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Draft:精神药物公约：修订间差异

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{{Request translation|en|time=2012-04-03T09:04:17+00:00}}
{{Request translation|en|time=2012-04-03T09:04:17+00:00}}


《'''精神药物公约'''》是一项控制[[苯丙胺]]、[[LSD]]等[[精神药物]]的[[联合国]][[公约]]，1971年2月21日于奧地利[[维也纳]]签署通过。1961年制定的《[[麻醉品单一公约]]》无法禁止新出现的精神类药物，它所禁止的只有有限的[[古柯]]、[[大麻]]及鴉片衍生物。
《'''精神药物公约'''》（下简称《公约》）是一项控制[[苯丙胺]]、[[LSD]]等[[精神药物]]的[[联合国]][[公约]]，1971年2月21日于奧地利[[维也纳]]签署通过。1961年制定的《[[麻醉品单一公约]]》（下简称《单一公约》）无法禁止新出现的精神类药物，它所禁止的只有有限的[[古柯]]、[[大麻]]及鴉片衍生物。


该公约界定了[[精神药物]]的范围，规定了精神药物的管制措施，并规定了对违反公约的处罚方法。
该公约界定了[[精神药物]]的范围，规定了精神药物的管制措施，并规定了对违反公约的处罚方法。
==成员国==
==缔约国==
直到2018年2月,该公约共有184个缔约国。<ref>[http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Treaty status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en |date=31 March 2016 }}.</ref>其中包括联合国中的182个国家, 以及 [[圣座]] 与 [[巴勒斯坦]]. 联合国中未在此条约中的11个国家分别为：[[东帝汶]]、[[赤道几内亚]]、[[海地]]、[[基里巴斯]]、[[利比里亚]]、[[瑙鲁]]、[[萨摩亚]]、[[所罗门群岛]]、[[南苏丹]]、[[图瓦卢]]与[[瓦努阿图]]。利比里亚已签署该条约，但尚未批准。
直到2018年2月,该公约共有184个缔约国。<ref>[http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Treaty status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en |date=31 March 2016 }}.</ref>其中包括联合国中的182个国家, 以及 [[圣座]] 与 [[巴勒斯坦]]. 联合国中未在此条约中的11个国家分别为：[[东帝汶]]、[[赤道几内亚]]、[[海地]]、[[基里巴斯]]、[[利比里亚]]、[[瑙鲁]]、[[萨摩亚]]、[[所罗门群岛]]、[[南苏丹]]、[[图瓦卢]]与[[瓦努阿图]]。利比里亚已签署该条约，但尚未批准。


==受管制物质附表{{anchor|Amphetamine-type stimulants}}==
==受管制物质附表{{anchor|Amphetamine-type stimulants}}==
附表及其中现有物质的清单可在国际麻醉品管制局的网站上找到。 <ref>{{cite tech report |title=List of Psychotropic Substances under International Control |edition=28 |institution=International Narcotics Control Board |date=January 2018 |url=http://www.incb.org/incb/en/psychotropics/green-list.html |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003759/https://www.incb.org/incb/en/psychotropics/green-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
附表及其中现有物质的清单可在国际麻醉品管制局的网站上找到。<ref>{{cite tech report |title=List of Psychotropic Substances under International Control |edition=28 |institution=International Narcotics Control Board |date=January 2018 |url=http://www.incb.org/incb/en/psychotropics/green-list.html |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003759/https://www.incb.org/incb/en/psychotropics/green-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


该条约包括了四份受管制物质的附表，从附表一（限制性最强）到附表四（限制性最低）。1971 年条约附有一份精神药物清单及其相应附表。条约的文本描述并未对每个附表中所包含的物质的特征进行正式描述,而不同的是，1970年的美国[[受管制物质法案]]则对美国体系下中的每个附表提供了具体的标准。The [[amphetamine-type stimulants]] (ATS), a legal class of stimulants – not all of which are [[substituted amphetamine]]s – were defined in the 1971 treaty and in subsequent revisions.<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5">{{cite web|title=Amphetamine-Type Stimulants: A Global Review|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1996-01-01_1.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=11 September 2015|page=5|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191342/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1996-01-01_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2002 European Parliament report and a 1996 UNODC report on ATS describe the international Schedules as listed below.<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" /><ref name="EuroParlReport">{{cite web | author=Kathalijne Maria Buitenweg | date=6 October 2003 | url=http://www.chanvre-info.ch/info/en/Working-document-on-the-UN.html | title=Working document on the UN conventions on drugs | access-date=15 April 2006 | archive-date=4 March 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304091925/http://www.chanvre-info.ch/info/en/Working-document-on-the-UN.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
该条约包括了四份受管制物质的附表，从附表一（加以最严格限制）到附表四（加以最宽松限制）。条约附有一份精神药物清单及其相应附表，但其中并未对每个附表中所包含的物质的共有特征进行正式描述，与之不同的是，1970年的美国[[受管制物质法案]]则对其中的每个附表都提供了具体的分类标准。<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5">{{cite web|title=Amphetamine-Type Stimulants: A Global Review|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1996-01-01_1.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=11 September 2015|page=5|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191342/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1996-01-01_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 一份2002年欧洲议会报告与一份1996年[[联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室]]（简称UNODC）的报告，对国际附表做了如下的描述：<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" /><ref name="EuroParlReport">{{cite web | author=Kathalijne Maria Buitenweg | date=6 October 2003 | url=http://www.chanvre-info.ch/info/en/Working-document-on-the-UN.html | title=Working document on the UN conventions on drugs | access-date=15 April 2006 | archive-date=4 March 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304091925/http://www.chanvre-info.ch/info/en/Working-document-on-the-UN.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Schedule I''' includes drugs claimed to create a serious risk to public health, whose therapeutic value is not currently acknowledged by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. It includes isomers of [[THC]],<ref>{{cite tech report |title=Outcome of the 41st Expert Committee on Drug Dependence of the World Health Organization |edition=1018 |institution=[[World Health Organization]] |date=June 2018 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/325073/9789241210270-eng.pdf |access-date=9 July 2019 |archive-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429162238/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/325073/9789241210270-eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> synthetic [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]] such as [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], and natural psychedelics like certain substituted tryptamines. ATS such as [[cathinone]], [[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|MDA]], and [[MDMA]] (ecstasy) also fall under this category.<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />
* '''附表 I''' 包括被认为对公众健康造成严重威胁的药物，其医疗价值尚未得到麻醉药品委员会的承认。这些物质包括[[四氢大麻酚]]的同分异构体<ref>{{cite tech report |title=Outcome of the 41st Expert Committee on Drug Dependence of the World Health Organization |edition=1018 |institution=[[World Health Organization]] |date=June 2018 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/325073/9789241210270-eng.pdf |access-date=9 July 2019 |archive-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429162238/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/325073/9789241210270-eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>，人造[[致幻剂]]诸如[[LSD]]以及天然致幻剂诸如某些色胺取代物 。 苯丙胺类兴奋剂诸如[[卡西酮]]、[[MDA]]，与 [[MDMA]] (摇头丸) 也在此附表之下。<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />
* '''Schedule II''' includes certain ATS with therapeutic uses, such as delta-9-THC (including dronabinol, its synthetic form), [[amphetamine]] and [[methylphenidate]].<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />
* '''附表 II''' 包括某些具有治疗用途的安非他命类兴奋剂（简称ATS），比如 delta-9-THC, [[苯丙胺]]与[[甲基苯丙胺]].<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />
* '''附表 III''' 包括一些药效中等或更强的[[巴比妥]]类药物，它们虽有临床价值但被严重滥用；具有强镇静作用的苯二氮卓类药物，如[[氟硝西泮]]和一些镇痛药，如[[丁丙诺啡]]。此类别中唯一的ATS是[[去甲伪麻黄碱]]<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />
* '''Schedule III''' includes [[barbiturate]] products with fast or average effects, which have been the object of serious abuse even though useful therapeutically, strongly sedative benzodiazepines like [[flunitrazepam]] and some analgesics like [[buprenorphine]]. The only ATS in this category is [[cathine]].<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />
* '''附表 IV''' 包括一些诸如[[苯巴比妥]]的弱效巴比妥类药物以及其他[[安眠药]]，[[抗焦虑药]]，其他[[苯二氮卓类药物]]，以及一些弱效兴奋剂(如[[莫达非尼]]和[[阿莫达非尼]])。超过12种ATS被归为此类，包括取代苯丙胺化合物[[芬特明]].<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />
* '''Schedule IV''' includes some weaker barbiturates like ([[phenobarbital]]) and other [[hypnotic]]s, [[anxiolytic]] [[benzodiazepine]]s (except flunitrazepam), and some weaker stimulants (such as [[modafinil]] and [[armodafinil]]). Over a dozen ATS are included in this category, including the substituted amphetamine [[phentermine]].<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />


A 1999 UNODC report notes that Schedule I is a completely different regime from the other three. According to that report, Schedule I mostly contains [[hallucinogen]]ic drugs such as LSD that are produced by illicit laboratories, while the other three Schedules are mainly for licitly produced pharmaceuticals. The UNODC report<ref>{{cite web|last=Bayer |first=I. |author2=H. Ghodse |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1999-01-01_1_page003.html |title=Evolution of international drug control, 1945–1995 |year=1999 |access-date=15 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113112714/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1999-01-01_1_page003.html |archive-date=13 January 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> also claims that the Convention's Schedule I controls are stricter than those provided for under the Single Convention, a contention that seems to be contradicted by the 2002 [[Senate of Canada]]<ref name="CansenReport"/> and 2003 [[European Parliament]] reports.<ref>{{cite web | author=Kathalijne Maria Buitenweg | date=24 March 2003 | url=http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?PUBREF=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A5-2003-0085+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y | format=PDF | title=Report Including a Proposal for a Recommendation of the European Parliament to the Council on the Reform of the Conventions on Drugs | publisher=Committee on Citizens' Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs, European Parliament | access-date=15 April 2006 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
一份1999年UNDOC的报告提醒，附表I在管理制度上与其他三个附表完全不同：附表I大多包含非法制取的[[致幻剂]]类药物（比如LSD），而其他三个附表大多是合法生产的药物。尽管此报告<ref>{{cite web|last=Bayer |first=I. |author2=H. Ghodse |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1999-01-01_1_page003.html |title=Evolution of international drug control, 1945–1995 |year=1999 |access-date=15 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113112714/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1999-01-01_1_page003.html |archive-date=13 January 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> 声称公约的附表一管制比《单一公约》所规定的更为严格，但这一论点似乎与2002年[[加拿大参议院]]<ref name="CansenReport"/> 和 2003年[[欧盟议会]]的报告相矛盾。<ref>{{cite web | author=Kathalijne Maria Buitenweg | date=24 March 2003 | url=http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?PUBREF=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A5-2003-0085+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y | format=PDF | title=Report Including a Proposal for a Recommendation of the European Parliament to the Council on the Reform of the Conventions on Drugs | publisher=Committee on Citizens' Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs, European Parliament | access-date=15 April 2006 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


Although estimates and other controls specified by the Single Convention are not present in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the [[International Narcotics Control Board]] corrected the omission by asking Parties to submit information and statistics not required by the Convention, and using the initial positive responses from various organic drug producing states to convince others to follow.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2005 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaty_adherence.html |title=Monthly Status of Treaty Adherence |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |access-date=15 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113104753/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaty_adherence.html |archive-date=13 January 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> In addition, the Convention does impose tighter restrictions on imports and exports of Schedule I substances. A 1970 [[Bulletin on Narcotics]] report notes:<ref name="Unodc.org-Report2">{{cite web|date=1 January 1970 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_3_page002.html |title=The Protocol on Psychotropic Substances |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |access-date=15 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113112020/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_3_page002.html |archive-date=13 January 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>
虽然《公约》中没有《单一公约》规定的估计数和其他控制措施，但[[国际麻醉品管制局]]纠正了这一遗漏——要求缔约国提交公约没有要求的信息和统计数据，并利用各个有机药物生产国最初的积极回应来说服其他国家效仿。<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2005 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaty_adherence.html |title=Monthly Status of Treaty Adherence |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |access-date=15 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113104753/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaty_adherence.html |archive-date=13 January 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> 不仅如此,《公约》确实对附表 I 物质的进出口施加了更严格的限制。1970年的 [[禁毒公报]] 说明：<ref name="Unodc.org-Report2">{{cite web|date=1 January 1970 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_3_page002.html |title=The Protocol on Psychotropic Substances |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |access-date=15 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113112020/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_3_page002.html |archive-date=13 January 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

{{blockquote|LSD, mescaline, etc., are controlled in a way which is more stringent than morphine under the narcotics treaties. [[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 7: SPECIAL PROVISIONS REGARDING SUBSTANCES IN SCHEDULE 1|Article 7]], which sets down this regime, provides that such substances can only be moved in international trade when both exporter and importer are government authorities, or government agencies or institutions specially authorized for the purpose; in addition to this very rigid identification of supplier and recipient, in each case export and import authorization is also mandatory.<!--Their quote said Article 6, but it's really Article 7.-->}}


{{blockquote|在麻醉品条约下，对LSD、麦斯卡林等的管制比吗啡更严格。条约第七条规定, 这类物质只有在出口商和进口商都是政府当局、政府机构或为此目的特别授权的机构时，才能在国际贸易中运输；除了这种非常严格的供应商和接收方标识之外，每种情况下的出口和进口授权也是严格的.}}


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2024年9月23日 (一) 02:55的最新版本

《精神药物公约》（下简称《公约》）是一项控制苯丙胺、LSD等精神药物的联合国公约，1971年2月21日于奧地利维也纳签署通过。1961年制定的《麻醉品单一公约》（下简称《单一公约》）无法禁止新出现的精神类药物，它所禁止的只有有限的古柯、大麻及鴉片衍生物。

该公约界定了精神药物的范围，规定了精神药物的管制措施，并规定了对违反公约的处罚方法。

缔约国

[编辑]

直到2018年2月,该公约共有184个缔约国。[1]其中包括联合国中的182个国家, 以及 圣座 与 巴勒斯坦. 联合国中未在此条约中的11个国家分别为：东帝汶、赤道几内亚、海地、基里巴斯、利比里亚、瑙鲁、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、南苏丹、图瓦卢与瓦努阿图。利比里亚已签署该条约，但尚未批准。

受管制物质附表

[编辑]

附表及其中现有物质的清单可在国际麻醉品管制局的网站上找到。[2]

该条约包括了四份受管制物质的附表，从附表一（加以最严格限制）到附表四（加以最宽松限制）。条约附有一份精神药物清单及其相应附表，但其中并未对每个附表中所包含的物质的共有特征进行正式描述，与之不同的是，1970年的美国受管制物质法案则对其中的每个附表都提供了具体的分类标准。[3] 一份2002年欧洲议会报告与一份1996年联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（简称UNODC）的报告，对国际附表做了如下的描述：[3][4]

一份1999年UNDOC的报告提醒，附表I在管理制度上与其他三个附表完全不同：附表I大多包含非法制取的致幻剂类药物（比如LSD），而其他三个附表大多是合法生产的药物。尽管此报告[6] 声称公约的附表一管制比《单一公约》所规定的更为严格，但这一论点似乎与2002年加拿大参议院[7] 和 2003年欧盟议会的报告相矛盾。[8]

虽然《公约》中没有《单一公约》规定的估计数和其他控制措施，但国际麻醉品管制局纠正了这一遗漏——要求缔约国提交公约没有要求的信息和统计数据，并利用各个有机药物生产国最初的积极回应来说服其他国家效仿。[9] 不仅如此,《公约》确实对附表 I 物质的进出口施加了更严格的限制。1970年的 禁毒公报 说明：[10]

在麻醉品条约下，对LSD、麦斯卡林等的管制比吗啡更严格。条约第七条规定, 这类物质只有在出口商和进口商都是政府当局、政府机构或为此目的特别授权的机构时，才能在国际贸易中运输；除了这种非常严格的供应商和接收方标识之外，每种情况下的出口和进口授权也是严格的.

Category:藥物政策 Category:藥物管制法律 Category:藥物管制條約 Category:刑事司法改革 Category:犯罪 Category:全球卫生 Category:公共卫生 Category:健康政策 Category:国际法 Category:世界衛生組織 Category:联合国经济和社会理事会

  1. ^ Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Treaty status 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期31 March 2016..
  2. ^ List of Psychotropic Substances under International Control (技术报告) 28. International Narcotics Control Board. January 2018 [20 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于15 March 2018）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Amphetamine-Type Stimulants: A Global Review (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: 5. [11 September 2015]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于5 March 2016）. 
  4. ^ Kathalijne Maria Buitenweg. Working document on the UN conventions on drugs. 6 October 2003 [15 April 2006]. （原始内容存档于4 March 2006）. 
  5. ^ Outcome of the 41st Expert Committee on Drug Dependence of the World Health Organization (PDF) (技术报告) 1018. World Health Organization. June 2018 [9 July 2019]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于29 April 2020）. 
  6. ^ Bayer, I.; H. Ghodse. Evolution of international drug control, 1945–1995. 1999 [15 April 2006]. （原始内容存档于13 January 2006）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  7. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为CansenReport的参考文献提供内容
  8. ^ Kathalijne Maria Buitenweg. Report Including a Proposal for a Recommendation of the European Parliament to the Council on the Reform of the Conventions on Drugs (PDF). Committee on Citizens' Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs, European Parliament. 24 March 2003 [15 April 2006]. [永久失效連結]
  9. ^ Monthly Status of Treaty Adherence. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 1 January 2005 [15 April 2006]. （原始内容存档于13 January 2006）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  10. ^ The Protocol on Psychotropic Substances. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 1 January 1970 [15 April 2006]. （原始内容存档于13 January 2006）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=Draft:精神药物公约&oldid=84320865”