRT(UTC-3) |
• 夏时制 | BRST(UTC-2) |
邮政编码 | 20000-000 |
電話區號 | +55 21 |
網站 | www.rio.rj.gov.br |
里約熱內盧(葡萄牙語:Rio de Janeiro,發音:[ˈʁi.u d(ʒi) ʒɐˈne(j)ɾu] (ⓘ)[2],意即“一月之河”),有時僅簡稱為里約(Rio)[3],位於巴西東南部,為里約熱內盧州首府,也是巴西人口第二多的城市,仅次于圣保罗。面积1,256平方公里,人口674.7万人,整个都会区人口达1228万(2020年)。
里約熱內盧由葡萄牙人於1565年建立,最初是葡萄牙帝國的里約熱內盧都督所在地。後在1763年成為葡萄牙帝國的巴西州首府,在本土被拿破崙入侵後,葡萄牙王室於1808年遷往巴西,里約熱內盧成為葡萄牙女王玛丽亚一世的臨時首都所在地。[4]隨後,她在她的兒子葡萄牙攝政王若昂六世的領導下,以皇帝委任的葡萄牙總督身分開始統治城市。1822年巴西獨立戰爭後,里約熱內盧成為巴西的首都,直至1960年4月21日遷都至巴西利亞為止。
里約熱內盧的GDP在全國排名第二,2008年位居世界第30位。[5]估計約為3430億雷亞爾(近2010億美元)。[6]里約同時也是巴西石油、淡水河谷公司和環球傳媒等多間跨國傳媒集團的總部[7][8],里約市內风景优美,以其自然環境、狂歡節、森巴舞、巴薩諾瓦等文化而聞名[9],每年吸引大量遊客到此觀光,市內的里約熱內盧港是世界三大天然良港之一,而里約熱內盧基督像也是世界新七大奇跡之一。2012年,該市的一部分被指定為世界遺產,命名為「里約熱內盧:從山到海之間的卡里奧卡景觀」。[10]里约亦為第31届夏季奥运的主辦地,是第一座舉辦夏季奧運的南美洲城市。[11]
历史
[编辑]前殖民時期
[编辑]里約熱內盧地區過去曾居住著圖皮人、普里人、博托庫多人和馬薩卡利人等原住民。
殖民時期
[编辑]1502年1月1日[12],葡萄牙探險家佩德羅·阿爾瓦雷斯·卡布拉爾發現了現今城市的所在地瓜纳巴拉湾,並稱該處為Rio de Janeiro,即「一月之河」。当时他们认为海湾实际是河口。事实上,「河」是当时任何大面积水体的通称[12]。當時此地的原住民為圖皮人(Tupi people)、普里人、博托库多人(Botocudo people)和马沙卡利人(Maxakali)。[13]
隨後法國也有船隊到來,设立他们走私巴西紅木的大本营。1555年,法国海军军官尼古拉·迪朗·德维尔盖尼翁帶領了600多名战士和殖民者,在海湾内靠近里约热内卢的Serigipe Island小岛上建立了第一个歐洲人殖民地,小岛上建有城堡命名为Fort Coligny,随后控制了附近一带。在大陆上也建起殖民地,以法国亨利二世之名命名为Henriville。这海湾的法国殖民地区,历史上称为「France Antarctique」。
1560年起,葡萄牙立意驱逐法国势力,摧毁了Fort Coligny但无法驱逐法国人。1565年3月1日,葡萄牙人建立里约热内卢城。经两年努力后,1567年成功完全驱逐法国。此後城市經常遭遇海盜及私掠船的攻擊,特别是法国海盗。也因此自16世紀起,葡萄牙人開始在此地,包括前述的Fort Coligny遗址上建筑一批城堡,用作防御和抵抗侵略者。
在1720年後,葡萄牙人在巴西發現了黃金礦和鑽石礦。他們利用里約熱內盧作為港口,輸出黃金和鑽石至歐洲。1763年,葡萄牙的殖民地政治將行政權移到里約熱內盧。
葡萄牙王室和帝都
[编辑]此城市繼續成為殖民地的首府,直到1808年為止。當時葡萄牙貴族及皇室害怕拿破崙入侵葡萄牙,乃逃亡到里約熱內盧。此地更成升格為葡萄牙首都,因此里約熱內盧是唯一一個歐洲國家在歐洲以外地區設立首都的城市,也是世界历史上仅有的几个殖民国迁往其殖民地的首都之一。那個時候,由於貴族突然遷徙,城市缺乏建設空間給予貴族居住。結果大量原居民被迫遷離,以留下空間予一眾葡萄牙貴族。
獨立後至今
[编辑]1822年,佩德罗一世宣布巴西独立,他決定將里約熱內盧设為國家的首都,不過城市逐漸失去重要性,他將經濟和政治中心遷移到聖保羅。但當君主制倒臺,1889年改建巴西第一共和国,里約熱內盧仍是巴西的首都。也就在這時候,大量非洲人被運來里約熱內盧作為奴隸。在1840年,市內奴隸數目達到220,000人。
早年里約熱內盧人口都是集中於今日商業中心區一帶。直到20世紀早期,城市開始急速發展,市中心的重心开始向南和西转移。而在市內的海灘科帕卡瓦纳,也於19世纪30年代建成豪华酒店科帕卡巴纳皇宫饭店(Copacabana Palace Hotel)。此酒店在多年來,是派對的主要進行點。
早於1930年代,巴西政府已著手討論遷都的問題。1955年新上任的總統儒塞利諾·庫比契克還大力推行建設新首都。尽管有很多意见认为这只是基於选举作的舉動,但是庫比契克仍最終於1960年4月21日把首都遷入巴西利亞。
地理
[编辑]里約熱內盧位於巴西大西洋沿岸地帶的最西部(位於格蘭德島以東的海峽、佛得角海岸和卡波弗里奧之間),靠近南回归线,海岸線從東向西。城市主要朝向南方,建在瓜納巴拉灣海岸的出口處。[14] 市中心(Centro)是里約的核心位於瓜納巴拉灣西岸的平原上。城市向西北延伸的大部分地區通常被稱為北區(Zona Norte),位於由海洋和陸源沉積物組成的平原,以及丘陵和幾座山脈上。城市的南區 (Zona Sul) 則在到達公海邊緣處的海灘,與中部和北區被沿海山脈隔開。這些山脈和丘陵是西北部馬爾山脈的分支,是形成巴西高地南坡的古老山脈,由片麻岩與花崗岩構成,20世紀末,新的道路和隧道,能夠使南部地區的居民們更容易前往大西部地區(Zona Oeste),該地區長期被山區地形隔開。[15]
里約熱內盧市的人口密度為1,182.3平方公里(456.5 平方英里)[16],約為 6,000,000人。[17]大都市區的人口估計為11-1350萬人。城市的居民被稱為卡里奧卡(Carioca)。城市的官方歌曲是作曲家安德烈·菲略編曲的“Cidade Maravilhosa ” 。
公園
[编辑]里約熱內盧擁有世界上最大的城市森林蒂茹卡國家公園,和被聯合國教科文組織登記為環境遺產和生物保護區的公園和生態保護區:如佩德拉布蘭卡州立公園、美景公園、里約植物園[18]、動物園、恩里克·拉格公園;還有美洲最古老的公園之一的公共公園,弗拉門戈公園是市內最大的公園和休閒區[19]。從中心延伸到南部區域,除了大量植物外,周圍設施還包含博物館和紀念碑。
環境問題
[编辑]由於近年來大都市區的開發,里約熱內盧面臨著嚴重的環境污染問題。瓜納巴拉灣失去了不少紅樹林地區,並遭受工業污水、油類和重金屬的殘留物所破壞。雖然水域在到達大海時會消散,但海灣是沿其河岸、河流和溪流的盆地依然受到嚴重的影響。此外城市空氣的顆粒物含量是世界衛生組織推薦值的兩倍,部分原因是大量車輛流通排放的廢氣。[20]
塞佩蒂巴灣的水域沿著瓜納巴拉灣的軌跡緩慢移動,大約有129 萬居民產生的污水未經處理就排放到溪流或河流中。在工業污染方面,在國家政策監督下建造的聖克魯斯、伊塔瓜伊和新伊瓜蘇工業區的工廠,多年來曾在周圍水域傾倒含有高濃度重金屬(主要是鋅和鎘)的劇毒廢水,污水的非法排放導致藻類死亡,同時也因減少了水域的含氧量導致魚類死亡。[21][22]
2008年,里約建立的公私合作夥伴關係對羅德里戈·弗雷塔斯潟湖進行了去污行動,以確保潟湖水域乾淨。[23]
气候
[编辑]里约热内卢属于夏雨型暖濕氣候,终年高温,一年中有干季与湿季,年降雨量在1500毫米左右。在5月到11月的干季,由于受副高或干燥信风带控制,气流干燥以下沉为主,不易形成降水;在12月到4月的雨季,由于受赤道低压带或赤道西風控制,降水丰富,降水类型多为对流雨。[24] 由於其地理條件,沿著海岸,吹向陸上和海上的微風緩和了溫度。該市經常有來自南極洲的冷鋒到達,特別是在秋季和冬季時導致天氣變化頻繁。夏季可能會有強降雨,在某些情況下會引發災難性的洪水和土石流。里約過去曾經歷過罕見的霜凍。一些地區偶爾會出現雪粒和冰粒、甚至冰雹。[25][26][27]
由於該市強烈的季節性熱帶氣候,偶爾會發生乾旱。2014年至2015年的巴西乾旱影響了整個大都市區的供水來源。[28][29][30],此外里約各地區的溫度也會因海拔、與海岸的距離以及植被或土地利用類型而異。在冬季,冷鋒和早晨的海風會帶來溫和的溫度;而冷鋒、來自亞馬遜森林的熱帶輻合帶溫帶氣旋經常會帶來陣雨或風暴。因此,類似季風的氣候具有乾燥溫和的冬季和春季,以及非常潮濕和溫暖的夏季和秋季。[31][32][33][34]
里約熱內盧是僅次於庫亞巴的巴西北部和東北部外,最熱的巴西首府;低於14 °C (57 °F) 的溫度每年都會發生,而低於11 °C (52 °F) 的溫度則較少機率發生。
里約熱內盧 (1961—1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
月份 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 全年 |
历史最高温 °C(°F) | 40.9 (105.6) |
41.8 (107.2) |
41.0 (105.8) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.3 (97.3) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
42.8 (109.0) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.2 (109.8) |
43.2 (109.8) |
平均高温 °C(°F) | 30.2 (86.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
日均气温 °C(°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
25.3 (77.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
平均低温 °C(°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
历史最低温 °C(°F) | 17.7 (63.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
平均降雨量 mm(英寸) | 137.1 (5.40) |
130.4 (5.13) |
135.8 (5.35) |
94.9 (3.74) |
69.8 (2.75) |
42.7 (1.68) |
41.9 (1.65) |
44.5 (1.75) |
53.6 (2.11) |
86.5 (3.41) |
97.8 (3.85) |
134.2 (5.28) |
1,069.4 (42.10) |
平均降雨天数(≥ 1 mm) | 11 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 93 |
平均相對濕度(%) | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 79.1 |
月均日照時數 | 211.9 | 201.3 | 206.4 | 181.0 | 186.3 | 175.1 | 188.6 | 184.8 | 146.2 | 152.1 | 168.5 | 179.6 | 2,181.8 |
数据来源:Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] |
分区
[编辑]一般而言,里約熱內盧區分為以下地區:旧市区(Centro)、方便外國遊客旅遊、擁有世界著名海灘的南区(South Zone)、工廠集中的北區,以及新市鎮的西區。
市中心
[编辑]市中心(也称旧市区)(Centro)是市內的金融中心與歷史核心。區內的名勝古蹟,包括了在葡萄牙殖民時期所建造,用作巴西總督官邸的里约热内卢皇宫;另有許多歷史悠久的教堂,諸如坎德拉里亚教堂(意即:黑聖母教堂)、老里約大教堂以及現代的里约热内卢主教座堂。在西尼蘭地亞廣場(意即:戲院廣場)附近有幾個屬於市內的知名地標,包含里约热内卢市立剧院和巴西國家圖書館。在博物館中,國立美術館與歷史博物館也最具代表性。
市中心是城市的商業心臟,最具規模的巴西公司在此設立總部,包括巴西石油及淡水河谷公司(其中兩家最具規模的巴西企業)。
2024年11月18日至19日,二十国集团(G20)领导人峰会将在巴西里约热内卢市(Rio de Janeiro)现代艺术博物馆举办。
南区
[编辑]里約熱內盧南區由幾個區域組成,包括圣康拉多、莱伯伦、伊帕内玛、Arpoador、科帕卡瓦纳和莱米,涵盖了里約熱內盧最著名的大西洋沙灘線。其他的地區还包括了博塔弗戈、弗拉门戈以及乌尔卡,邻接着瓜纳巴拉湾和拉各亚、Gávea、Jardim Botânico以及拉兰热拉斯,是這座城市最富有的區域,也是里約第一個葡萄牙居民點所在之處。塔糖山是南区的重要地標,遊客可以空中纜車系統到達山頂,遙望科爾科瓦多山的城市景觀,科帕卡巴纳是全世界最著名的海灘之一,海灘周圍設有酒店,餐館,酒吧,夜總會和住宅樓等設施,每年在科帕卡巴纳主办的新年派对“雷韦隆”(Reveillon)是全世界最精彩的派对之一,有超过两百万狂欢者涌入沙滩,观赏烟火表演。从2001年起,烟火改由船上发射,以增进烟火表演的安全性。[44] 自1961年以來,世界上最大的城市森林佩德拉布蘭卡州立公園與蒂茹卡國家公園就位於南區附近的森林處,里約熱內盧天主教大學位於森林邊緣的加維亞區。[45]2012年,CNN將伊帕內瑪海灘推選為世界上最好的城市海灘。[46]另外巴西最大的貧民窟羅西尼亞也位於南區。
北區
[编辑]北區是足球場馬拉簡拿球場所在地,曾是世界上容納觀眾最多的球場,能夠容納近199,000人,在1950年舉辦世界杯足球賽。到了現代因應球場的安全性,入場人數大幅減少,現時只能容納9萬5000名觀眾。馬拉簡拿是2007年泛美運動會与2016年奥林匹克运动会開幕禮及閉幕禮以及足球比賽舉行的地方。
除了馬拉卡納體育場,里約北部地區還有其他旅遊和歷史景點,如救世基督像、奥斯瓦尔多·克鲁兹基金会、圣克里斯托旺宫等設施,里约热内卢/加利昂-安东尼奥·卡洛斯·若比姆国际机场、里约热内卢联邦大学主校區和里約熱內盧州立大學也都在位於北區。北區也是里約熱內盧大部分桑巴舞學校的所在地,此外里大約1000個山地貧民窟都位於此區域。[47]
西区
[编辑]西區是里約熱內盧最新開發的地區。整區主要以高級住宅為主,但也有棚戶區。整個區域的規劃,乃類似於美國一些城市的市郊地區,但主要是高級的住宅大廈,吸引了一批富裕階層居住,並有豪華的購物中心。而沿海一帶則還有一些未開發的土地。位於此區域的佩德拉布蘭卡州立公園是世界上最大的城市州立公園[48][49],该區是2016年夏季奧運會的比賽場馆和奧運村所在地。
經濟
[编辑]里約熱內盧的GDP位居巴西第二大,僅次於聖保羅。根據IBGE的數據,里約熱內盧在2008年約為2010億美元,相當於全國總額的 5.1%。根據IBGE於2008年10月發布的一項研究,考慮到大都市(覆蓋 11.3% 的人口)所施加的影響,這一比例導致里約的GDP上升到14.4%。[50]
IBGE認為,大里約熱內盧地區的GDP為1870億美元,是巴西第二大國家金融中心。[51]人均國內生產總值為11,786美元。它集中了該州68%的經濟實力和該國生產所有商品和服務的7.9%。[52]服務業佔GDP的最大部分(65.5%),其次是商業(23.4%)、工業活動(11.1%)和農業(0.1%)。[53][54]
得益於長期以來(1763-1960年)擁有的聯邦首都地位,里約熱內盧成為一個充滿活力的行政、金融、商業和文化中心。當里約還是巴西的首都時,就成為吸引公司開設總部的地方,因為社會和政府的重要部門都設在這個城市,即使他們的工廠位於其他城市或州份。該市被選為國有企業的總部,例如巴西石油、Eletrobras、巴西聯邦儲蓄銀行、國家經濟和社會發展銀行和淡水河谷公司(在1990年代私有化)。里約熱內盧證券交易所(BVRJ) 目前只交易政府證券,是1845年在巴西成立的第一家證券交易所。儘管1960年巴西將首都轉移到巴西利亞,但其中許多總部仍留在里約。
坎波斯盆地海上石油的勘探始於1968年,成為巴西石油生產的主要地點。[55]這導致許多石油和天然氣公司也將總部設在里約熱內盧,例如殼牌、EBX集團和埃索的巴西分公司。多年來,里約一直是巴西的第二大工業中心,擁有煉油廠、造船業、鋼鐵、冶金、石化、水泥、製藥、紡織、加工食品和家具行業等設施。主要的國際製藥公司在里約也設有巴西總部,例如:默克集團、羅氏、艾睿、達羅、百特国际等公司。近年較成熟的行業為電子業。建築業也是一項重要活動,為大量非技術工人提供了重要的就業來源,並受到在大里約熱內盧地區建造公寓數量的推動。
里約是巴西重要的金融中心,業務量僅次於聖保羅。證券市場雖然相對於聖保羅的重要性有所下降,但仍然具有重要意義。近幾十年來,其經濟狀況發生了急劇變化,越來越成為巴西國家服務和商業的主要中心之一。該市是不少大型電信公司的總部,巴西主要的娛樂和媒體組織都設在里約熱內盧,旅遊和娛樂是該市經濟生活的主要產業。尤其是里約在當代也是巴西人和外國人的頂級旅遊勝地。[56]
為了吸引工業,州政府將城市郊區的某些區域指定為工業區,提供基礎設施並在特殊條件下進行土地出售。來自里約熱內盧州北部海岸油田的石油和天然氣,也是里約大都市區用於發展製造業活動的主要資產,使其能夠與其他主要城市競爭新的工業投資。[57]由於靠近里約的港口設施,巴西的許多進出口公司都將總部設在該市。大里約熱內盧是巴西人均收入最高的地區之一,零售貿易規模巨大。許多最重要的零售店都位於市中心,但其他一些則分散在其他地區提供大量貿易的商業區,購物中心、超市和其他零售企業等。
截至2014年,里約熱內盧是巴西第二大出口城市。每年共出口價值7.49B (USD)的商品。[58]該市出口前三位的商品是原油(40%)、半成品鐵產品(16%)和半成品鋼材(11%)。[59]礦物產品 (42%) 和金屬 (29%) 的材料類別,佔里約熱內盧所有出口的71%。[60]與其他城市相比,里約熱內盧的經濟規模位居巴西第二位,僅次於聖保羅, 2010年GDP為2019億雷亞爾,位居世界第30位。該市人均收入為2007年為22,903美元(約合14,630美元)。[61]很大程度上由於當時巴西貨幣的強勢,美世的外籍員工生活成本城市排名報告稱,里約熱內盧在2011年世界上最昂貴的城市中排名第12位,僅次於聖保羅(排名第10),領先於倫敦、巴黎、米蘭和紐約。[62][63]里約熱內盧的酒店價格在巴西也是最昂貴的,其五星級酒店的每日價格僅次於紐約,位居世界第二。[64]
旅遊
[编辑]里約熱內盧是巴西最的主要旅遊勝地和度假勝地。每年共接待約282萬國際遊客。[65]這座城市擁有世界一流的酒店,如科帕卡瓦纳宫、大約80公里的海灘以及著名的科爾科瓦多、舒格洛夫山脈和馬拉卡納體育場。雖然該市過去曾擁有蓬勃發展的旅遊業,但該行業在20世紀最後一個季度進入衰退期。1985年至1993年間,每年的國際機場到達人數從621,000人次下降到378,000 人次,酒店平均入住率下降到50%。[66]首都遷至巴西利亞及聖保羅的興起被認為是里約衰退的主要原因。
此後,里約熱內盧政府致力於實現城市經濟現代化,減少長期的社會不平等,並提高其商業地位,已作為旅遊業復興計劃的一部分。[67]目前,這座城市是全球重要的LGBT旅遊目的地,每年共有100萬LGBT遊客到訪里約。[68]里約熱內盧是世界旅遊大獎中南美“最佳目的地”類別中獲獎最多的地區。[69]
社会問題
[编辑]里约热内卢是一个贫富对比鲜明的城市。尽管该市无疑属于世界主要大都市之一,该市650万居民中却有高达15%的人居住条件恶劣。穷人区中条件最差的贫民窟称为“favela”,拥挤在山坡上,在那里不容易建造牢固的建筑,遇到暴雨时经常发生事故。贫民窟地区还有毒品犯罪、集体斗殴、警察暴力、缺乏卫生设施等各种社会问题。
里约热内卢贫民窟的独特之处在于它们距离富人区非常之近。上流社会的社区伊帕內瑪和科帕卡瓦纳夹在海滩和群山之间,而山上就是穷人区所在。
文化
[编辑]世界遗产 | |
---|---|
官方名稱 | Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea(英文) Rio de Janeiro, paysages cariocas entre la montagne et la mer(法文) |
位置 | 巴西(拉丁美洲和加勒比地区) |
標準 | 文化:(v)(vi) |
登录年份 | 2012年(第36屆會議) |
里約熱內盧是巴西的主要文化中心。它的歷史古蹟包括建於16世紀至19世紀的教堂和建築,以及融合了20世紀現代建築的設計。里約多年來一直是葡萄牙皇室的故鄉和首都,因此在地的建築物深受著葡萄牙、英國和法國建築的影響。[70]最為著名的自然景觀為山海之間的卡里奧克景觀,能夠從山上著名的基督雕像遙望瓜納巴拉灣附近的山丘。與其說是建築遺址,此地區更為一個特殊的城市景觀,從蒂茹卡國家公園山上的最高點一路向下直到大海,激發對於里約城市的塑造和發展自然要素。
2012年7月1日,根據第36屆世界遺產委員會,聯合國教科文組織以「里約熱內盧:山海之間的卡里奧克景觀」名義將此帶列入《世界遺產名錄》。
設施
[编辑]里約有許多重要的文化地標,如巴西國家圖書館,它是世界上最大的圖書館之一,藏書總量超過900萬件、市政劇院、巴西國家博物館、卡門米蘭達博物館、里約熱內盧植物園;拉格公、美景公园、里约热内卢皇宫、巴西文学院、里約熱內盧現代藝術博物館和自然歷史博物館等文化設施。
里約也是匯集巴西影視媒體的製作中心[71]。里約熱內盧國際電影節自1999年以來每年舉辦一次。[70]以里約熱內盧為背景的主要國際電影包括《半熟米飯》;詹姆士·龐德系列電影《太空城》,獲得奧斯卡最佳外語片提名之《中央車站》,以及1959年《黑色俄耳甫斯》,描繪里約熱內盧的黑暗面為背景主題,其他國際知名的巴西電影包括《精銳部隊》和《無法無天》。
里約設有許多重要的文化地標,如國家圖書館(Biblioteca Nacional),它是世界上最大的圖書館之一,藏書總量超過900萬件;其他著名的設施為市政劇院、國家美術館、卡門米蘭達博物館、里約熱內盧植物園、拉格公園、金塔達博阿維斯塔、帝國廣場、巴西文學院、里約熱內盧現代藝術博物館和自然歷史博物館等。
种族
[编辑]里约热内卢的大部分人口属于葡萄牙人后裔,也有很多人是非洲人后裔,或葡萄牙人与黑人的混血。该市其他重要的族裔还有德国裔、意大利裔、西班牙裔、阿拉伯裔、犹太人、韩国裔、日本裔以及印第安人。
人口构成中,白人占56%,混血种占32.3%,黑人占11.4%,亚洲裔和印第安人各占0.1%。[72]
文化活动
[编辑]里约热内卢是南美洲最大的城市之一,但该市更为知名的是它一年中举行的各种各样的文化庆典活动,其中最著名的就是狂欢节,在传统的天主教四旬斋禁食期的两周之前举行。
届时来自世界各地的人来到里约热内卢参与并见证这次狂欢。狂欢节意味着大量的人群、美食、色彩,当然还有桑巴舞。狂欢节的庆祝结束于“Mardi Gras”星期二。
除了狂欢节,新年也是里约热内卢的一个重要节日,届时会举办几场音乐会,并且在全市燃放焰火,规模最大的焰火在科巴卡巴那海滩。人们穿着白色的衣服,一些人还用跳舞祭祀叶玛亚。
体育
[编辑]里约热内卢曾主办2007年泛美运动会。其他知名的比賽是MotoGP巴西大獎賽及世界沙灘排球錦標賽決賽。Jacarepaguá曾是一級方程式賽車1978年-1990年賽站巴西大獎賽以及是1996-1999年Champ Car賽事舉行地點。里約熱內盧曾申辦2012年夏季奧林匹克運動會,但申辦失敗。2006年9月16日,城市宣布申辦2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會,最後於2009年10月2日獲選為主辦城市,成为了第一个举办奥运会的南美洲国家。
體育是受歡迎的娛樂之一。最受歡迎運動是足球。里約熱內盧是四隊巴西傳統勁旅的根據地,保地花高、法林明高、富明尼斯以及華斯高。
其他受歡迎運動包括沙灘足球、沙灘排球、籃球、滑浪、風箏衝浪、悬挂式滑翔、賽車、巴西柔術。
里約熱內盧亦是攀石者的天堂,市內有數百個攀爬點。
釣魚是巴西普及的活動。在里約熱內盧,有一道地方可以找到很多巴西銅魚,又名為peixe de cobre。不少市集售賣peixes de cobre,牠們為巴西人日常主要食物。
交通
[编辑]市內還有兩個港口接載乘客(里約熱內盧及Sepetiba港)。
机场
[编辑]里約熱內盧內有五個機場。
- 里约热内卢/加利昂安东尼奥·卡洛斯·若比姆国际机场:所有國際航班以及部分國內長距離航機會使用此機場。
- 聖杜蒙特機場:里約熱內盧首個機場及前國際機場。部分航班是通往里約熱內盧省,特別是北方生產石油的城市。
- Aeroporto de Jacarepaguá :位於Barra da Tijuca區。現時由Aeroclube do Brasil(巴西飛行協會)管理,負責小型飛機的升降。 - São Paulo Air Shuttle Service since it is just inside Barra, the city's fastest-growing district.
- Campo dos Afonsos:軍用機場,當巴西空軍舉行航空展時會使用。另外亦舉辦MUSAL(Museu Aero-Espacial),是拉丁美州其中一個大型航空展覽。
- Santa Cruz Air Base:軍用機場。
港口
[编辑]里約熱內盧港是巴西貨運量第三大的港口,也是遊輪的中心。它位於瓜納巴拉灣的西海岸,服務於里約熱內盧、聖保羅、米納斯吉拉斯州和聖埃斯皮里圖州等地。該港口由里約熱內盧碼頭公司管理。里約熱內盧港的範圍從東部的毛亞碼頭到北部的腰果碼頭。擁有近七千公尺(2.3萬英尺)的貨櫃碼頭和一個 883公尺(2,897 英尺)的碼頭。
公共交通
[编辑]在里約熱內盧,公共汽車是主要的公共交通工具。除城際線路外,還有近440條市政公交線路,每天服務超過400萬人次乘客。然便宜和頻密,但是市內有交通政策以減少市內堵車及增加乘客流量。
人們在里約熱內盧乘坐公共交通工具的平均時間為95分鐘,例如上下班的尖峰時間。32%的公共交通乘客每天騎行超過兩個小時。人們在車站或車站等待公共交通的平均時間為19分鐘,而 35% 的乘客平均每天等待超過20分鐘。人們通常乘坐公共交通工具單次出行的平均距離為12.3公里,而37%的人單程出行超過12公里。[73]
當地名人
[编辑]- 阿多佛·魯茲(Adolfo Lutz),物理及科學家
- 阿德里亞諾,足球運動員
- 布鲁诺·巴列托(Bruno Barreto),電影導演
- 卡洛斯·查格斯·菲利欧(Carlos Chagas Filho),物理及科學家
- 卡洛斯·拉克德(Carlos Lacerda),里約熱內盧市長
- 卡罗莉娜·索尔伯格·萨尔加多(Carolina Solberg Salgado),沙灘排球運動員
- 奇哥·布亞奇(Chico Buarque),作曲家、歌手、作家
- 布鲁诺·坎波斯(Bruno Campos),演員
- 菲南妲·蒙坦納葛羅(Fernanda Montenegro),演員
- 費爾南多·恩里克·卡多佐,社會學家,兩任巴西總統
- 加林查,足球運動員
- 伊斯梅尔·席尔瓦(Ismael Silva),歌手兼作曲家
- 伊莎贝尔·克拉克(Isabel Clark),滑板運動員
- 佐格·本·佐(Jorge Ben Jor),歌手及作曲家
- 马查多·德·阿西斯,作家
- 瑪麗莎·蒙特(Marisa Monte),歌手兼作曲家
- 米爾頓·納奇曼托(Milton Nascimento),歌手兼作曲家
- 尼爾森·皮奎,賽車手
- 挪埃·何沙,歌手兼作曲家
- 奧斯卡·尼邁耶,建築設計師
- 帕乌林霍·达维奥拉(Paulinho da Viola),森巴舞高手
- 保羅·科爾賀,作家
- 羅馬里奧,足球運動員
- 羅納度(罗纳尔多),足球運動員
- 塞尔希奥·比埃拉·德梅洛(Sérgio Vieira de Mello),外交官
- 西尔维奥·桑托斯(Silvio Santos),電視台老闆
- 華特·沙勒斯(Walter Salles),電影導演
- 济科,足球運動員及教練
教育
[编辑]葡萄牙語是巴西官方的國家語言,因此也是里约热内卢學校教授的主要語言。英語和西班牙語也是教育官方課程的一部分,此外里约热内卢也設有國際學校,如里約熱內盧美國學校、仁慈聖母學校、SIS 瑞士國際學校等。[74]
教育機構
[编辑]里约热内卢設有超過137所高等學府、國立大學、私立大學、研究所等。巴西教育部已在里約認證了大約99所高等院校。其中城市最知名的大學是里约热内卢联邦大学(UERJ)它是巴西最大的聯邦大學,也是巴西卓越的教學和研究中心之一。其他著名的大學包含里約熱內盧州聯邦大學(UNIRIO);里約熱內盧州立大學(UERJ);里約熱內盧聯邦農村大學(UFRRJ);弗魯米嫩塞聯邦大學(UFF);里約熱內盧天主教大學(PUC-Rio);热图利奥•瓦加斯基金会(FGV);軍事工程學院(IME);里約熱內盧電子科學高等技術學院(IST-Rio);宣傳與營銷學院(ESPM);巴西物理研究中心(CBPF);國家純粹與應用數學研究所(IMPA);里約熱內盧高等教育學院 (ISERJ) 和里約熱內盧聯邦科技教育中心(CEFET/RJ)。[75][76][77]
友好城市
[编辑]姐妹城市
[编辑]里约热内卢與下列城市結成姊妹城市:
- 葡萄牙 阿加尼爾[78]
- 美国 亞特蘭大[79]
- 阿塞拜疆 巴库[80]
- 西班牙 巴塞隆納[80]
- 中国 北京[81]
- 黎巴嫩 貝魯特[82]
- 葡萄牙 布拉加[83]
- 阿根廷 布宜諾斯艾利斯[84]
- 韩国 釜山[85]
- 南非 開普敦[80]
- 摩洛哥 卡薩布蘭卡[86]
- 德国 科隆[80]
- 葡萄牙 基馬拉斯自治市[87]
- 中国 貴陽[88]
- 土耳其 伊斯坦堡[80]
- 烏克蘭 基輔[89]
- 日本 神戶[90]
- 巴基斯坦 拉哈爾[91]
- 葡萄牙 里斯本[92]
- 英国 利物浦[93]
- 西班牙 馬德里[94]
- 法國 蒙彼利埃[95]
- 法國 尼斯[96]
- 肯尼亚 奈羅比
- 美国 奧克拉荷馬市[97]
- 葡萄牙 奧良[98]
- 拉馬干[99]
- 俄羅斯 聖彼得堡[100]
- 乌兹别克斯坦 撒馬爾罕[101]
- 西班牙 聖克魯斯省[102]
- 葡萄牙 維亞納堡[103]
- 葡萄牙 維塞烏[104]
- 波蘭 華沙[105]
夥伴城市
[编辑]里約熱內盧與下列城市結成夥伴城市:
伊比利亞美洲首都城市聯盟
[编辑]里約熱內盧是伊比利亞美洲首都城市聯盟的一部分。[115]
參考
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外部链接
[编辑]- 遊戲
- Template:Gangstar rio里約熱內盧聖徒之城
- 官方網站
- 教育
- CGMAX - Computer Graphics University at Rio de Janeiro
- UVA-Rio (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Veiga de Almeida University of Rio de Janeiro
- PUC-Rio (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - the Pontifical University of Rio de Janeiro
- UFRJ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- UFRRJ Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- UERJ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - University of Rio de Janeiro State
- UEZO (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - West Zone State University
- UNIRIO (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State
- UCAM (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Universidade Candido Mendes
- [2] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro [American School of Rio de Janeiro]
- [3] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Universidade Estácio de Sá(Estacio de Sa University)
- 图片
- Images of Rio—Hundreds of images from the 1920s to the present
- 相片指南visual impressions of "a cidade maravilhosa"
- Corcovado Immersive Virtual Tour (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 旅游
- 维基导游上有關里约热内卢的旅行指南
- OpenStreetMap上有關里约热内卢的地理信息
- Google地图
- (葡萄牙文) Rio de Janeiro Yellow Pages (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Scandinavian Association in Rio de Janeiro (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Tourist Information about Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro Travel information and pictures
- (葡萄牙文) Maplink - Rio de Janeiro Street Guide and Maps
- (葡萄牙文) Terra Brazil Institute - For finding your way around Tijuca National Park
- (葡萄牙文) 維客旅行上的里约热内卢 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)