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五代十国：修订间差异

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'''五代十國'''（907年－979年），是[[中国历史|中國歷史]]上的一段時期，自[[唐朝]]滅亡開始，至[[宋朝]]統一[[中國本土]]為止。本時期分成五代（907年－960年）與十國（907年－979年）。五代十國本質上是唐朝[[藩鎮割據]]和唐朝后期政治的延續。唐朝滅亡後，各地[[藩鎮]]紛紛自立為國，其中位在華北地區，軍力強盛的藩鎮國家即五代，其中有些是[[沙陀]]族所建立。五国雖然实力強大，但無力控制整个中國本土，只是藩鎮型的朝廷。而其他割據一方的藩鎮，有些自立為帝，有些奉五代為[[宗主國]]，其中十個國齡較長、國力較強的統稱為十國。本時期時常發生地方實力派叛變奪位的情况，使得戰亂不止，統治者多重武輕文。中國的內亂，也帶給[[契丹國]]南侵的機會，[[遼国]]得以建立{{refTag|name=五代十國概論|1=《隋唐五代史：世界帝國‧開明開放》〈第七章中晚唐政治與五代十國〉.第219頁－第238頁.}}。五代十国是中国历史的重要时期，其间[[河西]]和[[交趾]]地區逐渐离心，交趾（[[越南]]）最终脱离中国独立。
'''五代十國'''（907年－979年），是[[中国历史|中國歷史]]上的一段時期，自[[唐朝]]滅亡開始，至[[宋朝]]統一[[中國本土]]為止。本時期分成五代（907年－960年）與十國（907年－979年）。五代十國本質上是唐朝[[藩鎮割據]]和唐朝后期政治的延續。唐朝滅亡後，各地[[藩鎮]]紛紛自立為國，其中位在華北地區，軍力強盛的藩鎮國家即五代，其中有些是[[沙陀]]族所建立。五国雖然实力強大，但無力控制整个中國本土，只是藩鎮型的朝廷。而其他割據一方的藩鎮，有些自立為帝，有些奉五代為[[宗主國]]，其中十個國齡較長、國力較強的統稱為十國。本時期時常發生地方實力派叛變奪位的情况，使得戰亂不止，統治者多重武輕文。中國的內亂，也帶給[[契丹國]]南侵的機會，[[遼国]]得以建立{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E2%2580%25A7%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2583%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2599%259A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E8%2588%2587%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E3%2580%2589%252E%25E7%25AC%25AC219%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC238%25E9%25A0%2581%252E%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%258E%2586%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25A6%2581%25E6%2597%25B6%25E6%259C%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E9%2597%25B4[[%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E8%25A5%25BF]]%25E5%2592%258C[[%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E8%25B6%25BE]]%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E9%2580%2590%25E6%25B8%2590%25E7%25A6%25BB%25E5%25BF%2583%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E8%25B6%25BE%25EF%25BC%2588[[%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597]]%25EF%25BC%2589%25E6%259C%2580%25E7%25BB%2588%25E8%2584%25B1%25E7%25A6%25BB%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E7%258B%25AC%25E7%25AB%258B%25E3%2580%2582
五代共有[[后梁|後梁]]、[[后唐|後唐]]、[[后晋|後晉]]、[[後漢]]與[[后周|後周]]五個朝代。907年[[开封市|汴州]][[朱温|朱溫]]篡唐建立後梁，这是五代十國的开始。[[太原市|太原]][[李克用]]之子[[李存勗]]滅后梁，建國後唐。後唐之后五代君王均出自李克用的子孫與部屬。後唐歷經[[後唐明宗]]的擴張與整頓，國力強盛，但发生內亂後，被[[石敬瑭]]引契丹軍攻滅，後晉建立。不久契晉關係惡化，契丹軍南下滅後晉，建立[[辽朝|遼朝]]。同时[[劉知遠]]在太原建立後漢，收復中原。[[郭威]]篡后汉建後周，[[後周世宗]]柴荣苦心經營，使后周隱隱有一統天下的希望，但柴荣在北伐燕云十六州时不幸病亡。後周随后被[[赵匡胤|趙匡胤]]所篡，五代結束。
五代共有[[后梁|後梁]]、[[后唐|後唐]]、[[后晋|後晉]]、[[後漢]]與[[后周|後周]]五個朝代。907年[[开封市|汴州]][[朱温|朱溫]]篡唐建立後梁，这是五代十國的开始。[[太原市|太原]][[李克用]]之子[[李存勗]]滅后梁，建國後唐。後唐之后五代君王均出自李克用的子孫與部屬。後唐歷經[[後唐明宗]]的擴張與整頓，國力強盛，但发生內亂後，被[[石敬瑭]]引契丹軍攻滅，後晉建立。不久契晉關係惡化，契丹軍南下滅後晉，建立[[辽朝|遼朝]]。同时[[劉知遠]]在太原建立後漢，收復中原。[[郭威]]篡后汉建後周，[[後周世宗]]柴荣苦心經營，使后周隱隱有一統天下的希望，但柴荣在北伐燕云十六州时不幸病亡。後周随后被[[赵匡胤|趙匡胤]]所篡，五代結束。


十國方面，江南以[[楊吳|吳國]]最強，而後被[[李昪]]篡位，建國[[南唐]]，其次有[[吴越|吳越]]與[[闽 (十国)|閩國]]等。湖廣则被[[荆南|荊南]]、[[马楚|楚國]]與[[南汉|南漢]]等占据。南唐國力最強，先後攻滅閩國、楚國，但多次用兵使得國力衰退，最後敗於後周。蜀地有[[前蜀]]、[[後蜀]]，國家富強，是僅次於南唐的強國，然而耽于安乐，最後亡於中原。[[北汉|北漢]]是惟一在北方的十國，是後漢劉氏後裔所建。趙匡胤建立[[宋朝]]（史稱[[北宋]]）後，與其弟[[宋太宗]]相繼掃蕩群雄，最後於979年統一中國本土地區，十國結束{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。
十國方面，江南以[[楊吳|吳國]]最強，而後被[[李昪]]篡位，建國[[南唐]]，其次有[[吴越|吳越]]與[[闽 (十国)|閩國]]等。湖廣则被[[荆南|荊南]]、[[马楚|楚國]]與[[南汉|南漢]]等占据。南唐國力最強，先後攻滅閩國、楚國，但多次用兵使得國力衰退，最後敗於後周。蜀地有[[前蜀]]、[[後蜀]]，國家富強，是僅次於南唐的強國，然而耽于安乐，最後亡於中原。[[北汉|北漢]]是惟一在北方的十國，是後漢劉氏後裔所建。趙匡胤建立[[宋朝]]（史稱[[北宋]]）後，與其弟[[宋太宗]]相繼掃蕩群雄，最後於979年統一中國本土地區，十國結束{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


五代十國大體上延續[[唐朝]]后期的政治體制，但是以「使」名官者很多。其中五代的變化很多，官職廢置不常，主要設有主管行政的[[三省]][[六部]]、主管財政的[[三司]]與主管軍事的[[樞密院]]，這個制度後由[[宋朝]]繼承。十國雖然其中一些政权臣服於五代，但是其政治架構大致上与五代等同{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9[[%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF]]%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%258F%2597%25E7%25AE%25A1%25E5%2588%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E8%2583%258C%25E5%258F%259B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%25AE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%2580%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E7%25B4%259B%25E7%25B4%259B%25E5%258A%25A0%25E5%25BC%25B7[[%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%258A%259B%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A3%2593%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E5%258A%259B%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2586%25E6%258A%25B5%25E5%2588%25B6%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%259D%25A5%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%258E%25B0%25E8%25B1%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E9%2587%2587%25E5%258F%2596[[%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%25B9%25B9%25E5%25BC%25B1%25E6%259E%259D]]%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25AD%2596%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25A4%2596%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%259D%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2599%2582%25E8%2583%25A1%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E8%259E%258D%25E5%2590%2588%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E9%2599%25B8%25E7%25BA%258C%25E5%2585%25A5%25E4%25BD%258F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2591%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25B4%25A9%25E6%25BD%25B0%25E9%2580%25B2%25E5%2585%25A5%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25BA%259B%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A6%2582[[%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%2599%2580]]%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E3%2580%2581[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589]]%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2]]%25E7%25AD%2589%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9]]%25E5%2585%2588%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B[[%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%259C%258B]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25B8%258B%25E6%25BB%2585%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259C%258B[[%25E9%2581%25BC%25E6%259C%259D]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25BB%2596%25E9%2582%2584%25E6%259C%2589[[%25E5%2585%259A%25E9%25A0%2585]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25AF%25B9[[%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%259A%259B%25E5%25B1%2580%25E5%258B%25A2%25E9%2580%25A0%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%25B7%25B1%25E9%2581%25A0%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E9%259F%25BF%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582
五代十國大體上延續[[唐朝]]后期的政治體制，但是以「使」名官者很多。其中五代的變化很多，官職廢置不常，主要設有主管行政的[[三省]][[六部]]、主管財政的[[三司]]與主管軍事的[[樞密院]]，這個制度後由[[宋朝]]繼承。十國雖然其中一些政权臣服於五代，但是其政治架構大致上与五代等同{{refTag|name=五代十國官制}}。由於地方[[節度使]]不受管制，時常背叛中央，所以朝廷紛紛加強[[禁軍]]軍力以壓制地方實力派。為了抵制五代以来的武人干政现象，宋朝采取[[強幹弱枝]]政策{{refTag|name=五代軍事}}。外交方面，唐朝時胡漢融合，外族陸續入住中國四周。唐朝崩潰進入五代十國後，出現一些外族國家，如[[沙陀]]建立五代[[後唐]]、[[後晉]]與[[後漢]]等。[[契丹]]先建立[[契丹國]]，南下滅後晉後建國[[遼朝]]。其他還有[[党項]]。這些都对[[宋朝]]的國際局勢造成深遠影響{{refTag|name=五代外族概論}}。


由于北方內亂、外族入侵與天災不斷，南方十國在人口、經濟、文化與科技方面皆勝於北方五代。這也是華南經濟再度勝過華北的時刻，此後这一局面再也沒有逆轉{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%2593%25B4%25E5%25B1%2595%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25A6%2596%25E8%2588%2588%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%2588%25A9%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2589%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%2591%25E5%25B1%2595%25E8%25B2%25BF%25E6%2598%2593%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%258C%25B6%25E8%2591%2589%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%25B4%25A1%25E7%25B9%2594%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E9%258C%25A2%25E5%25A1%2598%25E6%25B1%259F%25E7%259F%25B3%25E5%25A1%2598]]%25E4%25B9%259F%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2580%2599%25E5%2580%258B%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E8%2588%2588%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC[[%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25B8%25AD]]%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E5%25B4%25A9%25E6%25BD%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%2583%25BD%25E4%25BA%258E[[%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2581%258B%25E6%25B2%25B3]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25A8%259E%25E7%25B4%2590[[%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%259F%258E%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259B%25A0%25E7%25B4%25A0%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E7%2587%2595%25E9%259B%25B2%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E5%25B7%259E]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B7%25AA%25E9%2599%25B7%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E9%259F%25BF%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%259D%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E6%2598%25AF[[%25E8%25A9%259E (文學)|詞]]發展的關鍵時期，[[禪宗]]也在本時期進入全興期。五代推行[[雕版印刷]]《[[九經]]》，保存許多[[儒學]]經典。繪畫方面，不論南方北方都有獨到之處{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582
由于北方內亂、外族入侵與天災不斷，南方十國在人口、經濟、文化與科技方面皆勝於北方五代。這也是華南經濟再度勝過華北的時刻，此後这一局面再也沒有逆轉{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。十國為擴展經濟，重視興修水利與經濟作物，发展貿易業、茶葉、紡織，[[錢塘江石塘]]也是在這個時期興建。由於[[關中]]經濟崩潰，五代大多定都于[[隋唐大運河]]的樞紐[[開封]]，都城的因素與[[燕雲十六州]]的淪陷影響宋朝的軍事與經濟{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。文化方面，本時期是[[詞 (文學)|詞]]發展的關鍵時期，[[禪宗]]也在本時期進入全興期。五代推行[[雕版印刷]]《[[九經]]》，保存許多[[儒學]]經典。繪畫方面，不論南方北方都有獨到之處{{refTag|name=五代十國文化}}。


== 歷史 ==
== 歷史 ==
{{中國歷史}}
{{中國歷史}}
=== 藩鎮割據與唐朝滅亡 ===
=== 藩鎮割據與唐朝滅亡 ===
[[File:Emperor_Taizu_of_Later_Liang_Zhu_Wen.jpg|left|thumb|200px|滅[[唐朝]]篡位的後梁太祖[[朱温|朱溫]]。]]
[[File:Wiki-fingering.png|left|thumb|200px|滅[[唐朝]]篡位的後梁太祖[[朱温|朱溫]]。]]
[[安史之亂]]後，唐朝陸續出現許多不受控制的[[藩镇|藩鎮]]{{NoteTag|這個現象是因為唐廷在[[安史之亂]]後，為了安撫盤據河北、關東一帶的前安史將領，將他們就地冊封節度使，此即[[藩镇|藩鎮]]。這些藩鎮除了掌握軍權外，還擁有地方的行政權與財政權，並且自行交替繼承人，而唐廷只能事後追認，儼然是地方王國。而河北、山東與淮西等地區有許多外族定居，當地民眾崇尚胡族文化，喜武厭文，奉[[安祿山]]、[[史思明]]為二聖，幾乎成為異域外國。藩鎮中以[[河朔三镇|河北三鎮]]最強，有[[魏博節度使]]、[[幽州节度使|盧龍節度使]]與[[成德節度使]]，其他強鎮以[[淄青節度使]]、[[淮西節度使]]最為有名{{refTag|1=竺沙雅章（1998年）:《征服王朝的時代》〈第一章 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第11頁－第13頁.}}。}}。雖然藩鎮在[[唐宪宗|唐憲宗]]時期大致臣服，但總結唐朝中后期，唐廷仍然因為[[第二次宦官時代|宦官專政]]與[[牛李党争|黨爭]]而無法根除藩鎮问题。由于河北被藩鎮控制、中原戰亂不堪，唐廷十分依賴江南的財富。然而江南地区在[[庞勋之变|龐勛之變]]和[[黃巢之亂]]中遭到破壞，严重影响朝廷经济收入，唐朝逐漸走向滅亡。唐朝后期出現三個重要的[[藩镇|藩鎮]]：沙陀人[[朱邪赤心|李國昌]]（原名朱邪赤心）因平亂有功受封[[河東節度使]]，治[[太原市|太原]]；原黃巢部将[[朱温|朱全忠]]（原名朱溫）因平亂有功，受封[[宣武節度使]]，治[[开封市|汴州]]（今河南開封）；[[鳳翔節度使]][[李茂貞]]（後封歧王）、[[王重盈]]與[[韓建]]為首的關中藩鎮勢力盛大，時常威脅唐廷。黃巢之亂平定後，黃巢降將[[秦宗權]]叛變，率軍在中原地區四處攻掠，一度攻陷東都（今河南洛陽），造成了「極目千里、無復煙火」的局面{{refTag|1=《舊唐書‧卷第兩百‧列傳一百五十‧秦宗權傳》：「賊首（指秦宗權）皆慓銳慘毒，所至屠殘人物，燔燒郡邑。西至關內，東極青、齊，南出江淮，北至衛滑，魚爛鳥散，人煙斷絕，荊榛蔽野。賊既乏食，啖人為儲，軍士四齣，則鹽屍而從。關東郡邑，多被攻陷。」}}。亂事波及兩淮江南地區，當地群雄纷起抗敵，十國中的吳國與楚國得以建立{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。秦宗權之亂直到唐昭宗時才在朱全忠的努力下平定{{refTag|name=晚唐時期|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十三章〈唐帝國的滅亡〉，第111頁－第117頁。}}。
[[安史之亂]]後，唐朝陸續出現許多不受控制的[[藩镇|藩鎮]]{{NoteTag|這個現象是因為唐廷在[[安史之亂]]後，為了安撫盤據河北、關東一帶的前安史將領，將他們就地冊封節度使，此即[[藩镇|藩鎮]]。這些藩鎮除了掌握軍權外，還擁有地方的行政權與財政權，並且自行交替繼承人，而唐廷只能事後追認，儼然是地方王國。而河北、山東與淮西等地區有許多外族定居，當地民眾崇尚胡族文化，喜武厭文，奉[[安祿山]]、[[史思明]]為二聖，幾乎成為異域外國。藩鎮中以[[河朔三镇|河北三鎮]]最強，有[[魏博節度使]]、[[幽州节度使|盧龍節度使]]與[[成德節度使]]，其他強鎮以[[淄青節度使]]、[[淮西節度使]]最為有名{{refTag|1=竺沙雅章（1998年）:《征服王朝的時代》〈第一章 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第11頁－第13頁.}}。}}。雖然藩鎮在[[唐宪宗|唐憲宗]]時期大致臣服，但總結唐朝中后期，唐廷仍然因為[[第二次宦官時代|宦官專政]]與[[牛李党争|黨爭]]而無法根除藩鎮问题。由于河北被藩鎮控制、中原戰亂不堪，唐廷十分依賴江南的財富。然而江南地区在[[庞勋之变|龐勛之變]]和[[黃巢之亂]]中遭到破壞，严重影响朝廷经济收入，唐朝逐漸走向滅亡。唐朝后期出現三個重要的[[藩镇|藩鎮]]：沙陀人[[朱邪赤心|李國昌]]（原名朱邪赤心）因平亂有功受封[[河東節度使]]，治[[太原市|太原]]；原黃巢部将[[朱温|朱全忠]]（原名朱溫）因平亂有功，受封[[宣武節度使]]，治[[开封市|汴州]]（今河南開封）；[[鳳翔節度使]][[李茂貞]]（後封歧王）、[[王重盈]]與[[韓建]]為首的關中藩鎮勢力盛大，時常威脅唐廷。黃巢之亂平定後，黃巢降將[[秦宗權]]叛變，率軍在中原地區四處攻掠，一度攻陷東都（今河南洛陽），造成了「極目千里、無復煙火」的局面{{refTag|1=《舊唐書‧卷第兩百‧列傳一百五十‧秦宗權傳》：「賊首（指秦宗權）皆慓銳慘毒，所至屠殘人物，燔燒郡邑。西至關內，東極青、齊，南出江淮，北至衛滑，魚爛鳥散，人煙斷絕，荊榛蔽野。賊既乏食，啖人為儲，軍士四齣，則鹽屍而從。關東郡邑，多被攻陷。」}}。亂事波及兩淮江南地區，當地群雄纷起抗敵，十國中的吳國與楚國得以建立{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%25A7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25AC%258A%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25BA%2582%25E7%259B%25B4%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%2589%258D%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258A%25AA%25E5%258A%259B%25E4%25B8%258B%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E5%25AE%259A%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E6%2599%259A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%2589%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC111%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC117%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


梁（[[朱温|朱全忠]]）、晉（[[李克用]]）與歧（[[李茂貞]]）這三派藩鎮影響了唐朝后期、五代前期的政治，而李克用的子孫與部屬，更成為五代後唐、後晉、後漢與後周的君主。朱全忠與李克用因故不合{{NoteTag|黃巢之亂後期，[[黄巢|黃巢]]東征攻打朱全忠的領地陳州（今河南周口），當時有賴李克用率沙陀軍入援破敵。事後[[朱温|朱全忠]]款待之，但李克用於宴會間對朱全忠不敬，使朱全忠於夜間率軍放火襲擊李克用。李克用逃回[[河東節度使|河東軍]]治所[[太原市|晉陽]]後，雙方至此不合{{refTag|1=《旧五代史·武皇纪上》：「（唐中和四年，884年）是月，班师过汴，汴帅迎劳于封禅寺，请武皇休于府第，乃以从官三百人及监军使陈景思馆于上源驿。是夜，张乐陈宴席，汴帅自佐飨，出珍币侑劝。武皇酒酣，戏诸侍妓，与汴帅握手，叙破贼事以为乐。汴帅素忌武皇，乃与其将杨彦洪密谋窃发，彦洪于巷陌连车树栅，以扼奔窜之路。时武皇之从官皆醉，俄而伏兵窜发，来攻传舍。武皇方大醉，噪声动地，从官十余人捍贼。侍人郭景铢灭烛扶武皇，以茵幕裹之，匿于床下，以水洒面，徐曰：“汴帅谋害司空！”武皇方张目而起，引弓抗贼。有顷，烟火四合，复大雨震电，武皇得从者薛铁山、贺回鹘等数人而去。雨水如澍，不辨人物，随电光登尉氏门，缒城而出，得还本营。监军陈景思、大将史敬思并遇害。」}}。}}，雙方上至朝廷，下至藩鎮，都鬥爭不斷。朱全忠利用朝中的勢力打壓李克用，並且趁李克用與李茂貞等人抗衡之際威服河北各藩鎮，併吞[[河中節度使|河中軍]]、[[淄青節度使|淄青軍]]等節度使領地。地盤的擴充使得朱全忠的勢力遠較李克用大{{refTag|name=晚唐時期}}。而關中的李茂貞雖然威脅唐廷，但因李克用與朱全忠的干涉而失败。888年唐昭宗繼位後，宰相[[崔胤]]与宦官[[韓全誨]]争权。唐昭宗被宦官韓全誨幽禁，崔胤緊急招喚朱全忠入援。而韓全誨强迫唐昭宗投靠李茂貞，朱全忠于是率軍圍困[[凤翔县|鳳翔]]。隔年，鳳翔軍糧草耗盡，李茂貞只好殺宦官韓全誨等人，與朱全忠和解。朱全忠趁機掌控朝中大權，還屠杀宦官數百人，派兵控制長安。崔胤後悔不已，有意擺脫朱全忠的威脅，暗中召募六軍十二衛，被朱全忠在長安的眼線所察觉。904年朱全忠殺崔胤，逼迫唐昭宗遷都[[洛阳市|洛陽]]，同年8月弑帝，另立昭宗子[[唐哀帝|李柷]]为帝，即唐哀帝。朱全忠本想等統一後再夺取帝位，但因征淮南失利，於907年逼迫唐哀帝禅让，唐朝亡，五代十國時期开始。改名朱晃，建國[[后梁|後梁]]，即[[朱温|後梁太祖]]，最後定都[[开封市|汴州]]{{refTag|name=晚唐時期}}。
梁（[[朱温|朱全忠]]）、晉（[[李克用]]）與歧（[[李茂貞]]）這三派藩鎮影響了唐朝后期、五代前期的政治，而李克用的子孫與部屬，更成為五代後唐、後晉、後漢與後周的君主。朱全忠與李克用因故不合{{NoteTag|黃巢之亂後期，[[黄巢|黃巢]]東征攻打朱全忠的領地陳州（今河南周口），當時有賴李克用率沙陀軍入援破敵。事後[[朱温|朱全忠]]款待之，但李克用於宴會間對朱全忠不敬，使朱全忠於夜間率軍放火襲擊李克用。李克用逃回[[河東節度使|河東軍]]治所[[太原市|晉陽]]後，雙方至此不合{{refTag|1=《旧五代史·武皇纪上》：「（唐中和四年，884年）是月，班师过汴，汴帅迎劳于封禅寺，请武皇休于府第，乃以从官三百人及监军使陈景思馆于上源驿。是夜，张乐陈宴席，汴帅自佐飨，出珍币侑劝。武皇酒酣，戏诸侍妓，与汴帅握手，叙破贼事以为乐。汴帅素忌武皇，乃与其将杨彦洪密谋窃发，彦洪于巷陌连车树栅，以扼奔窜之路。时武皇之从官皆醉，俄而伏兵窜发，来攻传舍。武皇方大醉，噪声动地，从官十余人捍贼。侍人郭景铢灭烛扶武皇，以茵幕裹之，匿于床下，以水洒面，徐曰：“汴帅谋害司空！”武皇方张目而起，引弓抗贼。有顷，烟火四合，复大雨震电，武皇得从者薛铁山、贺回鹘等数人而去。雨水如澍，不辨人物，随电光登尉氏门，缒城而出，得还本营。监军陈景思、大将史敬思并遇害。」}}。}}，雙方上至朝廷，下至藩鎮，都鬥爭不斷。朱全忠利用朝中的勢力打壓李克用，並且趁李克用與李茂貞等人抗衡之際威服河北各藩鎮，併吞[[河中節度使|河中軍]]、[[淄青節度使|淄青軍]]等節度使領地。地盤的擴充使得朱全忠的勢力遠較李克用大{{refTag|name=%25E6%2599%259A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%258C%2582%25E8%25B2%259E%25E9%259B%2596%25E7%2584%25B6%25E5%25A8%2581%25E8%2584%2585%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25BB%25B7%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%2586%25E5%259B%25A0%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2585%258B%25E7%2594%25A8%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E6%25B6%2589%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25A4%25B1%25E8%25B4%25A5%25E3%2580%2582888%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E4%25BD%258D%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AE%25B0%25E7%259B%25B8[[%25E5%25B4%2594%25E8%2583%25A4]]%25E4%25B8%258E%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598[[%25E9%259F%2593%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25AA%25A8]]%25E4%25BA%2589%25E6%259D%2583%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E9%259F%2593%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25AA%25A8%25E5%25B9%25BD%25E7%25A6%2581%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B4%2594%25E8%2583%25A4%25E7%25B7%258A%25E6%2580%25A5%25E6%258B%259B%25E5%2596%259A%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E5%2585%25A5%25E6%258F%25B4%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E9%259F%2593%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25AA%25A8%25E5%25BC%25BA%25E8%25BF%25AB%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%258A%2595%25E9%259D%25A0%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%258C%2582%25E8%25B2%259E%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E4%25BA%258E%25E6%2598%25AF%25E7%258E%2587%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%259C%258D%25E5%259B%25B0[[%25E5%2587%25A4%25E7%25BF%2594%25E5%258E%25BF%257C%25E9%25B3%25B3%25E7%25BF%2594]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%259A%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25B3%25B3%25E7%25BF%2594%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%25B3%25A7%25E8%258D%2589%25E8%2580%2597%25E7%259B%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%258C%2582%25E8%25B2%259E%25E5%258F%25AA%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E9%259F%2593%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25AA%25A8%25E7%25AD%2589%25E4%25BA%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E5%2592%258C%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E8%25B6%2581%25E6%25A9%259F%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%258E%25A7%25E6%259C%259D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25AC%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2582%2584%25E5%25B1%25A0%25E6%259D%2580%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E6%2595%25B8%25E7%2599%25BE%25E4%25BA%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E5%2585%25B5%25E6%258E%25A7%25E5%2588%25B6%25E9%2595%25B7%25E5%25AE%2589%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25B4%2594%25E8%2583%25A4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2582%2594%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25B7%25B2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%2584%258F%25E6%2593%25BA%25E8%2584%25AB%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25A8%2581%25E8%2584%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259A%2597%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258F%25AC%25E5%258B%259F%25E5%2585%25AD%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%258C%25E8%25A1%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2595%25B7%25E5%25AE%2589%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%259C%25BC%25E7%25B7%259A%25E6%2589%2580%25E5%25AF%259F%25E8%25A7%2589%25E3%2580%2582904%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E5%25B4%2594%25E8%2583%25A4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%25BC%25E8%25BF%25AB%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%97%E9%81%B7%E9%83%BD[[%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%7C%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD]]%EF%BC%8C%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88%E5%BC%91%E5%B8%9D%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%A6%E7%AB%8B%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97%E5%AD%90[[%E5%94%90%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D%7C%E6%9D%8E%E6%9F%B7]]%E4%B8%BA%E5%B8%9D%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B3%E5%94%90%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%82%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%A0%E6%9C%AC%E6%83%B3%E7%AD%89%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E5%BE%8C%E5%86%8D%E5%A4%BA%E5%8F%96%E5%B8%9D%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%81%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%B1%E5%88%A9%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%BC907%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%BC%E8%BF%AB%E5%94%90%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D%E7%A6%85%E8%AE%A9%EF%BC%8C%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E4%BA%A1%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E3%80%82%E6%94%B9%E5%90%8D%E6%9C%B1%E6%99%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B[[%E5%90%8E%E6%A2%81%7C%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81]]%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B3[[%E6%9C%B1%E6%B8%A9%7C%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96]]%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E5%AE%9A%E9%83%BD[[%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%81%E5%B8%82%7C%E6%B1%B4%E5%B7%9E]]%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E6%99%9A%E5%94%90%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%7D%7D%E3%80%82


=== 後梁改革與梁晉對峙 ===
=== 後梁改革與梁晉對峙 ===
五代各朝雖然掌控中原與關中地區，但沒有像唐朝一樣成為藩鎮认可的共主，主要勢力範圍也不出華北地區，只能說是一個藩鎮型的朝廷{{refTag|name=後梁|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十四章〈五代與十國（上）〉，第119頁－第122頁。}}。各地藩鎮在唐朝滅亡後，有的奉五代為宗主、有些依舊擁護唐室，其他則是保境固守或稱帝爭天下。不管他們的外交策略是何，這些藩鎮都已獨立自主，其中十個具代表性（並非同時出現）的國家被史家稱為十國{{refTag|1=竺沙雅章（1998年）:《征服王朝的時代》〈第一章 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第33頁.}}。中原地區歸附後梁的有義武軍[[北平 (五代)|北平王]][[王處直]]、成德軍[[趙 (五代)|趙王]][[王鎔]]等，半獨立的有鳳翔軍[[岐|岐國]][[李茂貞]]、盧龍軍[[燕 (五代)|燕國]][[劉仁恭]]，獨立的是河東軍[[后唐|晉國]][[李克用]]。蜀地方面，[[西川]]軍王建建立[[前蜀]]；湖廣一帶，占據[[江陵]]周圍的荊南軍[[高季興]]在後唐時建[[荆南|荊南]]，[[湖南]]武安軍[[马殷|馬殷]]建[[马楚|楚國]]，[[兩廣]]（[[嶺南]]）清海軍[[刘隐|劉隱]]建[[南汉|南漢]]；[[江南]]地區，占據[[兩淮]]吳地的淮南軍[[楊行密]]建[[楊吳|吳國]]，浙江[[钱镠|錢鏐]]建[[吳越國]]，福建[[王審知]]建[[闽 (十国)|閩國]]{{refTag|name=後梁}}。另外，交趾[[静海节度使|靜海軍]][[曲承裕]]自立，在越南歷史稱為[[曲家]]，是越南地區脫離中國歷史的開端{{refTag|1=黎崱《安南志略·五代時僭竊》，279-281頁。}}。党項族组成的[[定難節度使|定難軍]]也在陝北夏州一帶割據自立。位於河西瓜州的[[歸義軍]]一度建立金山國。
五代各朝雖然掌控中原與關中地區，但沒有像唐朝一樣成為藩鎮认可的共主，主要勢力範圍也不出華北地區，只能說是一個藩鎮型的朝廷{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%259B%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258A%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC119%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC122%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25A5%2589%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25AE%2597%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25BA%259B%25E4%25BE%259D%25E8%2588%258A%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25AE%25A4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2589%2587%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%25A2%2583%25E5%259B%25BA%25E5%25AE%2588%25E6%2588%2596%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E5%25B8%259D%25E7%2588%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%25AE%25A1%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2580%2591%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25A4%2596%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E7%25AD%2596%25E7%2595%25A5%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25BD%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E7%258D%25A8%25E7%25AB%258B%25E8%2587%25AA%25E4%25B8%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2580%258B%25E5%2585%25B7%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E6%2580%25A7%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E9%259D%259E%25E5%2590%258C%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25EF%25BC%2589%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E7%25AB%25BA%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%259B%2585%25E7%25AB%25A0%25EF%25BC%25881998%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25BE%2581%25E6%259C%258D%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%25AB%25A0 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第33頁.}}。中原地區歸附後梁的有義武軍[[北平 (五代)|北平王]][[王處直]]、成德軍[[趙 (五代)|趙王]][[王鎔]]等，半獨立的有鳳翔軍[[岐|岐國]][[李茂貞]]、盧龍軍[[燕 (五代)|燕國]][[劉仁恭]]，獨立的是河東軍[[后唐|晉國]][[李克用]]。蜀地方面，[[西川]]軍王建建立[[前蜀]]；湖廣一帶，占據[[江陵]]周圍的荊南軍[[高季興]]在後唐時建[[荆南|荊南]]，[[湖南]]武安軍[[马殷|馬殷]]建[[马楚|楚國]]，[[兩廣]]（[[嶺南]]）清海軍[[刘隐|劉隱]]建[[南汉|南漢]]；[[江南]]地區，占據[[兩淮]]吳地的淮南軍[[楊行密]]建[[楊吳|吳國]]，浙江[[钱镠|錢鏐]]建[[吳越國]]，福建[[王審知]]建[[闽 (十国)|閩國]]{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258F%25A6%25E5%25A4%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E8%25B6%25BE[[%25E9%259D%2599%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%258A%2582%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%257C%25E9%259D%259C%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%25BB%258D]][[%25E6%259B%25B2%25E6%2589%25BF%25E8%25A3%2595]]%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA[[%25E6%259B%25B2%25E5%25AE%25B6]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2598%25AF%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E8%2584%25AB%25E9%259B%25A2%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2596%258B%25E7%25AB%25AF%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E9%25BB%258E%25E5%25B4%25B1%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25AE%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25BF%2597%25E7%2595%25A5%25C2%25B7%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2583%25AD%25E7%25AB%258A%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%258C279-281%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%259A%25E9%25A0%2585%25E6%2597%258F%25E7%25BB%2584%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%259B%25A3%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%257C%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%259B%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2599%259D%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25A4%258F%25E5%25B7%259E%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25E5%2589%25B2%25E6%2593%259A%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%2593%259C%25E5%25B7%259E%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E9%2587%2591%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E5%259C%258B%25E3%2580%2582


{{File|zh-hant=五代后梁前期形势图（繁）.png|zh-hans=五代后梁前期形势图（简）.png|280px|left|thumb|desc=907年後梁開國之初五代十國局勢圖。此時各國均臣服後梁，只有晉、岐、前蜀與吳敵視後梁、依舊奉唐室年號。}}
{{File|zh-hant=五代后梁前期形势图（繁）.png|zh-hans=五代后梁前期形势图（简）.png|280px|left|thumb|desc=907年後梁開國之初五代十國局勢圖。此時各國均臣服後梁，只有晉、岐、前蜀與吳敵視後梁、依舊奉唐室年號。}}
[[朱温|後梁太祖]]針對唐朝后期的弊端做出不少強烈改革。他極度厭惡宦官，曾拒絕在南方避難的宦官返回京城{{refTag|1=《資治通鑑‧後梁紀二》：「吳越王鏐表『宦者周延誥等二十五人，唐末避禍至此，非劉、韓之黨，乞原之。」上曰：「此屬吾知其無罪，但今革弊之初，不欲置之禁掖，可且留於彼，諭以此意。』 」}}；討厭唐廷高級官員，啟用失意士人如[[李振]]、[[敬翔]]等人，並且聽從李振建議，屠殺宰相[[裴樞]]、[[崔遠]]等三十名高官，史稱[[白馬之禍]]{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧卷第十八》：「時振自以鹹通、乾符中嚐應進士舉，累上不第，尤憤憤，乃謂太祖曰：『此輩自謂清流，宜投於黃河，永為濁流。』太祖笑而從之。」}}。這些失意士人重實際而輕名義，是五代政治人物的代表{{refTag|name=後梁與後唐|1=竺沙雅章（1998年）:《征服王朝的時代》〈第二章 分裂的時代〉: 第39頁－第43頁.}}。經濟方面重視農業發展，致力減輕賦稅；對軍隊十分嚴厲，如大將戰死，所部士卒一律斬首，稱「跋隊斬」。然而後梁太祖晚年荒淫無度，甚至不顧倫理，經常召諸子之妻入宮陪侍。外交方面，後梁立國之初，幾乎所有國家與藩鎮都表示臣服，只有晉、岐、前蜀與吳敵視後梁，依舊奉唐室年號。其中晉國的[[李克用]]更是後梁太祖的死敌，自開國起後梁太祖就北伐晉國，在潞州（今山西長治）與李克用僵持不下，史稱[[潞州之戰]]。李克用因憂勞去世后，其子[[李存勗]]在[[李克寧]]、[[張承業]]的輔佐下而獲得勝利。910年後梁太祖懷疑成德軍與晉密結而率軍進伐，迫使成德軍[[王鎔]]與義武軍[[王處直]]倒向李存勗。李存勗率軍於柏鄉（今河北柏鄉）擊潰後梁軍，成功救援成德軍，而梁軍元氣大傷，史稱[[柏鄉之戰]]。北方之雄[[劉守光]]為人殘暴，且是晉的強敵。他於909年被後梁封為燕王，三年後稱帝建國[[燕 (五代)|燕國]]。隔年，李存勗派[[周德威]]攻打劉守光，後梁太祖親自率軍救援，但被晉軍擊潰。劉守光最後於隔年被李存勗攻滅{{refTag|name=後梁}}。
[[朱温|後梁太祖]]針對唐朝后期的弊端做出不少強烈改革。他極度厭惡宦官，曾拒絕在南方避難的宦官返回京城{{refTag|1=《資治通鑑‧後梁紀二》：「吳越王鏐表『宦者周延誥等二十五人，唐末避禍至此，非劉、韓之黨，乞原之。」上曰：「此屬吾知其無罪，但今革弊之初，不欲置之禁掖，可且留於彼，諭以此意。』 」}}；討厭唐廷高級官員，啟用失意士人如[[李振]]、[[敬翔]]等人，並且聽從李振建議，屠殺宰相[[裴樞]]、[[崔遠]]等三十名高官，史稱[[白馬之禍]]{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧卷第十八》：「時振自以鹹通、乾符中嚐應進士舉，累上不第，尤憤憤，乃謂太祖曰：『此輩自謂清流，宜投於黃河，永為濁流。』太祖笑而從之。」}}。這些失意士人重實際而輕名義，是五代政治人物的代表{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257C1%253D%25E7%25AB%25BA%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%259B%2585%25E7%25AB%25A0%25EF%25BC%25881998%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25BE%2581%25E6%259C%258D%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E7%25AB%25A0 分裂的時代〉: 第39頁－第43頁.}}。經濟方面重視農業發展，致力減輕賦稅；對軍隊十分嚴厲，如大將戰死，所部士卒一律斬首，稱「跋隊斬」。然而後梁太祖晚年荒淫無度，甚至不顧倫理，經常召諸子之妻入宮陪侍。外交方面，後梁立國之初，幾乎所有國家與藩鎮都表示臣服，只有晉、岐、前蜀與吳敵視後梁，依舊奉唐室年號。其中晉國的[[李克用]]更是後梁太祖的死敌，自開國起後梁太祖就北伐晉國，在潞州（今山西長治）與李克用僵持不下，史稱[[潞州之戰]]。李克用因憂勞去世后，其子[[李存勗]]在[[李克寧]]、[[張承業]]的輔佐下而獲得勝利。910年後梁太祖懷疑成德軍與晉密結而率軍進伐，迫使成德軍[[王鎔]]與義武軍[[王處直]]倒向李存勗。李存勗率軍於柏鄉（今河北柏鄉）擊潰後梁軍，成功救援成德軍，而梁軍元氣大傷，史稱[[柏鄉之戰]]。北方之雄[[劉守光]]為人殘暴，且是晉的強敵。他於909年被後梁封為燕王，三年後稱帝建國[[燕 (五代)|燕國]]。隔年，李存勗派[[周德威]]攻打劉守光，後梁太祖親自率軍救援，但被晉軍擊潰。劉守光最後於隔年被李存勗攻滅{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


後梁太祖敗退洛陽後病危，次子[[朱友珪]]不滿後梁太祖有意立養子[[朱友文]]為太子{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧卷七‧太祖本紀七》：「帝長子郴王友裕早卒。次假子友文，帝特愛之，常留守東都，兼建昌宮使。次郢王友珪，其母亳州營倡也，為左右控鶴都指揮使。次均王友貞，為東都馬步都指揮使。帝雖未以友文為太子，意常屬之。」}}，趁機刺殺父皇而繼位。然而朱友珪荒淫无度，不得人心，913年其弟[[朱友貞]]聯合天雄軍（即[[魏博節度使|魏博軍]]）[[楊師厚]]進伐奪位，史稱後梁末帝。楊師厚去世後，天雄軍等河北諸鎮都陸續歸附晉國，再加上916年魏州之戰中梁軍慘敗於晉軍，後梁北疆只能勉強維持在黃河以南。918年李存勗率軍南征，與梁軍相持於[[濮州]]一帶。梁軍慘敗，但晉將[[周德威]]戰死，梁晉戰爭沉寂了一段時期。921年[[張文禮]]殺成德軍的[[王鎔]]，控制成德军，聯合[[契丹國]]與後梁，對抗晉國。然而李存勗率軍於[[鎮州]]擊潰趙梁聯軍，又夺得[[河朔三镇|河北三镇]]後。923年，李存勗在太原稱帝（即後唐莊宗），以光復唐朝為由建國[[后唐|後唐]]，不久又二度南征。梁將[[王彥章]]採取牽制鄆州（今河南東平）的方式，成功圍堵唐軍於楊劉（今河南東阿）附近。雙方對峙良久，唐軍軍糧不足，有即将撤退的跡象。然而梁廷[[趙巖]]、[[張漢傑]]等人進讒言，使王彥章被撤換，後唐莊宗又率軍經鄆州迂迴攻入空虛無兵的[[开封市|汴州]]。城破之日，後梁末帝无奈命[[皇甫麟]]殺死他，後梁亡{{refTag|name=後梁}}。
後梁太祖敗退洛陽後病危，次子[[朱友珪]]不滿後梁太祖有意立養子[[朱友文]]為太子{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧卷七‧太祖本紀七》：「帝長子郴王友裕早卒。次假子友文，帝特愛之，常留守東都，兼建昌宮使。次郢王友珪，其母亳州營倡也，為左右控鶴都指揮使。次均王友貞，為東都馬步都指揮使。帝雖未以友文為太子，意常屬之。」}}，趁機刺殺父皇而繼位。然而朱友珪荒淫无度，不得人心，913年其弟[[朱友貞]]聯合天雄軍（即[[魏博節度使|魏博軍]]）[[楊師厚]]進伐奪位，史稱後梁末帝。楊師厚去世後，天雄軍等河北諸鎮都陸續歸附晉國，再加上916年魏州之戰中梁軍慘敗於晉軍，後梁北疆只能勉強維持在黃河以南。918年李存勗率軍南征，與梁軍相持於[[濮州]]一帶。梁軍慘敗，但晉將[[周德威]]戰死，梁晉戰爭沉寂了一段時期。921年[[張文禮]]殺成德軍的[[王鎔]]，控制成德军，聯合[[契丹國]]與後梁，對抗晉國。然而李存勗率軍於[[鎮州]]擊潰趙梁聯軍，又夺得[[河朔三镇|河北三镇]]後。923年，李存勗在太原稱帝（即後唐莊宗），以光復唐朝為由建國[[后唐|後唐]]，不久又二度南征。梁將[[王彥章]]採取牽制鄆州（今河南東平）的方式，成功圍堵唐軍於楊劉（今河南東阿）附近。雙方對峙良久，唐軍軍糧不足，有即将撤退的跡象。然而梁廷[[趙巖]]、[[張漢傑]]等人進讒言，使王彥章被撤換，後唐莊宗又率軍經鄆州迂迴攻入空虛無兵的[[开封市|汴州]]。城破之日，後梁末帝无奈命[[皇甫麟]]殺死他，後梁亡{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


=== 後唐拓土與內亂 ===
=== 後唐拓土與內亂 ===
第107行： 第107行：
[[后唐|後唐]][[後唐莊宗|莊宗]]滅後梁後，定都[[洛陽]]。此時[[河朔三镇|河北三鎮]]已定，後唐國力強盛。岐國李茂貞對後唐稱臣，後唐莊宗封他為秦王。924年李茂貞去世，後唐莊宗的長子[[李繼岌]]擔任鳳翔節度使，吞并了歧国。前蜀[[王建 (前蜀)|王建]]在建國後注重農桑、興修水利，使得前蜀在經濟與軍事都十分強盛。但918年王建去世後，其子[[王衍]]奢侈無度，殘暴昏庸。925年後唐莊宗派[[郭崇韬|郭崇韜]]、李繼岌率军攻入成都，王衍投降，前蜀灭亡。
[[后唐|後唐]][[後唐莊宗|莊宗]]滅後梁後，定都[[洛陽]]。此時[[河朔三镇|河北三鎮]]已定，後唐國力強盛。岐國李茂貞對後唐稱臣，後唐莊宗封他為秦王。924年李茂貞去世，後唐莊宗的長子[[李繼岌]]擔任鳳翔節度使，吞并了歧国。前蜀[[王建 (前蜀)|王建]]在建國後注重農桑、興修水利，使得前蜀在經濟與軍事都十分強盛。但918年王建去世後，其子[[王衍]]奢侈無度，殘暴昏庸。925年後唐莊宗派[[郭崇韬|郭崇韜]]、李繼岌率军攻入成都，王衍投降，前蜀灭亡。


後唐對外強盛，但是內憂積重。後唐莊宗定都洛陽後，招回宦官以任樞要之職，任用[[李襲吉]]等保守派，一切與唐朝后期政治相同，朝政日益敗壞{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%2587%25AA%25E8%25AA%258D%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E5%259B%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%258B%2599%25E6%2594%25BF%25E4%25BA%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2582%2586%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B8%25B1%25E6%2585%25BE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2587%25AA%25E5%258F%2596%25E8%2597%259D%25E5%2590%258D%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AF%25B5%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E4%25BC%25B6%25E4%25BA%25BA[[%25E6%2595%25AC%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25A3%25A8]]%25E3%2580%2581%25E4%25BC%25B6%25E5%25AE%2598[[%25E6%2599%25AF%25E9%2580%25B2]]%25E7%25AD%2589%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2586%259B%25E9%2598%259F%25E9%25BE%2590%25E5%25A4%25A7%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25BA%2593%25E5%2590%2583%25E7%25B7%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25A6%25BB[[%25E5%258A%2589%25E7%258E%2589%25E5%25A8%2598%257C%25E5%2588%2598%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%2590%258E]]%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E9%25A0%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2594%25BF%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25B4%25AA%25E5%25A9%25AA%25E7%2588%25B1%25E8%25B4%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%2586%25E7%25A8%258E%25E6%2594%25B6%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%258D%258A%25E5%25BD%2592%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%25AE%25AB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E9%2582%2584%25E8%25A6%2581%25E6%259A%25AB%25E6%2589%25A3%25E5%2586%259B%25E7%25B2%25AE%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%25A3%259C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25BB%2596%25E6%2594%25AF%25E5%2587%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%25A5%25B5%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%259A%25B1%25E6%2586%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E4%25B9%2585%25E5%25BE%2581%25E8%259C%2580%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%259B%25A0%25E6%2595%2585%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%25AE%258A%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%259B%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258A%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC122%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC124%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582
後唐對外強盛，但是內憂積重。後唐莊宗定都洛陽後，招回宦官以任樞要之職，任用[[李襲吉]]等保守派，一切與唐朝后期政治相同，朝政日益敗壞{{refTag|name=後梁與後唐}}。後唐莊宗自認基業已固，不務政事，肆情縱慾，自取藝名「李天下」，寵信伶人[[敬新磨]]、伶官[[景進]]等人。當時军队龐大，国库吃緊，然而其妻[[劉玉娘|刘皇后]]干預朝政、贪婪爱财，将税收一半归后宫，使得朝廷還要暫扣军粮以補其他支出，形成極大的隱憂，不久征蜀唐軍即因故兵變{{refTag|name=後唐|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十四章〈五代與十國（上）〉，第122頁－第124頁。}}。


[[郭崇韬|郭崇韜]]雖然完成滅蜀任務，但[[李繼岌]]對於不能深入參與軍務而感到不滿。他密報朝廷，意圖陷害郭崇韜。後唐莊宗有意先調查再決定，但[[劉玉娘|刘皇后]]自行命李繼岌處決之。926年郭崇韜被殺，唐軍军心涣散，兵变四起。刘皇后又不願將自己的財物用於劳军，使局面更加恶化{{refTag|1=《新五代史·唐家人传第二》：明年三月，客星犯天库，有星流于天棓。占星者言：“御前当有急兵，宜散积聚以禳之。”宰相请出库物以给军，庄宗许之，后不肯，曰：“吾夫妇得天下，虽因武功，盖亦有天命。命既在天，人如我何！”宰相论于延英，后于屏间耳属之，因取妆奁及皇幼子满喜置帝前曰：“诸侯所贡，给赐已尽，宫中所有惟此耳，请鬻以给军！”宰相惶恐而退。及赵在礼作乱，出兵讨魏，始出物以赍军，军士负而诟曰：“吾妻子已饥死，得此何为！”}}。不久，魏博軍在[[趙在禮]]率领下於魏州（今河北大名）叛亂，唐將[[李昭榮]]平定失敗，後唐莊宗只好派养子[[李嗣源]]前往平定。李嗣源於魏州受部众與叛軍擁護，反而率軍南征後唐莊宗。各地唐軍不願為後唐莊宗作戰，汴州與洛陽陸續被陷，後唐莊宗於內亂中流箭而死{{refTag|1=《新五代史·唐家人传第二》：庄宗东幸汴州，从驾兵二万五千，及至万胜，不得进而还，军士离散，所亡太半。至罂子谷，道路隘狭，庄宗见从官执兵仗者，皆以好言劳之曰：“适报魏王平蜀，得蜀金银五十万，当悉给尔等。”对曰：“陛下与之太晚，得者亦不感恩。”庄宗泣下，因顾内库使张容哥索袍带以赐之，容哥对曰：“尽矣。”军士叱容哥曰：“致吾君至此，皆由尔辈！”因抽刀逐之，左右救之而免。容哥曰：“皇后惜物，不以给军，而归罪于我。事若不测，吾身万段矣！”乃投水而死。}}。李嗣源攻入洛陽後殺盡叛臣而稱帝，即[[後唐明宗]]，後唐莊宗的長子李繼岌自殺於長安{{refTag|name=後唐}}。
[[郭崇韬|郭崇韜]]雖然完成滅蜀任務，但[[李繼岌]]對於不能深入參與軍務而感到不滿。他密報朝廷，意圖陷害郭崇韜。後唐莊宗有意先調查再決定，但[[劉玉娘|刘皇后]]自行命李繼岌處決之。926年郭崇韜被殺，唐軍军心涣散，兵变四起。刘皇后又不願將自己的財物用於劳军，使局面更加恶化{{refTag|1=《新五代史·唐家人传第二》：明年三月，客星犯天库，有星流于天棓。占星者言：“御前当有急兵，宜散积聚以禳之。”宰相请出库物以给军，庄宗许之，后不肯，曰：“吾夫妇得天下，虽因武功，盖亦有天命。命既在天，人如我何！”宰相论于延英，后于屏间耳属之，因取妆奁及皇幼子满喜置帝前曰：“诸侯所贡，给赐已尽，宫中所有惟此耳，请鬻以给军！”宰相惶恐而退。及赵在礼作乱，出兵讨魏，始出物以赍军，军士负而诟曰：“吾妻子已饥死，得此何为！”}}。不久，魏博軍在[[趙在禮]]率领下於魏州（今河北大名）叛亂，唐將[[李昭榮]]平定失敗，後唐莊宗只好派养子[[李嗣源]]前往平定。李嗣源於魏州受部众與叛軍擁護，反而率軍南征後唐莊宗。各地唐軍不願為後唐莊宗作戰，汴州與洛陽陸續被陷，後唐莊宗於內亂中流箭而死{{refTag|1=《新五代史·唐家人传第二》：庄宗东幸汴州，从驾兵二万五千，及至万胜，不得进而还，军士离散，所亡太半。至罂子谷，道路隘狭，庄宗见从官执兵仗者，皆以好言劳之曰：“适报魏王平蜀，得蜀金银五十万，当悉给尔等。”对曰：“陛下与之太晚，得者亦不感恩。”庄宗泣下，因顾内库使张容哥索袍带以赐之，容哥对曰：“尽矣。”军士叱容哥曰：“致吾君至此，皆由尔辈！”因抽刀逐之，左右救之而免。容哥曰：“皇后惜物，不以给军，而归罪于我。事若不测，吾身万段矣！”乃投水而死。}}。李嗣源攻入洛陽後殺盡叛臣而稱帝，即[[後唐明宗]]，後唐莊宗的長子李繼岌自殺於長安{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


[[後唐明宗]]執政期間革除後唐莊宗時的弊政，朝政逐渐安定。他诛除宦官，任用士人；撤銷不少冗餘機關，建立[[三司]]等財政機關；提倡節儉，興修水利，關心百姓疾苦；加強中央軍力，建立侍衛親軍以壓制藩鎮。這是五代少見的穩定時期之一，史家稱後唐明宗是五代時期僅次於[[後周世宗]]的明君，他制定的一些制度也被[[宋朝]]所繼承{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%2588%25B0%25E6%2599%259A%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%2586%258D%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E8%25B5%25B0%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%2585%25A7%25E4%25BA%2582%25E3%2580%2582933%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25AE%2597%25E9%2587%258D%25E7%2597%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E6%25A6%25AE]]%25E5%25A5%25AA%25E4%25BD%258D%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%25AE%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B9%25BC%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E5%258E%259A]]%25E7%25BB%25A7%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E9%2596%2594%25E5%25B8%259D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25AE%2597%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2585%25A9%25E4%25BD%258D%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25B0%2587%25E9%25A4%258A%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E7%258F%2582]]%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E9%25B3%25B3%25E7%25BF%2594%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E5%25A9%25BF[[%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD]]%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E6%259D%25B1%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259D%2587%25E6%2593%2581%25E9%2587%258D%25E5%2585%25B5%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25AE%25B0%25E7%259B%25B8[[%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%25BC%2598%25E6%2598%25AD]]%25E3%2580%2581[[%25E9%25A6%25AE%25E8%25B4%2587]]%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%2583%25B3%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E5%258B%2595%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25BC%258F%25E4%25BE%2586%25E5%2588%2586%25E9%259B%25A2%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%25AC%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%258D%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%25BF%2580%25E8%25B5%25B7%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25AE%258A%25E3%2580%2582934%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E7%258F%2582%25E4%25BB%25A5[[%25E6%25B8%2585%25E5%2590%259B%25E4%25BE%25A7%257C%25E6%25B8%2585%25E5%2590%259B%25E5%2581%25B4]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%2585%25A5%25E6%25B4%259B%25E9%2599%25BD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E9%2596%2594%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2580%2583%25E5%25BE%2580%25E9%25AD%258F%25E5%25B7%259E%25E9%2580%2594%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD%25E4%25BF%2598%25E8%2599%259C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E7%258F%2582%25E6%2589%2580%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E7%258F%2582%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E5%25B8%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25A7%25E4%25BA%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25E7%2599%25BC%25E7%2594%259F[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%259C%2580]]%25E7%258D%25A8%25E7%25AB%258B%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25BA%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258E%259F%25E4%25BE%2586%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%259C%2580%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597%25E4%25BB%25A5[[%25E5%25AD%259F%25E7%259F%25A5%25E7%25A5%25A5]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%25B7%259D%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8D%E4%B9%85%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%97%E5%8F%9B%E8%AE%8A%E5%A5%AA%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%8C%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5%E7%B7%B4%E5%85%B5%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%96%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82932%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5%E5%9C%A8%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%9E%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%9D%E8%BB%8D%E5%BE%8C%E8%A2%AB%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%97%E5%B0%81%E7%82%BA%E8%9C%80%E7%8E%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%A6%E6%96%BC%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%E6%9C%AB%E5%B8%9D%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%82%E6%99%82%E7%A8%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80%E3%80%82%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5%E5%8E%BB%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%B6%E5%AD%90[[%E5%AD%9F%E6%98%B6]]%E7%B9%BC%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%82%E5%AD%9F%E6%98%B6%E5%8B%B5%E7%B2%BE%E5%9C%96%E6%B2%BB%EF%BC%8C%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E7%96%86%E5%9C%9F%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%93%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80%E7%B6%AD%E6%8C%81%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%B1%80%E9%9D%A2%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%7D%7D%E3%80%82
[[後唐明宗]]執政期間革除後唐莊宗時的弊政，朝政逐渐安定。他诛除宦官，任用士人；撤銷不少冗餘機關，建立[[三司]]等財政機關；提倡節儉，興修水利，關心百姓疾苦；加強中央軍力，建立侍衛親軍以壓制藩鎮。這是五代少見的穩定時期之一，史家稱後唐明宗是五代時期僅次於[[後周世宗]]的明君，他制定的一些制度也被[[宋朝]]所繼承{{refTag|name=後梁與後唐}}。然而到晚年後唐再度走入內亂。933年後唐明宗重病，其子[[李從榮]]奪位被殺，幼子[[李從厚]]继位，即後唐閔帝。此時後唐明宗的兩位大將養子[[李從珂]]任鳳翔節度使、女婿[[石敬瑭]]任河東節度使，均擁重兵。宰相[[朱弘昭]]、[[馮贇]]本想以調動節度使的方式來分離軍權，反而激起叛變。934年李從珂以[[清君侧|清君側]]為由攻入洛陽，後唐閔帝在逃往魏州途中被石敬瑭俘虜，最後被李從珂所殺。李從珂稱帝，即後唐末帝{{refTag|name=後唐}}。內亂期間發生[[後蜀]]獨立之事。原來在前蜀滅亡後，後唐莊宗以[[孟知祥]]為四川節度使。不久後唐明宗叛變奪位，孟知祥練兵意圖獨立。932年孟知祥在併吞東川軍後被後唐明宗封為蜀王，並於後唐末帝發動內亂時稱帝建國後蜀。同年孟知祥去世，其子[[孟昶]]繼位。孟昶勵精圖治，擴展疆土，讓後蜀維持了三十年的和平局面{{refTag|name=後唐}}。
[[File:Sixteen_Prefectures.png|thumb|right|280px|[[燕雲十六州]]分佈圖，十六州於後晉已經割讓給契丹國，只有[[瀛州]]、[[莫州]]於後周時收復。]]
[[File:Sixteen_Prefectures.png|thumb|right|280px|[[燕雲十六州]]分佈圖，十六州於後晉已經割讓給契丹國，只有[[瀛州]]、[[莫州]]於後周時收復。]]
後唐末帝與[[石敬瑭]]早在後唐明宗時就彼此不合。唐末帝繼位後十分猜忌石敬瑭，而石敬瑭也因畏懼而懷有叛變之心{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧晉書‧高祖本紀一》：「（石敬瑭言）又今年千春節，（石敬瑭妻）公主入覲，當辭時，（後唐末帝）謂公主曰：『爾歸心甚急，欲與石郎反耶？』此疑我之狀固且明矣。今天子用後族，委邪臣，沈湎荒惑，萬機停壅，失刑失賞，不亡何待！吾自應順中少主出奔之日，睹人情大去，不能扶危持顛，憤憤於方寸者三年矣。今我無異誌，朝廷自啟禍機，不可安然死於道路。」}}。936年後唐末帝把石敬瑭調任天平軍，並命[[張敬達]]、[[楊光遠]]率軍催促。石敬瑭聽从[[桑維翰]]與[[劉知遠]]的建議向[[契丹國]]借兵叛變，並且對遼太宗[[辽太宗|耶律德光]]稱兒，事後割讓[[燕云十六州]]给契丹{{NoteTag|[[燕云十六州]]的範圍涵蓋[[幽州节度使|盧龍節度使]]與[[雁门关|雁門關]]以北等代北之地。其十六州包含：幽州（今[[北京市]]）、薊州（今天津[[薊縣]]）、瀛州（今河北[[河間]]）、莫州（今河北[[任丘]]）、涿州（今河北[[涿縣]]）、檀州（今北京[[密雲]]）、順州（今北京[[順義]]）、新州（今河北[[涿鹿]]）、媯州（原屬北京[[懷來]]，今為官廳水庫庫區）、儒州（今北京[[延慶]]）、武州（今河北[[宣化]]）、蔚州（今河北[[蔚縣]]）、雲州（今山西[[大同]]）、應州（今山西[[應縣]]）、[[寰州]]（今山西朔州東馬邑鎮）、朔州（今山西[[朔州]]）{{refTag|name=後唐}}。}}，每年还要輸帛三十萬匹。張敬達聞知叛變之事後，率軍圍攻太原，石敬瑭堅守不下。當時卢龙軍的[[赵德钧]]和契丹可汗[[辽太宗|耶律德光]]有意合作共谋中原，石敬瑭大为惊惧，急令桑维翰见耶律德光。桑维翰跪于契丹帐前，苦苦哀求，才使耶律德光放弃与赵德钧合作的打算。耶律德光率軍解圍，帮助石敬瑭於太原建國[[后晋|後晉]]，即後晉高祖。937年晉軍與契丹軍大舉南下，[[楊光遠]]、趙德鈞等諸鎮陸續投降。晉軍獨自攻入洛陽，後唐末帝自焚而死，後唐滅亡。後晉高祖定都[[开封市|汴州]]，依約將燕云十六州割讓給[[契丹國]]，此後契丹國對五代的影響力達到最大{{refTag|name=後唐}}。
後唐末帝與[[石敬瑭]]早在後唐明宗時就彼此不合。唐末帝繼位後十分猜忌石敬瑭，而石敬瑭也因畏懼而懷有叛變之心{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧晉書‧高祖本紀一》：「（石敬瑭言）又今年千春節，（石敬瑭妻）公主入覲，當辭時，（後唐末帝）謂公主曰：『爾歸心甚急，欲與石郎反耶？』此疑我之狀固且明矣。今天子用後族，委邪臣，沈湎荒惑，萬機停壅，失刑失賞，不亡何待！吾自應順中少主出奔之日，睹人情大去，不能扶危持顛，憤憤於方寸者三年矣。今我無異誌，朝廷自啟禍機，不可安然死於道路。」}}。936年後唐末帝把石敬瑭調任天平軍，並命[[張敬達]]、[[楊光遠]]率軍催促。石敬瑭聽从[[桑維翰]]與[[劉知遠]]的建議向[[契丹國]]借兵叛變，並且對遼太宗[[辽太宗|耶律德光]]稱兒，事後割讓[[燕云十六州]]给契丹{{NoteTag|[[燕云十六州]]的範圍涵蓋[[幽州节度使|盧龍節度使]]與[[雁门关|雁門關]]以北等代北之地。其十六州包含：幽州（今[[北京市]]）、薊州（今天津[[薊縣]]）、瀛州（今河北[[河間]]）、莫州（今河北[[任丘]]）、涿州（今河北[[涿縣]]）、檀州（今北京[[密雲]]）、順州（今北京[[順義]]）、新州（今河北[[涿鹿]]）、媯州（原屬北京[[懷來]]，今為官廳水庫庫區）、儒州（今北京[[延慶]]）、武州（今河北[[宣化]]）、蔚州（今河北[[蔚縣]]）、雲州（今山西[[大同]]）、應州（今山西[[應縣]]）、[[寰州]]（今山西朔州東馬邑鎮）、朔州（今山西[[朔州]]）{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25AF%258F%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%25BF%2598%25E8%25A6%2581%25E8%25BC%25B8%25E5%25B8%259B%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E8%2590%25AC%25E5%258C%25B9%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E6%2595%25AC%25E9%2581%2594%25E8%2581%259E%25E7%259F%25A5%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25AE%258A%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25BA%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%258E%2587%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%259C%258D%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%258E%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD%25E5%25A0%2585%25E5%25AE%2588%25E4%25B8%258D%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%258D%25A2%25E9%25BE%2599%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E8%25B5%25B5%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E9%2592%25A7]]%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%258F%25AF%25E6%25B1%2597[[%25E8%25BE%25BD%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%25AE%2597%257C%25E8%2580%25B6%25E5%25BE%258B%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%2589]]%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%2584%258F%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E5%2585%25B1%25E8%25B0%258B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258E%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25B8%25BA%25E6%2583%258A%25E6%2583%25A7%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2580%25A5%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E6%25A1%2591%25E7%25BB%25B4%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E8%25A7%2581%25E8%2580%25B6%25E5%25BE%258B%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%2589%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25A1%2591%25E7%25BB%25B4%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E8%25B7%25AA%25E4%25BA%258E%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%25B8%2590%25E5%2589%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%258B%25A6%25E8%258B%25A6%25E5%2593%2580%25E6%25B1%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%258D%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E8%2580%25B6%25E5%25BE%258B%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%2589%25E6%2594%25BE%25E5%25BC%2583%25E4%25B8%258E%25E8%25B5%25B5%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E9%2592%25A7%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2589%2593%25E7%25AE%2597%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%25B6%25E5%25BE%258B%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%2589%25E7%258E%2587%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E5%259C%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B8%25AE%25E5%258A%25A9%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259C%258B[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%2599%258B%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E9%25AB%2598%25E7%25A5%2596%25E3%2580%2582937%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2588%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25B8%258B%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E6%25A5%258A%25E5%2585%2589%25E9%2581%25A0]]%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25B6%2599%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E9%2588%259E%25E7%25AD%2589%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E9%258E%25AE%25E9%2599%25B8%25E7%25BA%258C%25E6%258A%2595%25E9%2599%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%258D%25A8%25E8%2587%25AA%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%2585%25A5%25E6%25B4%259B%25E9%2599%25BD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2584%259A%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%25AD%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E9%25AB%2598%25E7%25A5%2596%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%2583%25BD[[%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%25B0%2581%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E6%25B1%25B4%25E5%25B7%259E]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BE%259D%25E7%25B4%2584%25E5%25B0%2587%25E7%2587%2595%25E4%25BA%2591%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E5%25B7%9E%E5%89%B2%E8%AE%93%E7%B5%A6[[%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B]]%EF%BC%8C%E6%AD%A4%E5%BE%8C%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E5%8A%9B%E9%81%94%E5%88%B0%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%7D%7D%E3%80%82


=== 江南的擴張 ===
=== 江南的擴張 ===
五代进入后晋时期，國力大不如前，時常被[[契丹國]]威脅。[[江淮]]地區的[[楊吳|吳]]與後繼的[[南唐]]国势強盛，他们採取聯合北方契丹國制约中原的策略，屢次征討周邊國家壯大勢力，成為中原王朝的一大威脅。吳國是[[淮南節度使]][[楊行密]]建立的。早在[[秦宗權]]之亂時，秦的部屬[[畢師鐸]]率軍攻打揚州，楊行密在抗敌过程中发展割據势力，最後建立吳國{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582902%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%25A5%258A%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%25AF%2586%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%2590%25B3%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E9%2599%25B5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E6%25B1%259F%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25BA%259C%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259F%25B7%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25E9%25BC%2593%25E5%258B%25B5%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25A1%2591%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25A9%25A9%25E5%25AE%259A%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B7%25AE%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E9%2580%2590%25E6%25BC%25B8%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E7%2594%25A6%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25A4%2596%25E5%2589%2587%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25AE%25A4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25EF%25BC%2588[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%25A2%2581%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581]]%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E8%2580%2585%25EF%25BC%2589%25E6%2595%25B5%25E5%25B0%258D%25E3%2580%2582905%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%259D%25A8%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%25AF%2586%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5]]%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E4%25BD%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%259A%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%25B1%259F%25E8%25A5%25BF[[%25E9%2590%2598%25E5%2582%25B3]]%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E5%25AD%2590%25E5%2585%25A7%25E4%25BA%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E8%25B6%2581%25E6%25A9%259F%25E6%25B4%25BE[[%25E7%25A7%25A6%25E8%25A3%25B4]]%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%258D%25A0%25E6%25B1%259F%25E8%25A5%25BF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B7%25AE%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E5%2596%259C%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E7%258E%25A9%25E6%25A8%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%2588%25E7%258C%259C%25E5%25BF%258C%25E5%258A%259F%25E8%2587%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2587%25A3[[%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E7%2581%259D]]%25E3%2580%2581[[%25E5%25BE%2590%25E6%25BA%25AB]]%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%258B%2595%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%25AE%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E3%2580%2582908%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BE%2590%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E6%2593%2581%25E7%25AB%258B%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25BC%259F[[%25E6%25A5%258A%25E9%259A%2586%25E6%25BC%2594%257C%25E6%259D%25A8%25E9%259A%2586%25E6%25BC%2594]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25B8%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2599%25A4%25E6%258E%2589%25E6%2583%25B3%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25B8%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E9%25A1%25A5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%25B9%25E5%25BA%2595%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%258F%25A1%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25AC%258A%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E5%2590%25B4%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2588%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%25A1%25A5%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25BC%2592%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E4%25B9%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B4%2584%25E5%2588%2586%25E5%85%B6%E5%9C%B0%E4%BB%A5%E8%87%A3%E6%96%BC%E6%A2%81%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%8A%E6%B8%A5%E6%AD%BB%EF%BC%8C%E9%A1%A5%E6%AC%B2%E8%83%8C%E7%B4%84%E8%87%AA%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82%E6%BA%AB%E6%82%A3%E4%B9%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%95%8F%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%A2%E5%9A%B4%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%82%E6%9B%B0%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E9%A1%A5%E9%9B%96%E5%89%9B%E6%84%8E%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E6%9A%97%E6%96%BC%E6%88%90%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%AD%A4%E6%98%93%E7%82%BA%E4%B9%9F%E3%80%82%E3%80%8D%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%E5%8F%8A%E5%87%BA%E6%95%99%E5%AE%A3%E4%B9%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%83%E6%B8%A5%E6%AF%8D%E5%8F%B2%E6%B0%8F%E6%95%99%EF%BC%8C%E8%A8%80%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E8%89%B1%E9%9B%A3%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E5%97%A3%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B8%EF%BC%8C%E9%9A%86%E6%BC%94%E4%BB%A5%E6%AC%A1%E7%95%B6%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%91%8A%E8%AB%B8%E5%B0%87%E4%BB%A5%E7%84%A1%E8%B2%A0%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E8%80%8C%E5%96%84%E4%BA%8B%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%82%E8%BE%AD%E6%97%A8%E6%BF%80%E5%88%87%EF%BC%8C%E8%81%9E%E8%80%85%E6%84%9F%E5%8B%95%E3%80%82%E9%A1%A5%E6%B0%A3%E8%89%B2%E7%9A%86%E6%B2%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%92%E7%84%A1%E8%83%BD%E7%82%BA%EF%BC%8C%E9%9A%86%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%83%E5%BE%97%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%E9%A1%A5%E7%94%B1%E6%AD%A4%E8%88%87%E6%BA%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%9A%99%EF%BC%8C%E8%AB%B7%E9%9A%86%E6%BC%94%E5%87%BA%E6%BA%AB%E6%BD%A4%E5%B7%9E%E3%80%82%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%E8%A1%8C%E8%BB%8D%E5%89%AF%E4%BD%BF%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E5%97%A3%E8%88%87%E5%BC%B5%E9%A1%A5%E5%96%84%E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五代进入后晋时期，國力大不如前，時常被[[契丹國]]威脅。[[江淮]]地區的[[楊吳|吳]]與後繼的[[南唐]]国势強盛，他们採取聯合北方契丹國制约中原的策略，屢次征討周邊國家壯大勢力，成為中原王朝的一大威脅。吳國是[[淮南節度使]][[楊行密]]建立的。早在[[秦宗權]]之亂時，秦的部屬[[畢師鐸]]率軍攻打揚州，楊行密在抗敌过程中发展割據势力，最後建立吳國{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。902年楊行密被唐廷封為吳王，建都廣陵，稱江都府。執政期間鼓勵農桑，穩定經濟，使江淮地區逐漸復甦。對外則擁護唐室，與宣武軍朱全忠（[[后梁|後梁]]建立者）敵對。905年杨行密去世，其子[[楊渥]]繼位。隔年江西[[鐘傳]]去世，諸子內亂，楊渥趁機派[[秦裴]]攻占江西，統一江淮。然而楊渥喜好玩樂，又猜忌功臣，大臣[[張灝]]、[[徐溫]]發動兵變，殺死楊渥。908年徐溫擁立楊渥之弟[[楊隆演|杨隆演]]為帝，除掉想自立為帝的張顥，徹底掌握吳國大權{{refTag|1=《新五代史·吴世家第一》：「初，溫、顥之弒渥也，約分其地以臣於梁，及渥死，顥欲背約自立。溫患之，問其客嚴可求，可求曰：「顥雖剛愎，而暗於成事，此易為也。」......及出教宣之，乃渥母史氏教，言楊氏創業艱難，而嗣王不幸，隆演以次當立，告諸將以無負楊氏而善事之。辭旨激切，聞者感動。顥氣色皆沮，卒無能為，隆演乃得立。......顥由此與溫有隙，諷隆演出溫潤州。......行軍副使李承嗣與張顥善，覺可求有附溫意，諷顥使客夜刺殺之，客刺可求不能中。明日，可求詣溫，謀先殺顥，陰遣鐘章選壯士三十人，就衙堂斬顥，因以弒渥之罪歸之。溫由是專政，隆演備位而已。」}}{{refTag|name=十國一|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十四章〈五代與十國（上）〉，第120頁－第121頁。}}{{refTag|name=十國二|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十五章〈五代與十國（下）〉，第128頁－第131頁。}}。


[[File:Gu Hongzhong 15.jpg|thumb|left|240px|南唐大臣[[韩熙载]]像。]]
[[File:Gu Hongzhong 15.jpg|thumb|left|240px|南唐大臣[[韩熙载]]像。]]
徐溫掌握大權後屢次攻伐[[吳越國]]未果，至後梁末期才和談。唐朝滅亡後，吳國不承認後梁宗主地位，仍然沿用[[唐哀帝]]年號，直到919年吳國改元，才正式與唐朝切斷關係。對內則逐步翦除楊氏舊將以穩固其勢力，然而專政的長子[[徐知训]]驕橫恣肆，曾因欺負吳王楊隆演而引來兵變，最後被部下[[朱瑾 (唐朝)|朱瑾]]杀死。徐温养子[[李昪|徐知诰]]平定亂事，而徐知诰事徐溫甚孝謹，最後成為徐溫政權的繼承者{{refTag|1=《新五代史·南唐世家第二》：「既而徐知訓為朱瑾所殺，溫居金陵，未及聞。（即徐知诰）居潤州，近廣陵，得先聞，即日以州兵渡江定亂，遂得政。昪（即徐知诰）事徐溫甚孝謹，溫嘗罵其諸子不如昪，諸子頗不能容」}}。楊隆演鬱鬱而終，其子[[杨溥|楊溥]]繼位，並於927年稱帝，即吳睿帝。927年徐溫去世，追封齊王，養子[[徐知誥]]繼位，成為吳國實際統治者。徐知诰生活俭朴，尊重吳帝和將領而頗得民心{{refTag|1=《新五代史·南唐世家第二》：「知訓之用事也，嘗淩弱楊氏而驕侮諸將，遂以見殺。及昪（即徐知诰）秉政，欲收人心，乃寬刑法、推恩信，起延賓亭以待四方之士，引宋齊丘、駱知祥、王令謀等為謀客，士有羈旅於吳者，皆齒用之。嘗陰使人察視民間有婚喪匱乏者，往往賙給之。盛暑未嘗張蓋、操扇，左右進蓋，必卻之，曰：『士眾尚多暴露，我何用此？』以故溫雖遙秉大政，而吳人頗已歸。」}}。937年徐知誥奪吳睿帝之位，吳亡，建國齊，都金陵，稱江寧府（今江蘇南京）。同年[[后唐|後唐]]滅亡，兩年後徐知誥自稱唐室後裔，改姓名李昪，建國[[南唐]]，即南唐烈祖{{refTag|1=《资治通鉴》的说法是937年李昪就已经建号为「唐」，但《旧五代史》、《新五代史》等史书都主张徐知誥先建「齐」，后改为「唐」。}}。李昪建國後採取与民休息、與鄰国友好的政策，使國力持續强盛。943年李昪去世後，其子[[李璟]]繼位，即南唐元宗。李璟在位初期，南唐國力仍然強盛，對外聯合[[遼朝]]壓制[[後周]]，對四周國家也採取見機入侵的方式，陸續滅[[闽 (十国)|閩國]]與[[马楚|楚國]]{{refTag|name=十國一}}{{refTag|name=十國二}}。
徐溫掌握大權後屢次攻伐[[吳越國]]未果，至後梁末期才和談。唐朝滅亡後，吳國不承認後梁宗主地位，仍然沿用[[唐哀帝]]年號，直到919年吳國改元，才正式與唐朝切斷關係。對內則逐步翦除楊氏舊將以穩固其勢力，然而專政的長子[[徐知训]]驕橫恣肆，曾因欺負吳王楊隆演而引來兵變，最後被部下[[朱瑾 (唐朝)|朱瑾]]杀死。徐温养子[[李昪|徐知诰]]平定亂事，而徐知诰事徐溫甚孝謹，最後成為徐溫政權的繼承者{{refTag|1=《新五代史·南唐世家第二》：「既而徐知訓為朱瑾所殺，溫居金陵，未及聞。（即徐知诰）居潤州，近廣陵，得先聞，即日以州兵渡江定亂，遂得政。昪（即徐知诰）事徐溫甚孝謹，溫嘗罵其諸子不如昪，諸子頗不能容」}}。楊隆演鬱鬱而終，其子[[杨溥|楊溥]]繼位，並於927年稱帝，即吳睿帝。927年徐溫去世，追封齊王，養子[[徐知誥]]繼位，成為吳國實際統治者。徐知诰生活俭朴，尊重吳帝和將領而頗得民心{{refTag|1=《新五代史·南唐世家第二》：「知訓之用事也，嘗淩弱楊氏而驕侮諸將，遂以見殺。及昪（即徐知诰）秉政，欲收人心，乃寬刑法、推恩信，起延賓亭以待四方之士，引宋齊丘、駱知祥、王令謀等為謀客，士有羈旅於吳者，皆齒用之。嘗陰使人察視民間有婚喪匱乏者，往往賙給之。盛暑未嘗張蓋、操扇，左右進蓋，必卻之，曰：『士眾尚多暴露，我何用此？』以故溫雖遙秉大政，而吳人頗已歸。」}}。937年徐知誥奪吳睿帝之位，吳亡，建國齊，都金陵，稱江寧府（今江蘇南京）。同年[[后唐|後唐]]滅亡，兩年後徐知誥自稱唐室後裔，改姓名李昪，建國[[南唐]]，即南唐烈祖{{refTag|1=《资治通鉴》的说法是937年李昪就已经建号为「唐」，但《旧五代史》、《新五代史》等史书都主张徐知誥先建「齐」，后改为「唐」。}}。李昪建國後採取与民休息、與鄰国友好的政策，使國力持續强盛。943年李昪去世後，其子[[李璟]]繼位，即南唐元宗。李璟在位初期，南唐國力仍然強盛，對外聯合[[遼朝]]壓制[[後周]]，對四周國家也採取見機入侵的方式，陸續滅[[闽 (十国)|閩國]]與[[马楚|楚國]]{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


在南唐東南方有[[吳越國]]與[[閩國]]。吳越國的建立者為鎮海、鎮東節度使[[钱镠|錢鏐]]，都杭州，其疆域約同今[[浙江省]]。907年錢鏐被後梁封為吳越王，即吳越太祖。在位期間促進經濟發展，保境安民；對外奉五代為宗主國，與吳和南唐為死對頭，這個策略一直維持到亡國為止。另外曾經派使冊封[[新罗|新羅]]、[[渤海国|渤海國]]等國王，海中諸國皆奉他為君長{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2598%25AF%25E7%2594%25B1%25E7%25A6%258F%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E8%25A7%2580%25E5%25AF%259F%25E4%25BD%25BF[[%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%25BD%25AE]]%25E6%2589%2580%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25BC%259F[[%25E7%258E%258B%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E7%259F%25A5]]%25E6%258E%25A7%25E5%2588%25B6[[%25E7%25A6%258F%25E5%25B7%259E]]%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E7%2582%25BA[[%25E5%25A8%2581%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%259F%259F%25E7%25B4%2584%25E5%2590%258C%25E4%25BB%258A[[%25E7%25A6%258F%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%259C%2581]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%258E%258B%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E7%259F%25A5%25E5%259F%25B7%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2596%25BC909%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%2582%25BA%25E9%2596%25A9%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25E4%25B9%259F%25E6%2598%25AF%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%2580%25A1%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%2584%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25BC%2591%25E6%2581%25AF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E5%2590%2591%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%2587%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25BF%2585%25E9%2580%259F%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E3%2580%2582925%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E4%25BD%258D%25E8%2580%2585%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E5%25AE%2597%25E5%25AE%25A4]]%25E3%2580%2581[[%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2587%25A3]]%25E4%25BA%2592%25E7%259B%25B8%25E7%258C%259C%25E5%25BF%258C%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%25AC%25A5%25E7%2588%25AD%25E8%2580%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%2590%25E6%25BC%25B8%25E8%25A1%25B0%25E5%25BC%25B1%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582
在南唐東南方有[[吳越國]]與[[閩國]]。吳越國的建立者為鎮海、鎮東節度使[[钱镠|錢鏐]]，都杭州，其疆域約同今[[浙江省]]。907年錢鏐被後梁封為吳越王，即吳越太祖。在位期間促進經濟發展，保境安民；對外奉五代為宗主國，與吳和南唐為死對頭，這個策略一直維持到亡國為止。另外曾經派使冊封[[新罗|新羅]]、[[渤海国|渤海國]]等國王，海中諸國皆奉他為君長{{refTag|name=十國一}}{{refTag|name=十國二}}。閩國是由福建觀察使[[王潮]]所建立，其與其弟[[王審知]]控制[[福州]]一帶，後為[[威武軍節度使]]，其疆域約同今[[福建省]]。王審知執政後於909年被後梁封為閩王，即閩太祖。在位期間也是提倡節儉，與民休息，並向五代稱臣，使閩國迅速發展。925年閩太祖去世後，其繼位者與[[宗室]]、[[大臣]]互相猜忌、鬥爭而使閩國逐漸衰弱{{refTag|name=十國一}}{{refTag|name=十國二}}。


943年閩景宗[[王延曦]]之弟[[王延政]]於[[建州]]（今福建[[建甌]]）稱帝，國號殷。隔年閩景宗被大臣所殺，國內大亂。945年王延政改國號為閩。同年南唐元宗趁機伐閩國，攻下建州，閩亡。然而[[吴越|吳越]]趁機介入，閩將[[李仁達]]以[[福州市|福州]]附吳越，[[泉州市|泉州]]、[[漳州市|漳州]]又為[[清源節度使|清源軍]][[留從效]]所據，南唐最後只獲得建州與汀州（今福建西北部）等，與吳越國的關係持續惡化。不久南唐元宗趁[[马楚|楚]]內亂之際於951年派[[邊鎬]]攻滅，但隔年因楚將[[劉言]]起兵反抗，使得南唐又失去湖南一地。南唐連年用兵使國力受到很大消耗，所得之地也大半喪失。再加上南唐元宗為人柔和、好谀恶直，以是群小競進，政事日非。[[后周|後周]]趁機於957年發兵南征南唐。南唐元宗戰敗，割讓江北十四州給後周，並且去掉自己的帝號，只稱江南國主，南唐元氣大傷。而比較有軍事才能的太子[[李弘冀]]，他在毒死意圖奪位的叔父[[李景遂]]後也去世。南唐元宗只好改立五子[[李煜]]為太子，但是李煜的書生氣質較重。南唐元宗為了避周軍與吳越軍聯合入侵[[金陵]]而遷都[[洪州]]，即南昌府（今江西南昌）。961年唐元宗去世後，由[[李煜]]即位，即南唐後主，還都金陵府。至此南唐無力威脅五代，只能保境安民{{refTag|name=十國一}}{{refTag|name=十國二}}。
943年閩景宗[[王延曦]]之弟[[王延政]]於[[建州]]（今福建[[建甌]]）稱帝，國號殷。隔年閩景宗被大臣所殺，國內大亂。945年王延政改國號為閩。同年南唐元宗趁機伐閩國，攻下建州，閩亡。然而[[吴越|吳越]]趁機介入，閩將[[李仁達]]以[[福州市|福州]]附吳越，[[泉州市|泉州]]、[[漳州市|漳州]]又為[[清源節度使|清源軍]][[留從效]]所據，南唐最後只獲得建州與汀州（今福建西北部）等，與吳越國的關係持續惡化。不久南唐元宗趁[[马楚|楚]]內亂之際於951年派[[邊鎬]]攻滅，但隔年因楚將[[劉言]]起兵反抗，使得南唐又失去湖南一地。南唐連年用兵使國力受到很大消耗，所得之地也大半喪失。再加上南唐元宗為人柔和、好谀恶直，以是群小競進，政事日非。[[后周|後周]]趁機於957年發兵南征南唐。南唐元宗戰敗，割讓江北十四州給後周，並且去掉自己的帝號，只稱江南國主，南唐元氣大傷。而比較有軍事才能的太子[[李弘冀]]，他在毒死意圖奪位的叔父[[李景遂]]後也去世。南唐元宗只好改立五子[[李煜]]為太子，但是李煜的書生氣質較重。南唐元宗為了避周軍與吳越軍聯合入侵[[金陵]]而遷都[[洪州]]，即南昌府（今江西南昌）。961年唐元宗去世後，由[[李煜]]即位，即南唐後主，還都金陵府。至此南唐無力威脅五代，只能保境安民{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


=== 湖廣的內亂 ===
=== 湖廣的內亂 ===
[[File:五代后晋、后汉时形势图（繁）.png|thumb|300px|951年五代十國[[荆南|荊南]]（深紫）、[[马楚|楚國]]（紫色）、[[南汉|南漢]]（藍色）與交趾（淡紫，即[[静海节度使|靜海軍]]）的位置圖。]]
[[File:五代后晋、后汉时形势图（繁）.png|thumb|300px|951年五代十國[[荆南|荊南]]（深紫）、[[马楚|楚國]]（紫色）、[[南汉|南漢]]（藍色）與交趾（淡紫，即[[静海节度使|靜海軍]]）的位置圖。]]
而湖廣一帶有[[荆南|荊南]]、[[马楚|楚國]]、[[南汉|南漢]]。荆南又称南平、北楚{{NoteTag|荆南開國主[[高季興|高季兴]]的官职是[[荆南|荆南节度使]]，其所建立的政权被稱為[[荆南]]。因为高季兴被后唐封为南平王，故称「南平」。高季兴死后，被后唐追封为楚王，也被称「北楚」{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%259F%259F%25E7%25B4%2584%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BB%258A%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%258C%2597%25E7%259C%2581%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E9%2583%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E8%2580%2585[[%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E8%2588%2588%257C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E5%2585%25B4]]%25E4%25B8%25BA[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%25A2%2581%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581]][[%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25B8%25A9%257C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25B0%2587%25E9%25A0%2598%25EF%25BC%258C907%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25B0%2581%25E4%25B8%25BA%25E8%258D%2586%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%258A%2582%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25A6%2596%25E5%25BA%259C%25E4%25B8%25BA[[%25E6%25B1%259F%25E9%2599%25B5%25E5%258E%25BF%257C%25E6%25B1%259F%25E9%2599%25B5]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%258D%2586%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%25B0%258F%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25BC%25B1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259B%25A0%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%2590%2591%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%2587%25A3%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2590%259B%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E5%2585%25B4%25E5%2592%258C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25BE%259E%25E8%25AA%25A8%25E8%25B2%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25B2%25A2%25E5%2593%2581%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%2594%2594%25E6%2588%25AA%25E6%2590%25B6%25E5%25A5%25AA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2581%25AD%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%25A8%2581%25E8%2584%2585%25E6%2589%258D%25E9%25A1%2598%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E9%2582%2584%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E8%25B5%2596%25E5%25AD%2590%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E5%2585%25B4%25E6%2594%25B9%25E5%2590%2591[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E7%25A7%25B0%25E8%2587%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%25A8924%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25AD%2598%25E5%258B%2597%257C%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597]]%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E7%258E%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%25BB%2585[[%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%259C%2580]]%25E6%2597%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E5%2585%25B4%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E7%25A4%25BA%25E9%25A1%2598%25E6%2584%258F%25E5%258D%2594%25E5%258A%25A9%25E4%25BC%2590%25E8%259C%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%2586%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E9%259A%259B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%258B%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%2590%2591%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E8%25A6%2581%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%259C%2580%25E5%259C%259F%25E5%259C%25B0%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2597%25A3%25E6%25BA%2590%257C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25AE%2597]]%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%2580%2592%25E8%2580%258C%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%258D%2597%E5%BE%81%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%80%E5%B9%B8%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E9%9B%A8%E5%AD%A3%E4%BD%BF%E5%94%90%E8%BB%8D%E7%B2%AE%E8%8D%89%E4%B8%8D%E6%B5%8E%E8%80%8C%E9%80%80%E3%80%82%E8%8D%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%9B%B4%E5%88%B0%E5%85%B6%E5%AD%90%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%8E%8B[[%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%9E%E8%AA%A8]]%E7%B9%BC%E4%BD%8D%E5%BE%8C%E6%89%8D%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%BD%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%80%7D%7D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%8C%7D%7D%E3%80%82
而湖廣一帶有[[荆南|荊南]]、[[马楚|楚國]]、[[南汉|南漢]]。荆南又称南平、北楚{{NoteTag|荆南開國主[[高季興|高季兴]]的官职是[[荆南|荆南节度使]]，其所建立的政权被稱為[[荆南]]。因为高季兴被后唐封为南平王，故称「南平」。高季兴死后，被后唐追封为楚王，也被称「北楚」{{refTag|name=十國一}}{{refTag|name=十國二}}。}}，其疆域約為今湖北省西部。建立者[[高季興|高季兴]]为[[后梁|後梁]][[朱温|梁太祖]]的將領，907年被封为荆南节度使，首府为[[江陵县|江陵]]。荆南地小国弱，因而向四周各國稱臣。其國君高季兴和高從誨貪圖各國貢品而攔截搶奪，遭各國發兵威脅才願歸還，被稱為「高赖子」。後梁滅亡後，高季兴改向[[后唐]]称臣，在924年被後唐[[李存勗|唐莊宗]]封為南平王，即武信王。后唐滅[[前蜀]]时，高季兴表示願意協助伐蜀，但並未實際行動，而後又向後唐索要前蜀土地。這些使後唐[[李嗣源|唐明宗]]大怒而發兵南征，所幸江南雨季使唐軍粮草不济而退。荊南與後唐的關係直到其子文獻王[[高從誨]]繼位後才和好{{refTag|name=十國一}}{{refTag|name=十國二}}。


[[马楚|楚國]]則由[[武安軍節度使]][[马殷|馬殷]]所建立。[[秦宗權]]之亂時，秦的部署[[孫儒]]攻打兩淮楊行密，孫儒部將[[马殷|馬殷]]帶部分人馬經江西至湖南割據{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582907%25E5%25B9%25B4[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%25A2%2581%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581]]%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%25AE%25B7%25E5%2590%2591%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%2587%25A3%25E8%2580%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25A5%259A%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E7%25A9%2586%25E7%258E%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%258B%25A2%25E5%258A%259B%25E6%25B6%25B5%25E8%2593%258B%25E4%25BB%258A%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%259C%2581%25E5%258C%2597%25E9%2583%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25A4%2596%25E8%2587%25A3%25E6%259C%258D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%2590%2584%25E6%259C%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%2585%25A7%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E5%25AE%259A%25E4%25BA%2582%25E8%25BB%258D%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E8%2597%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E6%258E%25A1%25E5%258F%2596%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%25A2%2583%25E5%25AE%2589%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25AD%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258B%25A2%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582927%25E5%25B9%25B4[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2594%2590%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E5%25B0%2581%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%25AE%25B7%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%25BD%25AD%25E5%25B7%259E%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E9%2595%25B7%25E6%25B2%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25A5%259A%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%25AD%25E7%258E%258B[[%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E7%25AF%2584]]%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E6%2593%25B4%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%2587%25B3%25E4%25BB%258A%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%259C%2581%25E6%259D%25B1%25E5%258C%2597%25E9%2583%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258B%25A2%25E9%25A0%2597%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E7%25AF%2584%25E5%259C%25A8947%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258B%25A2%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25BA%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%25B0%2587%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E5%25BB%25A3]]%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E9%2595%25B7%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2590%25BC]]%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%25BB%25BF%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25AE%258A%25E3%2580%2582950%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2590%25BC%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%258A%259F%25E6%2594%25BB%25E4%25B8%258B%25E9%2595%25B7%25E6%25B2%2599%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E6%25A5%259A%25E6%2581%25AD%25E5%25AD%259D%25E7%258E%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E4%25BB%2596%25E7%25B8%25B1%25E9%2585%2592%25E8%258D%2592%25E6%25B7%25AB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%25B0%2587%25E7%258E%258B%25E9%2580%25B5%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%25A1%258C%25E9%2580%25A2%25E8%2588%2589%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25AE%258A%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2580%2591%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%25AE%2597%25E5%25AE%25A4[[%25E9%25A6%AC%E5%85%89%E6%83%A0]]%E7%82%BA[[%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF]]%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%8A%89%E8%A8%80%E7%82%BA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%BB%8D%E7%95%99%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E7%8E%87%E8%BB%8D%E4%BD%94%E6%93%9A[[%E6%9C%97%E5%B7%9E]]%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%8A%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%B8%E5%BE%B7%EF%BC%89%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8D%E4%B9%85[[%E5%BE%90%E5%A8%81]]%E4%B9%9F%E6%93%81%E8%AD%B7[[%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E5%B4%87]]%E7%82%BA%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%89%E8%BB%8D%E7%95%99%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E6%94%BE%E9%80%90%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%90%BC%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%90%BC%E5%89%87%E6%96%BC%E8%A1%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%86%8D%E5%BA%A6%E8%A2%AB%E6%93%81%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82%E6%A5%9A%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E6%88%90%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%89%E6%83%A0%E3%80%81%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E5%B4%87%E8%88%87%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%90%BC%E4%B8%89%E6%B4%BE%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90%E5%85%83%E5%AE%97%E8%B6%81%E6%A9%9F%E6%96%BC951%E5%B9%B4%E6%B4%BE[[%E9%82%8A%E9%8E%AC]]%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99%EF%BC%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E5%B4%87%E8%88%87%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%90%BC%E5%85%88%E5%BE%8C%E6%8A%95%E9%99%8D%EF%BC%8C%E6%A5%9A%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%A1%E3%80%82%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%96%E6%A1%82%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%8A%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%A0%E6%93%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E3%80%82%E9%9A%94%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%BB%8D%E7%95%99%E5%BE%8C[[%E5%8A%89%E8%A8%80]]%E4%B8%8D%E9%A1%98%E9%99%8D%E5%94%90%EF%BC%8C%E6%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[[马楚|楚國]]則由[[武安軍節度使]][[马殷|馬殷]]所建立。[[秦宗權]]之亂時，秦的部署[[孫儒]]攻打兩淮楊行密，孫儒部將[[马殷|馬殷]]帶部分人馬經江西至湖南割據{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。907年[[后梁|後梁]]建立後，馬殷向後梁稱臣而被封為楚王，即武穆王。其勢力涵蓋今湖南與廣西省北部，對外臣服五代各朝，對內平定亂軍、強藩，並且採取保境安民的政策，使楚國國勢強盛。927年[[后唐|後唐]]封馬殷為楚國王，定都潭州，即長沙府。楚文昭王[[馬希範]]時期擴地至今廣西省東北部，國勢頗盛。然而馬希範在947年去世後國勢大亂，楚將擁護次子[[馬希廣]]繼立，使長子[[馬希萼]]不滿而叛變。950年馬希萼成功攻下長沙，即楚恭孝王。然而他縱酒荒淫，使得楚將王逵、周行逢舉兵叛變。他們擁護宗室[[馬光惠]]為[[武平節度使]]，以劉言為武平軍留後，率軍佔據[[朗州]]（今湖南常德）。不久[[徐威]]也擁護[[馬希崇]]為武安軍留後，放逐馬希萼。而馬希萼則於衡山再度被擁立。楚國分裂成馬光惠、馬希崇與馬希萼三派後，南唐元宗趁機於951年派[[邊鎬]]攻佔長沙，馬希崇與馬希萼先後投降，楚國亡。同時間南漢北取桂州（今廣西桂林）一帶，占據全嶺南地區。隔年武平軍留後[[劉言]]不願降唐，派王逵、周行逢攻下潭州，至此南唐全面退出湖南地區。劉言被[[后周|後周]]封為武平節度使，由於與王逵對立而被王逵與周行逢所廢而死。而[[王逵]]貪得無厭，也被部下[[潘叔嗣]]所殺，武平軍之位最後由周行逢繼承。[[周行逢]]革除楚國劣政，愛護百姓，提倡廉潔。對將領用法嚴厲，果斷誅殺。湖南地區又恢復平穩，直至962年周行逢去世為止{{refTag|name=十國一}}{{refTag|name=十國二}}。


[[南汉|南漢]]是由[[清海軍節度使]][[刘隐|劉隱]]所建立，907年被後梁封為彭郡王，最後為南海王。劉隱穩固嶺南後重用當地士人{{refTag|1=《新五代史·南汉世家第五》：隐复好贤士。是时，天下已乱，中朝士人以岭外最远，可以避地，多游焉。唐世名臣谪死南方者往往有子孙，或当时仕宦遭乱不得还者，皆客岭表。王定保、倪曙、刘浚、李衡、周杰、杨洞潜、赵光裔之徒，隐皆招礼之。定保容管巡官，曙唐太学博士，浚崇望之子，以避乱往；衡德裕之孙，唐右补阙，以奉使往。皆辟置幕府，待以宾客。}}，為日後建國打下基礎。911年劉隱去世後，由其弟[[劉龑]]繼位。劉龑在統一嶺南後於917年稱帝，即南漢高祖。國號大越，都番禺，號興王府。隔年改國號為漢，即南漢。南漢高祖與鄰國和好，推廣科舉制度。然而本身殘酷奢侈，每視殺人則喜，寵幸宦官，以至政事不寧。942年南漢高祖去世，其子[[劉玢]]繼位，即南漢殤帝。南漢殤帝貪圖享樂，當時有[[張遇賢]]叛亂，隔年被其兄劉晟所殺。劉晟自立為帝，即[[南漢中宗]]。在位期間，雖然奪取楚國容州（今廣西北流）、[[邕州]]（今廣西南寧），但是提倡嚴刑立威，為人殘暴，大肆屠殺皇族和大臣將領，南漢只剩宦官、宮女執政。958年去世後，由其子劉鋹繼位，即南漢後主{{refTag|name=十國一}}{{refTag|name=十國二}}。其间越南开始脱离中国统治。
[[南汉|南漢]]是由[[清海軍節度使]][[刘隐|劉隱]]所建立，907年被後梁封為彭郡王，最後為南海王。劉隱穩固嶺南後重用當地士人{{refTag|1=《新五代史·南汉世家第五》：隐复好贤士。是时，天下已乱，中朝士人以岭外最远，可以避地，多游焉。唐世名臣谪死南方者往往有子孙，或当时仕宦遭乱不得还者，皆客岭表。王定保、倪曙、刘浚、李衡、周杰、杨洞潜、赵光裔之徒，隐皆招礼之。定保容管巡官，曙唐太学博士，浚崇望之子，以避乱往；衡德裕之孙，唐右补阙，以奉使往。皆辟置幕府，待以宾客。}}，為日後建國打下基礎。911年劉隱去世後，由其弟[[劉龑]]繼位。劉龑在統一嶺南後於917年稱帝，即南漢高祖。國號大越，都番禺，號興王府。隔年改國號為漢，即南漢。南漢高祖與鄰國和好，推廣科舉制度。然而本身殘酷奢侈，每視殺人則喜，寵幸宦官，以至政事不寧。942年南漢高祖去世，其子[[劉玢]]繼位，即南漢殤帝。南漢殤帝貪圖享樂，當時有[[張遇賢]]叛亂，隔年被其兄劉晟所殺。劉晟自立為帝，即[[南漢中宗]]。在位期間，雖然奪取楚國容州（今廣西北流）、[[邕州]]（今廣西南寧），但是提倡嚴刑立威，為人殘暴，大肆屠殺皇族和大臣將領，南漢只剩宦官、宮女執政。958年去世後，由其子劉鋹繼位，即南漢後主{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E9%2597%25B4%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%25A7%258B%25E8%2584%25B1%25E7%25A6%25BB%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E7%25BB%259F%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E3%2580%2582


=== 契丹入侵 ===
=== 契丹入侵 ===
[[File:Emperor_Gaozu_of_Later_Jin_Shi_Jingtang.jpg|left|thumb|200px|割地稱兒的後晉高祖石敬塘。]]
[[File:Emperor_Gaozu_of_Later_Jin_Shi_Jingtang.jpg|left|thumb|200px|割地稱兒的後晉高祖石敬塘。]]
當十國陸續衰弱或自保時，北方的[[后晋|後晉]]也因為契丹國的威脅而屢屢不安。當時後晉新立，財政匱乏，契丹貪求無厭，藩鎮多不願服從。為解決財政危機，後晉高祖採納[[桑維翰]]的建議，採取安撫藩鎮、恭謹契丹的方式，並且重視農業、商業以提升經濟。雖然契丹國得以安撫，但原[[燕雲十六州]]官員如[[吳巒]]、[[郭崇威]]恥臣於契丹，不願投降。各地藩鎮幾乎不服晉廷，有些甚至有意拉攏契丹國以奪位，此時有賴杜重威、李守貞等人平定。937年[[天雄軍]]（即魏博軍）[[范廷光]]反於[[魏州]]，前去平亂的[[張從賓]]也向他投降，並且殺後晉高祖之子[[石重信]]和[[石重乂]]。最後在范張聯軍逼近開封時，有賴[[侯益]]與[[杜重威]]率軍擊潰而平定。[[楊光遠]]自恃重兵而干預朝政，後晉高祖常屈從之，後來勾結契丹國叛變而被[[李守貞]]打敗而死。942年成德軍[[安重榮]]指斥後晉高祖父事契丹，要求出並討伐契丹國。但實際上卻是暗通契丹，意圖奪位。後晉高祖派杜重威率軍擊斬安重榮，史稱[[後晉平安重榮宗城之戰|宗城之戰]]，並將其頭送與契丹國。同年位於代北的[[吐谷浑]]部，因為不願意投降契丹國，首領[[白承福]]率部投奔河東節度使[[劉知遠]]，契丹國派使問罪。後晉高祖最後在這些憂憤之中去世，其大臣[[馮道]]、[[景延廣]]以國家多難，宜立長君，就以侄子[[石重贵|石重貴]]繼位於鄴都（今河北大名），即後晉出帝{{refTag|name=後晉|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十四章〈五代與十國（上）〉，第124頁－第125頁。}}。
當十國陸續衰弱或自保時，北方的[[后晋|後晉]]也因為契丹國的威脅而屢屢不安。當時後晉新立，財政匱乏，契丹貪求無厭，藩鎮多不願服從。為解決財政危機，後晉高祖採納[[桑維翰]]的建議，採取安撫藩鎮、恭謹契丹的方式，並且重視農業、商業以提升經濟。雖然契丹國得以安撫，但原[[燕雲十六州]]官員如[[吳巒]]、[[郭崇威]]恥臣於契丹，不願投降。各地藩鎮幾乎不服晉廷，有些甚至有意拉攏契丹國以奪位，此時有賴杜重威、李守貞等人平定。937年[[天雄軍]]（即魏博軍）[[范廷光]]反於[[魏州]]，前去平亂的[[張從賓]]也向他投降，並且殺後晉高祖之子[[石重信]]和[[石重乂]]。最後在范張聯軍逼近開封時，有賴[[侯益]]與[[杜重威]]率軍擊潰而平定。[[楊光遠]]自恃重兵而干預朝政，後晉高祖常屈從之，後來勾結契丹國叛變而被[[李守貞]]打敗而死。942年成德軍[[安重榮]]指斥後晉高祖父事契丹，要求出並討伐契丹國。但實際上卻是暗通契丹，意圖奪位。後晉高祖派杜重威率軍擊斬安重榮，史稱[[後晉平安重榮宗城之戰|宗城之戰]]，並將其頭送與契丹國。同年位於代北的[[吐谷浑]]部，因為不願意投降契丹國，首領[[白承福]]率部投奔河東節度使[[劉知遠]]，契丹國派使問罪。後晉高祖最後在這些憂憤之中去世，其大臣[[馮道]]、[[景延廣]]以國家多難，宜立長君，就以侄子[[石重贵|石重貴]]繼位於鄴都（今河北大名），即後晉出帝{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%259B%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258A%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC124%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC125%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


由於後晉的將領與百姓對屈尊異族而感到強烈不滿，後晉出帝听从[[景延廣]]建议，放棄對契丹國稱臣而改稱孫以洗刷屈辱。景延廣對契丹人的敵意十分強烈，他殺害契丹商人，逮捕契丹使者出氣，屢次對契丹挑釁{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧晉書十四‧列傳三‧景延廣》：「朝廷遣使告哀契丹，無表致書，去臣稱孫。契丹怒，遣使來讓，延廣乃奏令契丹回國使喬榮《契丹國志》：先是，河陽牙將喬榮從趙延壽入遼，遼帝以為回國使，置邸大樑。至是，景延廣說帝囚榮於獄，凡遼國販易在晉境者，皆殺之，奪其貨。大臣皆言遼國不可負，乃釋榮，慰賜而遣之。告契丹曰：『先帝則北朝所立，今上則中國自策，為鄰為孫則可，無臣之理。』且言：『晉朝有十萬口橫磨劍，翁若要戰則早來，他日不禁孫子，則取笑天下，當成後悔矣。』由是與契丹立敵，干戈日尋。」}}。此舉引來契丹可汗[[辽太宗|耶律德光]]的憤怒，他於944年率軍南征。當時河北大旱，蝗蟲侵襲，契丹軍攻掠貝州（今河北清河）等地而還。隔年後晉出帝派[[杜重威]]率軍北伐，耶律德光聞之率大軍南下，最後杜重威成功的在白溝（河北定興、新城間）擊潰契丹軍。然而，後晉出帝於[[白溝之戰]]後日益驕奢，又以[[馮玉]]執政，賄絡公行，朝政敗壞。946年後晉出帝再以杜重威率軍北伐，與耶律德光在[[滹沱河]]會戰。此時杜重威有意奪位，反而向耶律德光投降。耶律德光趁機率聯軍直逼開封，後晉大將[[李守貞]]、[[張彥澤]]陸續投降，最後後晉出帝開城投降，後晉亡，史稱[[契丹滅後晉之戰|遼滅晉之戰]]。隔年耶律德光將國號改為「大遼」，即遼太宗，正式建立[[辽朝|遼朝]]{{refTag|1=《辽史‧卷四‧太宗本纪下》记载：大同元年“二月丁巳朔，建国号大辽，大赦，改元大同。升镇州为中京。”}}。遼太宗本來對經營中國地區很有信心，然而「[[打草穀]]」與掠人為奴的掠奪政策使中原百姓群聚反抗。其中河東軍[[劉知遠]]聽從[[張彥威]]的建議，以中原無主為由於[[太原市|太原]]稱帝，建國[[後漢]]，即後漢高祖。遼太宗壓制不了此局面，以天氣炎熱為由率軍北返{{refTag|1=《辽史·太宗纪下》：「非汴州炎热，水土难居，止得一年，太平可指掌而致。」}}。他命[[蕭翰]]留守開封，杜重威留守鄴都。最後於殺胡林（今河北欒城）去世，其兄子耶律兀欲繼位，即[[辽世宗|遼世宗]]{{refTag|name=後晉}}。
由於後晉的將領與百姓對屈尊異族而感到強烈不滿，後晉出帝听从[[景延廣]]建议，放棄對契丹國稱臣而改稱孫以洗刷屈辱。景延廣對契丹人的敵意十分強烈，他殺害契丹商人，逮捕契丹使者出氣，屢次對契丹挑釁{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧晉書十四‧列傳三‧景延廣》：「朝廷遣使告哀契丹，無表致書，去臣稱孫。契丹怒，遣使來讓，延廣乃奏令契丹回國使喬榮《契丹國志》：先是，河陽牙將喬榮從趙延壽入遼，遼帝以為回國使，置邸大樑。至是，景延廣說帝囚榮於獄，凡遼國販易在晉境者，皆殺之，奪其貨。大臣皆言遼國不可負，乃釋榮，慰賜而遣之。告契丹曰：『先帝則北朝所立，今上則中國自策，為鄰為孫則可，無臣之理。』且言：『晉朝有十萬口橫磨劍，翁若要戰則早來，他日不禁孫子，則取笑天下，當成後悔矣。』由是與契丹立敵，干戈日尋。」}}。此舉引來契丹可汗[[辽太宗|耶律德光]]的憤怒，他於944年率軍南征。當時河北大旱，蝗蟲侵襲，契丹軍攻掠貝州（今河北清河）等地而還。隔年後晉出帝派[[杜重威]]率軍北伐，耶律德光聞之率大軍南下，最後杜重威成功的在白溝（河北定興、新城間）擊潰契丹軍。然而，後晉出帝於[[白溝之戰]]後日益驕奢，又以[[馮玉]]執政，賄絡公行，朝政敗壞。946年後晉出帝再以杜重威率軍北伐，與耶律德光在[[滹沱河]]會戰。此時杜重威有意奪位，反而向耶律德光投降。耶律德光趁機率聯軍直逼開封，後晉大將[[李守貞]]、[[張彥澤]]陸續投降，最後後晉出帝開城投降，後晉亡，史稱[[契丹滅後晉之戰|遼滅晉之戰]]。隔年耶律德光將國號改為「大遼」，即遼太宗，正式建立[[辽朝|遼朝]]{{refTag|1=《辽史‧卷四‧太宗本纪下》记载：大同元年“二月丁巳朔，建国号大辽，大赦，改元大同。升镇州为中京。”}}。遼太宗本來對經營中國地區很有信心，然而「[[打草穀]]」與掠人為奴的掠奪政策使中原百姓群聚反抗。其中河東軍[[劉知遠]]聽從[[張彥威]]的建議，以中原無主為由於[[太原市|太原]]稱帝，建國[[後漢]]，即後漢高祖。遼太宗壓制不了此局面，以天氣炎熱為由率軍北返{{refTag|1=《辽史·太宗纪下》：「非汴州炎热，水土难居，止得一年，太平可指掌而致。」}}。他命[[蕭翰]]留守開封，杜重威留守鄴都。最後於殺胡林（今河北欒城）去世，其兄子耶律兀欲繼位，即[[辽世宗|遼世宗]]{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


[[後漢高祖]]在遼軍北返後開始收復中原。[[蕭翰]]得知消息後，劫持後唐宗室[[李從益]]稱帝於開封，而後北返。後漢高祖聞之派使殺李從益以定都開封，並派[[高行周]]與[[慕容彥超]]在[[後漢討杜重威魏州之戰|魏州之戰]]戰役降服[[杜重威]]，諸鎮相繼歸附。948年後漢高祖去世，其子[[劉承祐]]继位，是为後汉隐帝，並以[[楊邠]]、[[郭威]]、[[史弘肇]]與[[王章]]為輔國大臣。當時河中節度使[[李守貞]]叛亂，有賴郭威平定。後汉隐帝年長後猜忌輔國大臣，與[[郭允明]]協議後於950年以遼軍寇河北為由派郭威鎮守鄴都，隨後大殺楊、史與王等大臣，又殺郭威一家，並召泰寧軍慕容彥超等急速入京。郭威聽從[[魏仁浦]]建議起兵南下，並派養子[[柴荣|柴榮]]鎮守鄴都。隔年擊潰慕容彥超，攻入开封，後汉隐帝最後为郭允明等所杀。郭威本有意立劉崇子徐州軍[[劉贇]]為帝，先以[[李皇后 (後漢高祖)|李太后]]臨朝。當時恰巧遼軍入侵，郭威出師禦敵，但大軍至澶州（今河北濮陽）時，軍士擁護郭威稱帝，大軍返回開封。951年郭威称帝，建國[[后周|後周]]，即後周太祖，後漢亡{{refTag|name=後漢|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十五章〈五代與十國（下）〉，第127頁－第128頁。}}。
[[後漢高祖]]在遼軍北返後開始收復中原。[[蕭翰]]得知消息後，劫持後唐宗室[[李從益]]稱帝於開封，而後北返。後漢高祖聞之派使殺李從益以定都開封，並派[[高行周]]與[[慕容彥超]]在[[後漢討杜重威魏州之戰|魏州之戰]]戰役降服[[杜重威]]，諸鎮相繼歸附。948年後漢高祖去世，其子[[劉承祐]]继位，是为後汉隐帝，並以[[楊邠]]、[[郭威]]、[[史弘肇]]與[[王章]]為輔國大臣。當時河中節度使[[李守貞]]叛亂，有賴郭威平定。後汉隐帝年長後猜忌輔國大臣，與[[郭允明]]協議後於950年以遼軍寇河北為由派郭威鎮守鄴都，隨後大殺楊、史與王等大臣，又殺郭威一家，並召泰寧軍慕容彥超等急速入京。郭威聽從[[魏仁浦]]建議起兵南下，並派養子[[柴荣|柴榮]]鎮守鄴都。隔年擊潰慕容彥超，攻入开封，後汉隐帝最後为郭允明等所杀。郭威本有意立劉崇子徐州軍[[劉贇]]為帝，先以[[李皇后 (後漢高祖)|李太后]]臨朝。當時恰巧遼軍入侵，郭威出師禦敵，但大軍至澶州（今河北濮陽）時，軍士擁護郭威稱帝，大軍返回開封。951年郭威称帝，建國[[后周|後周]]，即後周太祖，後漢亡{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258B%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC127%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC128%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


=== 後周崛起與北宋統一 ===
=== 後周崛起與北宋統一 ===
[[File:Emperor_Shizong_of_Later_Zhou_Guo_Rong.jpg|thumb|200px|有五代第一明君之稱的後周世宗[[柴荣|柴榮]]。]]
[[File:Emperor_Shizong_of_Later_Zhou_Guo_Rong.jpg|thumb|200px|有五代第一明君之稱的後周世宗[[柴荣|柴榮]]。]]
[[后周|後周]][[郭威|後周太祖]]登基後減除若干苛政，勵行節儉，使南流的人口再度有流回中原的傾向{{refTag|name=後周崛起|1=竺沙雅章（1998年）:《征服王朝的時代》〈第二章 分裂的時代〉: 第49頁－第52頁.}}。然而劉贇被殺，使後舊漢將不服周廷。河東軍[[劉旻|劉崇]]（後漢高祖劉知遠之弟）得知郭威称帝後，自立為帝，建國[[北汉|北漢]]。他依遼人為援，自稱侄皇帝，並且伺機伐周。舊漢將徐州[[鞏廷美]]與泰寧軍[[慕容彥超]]意圖叛變，有賴後周太祖陸續平定{{refTag|name=後漢}}。
[[后周|後周]][[郭威|後周太祖]]登基後減除若干苛政，勵行節儉，使南流的人口再度有流回中原的傾向{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25B4%259B%25E8%25B5%25B7%257C1%253D%25E7%25AB%25BA%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%259B%2585%25E7%25AB%25A0%25EF%25BC%25881998%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25BE%2581%25E6%259C%258D%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E7%25AB%25A0 分裂的時代〉: 第49頁－第52頁.}}。然而劉贇被殺，使後舊漢將不服周廷。河東軍[[劉旻|劉崇]]（後漢高祖劉知遠之弟）得知郭威称帝後，自立為帝，建國[[北汉|北漢]]。他依遼人為援，自稱侄皇帝，並且伺機伐周。舊漢將徐州[[鞏廷美]]與泰寧軍[[慕容彥超]]意圖叛變，有賴後周太祖陸續平定{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


954年後周太祖去世，由养子[[柴荣|柴榮]]繼位，即[[後周世宗]]。後周世宗是五代十國中的第一名君{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25B4%259B%25E8%25B5%25B7%257D%257D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E4%25BD%258D%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%2588%259D%25E9%2581%25AD%25E9%2581%2587%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E5%25B8%259D[[%25E5%258A%2589%25E6%2597%25BB%257C%25E5%258A%2589%25E5%25B4%2587]]%25E8%2588%2587%25E9%2581%25BC%25E5%25B0%2587[[%25E6%25A5%258A%25E8%25A2%259E]]%25E8%2581%25AF%25E5%2590%2588%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E9%25A9%259A%25E6%2581%2590%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A4%259A%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E7%25A9%25A9%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25A1%258C%25E4%25BA%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%25A6%25AA%25E8%2587%25AA%25E6%2593%258A%25E6%25BD%25B0%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E9%2581%25BC%25E8%2581%25AF%25E8%25BB%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E6%2596%25AC%25E8%2587%25A8%25E9%2599%25A3%25E5%25BE%258C%25E9%2580%2580%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2584%25A1%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%25B0%2587%25E9%25A0%2598%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%25A8%25B1[[%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2588%25B0]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E9%259D%25A9%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%25BA%25A6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B2%25BE%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%25AE[[%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A3%259C%25E5%2585%2585%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%2581%25A5%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25A3%25AB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E6%2588%2590%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%25AE%25BF%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E7%258F%25AD%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25A7%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%259D%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%2596%25E6%258B%259B%25E6%2592%25AB%25E6%25B5%2581%25E4%25BA%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B8%259B%25E5%25B0%2591%25E8%25B3%25A6%25E7%25A8%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25A9%25A9%25E5%25AE%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2585%25A7%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2595%25B4%25E9%25A0%2593%25E5%2590%258F%25E6%25B2%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BB%25B6%25E8%2581%2598%25E6%2596%2587%25E4%25BA%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%2593%25E5%25A3%2593%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%2598%258E%25E3%2580%2582955%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E4%25BD%259B%25E5%25AF%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%258D%25B2%25E5%258F%2596%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2587%258F%25E9%258A%2585%25E5%2599%25A8%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%2595%25B4%25E9%25A0%2593%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E8%25B5%2584%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E9%2580%259A%25E9%2589%25B4%25C2%25B7%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2591%25A8%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2598%25BE%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E5%2585%25A9%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E5%258F%258A%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E5%25B7%259E%25E6%25AF%258F%25E6%25AD%25B2%25E9%2580%25A0%25E5%2583%25A7%25E5%25B8%25B3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E4%25BF%2597%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259A%2586%25E9%259A%25A8%25E6%2599%2582%25E9%2596%258B%25E8%2590%25BD%25E3%2580%82%E6%98%AF%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2%E5%AD%98%E8%80%85%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%83%E5%85%AD%E7%99%BE%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%8C%E5%BB%A2%E8%80%85%E4%B8%89%E8%90%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%EF%BC%8C%E8%A6%8B%E5%83%A7%E5%9B%9B%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%83%E5%9B%9B%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%80%E8%90%AC%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%83%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E3%80%82%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8A%7D%7D%E3%80%82%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E8%88%87%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%87%E9%83%BD%E7%82%BA%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%7D%7D%E3%80%82
954年後周太祖去世，由养子[[柴荣|柴榮]]繼位，即[[後周世宗]]。後周世宗是五代十國中的第一名君{{refTag|name=後周崛起}}，於繼位之初遭遇北漢帝[[劉旻|劉崇]]與遼將[[楊袞]]聯合南下。當時周廷驚恐，大多主張穩重行事，然而後周世宗親自擊潰漢遼聯軍，並斬臨陣後退的無能將領，史稱[[高平之戰]]。此後改革軍事制度，精簡中央[[禁軍]]，補充強健之士，形成「殿前諸班」的禁軍。內政方面，他招撫流亡，減少賦稅，穩定國內經濟。整頓吏治，延聘文人，打壓武人政治，使後周政治清明。955年又廢天下佛寺，獲取大量銅器以整頓經濟{{refTag|1=《资治通鉴·后周世宗显德二年》：「令兩京及諸州每歲造僧帳，有死亡、歸俗，皆隨時開落。是歲，天下寺院存者二千六百九十四，廢者三萬三百三十六，見僧四萬二千四百四十四，尼一萬八千七百五十六。」《}}。軍事與經濟的提升都為日後統一中國本土而建立重要的基礎{{refTag|name=後漢}}。


[[File:五代后周形势图（繁）.png|thumb|left|300px|五代十国之後周版圖]]
[[File:五代后周形势图（繁）.png|thumb|left|300px|五代十国之後周版圖]]
後周世宗在穩定國內後即意圖統一天下，他以「十年开拓天下，十年养百姓，十年致太平」為目標。955年率軍擊潰[[後蜀]]，占[[秦州区|秦州]][[汉中市|漢中]]一帶。956年率兵擊潰[[南唐]]，獲得江北之地，迫南唐稱臣。959年後周世宗率軍北伐[[辽朝|遼朝]]以收復[[燕云十六州]]，周军陸續攻陷瀛洲、莫州等地。當他准备收复幽州時，却突然生病，被迫班师{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25B8%258D%25E4%25B9%2585%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25B9%25BC%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%259F%25B4%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%25AE%25AD%257C%25E6%259F%25B4%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%25A8%2593]]%25E5%258D%25B3%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2581%25AD%25E5%25B8%259D]]%25E3%2580%2582960%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E9%25A0%2598%25E8%25A2%2596[[%25E8%25B5%25B5%25E5%258C%25A1%25E8%2583%25A4%257C%25E8%25B6%2599%25E5%258C%25A1%25E8%2583%25A4]]%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E9%258E%25AE%25E5%25AE%259A%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25B7%259E%25E9%2581%25AD%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2581%25BC%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%2585%25A5%25E4%25BE%25B5%25E7%2582%25BA%25E7%2594%25B1%25E7%258E%2587%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%258C%2597%25E7%25A6%25A6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%259C%25A8[[%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%25B0%2581%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2599%25B3%25E6%25A9%258B%25E9%25A9%259B%25E7%2599%25BC%25E7%2594%259F[[%25E9%2599%2588%25E6%25A1%25A5%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%258F%2598%257C%25E9%2599%25B3%25E6%25A9%258B%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%25AE%258A]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%2597%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25B8%259D%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E8%25B5%25B5%25E5%258C%25A1%25E8%2583%25A4%257C%25E8%25B6%2599%25E5%258C%25A1%25E8%2583%25A4]]%25E5%259B%259E%25E5%25B8%25AB[[%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%25B0%2581%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E9%25BB%259C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2581%25AD%25E5%25B8%259D%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2591%25A8%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8]]%25E7%2581%25AD%25E4%25BA%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%259D%259F%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B[[%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25AE%258B%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25AE%258B%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258B%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC128%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC134%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582
後周世宗在穩定國內後即意圖統一天下，他以「十年开拓天下，十年养百姓，十年致太平」為目標。955年率軍擊潰[[後蜀]]，占[[秦州区|秦州]][[汉中市|漢中]]一帶。956年率兵擊潰[[南唐]]，獲得江北之地，迫南唐稱臣。959年後周世宗率軍北伐[[辽朝|遼朝]]以收復[[燕云十六州]]，周军陸續攻陷瀛洲、莫州等地。當他准备收复幽州時，却突然生病，被迫班师{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。不久去世，其幼子[[柴宗训|柴宗訓]]即位，即[[後周恭帝]]。960年禁軍領袖[[赵匡胤|趙匡胤]]以鎮定二州遭北漢、遼朝入侵為由率軍北禦，而後在[[开封市|開封]]的陳橋驛發生[[陈桥兵变|陳橋兵變]]，受禁軍擁護為帝。[[赵匡胤|趙匡胤]]回師[[开封市|開封]]，廢黜後周恭帝，[[后周|後周]]灭亡，五代結束。他建立[[宋朝]]，即宋太祖{{refTag|name=後周與宋|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十五章〈五代與十國（下）〉，第128頁－第134頁。}}。


宋太祖繼位之時，十國仍有[[後蜀]]、[[北汉|北漢]]、[[南唐]]、[[吴越|吳越]]、[[南汉|南漢]]、[[荆南|荊南]]與湖南[[武平節度使|武平軍]][[周行逢]]、閩南[[清源軍節度使|清源軍]][[留從效]]等，這些國家或藩鎮大多奉宋朝為宗主或臣服之。宋太祖面對[[辽朝|遼朝]]的威脅，採[[赵普|趙普]]「先易後難，先南後北」的策略統一中國地區。962年荊南主高保勗去世，同年湖南[[周行逢]]去世，兩國新主年幼無能。宋太祖趁機於隔年以平湖南之亂為由派兵南下併湖南，途中假道伐虢，併吞荊南。後蜀後主[[孟昶]]聞知荊南與湖南被併吞後，聯合北漢以拒宋師。然而其晚年奢持逸樂，朝政不修，軍隊皆無戰鬥力。965年宋太祖派[[王全斌]]、[[崔彥進]]出鳳州（今陝西鳳縣）、[[劉光義]]、[[曹彬]]出歸州（今湖北秭歸），北東兩路同時入蜀。結果不出六十多日，後蜀帝孟昶投降，後蜀亡。其寵妃[[花蕊夫人]]在亡國後寫下：「君王城上豎降旗，妾在深宮哪得知，十四萬人齊解甲，更無一個是男兒。」南漢後主[[劉鋹]]將政事交給宦官[[龔澄樞]]及女侍中[[盧瓊仙]]等人。由於只信宦官，官員都需閹割才能進用。970年宋廷派[[潘美]]伐南漢，由於南漢將領大臣宗室皆死光，只有宦官領軍，隔年南漢帝劉鋹投降，南漢亡{{refTag|name=後周與宋}}。
宋太祖繼位之時，十國仍有[[後蜀]]、[[北汉|北漢]]、[[南唐]]、[[吴越|吳越]]、[[南汉|南漢]]、[[荆南|荊南]]與湖南[[武平節度使|武平軍]][[周行逢]]、閩南[[清源軍節度使|清源軍]][[留從效]]等，這些國家或藩鎮大多奉宋朝為宗主或臣服之。宋太祖面對[[辽朝|遼朝]]的威脅，採[[赵普|趙普]]「先易後難，先南後北」的策略統一中國地區。962年荊南主高保勗去世，同年湖南[[周行逢]]去世，兩國新主年幼無能。宋太祖趁機於隔年以平湖南之亂為由派兵南下併湖南，途中假道伐虢，併吞荊南。後蜀後主[[孟昶]]聞知荊南與湖南被併吞後，聯合北漢以拒宋師。然而其晚年奢持逸樂，朝政不修，軍隊皆無戰鬥力。965年宋太祖派[[王全斌]]、[[崔彥進]]出鳳州（今陝西鳳縣）、[[劉光義]]、[[曹彬]]出歸州（今湖北秭歸），北東兩路同時入蜀。結果不出六十多日，後蜀帝孟昶投降，後蜀亡。其寵妃[[花蕊夫人]]在亡國後寫下：「君王城上豎降旗，妾在深宮哪得知，十四萬人齊解甲，更無一個是男兒。」南漢後主[[劉鋹]]將政事交給宦官[[龔澄樞]]及女侍中[[盧瓊仙]]等人。由於只信宦官，官員都需閹割才能進用。970年宋廷派[[潘美]]伐南漢，由於南漢將領大臣宗室皆死光，只有宦官領軍，隔年南漢帝劉鋹投降，南漢亡{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25AE%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


南唐後主[[李煜]]是詞壇高手，雖然終日以外患為憂，但不擅政事。當時有賴其弟[[李從善]]、大臣[[潘佑]]與將領[[林仁肇]]等人，尚且與後周得以對峙。宋朝建立後，李煜親近小人，濫殺大臣，終日與臣酣宴、愁思悲歌，南唐國勢混亂。975年宋太祖以南唐帝李煜稱病不入朝為由，派[[曹彬]]南征，並以吳越軍為輔夾攻。最後李煜投降，南唐亡。吳越國方面，雖然忠獻王[[錢弘佐]]時趁閩國內亂獲得福州，但是本身課稅繁重，民不堪苦。到忠懿王[[钱弘俶|錢俶]]時，因為對宋朝十分恭順，宋太祖沒有奪取地。而閩南清源軍[[留從效]]割據一方，去世後多人爭位，最後由[[陳洪進]]奪得。978年錢俶與陳洪進納土歸順[[宋朝]]，吳越國與閩南清源軍亡。而十國最後一個國家[[北汉|北漢]]的末主是英武帝[[劉繼元]]。979年北宋宋太宗派[[潘美]]圍攻北漢都城太原，擊退遼國援兵，劉繼元投降，北漢滅亡。至此十國時期結束，正式進入[[宋朝]]時期。然而，尚有[[燕雲十六州]]還未收復。宋太宗滅亡北漢後不久，他不顧大臣反對，從太原北伐[[辽朝|遼朝]]以圖收復燕雲十六州。起初宋軍攻下[[易县|易州]]和[[涿州市|涿州]]，但在[[北京市|燕京]]的[[高梁河之戰]]慘敗而退，至此進入宋遼對峙的時代{{refTag|name=後周與宋}}。
南唐後主[[李煜]]是詞壇高手，雖然終日以外患為憂，但不擅政事。當時有賴其弟[[李從善]]、大臣[[潘佑]]與將領[[林仁肇]]等人，尚且與後周得以對峙。宋朝建立後，李煜親近小人，濫殺大臣，終日與臣酣宴、愁思悲歌，南唐國勢混亂。975年宋太祖以南唐帝李煜稱病不入朝為由，派[[曹彬]]南征，並以吳越軍為輔夾攻。最後李煜投降，南唐亡。吳越國方面，雖然忠獻王[[錢弘佐]]時趁閩國內亂獲得福州，但是本身課稅繁重，民不堪苦。到忠懿王[[钱弘俶|錢俶]]時，因為對宋朝十分恭順，宋太祖沒有奪取地。而閩南清源軍[[留從效]]割據一方，去世後多人爭位，最後由[[陳洪進]]奪得。978年錢俶與陳洪進納土歸順[[宋朝]]，吳越國與閩南清源軍亡。而十國最後一個國家[[北汉|北漢]]的末主是英武帝[[劉繼元]]。979年北宋宋太宗派[[潘美]]圍攻北漢都城太原，擊退遼國援兵，劉繼元投降，北漢滅亡。至此十國時期結束，正式進入[[宋朝]]時期。然而，尚有[[燕雲十六州]]還未收復。宋太宗滅亡北漢後不久，他不顧大臣反對，從太原北伐[[辽朝|遼朝]]以圖收復燕雲十六州。起初宋軍攻下[[易县|易州]]和[[涿州市|涿州]]，但在[[北京市|燕京]]的[[高梁河之戰]]慘敗而退，至此進入宋遼對峙的時代{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25AE%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


== 疆域與行政區劃 ==
== 疆域與行政區劃 ==
第167行： 第167行：
{{main|五代十國行政區劃}}
{{main|五代十國行政區劃}}
;疆域
;疆域
五代十國的疆域大抵區分成五代與十國。五代諸朝的大抵是華北地區與關中地區，一度領有[[燕雲十六州]]、河東（今山西省）、蜀地（四川省）與淮北地區。十國與其他藩鎮大多分佈在五代的週圍如華南、湖廣、蜀地、甘肅、河東與河北等地區，其中江南、湖廣地區分裂為六國，這顯示江南地區遠較[[三国|三國]]時期更為開化，故以可以用小地域形成自立的地盤。五代十國的各國疆域在宋朝統一後仍然被沿用為[[路]]的行政區劃，現在則成為省界。而且，被細分化的疆域仍然不能自給自足，各國只能發展自身產業，並越界進行經濟交流以互通有無，最後促使宋朝商業的發達{{refTag|name=疆域|1=竺沙雅章（1998年）:《征服王朝的時代》〈第一章 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第33頁－第38頁.}}。
五代十國的疆域大抵區分成五代與十國。五代諸朝的大抵是華北地區與關中地區，一度領有[[燕雲十六州]]、河東（今山西省）、蜀地（四川省）與淮北地區。十國與其他藩鎮大多分佈在五代的週圍如華南、湖廣、蜀地、甘肅、河東與河北等地區，其中江南、湖廣地區分裂為六國，這顯示江南地區遠較[[三国|三國]]時期更為開化，故以可以用小地域形成自立的地盤。五代十國的各國疆域在宋朝統一後仍然被沿用為[[路]]的行政區劃，現在則成為省界。而且，被細分化的疆域仍然不能自給自足，各國只能發展自身產業，並越界進行經濟交流以互通有無，最後促使宋朝商業的發達{{refTag|name=%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%259F%259F%257C1%253D%25E7%25AB%25BA%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%259B%2585%25E7%25AB%25A0%25EF%25BC%25881998%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25BE%2581%25E6%259C%258D%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%25AB%25A0 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第33頁－第38頁.}}。


唐朝后期和五代時，政治核心因為戰亂與經濟因素，由[[长安|長安]]、[[洛阳市|洛陽]]過渡到[[开封市|開封]]。當時關中因戰亂而荒廢，較強的藩鎮只有歧國[[李茂貞]]與[[定難軍]]，而河隴地區也持續衰退，回鶻、吐蕃等外族紛紛割據河西走廊；而華中、華南地區經濟強盛，所割據藩鎮繁多，是十國勢力範圍{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581%25E8%2599%2595%25E6%2596%25BC[[%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%25BF%2590%25E6%25B2%25B3%257C%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2581%258B%25E6%25B2%25B3]]%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%259C%25B0%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25B2%25A0%25E8%25B2%25AC%25E8%25BD%2589%25E9%2581%258B%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258C%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E7%2589%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E7%25B3%25A7%25E9%25A3%259F%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BD%2589%25E9%2581%258B%25E7%25AB%2599%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2595%25B6%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25A0%25E6%2588%25B0%25E4%25BA%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E8%258D%2592%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2581%259A%25E9%259B%2586%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25B2%25A1%25E5%25AF%258C%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25A6%2596%25E9%2581%25B8%25E5%259C%25B0%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25B9%259F%25E4%25BF%2583%25E4%25BD%25BF[[%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D]]%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%2581%25B8%25E6%2593%2587%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2581%258B%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%259F%258E%25E5%25B8%2582%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%258C%2597%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E8%2588%2587%25E8%2587%25A8%25E5%25AE%2589%25E7%25AD%2589%25E7%2582%25BA%25E9%25A6%2596%25E9%2583%25BD%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258F%25A6%25E5%25A4%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2588%25B0%25E7%2588%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A4%259A%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%258E%259F]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E6%259D%25B1%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25B3%2599%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25B8%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BE%258B%25E5%25A6%2582%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2585%258B%25E7%2594%25A8%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E8%2588%2587%25E4%25BD%2594%25E6%2593%259A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258E%259F%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2581%25BC%25E6%259C%259D%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E7%25AD%2589%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25A6%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E3%2580%2582
唐朝后期和五代時，政治核心因為戰亂與經濟因素，由[[长安|長安]]、[[洛阳市|洛陽]]過渡到[[开封市|開封]]。當時關中因戰亂而荒廢，較強的藩鎮只有歧國[[李茂貞]]與[[定難軍]]，而河隴地區也持續衰退，回鶻、吐蕃等外族紛紛割據河西走廊；而華中、華南地區經濟強盛，所割據藩鎮繁多，是十國勢力範圍{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。而開封處於[[隋唐大运河|隋唐大運河]]中樞地位，負責轉運河北、關中、江南與湖廣地區的貨物，是天下糧食、貨物的轉運站。當關中因戰亂而荒廢時，聚集天下財富的開封就成為五代的首選地位，這也促使[[宋朝]]之後的中國朝代選擇以大運河城市如北京、開封、南京與臨安等為首都。另外，五代的戰爭大多以開封的宣武節度使與[[太原市|太原]]的河東節度使對峙為主，例如李克用的晉與後梁、後晉與後唐、後漢與佔據中原的遼朝、北漢與後周等都是如此。


五代十國的範圍與唐朝后期相比，萎縮明显，比[[中国本土|中國本土]]的範圍略小，外族大舉占領中國本土的周圍，最後建立[[辽朝|遼朝]]與[[西夏]]。河西地區被[[歸義軍]]、[[甘州回鶻]]與吐蕃諸部所占領。[[燕雲十六州]]在938年被後晉高祖[[石敬瑭]]割讓給契丹國（後為[[辽朝|遼朝]]），使漢、唐以來北方的國防線全部後退，黃河北岸幾乎沒有屏障。再加上中國政治核心東移，使得五代、[[宋朝]]備受遼朝的壓力{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。而[[交趾郡|安南地區]]被[[静海节度使|靜海軍]]的[[曲家]]所割據，並在[[吳權]]於[[白藤江之戰 (938年)|白藤江之戰]]擊敗[[後漢]]軍後，使越南地區正式脫離中國歷史。而在陝北夏州割據的[[定難軍]]，也在[[宋朝]]時獨立成[[西夏]]{{refTag|name=疆域}}。
五代十國的範圍與唐朝后期相比，萎縮明显，比[[中国本土|中國本土]]的範圍略小，外族大舉占領中國本土的周圍，最後建立[[辽朝|遼朝]]與[[西夏]]。河西地區被[[歸義軍]]、[[甘州回鶻]]與吐蕃諸部所占領。[[燕雲十六州]]在938年被後晉高祖[[石敬瑭]]割讓給契丹國（後為[[辽朝|遼朝]]），使漢、唐以來北方的國防線全部後退，黃河北岸幾乎沒有屏障。再加上中國政治核心東移，使得五代、[[宋朝]]備受遼朝的壓力{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C[[%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E8%25B6%25BE%25E9%2583%25A1%257C%25E5%25AE%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580]]%25E8%25A2%25AB[[%25E9%259D%2599%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%258A%2582%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%257C%25E9%259D%259C%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E6%259B%25B2%25E5%25AE%25B6]]%25E6%2589%2580%25E5%2589%25B2%25E6%2593%259A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E5%259C%25A8[[%25E5%2590%25B3%25E6%25AC%258A]]%25E6%2596%25BC[[%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%2597%25A4%25E6%25B1%259F%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2588%25B0 (938年)|白藤江之戰]]擊敗[[後漢]]軍後，使越南地區正式脫離中國歷史。而在陝北夏州割據的[[定難軍]]，也在[[宋朝]]時獨立成[[西夏]]{{refTag|name=%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%259F%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


;行政區劃
;行政區劃
第187行： 第187行：
五代十國的行政區劃繼承[[唐朝]]后期的形式，即道（節度使）、州（府）、縣三級行政區劃。五代注重對地方官的考課，令其忠於職守，後梁、後唐皇帝都詔諭吏部注意州縣官不得“姑徇私情，靡求才實”{{refTag|1=《五代會要‧刺史》載：後唐同光二年 三月，中書門下奏：“刺史、縣令，有政績優異，爲眾所知；或招複戶口，能增加賦税者；或辨雪冤獄，能全人命者；或去害物之積弊，立利世之新規，有益時政，爲眾所推者，即仰本處逐條分明聞奏，當議獎擢。或在任貪猥，誅戮生靈，公事不治，爲政怠惰，亦加懲罰。其州縣官任滿三考，即具關申送吏部，格式候敕除銓注，其本道不得差攝官替正授者。”從之。}}。
五代十國的行政區劃繼承[[唐朝]]后期的形式，即道（節度使）、州（府）、縣三級行政區劃。五代注重對地方官的考課，令其忠於職守，後梁、後唐皇帝都詔諭吏部注意州縣官不得“姑徇私情，靡求才實”{{refTag|1=《五代會要‧刺史》載：後唐同光二年 三月，中書門下奏：“刺史、縣令，有政績優異，爲眾所知；或招複戶口，能增加賦税者；或辨雪冤獄，能全人命者；或去害物之積弊，立利世之新規，有益時政，爲眾所推者，即仰本處逐條分明聞奏，當議獎擢。或在任貪猥，誅戮生靈，公事不治，爲政怠惰，亦加懲罰。其州縣官任滿三考，即具關申送吏部，格式候敕除銓注，其本道不得差攝官替正授者。”從之。}}。


節度使成為地方行政區劃是由唐朝中期才開始設置的，又稱[[藩镇|藩鎮]]，主管地方軍事、行政與財政，位高權重。[[安史之亂]]期間，唐廷成立許多地方節度使以圍堵叛軍。平亂後，唐廷也冊封大量降將為地方節度使以安撫，造就這些擁兵自重，割據為王的藩鎮，形成唐末[[藩鎮割據]]的局面。五代時節度使的授任更爲冗濫，有的節度使以親王遙領，或以宰相遙領。掌握兵權的節度使往往專横至極，爲所欲爲。其中，權重者稱[[节度使|節度使]]、權輕者稱防禦使（後稱[[觀察使]]），安史之亂後的道，即是節度使的轄區。當藩主有異心時，往往趁機舉兵以圖推翻中央，這個現象自唐朝后期开始出现，五代各朝或地方十國的內部也時常發生，這是五代十國動盪不安的起因。此外還在某些地方設“軍”，成爲一級行政機構。如907年後梁在[[輝州]]碭山縣置崇德軍，939年後晉改舊威州爲清遠軍，954年後周以萊蕪監爲廣利軍等，其軍使委命本道差補{{refTag|name=五代十國行政區劃}}。
節度使成為地方行政區劃是由唐朝中期才開始設置的，又稱[[藩镇|藩鎮]]，主管地方軍事、行政與財政，位高權重。[[安史之亂]]期間，唐廷成立許多地方節度使以圍堵叛軍。平亂後，唐廷也冊封大量降將為地方節度使以安撫，造就這些擁兵自重，割據為王的藩鎮，形成唐末[[藩鎮割據]]的局面。五代時節度使的授任更爲冗濫，有的節度使以親王遙領，或以宰相遙領。掌握兵權的節度使往往專横至極，爲所欲爲。其中，權重者稱[[节度使|節度使]]、權輕者稱防禦使（後稱[[觀察使]]），安史之亂後的道，即是節度使的轄區。當藩主有異心時，往往趁機舉兵以圖推翻中央，這個現象自唐朝后期开始出现，五代各朝或地方十國的內部也時常發生，這是五代十國動盪不安的起因。此外還在某些地方設“軍”，成爲一級行政機構。如907年後梁在[[輝州]]碭山縣置崇德軍，939年後晉改舊威州爲清遠軍，954年後周以萊蕪監爲廣利軍等，其軍使委命本道差補{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%258A%2583%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


由於節度使位高權重，五代有的以親王遙領，如後唐末帝之子[[李重美]]遙領成德軍節度使，后汉高祖之弟[[劉勳]]領山南西道節度使；也有以宰相遙領的，如後唐莊宗時以侍中、監修國史[[郭崇韬|郭崇韜]]兼領成德軍節度使。而到宋朝時，節度使被[[路]]行政區取代，並且分割地方的行政、財政與軍事權以防止擁兵自重的局勢出現{{refTag|name=五代十國行政區劃|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十六章〈唐代的制度（上）〉，第140頁－第142頁。}}。
由於節度使位高權重，五代有的以親王遙領，如後唐末帝之子[[李重美]]遙領成德軍節度使，后汉高祖之弟[[劉勳]]領山南西道節度使；也有以宰相遙領的，如後唐莊宗時以侍中、監修國史[[郭崇韬|郭崇韜]]兼領成德軍節度使。而到宋朝時，節度使被[[路]]行政區取代，並且分割地方的行政、財政與軍事權以防止擁兵自重的局勢出現{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%258A%2583%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%25BA%25A6%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258A%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC140%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC142%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


第二行政區為州，州設刺史，第三行政區縣則設縣令。部分州因首都地位或地勢重要而升級為府、例如五代在[[开封市|汴州]]設有東京開封府、[[长安|長安]]設有西京京兆府、[[魏州]]設有大名府，有些重要的府在[[宋朝]]形成[[五京制]]。而十國與各地藩鎮也在其首都或重要州設府，如吳國的[[扬州市|揚州]]江都府、南唐的[[昇州]]金陵府與[[洪州]]南昌府、楚國的[[潭州]]長沙府、南漢的[[广州市|廣州]]興王府、北漢的[[太原市|太原]]府、前蜀與後蜀的[[成都市|成都]]府與[[興元]]府、荊南的[[江陵县|江陵]]府等等。並於軍事要地設大都督府，如後梁在[[宋州]]、[[福州市|福州]]均設大都督府。後唐在全國設十大都督府{{refTag|name=五代十國行政區劃}}。本時期南方的州縣數量，因為政局穩定、經濟發展與人口增加而增加。《太平寰宇記》所載五代十國時期全國新置五十九縣，絕大部分是在南方，如蜀置五縣，吳越設五縣，閩增設十三縣，南唐新置二十六縣{{refTag|1=《中國古代經濟簡史》第五章 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.}}。
第二行政區為州，州設刺史，第三行政區縣則設縣令。部分州因首都地位或地勢重要而升級為府、例如五代在[[开封市|汴州]]設有東京開封府、[[长安|長安]]設有西京京兆府、[[魏州]]設有大名府，有些重要的府在[[宋朝]]形成[[五京制]]。而十國與各地藩鎮也在其首都或重要州設府，如吳國的[[扬州市|揚州]]江都府、南唐的[[昇州]]金陵府與[[洪州]]南昌府、楚國的[[潭州]]長沙府、南漢的[[广州市|廣州]]興王府、北漢的[[太原市|太原]]府、前蜀與後蜀的[[成都市|成都]]府與[[興元]]府、荊南的[[江陵县|江陵]]府等等。並於軍事要地設大都督府，如後梁在[[宋州]]、[[福州市|福州]]均設大都督府。後唐在全國設十大都督府{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%258A%2583%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25B7%259E%25E7%25B8%25A3%25E6%2595%25B8%25E9%2587%258F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259B%25A0%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25B1%2580%25E7%25A9%25A9%25E5%25AE%259A%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E8%2588%2587%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%258F%25A3%25E5%25A2%259E%25E5%258A%25A0%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25A2%259E%25E5%258A%25A0%25E3%2580%2582%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E5%25AF%25B0%25E5%25AE%2587%25E8%25A8%2598%25E3%2580%258B%25E6%2589%2580%25E8%25BC%2589%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25BD%25AE%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B9%259D%25E7%25B8%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B5%2595%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%2588%2586%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A6%2582%25E8%259C%2580%25E7%25BD%25AE%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25B8%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2590%25B3%25E8%25B6%258A%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25B8%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%25A2%259E%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%2589%25E7%25B8%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25BD%25AE%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E7%25B8%25A3%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258F%25A4%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25AB%25A0 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.}}。


== 政治體制 ==
== 政治體制 ==
五代十國的政治制度大體沿用[[唐朝]]制度，但是各朝變化很多，官職時常廢置不常，其制度比較混亂。朝廷設有主管行政的[[三省]][[六部]]、主管財政的[[三司]]與主管軍事的[[枢密院|樞密院]]。由於五代十國戰亂不斷，樞密院的權力往往比三省來得大，所以時常以宰相兼領樞密使。五代十國以“使”名官者很多，據《五代會要》記載有[[崇政院]]使、[[宣徽院]]使、飛龍使、[[翰林院|翰林]]使、五坊使等等三十種之多。十國諸國中雖然有臣服於五代各朝，在制度上仍然是獨立的國家，政治架構等同五代。由於五代十國大多是從節度使起家，對支持他們的幕僚往往擔任新朝廷的職位，而前朝遺老則給予[[三师|三師]]、[[三公]]或台省官等虛職。而將士有功時，為了攏絡他們，也以官爵名號爲賞賜。這些狀況成為後來宋朝冗官煩多的源頭{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}{{refTag|name=五代十國官制|1=[http://edu.cnxianzai.com/gaozhongsheng/xuefazhidao/lishi/2011/0317/233222.html 五代十国官制：枢密使掌握实权]}}。
五代十國的政治制度大體沿用[[唐朝]]制度，但是各朝變化很多，官職時常廢置不常，其制度比較混亂。朝廷設有主管行政的[[三省]][[六部]]、主管財政的[[三司]]與主管軍事的[[枢密院|樞密院]]。由於五代十國戰亂不斷，樞密院的權力往往比三省來得大，所以時常以宰相兼領樞密使。五代十國以“使”名官者很多，據《五代會要》記載有[[崇政院]]使、[[宣徽院]]使、飛龍使、[[翰林院|翰林]]使、五坊使等等三十種之多。十國諸國中雖然有臣服於五代各朝，在制度上仍然是獨立的國家，政治架構等同五代。由於五代十國大多是從節度使起家，對支持他們的幕僚往往擔任新朝廷的職位，而前朝遺老則給予[[三师|三師]]、[[三公]]或台省官等虛職。而將士有功時，為了攏絡他們，也以官爵名號爲賞賜。這些狀況成為後來宋朝冗官煩多的源頭{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257C1%253D[http%253A%252F%252Fedu%252Ecnxianzai%252Ecom%252Fgaozhongsheng%252Fxuefazhidao%252Flishi%252F2011%252F0317%252F233222%252Ehtml 五代十国官制：枢密使掌握实权]}}。


;三省六部
;三省六部
[[File:Kaifengfu.jpg|thumb|320px|五代的政治核心，汴州[[開封府]]。]]
[[File:Kaifengfu.jpg|thumb|320px|五代的政治核心，汴州[[開封府]]。]]
中央行政機構有三省六部。三省為[[尚書省]]、[[門下省]]與[[中书省|中書省]]，下設[[六部]]尚書，並分司辦事。後梁重新設置唐朝空置的[[尚书令|尚書令]]，並且定爲正一品，改唐朝的尚書左右丞爲左右司侍郎。後唐時恢複唐朝舊制，並多設左右僕射，與尚書左右丞均爲正四品。後梁又設[[中书门下|中書門下省]]，置“中書門下平章事”，改司政殿爲金鑾殿，設大學士一員，以崇政院使[[敬翔]]爲金鑾殿大學士。中書省和門下省方面，其官員品級也比唐朝高，其長官[[侍中]]在[[唐代宗]]以前均爲正三品，後晉時[[中书令|中書令]]和侍中均爲正二品，[[左右常侍]]從三品升爲正三品，[[門下侍郎]]從正四品升爲正三品。十國方面，有設有等同宰相的官職，如吳國的大丞相，楚、吳的左右丞相，吳、南漢的參知政事，吳越的參相府事等都等同宰相的職稱{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}{{refTag|name=五代十國官制}}。
中央行政機構有三省六部。三省為[[尚書省]]、[[門下省]]與[[中书省|中書省]]，下設[[六部]]尚書，並分司辦事。後梁重新設置唐朝空置的[[尚书令|尚書令]]，並且定爲正一品，改唐朝的尚書左右丞爲左右司侍郎。後唐時恢複唐朝舊制，並多設左右僕射，與尚書左右丞均爲正四品。後梁又設[[中书门下|中書門下省]]，置“中書門下平章事”，改司政殿爲金鑾殿，設大學士一員，以崇政院使[[敬翔]]爲金鑾殿大學士。中書省和門下省方面，其官員品級也比唐朝高，其長官[[侍中]]在[[唐代宗]]以前均爲正三品，後晉時[[中书令|中書令]]和侍中均爲正二品，[[左右常侍]]從三品升爲正三品，[[門下侍郎]]從正四品升爲正三品。十國方面，有設有等同宰相的官職，如吳國的大丞相，楚、吳的左右丞相，吳、南漢的參知政事，吳越的參相府事等都等同宰相的職稱{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


;三司
;三司
[[三司]]使專管財務，至五代時才確定。早在唐朝時就有[[户部|戶部]]、[[度支]]、[[鹽鐵]]等三司分管租稅、財務收支和鹽鐵專賣、物資轉運事務。唐昭宗以宰相[[崔胤]]兼領三司使，至此出現三司使。後唐曾設置[[租庸使]]以管轄三司，最後正式設置三司使和副使以管理朝廷財務，地方財政也需聽從三司使的命令。以後歷朝相承不廢，宋朝設置的三司就是緣自五代的{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}{{refTag|name=五代十國官制}}。
[[三司]]使專管財務，至五代時才確定。早在唐朝時就有[[户部|戶部]]、[[度支]]、[[鹽鐵]]等三司分管租稅、財務收支和鹽鐵專賣、物資轉運事務。唐昭宗以宰相[[崔胤]]兼領三司使，至此出現三司使。後唐曾設置[[租庸使]]以管轄三司，最後正式設置三司使和副使以管理朝廷財務，地方財政也需聽從三司使的命令。以後歷朝相承不廢，宋朝設置的三司就是緣自五代的{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


;樞密院
;樞密院
五代十國還設有[[枢密院|樞密院]]以掌管軍事，又大多為武將。樞密使掌握軍事，其實權往往超過宰相，可直接下令任免藩鎮。所以通常由皇帝最親信的臣僚充當，有時又以宰臣兼任樞密使。例如959年[[後周世宗]]命司徒平章事[[范质|範質]]與禮部尚書平章事[[王溥]]參知樞密院事，藉此以加強文人官僚制度{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2597%25A9%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E9%25A0%2598%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%258F%25B3[[%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25AD%2596%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25B0%2589]]%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2585%25A9%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%2585%25B1%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%259B%259B%25E8%25B2%25B4%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%25BE%2580%25E5%25BE%2580%25E4%25BE%25B5%25E5%25A5%25AA%25E7%259B%25B8%25E6%25AC%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%259A%25E8%2587%25B3%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E7%25AB%258B%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25B8%259D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%259C%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2587%25B3%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25A7%258B%25E7%2594%25A8%25E6%259C%259D%25E8%2587%25A3%25E5%2585%2585%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25B8%25A9%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596]]%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E9%2599%25A2%25E7%2588%25B2%25E5%25B4%2587%25E6%2594%25BF%25E9%2599%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2588%25B2%25E5%25B4%2587%25E6%2594%25BF%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E3%2580%2582923%25E5%25B9%25B4[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597]]%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E9%2599%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2589%25AF%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E6%259B%25BE%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E5%25BE%25BD%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E4%25B9%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%2586%25E4%25B8%258D%25E4%25B9%2585%25E5%258F%2588%25E6%2581%25A2%25E8%25A4%2587%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%259B%25B8%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E5%25B0%258D%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%259F%2584%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25BC%258F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%25BE%258C%25E7%2594%25B1%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E6%2589%25BF%25E4%25B9%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25AD%2589%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2588%2596%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%258A%25B5%25E7%25BD%25AE%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E6%2588%2596%25E7%259B%25B8%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%2598%25E8%2581%25B7%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6%7D%7D%E3%80%82
五代十國還設有[[枢密院|樞密院]]以掌管軍事，又大多為武將。樞密使掌握軍事，其實權往往超過宰相，可直接下令任免藩鎮。所以通常由皇帝最親信的臣僚充當，有時又以宰臣兼任樞密使。例如959年[[後周世宗]]命司徒平章事[[范质|範質]]與禮部尚書平章事[[王溥]]參知樞密院事，藉此以加強文人官僚制度{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。早在唐代宗時就以宦官掌樞密，所統領的左右[[神策軍護軍中尉]]與兩樞密使共稱「四貴」。此後宦官往往侵奪相權，甚至廢立皇帝。唐朝后期，朱溫大殺宦官，至此開始用朝臣充任樞密使。[[朱温|後梁太祖]]建立後梁後，改樞密院爲崇政院，改樞密使爲崇政使。923年[[後唐莊宗]]又復稱樞密院，並設樞密使與副使。後晉曾以宣徽使代之，但不久又恢複。中書和樞密對掌文武二柄的方式，最後由宋朝所繼承之。而十國等各國或地方藩鎮也大抵置有樞密使或相當於樞密使的官職{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}{{refTag|name=五代十國官制}}。


;法律
;法律
五代十國時的刑法，基本沿用唐朝的律令格式和編敕，但因歷朝又都有新頒的敕條，彙編附益，使得格敕前後重複矛盾。957年[[後周世宗]]令大臣們進行整理，唐律條文難解的，加上注釋，格敕繁雜的，加以刪除，彙編為《[[大周刑統]]》二十一卷。北宋初年所編的《[[宋刑統]]》即就此書略加增刪而成{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}{{refTag|name=五代十國官制}}。
五代十國時的刑法，基本沿用唐朝的律令格式和編敕，但因歷朝又都有新頒的敕條，彙編附益，使得格敕前後重複矛盾。957年[[後周世宗]]令大臣們進行整理，唐律條文難解的，加上注釋，格敕繁雜的，加以刪除，彙編為《[[大周刑統]]》二十一卷。北宋初年所編的《[[宋刑統]]》即就此書略加增刪而成{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


== 外交 ==
== 外交 ==
早在唐朝時因為外族紛紛進入中原内附定居，在[[安史之亂]]後河北地區、陝北與河西走廊陸續成為外族的勢力範圍，使得中原政局更容易受外族的影響。例如[[沙陀|沙陀族]]、[[党項|党項族]]受唐朝冊封為節度使，而沙陀領有的河東軍於五代建立[[后唐|後唐]]、[[后晋|後晉]]與[[後漢]]。而[[契丹人|契丹族]]的影響最大，多次成為篡立者的外援。建立[[契丹國]]後於946年入主中原，建國[[辽朝|遼朝]]。雖然遼朝最後返回燕雲地區，但仍然對中原地區有一定的影響力{{refTag|name=五代外族概論|1=《隋唐五代史：世界帝國‧開明開放》〈第十章 隋唐五代的周邊民族〉. 第315頁－第358頁.}}。
早在唐朝時因為外族紛紛進入中原内附定居，在[[安史之亂]]後河北地區、陝北與河西走廊陸續成為外族的勢力範圍，使得中原政局更容易受外族的影響。例如[[沙陀|沙陀族]]、[[党項|党項族]]受唐朝冊封為節度使，而沙陀領有的河東軍於五代建立[[后唐|後唐]]、[[后晋|後晉]]與[[後漢]]。而[[契丹人|契丹族]]的影響最大，多次成為篡立者的外援。建立[[契丹國]]後於946年入主中原，建國[[辽朝|遼朝]]。雖然遼朝最後返回燕雲地區，但仍然對中原地區有一定的影響力{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E2%2580%25A7%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E7%25AB%25A0 隋唐五代的周邊民族〉. 第315頁－第358頁.}}。
[[File:Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan_part2.png|thumb|left|280px|《[[卓歇图]]》（局部），五代遼朝的[[胡瓌]]所繪，敘述契丹族的可汗、阏氏和他部下於出猎后圍地饮宴的情况。]]
[[File:Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan_part2.png|thumb|left|280px|《[[卓歇图]]》（局部），五代遼朝的[[胡瓌]]所繪，敘述契丹族的可汗、阏氏和他部下於出猎后圍地饮宴的情况。]]
五代時，北方以契丹最強。契丹族原唐朝受封為[[松漠都督府]]。唐朝后期，契丹迭刺部的首領[[耶律阿保机|耶律阿保機]]崛起並征服各部，取代[[痕德堇]]可汗後於907年即可汗位。他先後鎮壓了契丹貴族的叛亂和征服漠北地區[[奚族|奚]]、[[室韦|室韋]]、[[柯尔克孜族|黠嘎斯]]、[[阻卜]]等部落，在軍事與經濟方面都十分強盛。915年耶律阿保機出征室韋得勝回國，但被迫交出汗位。不久他在[[灤河]]邊建城，於隔年建立契丹國，即遼太祖。契丹國掠奪中原的人口，收留因河北戰爭的流民，任用[[韓延徽]]、[[韓知古]]、[[康默記]]與[[盧文進]]等漢人為佐命功臣。於925年東征[[渤海国|渤海國]]後即有意南下中原。遼太宗繼位後趁後唐發生內亂之際，接受石敬瑭的請求，出兵協助攻滅後唐，扶持兒皇帝建國後晉，並且獲得[[燕雲十六州]]。[[石重贵|後晉出帝]]繼位後不願稱臣，並濫殺契丹商人。遼太宗為此多次出兵南征未果，後來有賴後晉大將杜重威投降，而攻陷[[开封市|汴州]]，建國[[辽朝|遼朝]]。而後因為遼軍打草穀濫殺漢人，使中原人人舉兵抗遼，遼太宗也在北返之際於殺胡林去世。此後遼朝大衰，雖然後來扶持[[北汉|北漢]]，但与後周作戰敗多勝少，最後於959年被[[後周世宗]]奪下[[瀛洲]]、[[莫州]]等地。宋朝建立並滅北漢統一中國本土後，於同年北伐遼朝。此時有賴[[耶律沙]]、[[耶律休哥]]、[[耶律斜軫]]等名將與宋軍大戰高梁河（今北京西直門外），成功擊敗宋軍，此時也進入宋遼對峙時期{{refTag|name=五代外族概論}}。
五代時，北方以契丹最強。契丹族原唐朝受封為[[松漠都督府]]。唐朝后期，契丹迭刺部的首領[[耶律阿保机|耶律阿保機]]崛起並征服各部，取代[[痕德堇]]可汗後於907年即可汗位。他先後鎮壓了契丹貴族的叛亂和征服漠北地區[[奚族|奚]]、[[室韦|室韋]]、[[柯尔克孜族|黠嘎斯]]、[[阻卜]]等部落，在軍事與經濟方面都十分強盛。915年耶律阿保機出征室韋得勝回國，但被迫交出汗位。不久他在[[灤河]]邊建城，於隔年建立契丹國，即遼太祖。契丹國掠奪中原的人口，收留因河北戰爭的流民，任用[[韓延徽]]、[[韓知古]]、[[康默記]]與[[盧文進]]等漢人為佐命功臣。於925年東征[[渤海国|渤海國]]後即有意南下中原。遼太宗繼位後趁後唐發生內亂之際，接受石敬瑭的請求，出兵協助攻滅後唐，扶持兒皇帝建國後晉，並且獲得[[燕雲十六州]]。[[石重贵|後晉出帝]]繼位後不願稱臣，並濫殺契丹商人。遼太宗為此多次出兵南征未果，後來有賴後晉大將杜重威投降，而攻陷[[开封市|汴州]]，建國[[辽朝|遼朝]]。而後因為遼軍打草穀濫殺漢人，使中原人人舉兵抗遼，遼太宗也在北返之際於殺胡林去世。此後遼朝大衰，雖然後來扶持[[北汉|北漢]]，但与後周作戰敗多勝少，最後於959年被[[後周世宗]]奪下[[瀛洲]]、[[莫州]]等地。宋朝建立並滅北漢統一中國本土後，於同年北伐遼朝。此時有賴[[耶律沙]]、[[耶律休哥]]、[[耶律斜軫]]等名將與宋軍大戰高梁河（今北京西直門外），成功擊敗宋軍，此時也進入宋遼對峙時期{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


五代時北方與東北還有[[奚族|奚]]、[[吐谷浑]]、[[室韦|室韋]]、[[渤海国|渤海國]]等國。[[奚族|奚國]]於唐朝受封為[[饒樂都督府]]，於唐朝中後期多次入侵邊疆。遼朝建立後，奚國被契丹征服，契丹還建立遼中京以統治之，並且逐步同化奚族。而唐朝后期的另一強國[[渤海国|渤海國]]，也在926年亡於契丹，並於原地成立[[东丹|東丹國]]，以契丹太子[[耶律倍]]任人皇王。遼太宗繼位後廢除東丹國，建立[[遼東京]]以管理之。而[[吐谷浑]]部，原本定居青海一帶，被吐蕃攻滅後，東遷到朔方、河东一帶。五代时散处蔚州等地。936年後晉割讓燕云十六州給契丹國，使得部分吐谷浑臣服于契丹，但仍有不少逃回太原，投奔河東節度使[[劉知遠]]{{refTag|name=五代外族概論}}。
五代時北方與東北還有[[奚族|奚]]、[[吐谷浑]]、[[室韦|室韋]]、[[渤海国|渤海國]]等國。[[奚族|奚國]]於唐朝受封為[[饒樂都督府]]，於唐朝中後期多次入侵邊疆。遼朝建立後，奚國被契丹征服，契丹還建立遼中京以統治之，並且逐步同化奚族。而唐朝后期的另一強國[[渤海国|渤海國]]，也在926年亡於契丹，並於原地成立[[东丹|東丹國]]，以契丹太子[[耶律倍]]任人皇王。遼太宗繼位後廢除東丹國，建立[[遼東京]]以管理之。而[[吐谷浑]]部，原本定居青海一帶，被吐蕃攻滅後，東遷到朔方、河东一帶。五代时散处蔚州等地。936年後晉割讓燕云十六州給契丹國，使得部分吐谷浑臣服于契丹，但仍有不少逃回太原，投奔河東節度使[[劉知遠]]{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


[[File:五代时的河西.png|360px|thumb|五代时的河西形势圖。]]
[[File:五代时的河西.png|360px|thumb|五代时的河西形势圖。]]
唐朝后期，西方[[吐蕃]]最強，但因內部分裂而衰。五代時，河西走廊被回鶻、吐蕃與党項等許多民族所割據，有[[甘州回鶻]]、吐蕃[[六谷部]]、[[唃廝囉國|黃頭回鶻]]、位於蘭州一帶的党項族、陝北的[[定難軍|定難節度使]]（党項統領）等。此時漢人政權只有沙洲、瓜州的[[歸義軍|歸義節度使]]與五代屬地的[[朔方節度使]]與[[河西節度使]]（管制涼州、蘭州等）。而定難節度使是西夏的前身，本體是陝北夏州的[[党項|党項族]]。其領袖[[拓跋思恭]]因平亂有功，被[[唐僖宗]]所冊封。雖然定難軍獨立自主，對外仍然臣服五代各朝與北漢。五代時，[[后唐|後唐]][[李嗣源|後唐明宗]]意圖併吞定難軍，將庭州軍[[安重進]]與定難軍[[李彝超]]對調，最後有賴李彝超成功擊退安重進的唐軍才穩固之。最後在宋朝時吞併靈州、河西等地，建國[[西夏]]{{refTag|name=西夏前歷史|1=《西夏王國與東方金字塔》〈第二章 党項羌歷史的童年〉 第55頁－第79頁.}}。西域地區則有[[西州回鶻]]、[[畏兀儿|高昌回鶻]]、[[龟兹回鹘|龜茲回鶻]]、[[于阗]]與[[喀喇汗國]]等。其中于阗和喀喇汗國是西域大國，其範圍涵蓋整個西域地區。拥有塔里木南部广大领土的于阗是盛行佛教的[[斯基泰人|塞种人]]国度，统治者尉迟家族自汉朝起就掌握该国的政权。唐朝时，于阗属于[[毗沙都督府]]，由当时的国王[[尉迟伏阇雄]]兼任都督。五代时的于阗趋于汉化，国王李圣天自称“唐之宗属”，国内实行唐朝旧俗，并派人向中原朝廷进贡{{refTag|1=《新五代史·四夷附录·第三》：“于阗，国地、君世、物俗见于唐。”}}，后晋封其为大宝于阗国王{{refTag|1=《新五代史·晋本纪·第八》：“庚子，封李圣天为大宝于阗国王。”}}。喀喇汗國则为伊斯兰势力东进的主要势力，同于阗多次发生战争，但皆以失败告终。十一世纪初，于阗与归义军在喀喇汗國和西夏夹攻中相继灭亡{{refTag|name=李圣天|1=[http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/songchao/01/11044627/20090825/15614235.html 心向中原的于阗国王李圣天：西部边陲的守护者於2012 年2 月7 日查閱]}}。1212年时，喀剌汗國亡於由[[耶律大石]]率領的契丹族，後者建國[[西辽|西遼]]{{refTag|name=五代外族概論}}。
唐朝后期，西方[[吐蕃]]最強，但因內部分裂而衰。五代時，河西走廊被回鶻、吐蕃與党項等許多民族所割據，有[[甘州回鶻]]、吐蕃[[六谷部]]、[[唃廝囉國|黃頭回鶻]]、位於蘭州一帶的党項族、陝北的[[定難軍|定難節度使]]（党項統領）等。此時漢人政權只有沙洲、瓜州的[[歸義軍|歸義節度使]]與五代屬地的[[朔方節度使]]與[[河西節度使]]（管制涼州、蘭州等）。而定難節度使是西夏的前身，本體是陝北夏州的[[党項|党項族]]。其領袖[[拓跋思恭]]因平亂有功，被[[唐僖宗]]所冊封。雖然定難軍獨立自主，對外仍然臣服五代各朝與北漢。五代時，[[后唐|後唐]][[李嗣源|後唐明宗]]意圖併吞定難軍，將庭州軍[[安重進]]與定難軍[[李彝超]]對調，最後有賴李彝超成功擊退安重進的唐軍才穩固之。最後在宋朝時吞併靈州、河西等地，建國[[西夏]]{{refTag|name=%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%25A4%258F%25E5%2589%258D%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E5%258F%25B2%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%25A4%258F%25E7%258E%258B%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%259D%25B1%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%2587%2591%25E5%25AD%2597%25E5%25A1%2594%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E7%25AB%25A0 党項羌歷史的童年〉 第55頁－第79頁.}}。西域地區則有[[西州回鶻]]、[[畏兀儿|高昌回鶻]]、[[龟兹回鹘|龜茲回鶻]]、[[于阗]]與[[喀喇汗國]]等。其中于阗和喀喇汗國是西域大國，其範圍涵蓋整個西域地區。拥有塔里木南部广大领土的于阗是盛行佛教的[[斯基泰人|塞种人]]国度，统治者尉迟家族自汉朝起就掌握该国的政权。唐朝时，于阗属于[[毗沙都督府]]，由当时的国王[[尉迟伏阇雄]]兼任都督。五代时的于阗趋于汉化，国王李圣天自称“唐之宗属”，国内实行唐朝旧俗，并派人向中原朝廷进贡{{refTag|1=《新五代史·四夷附录·第三》：“于阗，国地、君世、物俗见于唐。”}}，后晋封其为大宝于阗国王{{refTag|1=《新五代史·晋本纪·第八》：“庚子，封李圣天为大宝于阗国王。”}}。喀喇汗國则为伊斯兰势力东进的主要势力，同于阗多次发生战争，但皆以失败告终。十一世纪初，于阗与归义军在喀喇汗國和西夏夹攻中相继灭亡{{refTag|name=%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%259C%25A3%25E5%25A4%25A9%257C1%253D[http%253A%252F%252Fmilitary%252Echina%252Ecom%252Fzh_cn%252Fdljl%252Fsongchao%252F01%252F11044627%252F20090825%252F15614235%252Ehtml 心向中原的于阗国王李圣天：西部边陲的守护者於2012 年2 月7 日查閱]}}。1212年时，喀剌汗國亡於由[[耶律大石]]率領的契丹族，後者建國[[西辽|西遼]]{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


南方有交趾、大理國與牂柯蠻。[[曲承裕]]擔任[[静海节度使|靜海節度使]]後，[[曲家]]長期割據[[交趾郡|交趾]]，907年去世後由[[曲顥]]繼位。930年曲主[[曲承美]]被南漢高祖攻滅，不久[[楊廷藝]]舉兵並攻下[[河內市|大羅城]]，靜海軍再度建立。937年[[矯公羨]]奪位並向南漢稱臣，隔年楊廷藝的女婿[[吳權]]自愛州舉兵，南漢高祖派其子劉弘操率軍入援。吳權在擊潰矯公羨後於[[白藤江之戰 (938年)|白藤江之戰]]擊潰劉弘操率領的漢軍，至此南漢再也沒有南征交趾的意願。939年吳權稱王，建立[[吳朝]]，都城[[古螺]]，越南地區开始脫離中國歷史，至968年[[丁朝]]建立，越南正式走上独立发展道路。[[大理国|大理國]]源自唐朝時的強國[[南诏|南詔]]，由於長期與唐朝戰爭，國力日趨衰弱，於南詔末年發生多次權臣篡位事件。902年，世襲清平官的權臣[[鄭買嗣]]迫南詔帝[[蒙舜化貞]]退位，建國[[大長和]]。928年大長和的東川節度使[[楊干貞]]和清平官[[趙善政]]殺死大長和帝[[鄭隆亶]]，趙善政建國[[大天興]]。次年，楊干貞廢趙善政自立，建國[[大義寧]]，而楊干貞之弟[[楊詔]]認為海通節度使段思平有異心，促使楊干貞派兵追殺。[[段思平]]即向[[高方]]尋求庇護。而後，段思平向東方的黑爨借兵，與其弟[[段思良]]和軍師[[董迦羅]]舉兵反抗。937年滅大義寧，建立大理國，都城[[大理]]{{refTag|name=五代外族概論}}。
南方有交趾、大理國與牂柯蠻。[[曲承裕]]擔任[[静海节度使|靜海節度使]]後，[[曲家]]長期割據[[交趾郡|交趾]]，907年去世後由[[曲顥]]繼位。930年曲主[[曲承美]]被南漢高祖攻滅，不久[[楊廷藝]]舉兵並攻下[[河內市|大羅城]]，靜海軍再度建立。937年[[矯公羨]]奪位並向南漢稱臣，隔年楊廷藝的女婿[[吳權]]自愛州舉兵，南漢高祖派其子劉弘操率軍入援。吳權在擊潰矯公羨後於[[白藤江之戰 (938年)|白藤江之戰]]擊潰劉弘操率領的漢軍，至此南漢再也沒有南征交趾的意願。939年吳權稱王，建立[[吳朝]]，都城[[古螺]]，越南地區开始脫離中國歷史，至968年[[丁朝]]建立，越南正式走上独立发展道路。[[大理国|大理國]]源自唐朝時的強國[[南诏|南詔]]，由於長期與唐朝戰爭，國力日趨衰弱，於南詔末年發生多次權臣篡位事件。902年，世襲清平官的權臣[[鄭買嗣]]迫南詔帝[[蒙舜化貞]]退位，建國[[大長和]]。928年大長和的東川節度使[[楊干貞]]和清平官[[趙善政]]殺死大長和帝[[鄭隆亶]]，趙善政建國[[大天興]]。次年，楊干貞廢趙善政自立，建國[[大義寧]]，而楊干貞之弟[[楊詔]]認為海通節度使段思平有異心，促使楊干貞派兵追殺。[[段思平]]即向[[高方]]尋求庇護。而後，段思平向東方的黑爨借兵，與其弟[[段思良]]和軍師[[董迦羅]]舉兵反抗。937年滅大義寧，建立大理國，都城[[大理]]{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


== 軍事制度 ==
== 軍事制度 ==
{{see also|禁軍}}
{{see also|禁軍}}
五代十國的軍事制度繼承唐朝后期節度使的制度，當時地方[[藩镇|藩鎮]]時常舉兵意圖推翻中央朝廷。為了解決此問題，朝廷逐漸加強中央[[禁軍]]以打壓地方，到[[宋朝]]更發展成[[強幹弱枝]]的政策。而五代十國最高的中央單位是[[枢密院|樞密院]]，大多為武將擔任。由於五代重軍事、輕文人，為了鞏固政權也以宰相兼任樞密使{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}{{refTag|name=五代軍事|1=《中國文明史 隋唐五代史》〈第三章 軍事制度的重大變化與戰爭藝術的發展〉. 第183頁－第253頁.}}。
五代十國的軍事制度繼承唐朝后期節度使的制度，當時地方[[藩镇|藩鎮]]時常舉兵意圖推翻中央朝廷。為了解決此問題，朝廷逐漸加強中央[[禁軍]]以打壓地方，到[[宋朝]]更發展成[[強幹弱枝]]的政策。而五代十國最高的中央單位是[[枢密院|樞密院]]，大多為武將擔任。由於五代重軍事、輕文人，為了鞏固政權也以宰相兼任樞密使{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第三章 軍事制度的重大變化與戰爭藝術的發展〉. 第183頁－第253頁.}}。
[[File:Chao Yen 001.jpg|thumb|left|五代後梁[[趙喦]]所繪的《八達春遊圖》，描繪宮廷生活。]]
[[File:Chao Yen 001.jpg|thumb|left|五代後梁[[趙喦]]所繪的《八達春遊圖》，描繪宮廷生活。]]
唐朝中期開始，[[节度使|節度使]]擁有強大兵力，掌握地方軍事、民政、财政。他們位高權重、專横至極，時常發生舉兵意圖推翻朝廷之事，史稱[[藩鎮割據]]。而唐朝最後也被宣武節度使朱溫所篡，五代十國的建國者也大多是唐朝后期的節度使。到五代十國時，舉兵篡位之事更多，在後晉高祖割讓燕雲十六州後更加劇烈。也使得五代君王時常替換，最後形成九姓十五君之多{{NoteTag|九姓有後梁朱氏、後唐李氏（[[李克用]]）、後唐李氏（[[李嗣源]]為養子）、後唐李氏（[[李從珂]]本性王）、後晉石氏、遼朝耶律氏、後漢劉氏、後周郭氏、後周柴氏（[[柴荣|柴榮]]為養子）等。十五君包含統治中原地區的君王，後梁三位、後唐四位、後晉兩位、遼一位、後漢兩位、後周三位，共十五位{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。}}的亂世。為此君主紛紛採行建立禁軍、調動地方節度使等強幹弱枝的政策，以削弱地方實力派。禁軍負責守衛首都與皇宮，有時會駐防各地以壓制地方藩鎮，例如後梁、後唐就以禁軍壓制、削弱[[河朔三镇|河北三鎮]]。後來宋朝宋太祖更以禁軍「殿前諸班」統一天下。此外，朝廷還頻繁調動節度使，更換其駐地，以防止他們長期佔據一方，形成割據勢力{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}{{refTag|name=五代軍事}}。
唐朝中期開始，[[节度使|節度使]]擁有強大兵力，掌握地方軍事、民政、财政。他們位高權重、專横至極，時常發生舉兵意圖推翻朝廷之事，史稱[[藩鎮割據]]。而唐朝最後也被宣武節度使朱溫所篡，五代十國的建國者也大多是唐朝后期的節度使。到五代十國時，舉兵篡位之事更多，在後晉高祖割讓燕雲十六州後更加劇烈。也使得五代君王時常替換，最後形成九姓十五君之多{{NoteTag|九姓有後梁朱氏、後唐李氏（[[李克用]]）、後唐李氏（[[李嗣源]]為養子）、後唐李氏（[[李從珂]]本性王）、後晉石氏、遼朝耶律氏、後漢劉氏、後周郭氏、後周柴氏（[[柴荣|柴榮]]為養子）等。十五君包含統治中原地區的君王，後梁三位、後唐四位、後晉兩位、遼一位、後漢兩位、後周三位，共十五位{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25BA%2582%25E4%25B8%2596%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%2590%259B%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25B4%259B%25E7%25B4%259B%25E6%258E%25A1%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E5%258B%2595%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%25AD%2589%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%25B9%25B9%25E5%25BC%25B1%25E6%259E%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25AD%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2589%258A%25E5%25BC%25B1%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E5%258A%259B%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%25B2%25A0%25E8%25B2%25AC%25E5%25AE%2588%25E8%25A1%259B%25E9%25A6%2596%25E9%2583%25BD%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25AE%25AE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%2583%25E9%25A7%2590%25E9%2598%25B2%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A3%2593%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BE%258B%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%25A3%2593%25E5%2588%25B6%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2589%258A%25E5%25BC%25B1[[%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E6%259C%2594%25E4%25B8%2589%25E9%2595%2587%257C%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258C%2597%25E4%25B8%2589%25E9%258E%25AE]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E4%25BE%2586%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25AE%258B%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%25E6%259B%25B4%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%25AE%25BF%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E7%258F%25AD%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%25A4%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E9%2582%2584%25E9%25A0%25BB%25E7%25B9%2581%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E5%258B%2595%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%258F%259B%25E5%2585%25B6%25E9%25A7%2590%25E5%259C%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E9%2598%25B2%25E6%25AD%25A2%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2580%2591%25E9%2595%25B7%25E6%259C%259F%25E4%25BD%2594%25E6%2593%259A%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%2596%25B9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%2589%25B2%25E6%2593%259A%25E5%258B%25A2%25E5%258A%259B%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


而五代各朝時常擴充禁軍，軍事官制也繁多易變。[[朱温|後梁太祖]]最親近的軍隊是「廳子都」，此軍裝備精良，兇悍異常，太原晉軍十分畏懼。立國後擴編宣武軍為禁軍，取禁軍的精銳以成立侍衛親軍。在首都設左右龍虎軍、左右羽林軍、左右神武軍、左右龍驤軍，均以親王爲軍使，後來名稱時有變動。[[后唐|後唐]]禁軍的前身是河東軍，李克用以眾多養子為骨幹建立「義兒軍」，是其最精銳的軍隊。征戰的主力部隊是915年收編的魏博銀槍效節軍，在滅梁時發揮重大作用。建國後在首都設立嚴衛左右軍、捧聖左右軍等。在[[後唐明宗]]時成立侍衛親軍為禁軍，以其鄴都起事的兵士為骨幹，又稱隨駕軍。其中石敬塘還擔任侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使兼六軍都衛副使。[[后晋|後晉]]又在首都設護聖左右軍，其本部軍源自石敬塘在河東起事的軍隊，其部屬劉知遠還擔任侍衛馬步軍都指揮使。後漢軍制沿襲後晉，沒有很大的改變。[[后周|後周]]在首都設龍捷左右軍、虎捷左右軍。[[後周世宗]]時改革軍事制度，實施練選制度，精簡中央禁軍，補充強健之士，設有殿前都指揮使、水陸都部署、殿前都點檢等高級軍官，形成「殿前諸班」的禁軍。其中殿前都點檢掌握軍事實權，後來擔任此職的趙匡胤在後周世宗去世後發動[[陈桥兵变|陳橋兵變]]，篡位建國宋朝{{refTag|name=五代十國官制}}。其次是嚴明軍紀，命兵部尚書[[張昭遠]]制定新的軍法。最後是限制藩鎮權力，例如禁止造軍器、干預民政等等{{refTag|name=五代軍事}}。
而五代各朝時常擴充禁軍，軍事官制也繁多易變。[[朱温|後梁太祖]]最親近的軍隊是「廳子都」，此軍裝備精良，兇悍異常，太原晉軍十分畏懼。立國後擴編宣武軍為禁軍，取禁軍的精銳以成立侍衛親軍。在首都設左右龍虎軍、左右羽林軍、左右神武軍、左右龍驤軍，均以親王爲軍使，後來名稱時有變動。[[后唐|後唐]]禁軍的前身是河東軍，李克用以眾多養子為骨幹建立「義兒軍」，是其最精銳的軍隊。征戰的主力部隊是915年收編的魏博銀槍效節軍，在滅梁時發揮重大作用。建國後在首都設立嚴衛左右軍、捧聖左右軍等。在[[後唐明宗]]時成立侍衛親軍為禁軍，以其鄴都起事的兵士為骨幹，又稱隨駕軍。其中石敬塘還擔任侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使兼六軍都衛副使。[[后晋|後晉]]又在首都設護聖左右軍，其本部軍源自石敬塘在河東起事的軍隊，其部屬劉知遠還擔任侍衛馬步軍都指揮使。後漢軍制沿襲後晉，沒有很大的改變。[[后周|後周]]在首都設龍捷左右軍、虎捷左右軍。[[後周世宗]]時改革軍事制度，實施練選制度，精簡中央禁軍，補充強健之士，設有殿前都指揮使、水陸都部署、殿前都點檢等高級軍官，形成「殿前諸班」的禁軍。其中殿前都點檢掌握軍事實權，後來擔任此職的趙匡胤在後周世宗去世後發動[[陈桥兵变|陳橋兵變]]，篡位建國宋朝{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259A%25B4%25E6%2598%258E%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%25B4%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2585%25B5%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%25B0%259A%25E6%259B%25B8[[%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E6%2598%25AD%25E9%2581%25A0]]%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%25AE%259A%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%25B3%2595%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2598%25AF%25E9%2599%2590%25E5%2588%25B6%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E6%25AC%258A%25E5%258A%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BE%258B%25E5%25A6%2582%25E7%25A6%2581%25E6%25AD%25A2%25E9%2580%25A0%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%2599%25A8%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E9%25A0%2590%25E6%25B0%2591%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25AD%2589%25E7%25AD%2589%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582
由於戰爭頻繁，兵役負擔沉重。當時為了防止士兵逃亡，特在士兵臉上刺字記其軍號，以便各地關津識認、追捕逃兵。另外，各地都徵派男女從事運輸，無數人畜累斃途中。[[朱温|後梁太祖]]攻打青州[[王師範]]時，甚至把徵發來堆積攻城土山的民丁、牛驢一起掩埋在土山中。[[劉仁恭]]在幽燕徵發十五歲以上、七十歲以下的男子自備軍糧從軍，共得二十萬人。[[北汉|北漢]]規定十七歲以上的男子皆入兵籍為兵。[[南唐]]曾強令老弱以外的人全部從軍。[[吴越|吳越]][[钱弘俶|錢俶]]「盡括國中丁民」為兵。[[湖南省|湖南]][[馬希萼]]調發朗州全部丁壯為鄉兵。[[闽 (十国)|閩國]]後期發民為兵，力役無節。除了兵役，還有各種名目的土木修建勞役。[[後唐莊宗]]盛暑修建營樓，「日役萬人」。荊南修理江陵外郭，驅兵民萬餘人從役。閩主建築寺觀宮殿，「百役繁興」。賦役嚴重，使戰亂破壞嚴重的北方社會經濟難以復甦，也大大阻礙了南方經濟發展的進程{{refTag|name=五代十國官制}}{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}{{refTag|name=五代軍事}}。
由於戰爭頻繁，兵役負擔沉重。當時為了防止士兵逃亡，特在士兵臉上刺字記其軍號，以便各地關津識認、追捕逃兵。另外，各地都徵派男女從事運輸，無數人畜累斃途中。[[朱温|後梁太祖]]攻打青州[[王師範]]時，甚至把徵發來堆積攻城土山的民丁、牛驢一起掩埋在土山中。[[劉仁恭]]在幽燕徵發十五歲以上、七十歲以下的男子自備軍糧從軍，共得二十萬人。[[北汉|北漢]]規定十七歲以上的男子皆入兵籍為兵。[[南唐]]曾強令老弱以外的人全部從軍。[[吴越|吳越]][[钱弘俶|錢俶]]「盡括國中丁民」為兵。[[湖南省|湖南]][[馬希萼]]調發朗州全部丁壯為鄉兵。[[闽 (十国)|閩國]]後期發民為兵，力役無節。除了兵役，還有各種名目的土木修建勞役。[[後唐莊宗]]盛暑修建營樓，「日役萬人」。荊南修理江陵外郭，驅兵民萬餘人從役。閩主建築寺觀宮殿，「百役繁興」。賦役嚴重，使戰亂破壞嚴重的北方社會經濟難以復甦，也大大阻礙了南方經濟發展的進程{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


== 人口 ==
== 人口 ==
[[File:Чжоу Вэньцзюй 1.jpg|thumb|320px|[[周文矩]]的《重屏會棋圖》，圖中表現出[[南唐]]宮廷或文士生活。]]
[[File:Чжоу Вэньцзюй 1.jpg|thumb|320px|[[周文矩]]的《重屏會棋圖》，圖中表現出[[南唐]]宮廷或文士生活。]]
唐朝后期至五代十國時期，中原地區的經濟因為長期的戰亂、天災而殘破不堪。黃巢起義後，長達六七十年內，大小戰事不停。華北地區的兵役和各種勞役異常繁重。統治者視人命如草芥，無辜群眾常遭慘殺。戰爭破壞和苛重賦役促使人民數以萬計餓死或流徙他處。例如唐朝后期蔡州[[秦宗權]]四處肆虐，一度攻陷東都（今河南洛陽），形成「極目千里，無復煙火」的情況{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E5%25BE%2590%25E5%25B7%259E%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E5%25BE%2590%25E5%25B7%259E]]%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%25BA%25A5%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2588%25B0%25E7%2588%25AD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25A0%25B4%25E5%25A3%259E%25E5%25BE%2590%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B3%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25BF%25A0%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%25B7%259E%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258C%2597[[%25E5%258A%2589%25E4%25BB%2581%25E6%2581%25AD]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2588%25B0%25E7%2588%25AD%25E5%258F%2588%25E7%25A0%25B4%25E5%25A3%259E%25E9%25AD%258F%25E5%25B7%259E%25E8%2587%25B3%25E6%25BB%2584%25E5%25B7%259E%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%25AE%259A%25E5%25B7%259E%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2588%25B0%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E5%2582%25B7%25E5%2585%25AD%25E8%2590%25AC%25E5%25A4%259A%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B2%25BE%25E8%258F%25AF%25E5%258D%2580%25E9%2595%25B7%25E5%25AE%2589%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B4%259B%25E9%2599%25BD%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25E4%25B9%259F%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E6%259D%25B1%25E9%2581%25B7%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%2588%25B6%25E9%2581%25B7%25E7%25A7%25BB%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E6%258B%2586%25E6%25AF%2580%25E6%2588%25BF%25E5%25B1%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2584%259A%25E7%2587%2592%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%2588%2587%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E7%25B1%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B0%2591%25E6%2588%25B6%25E9%2582%2584%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%25BB%25BF%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%2599%25BE%25E6%2588%25B6%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%2599%2589%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2588%25B0%25E4%25BA%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E6%2599%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%25B1%25AB%25E5%258C%2597%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25B0%2591%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%2587%258C%25E7%2584%25A1%25E9%25BA%25A5%25E7%25A6%25BE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2582%2591%25E7%2584%25A1%25E7%2585%2599%25E7%2581%25AB%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2586%25E6%258A%25B5%25E6%2593%258B%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%25BB%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E6%2595%25B8%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E6%25B1%25BA%25E9%2596%258B%25E9%25BB%2583%25E6%25B2%25B3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258D%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%259D%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25E6%25B4%25AA%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E6%25B0%25BE%25E6%25BF%25AB%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25A0%25AA%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%258F%25AF%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%258F%2597[[%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%259C%258B]]%25E8%25A5%25B2%25E6%2593%25BE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259B%25A7%25E9%25BE%258D%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%2587%2595%25E5%25B7%259E%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%25B1%25A2%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E9%25A8%258E%25E5%2585%25B5%25E7%84%9A%E6%8E%A0%E4%B8%80%E7%A9%BA%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%A7%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E7%89%A9%E6%AE%86%E7%9B%A1%E3%80%8D%E3%80%82%E5%B0%A4%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%A8%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E8%BB%8D%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%8B%E6%94%BB%E9%99%B7%E6%B1%B4%E5%B7%9E%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E9%96%8B%E5%B0%81%E8%87%B3%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD%E6%95%B8%E7%99%BE%E8%A3%A1%E9%96%93%E4%BA%BA%E7%85%99%E7%A8%80%E5%B0%91%EF%BC%8C[[%E7%9B%B8%E5%B7%9E]]%E7%99%BE%E5%A7%93%E6%9C%89%E5%8D%81%E9%A4%98%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA%E8%A2%AB%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E5%BE%8C%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%88%87%E9%B3%B3%E7%BF%94%E7%AD%89%E9%8E%AE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%82%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%B0%E6%AD%BB%E9%A4%93%E6%AD%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E8%90%AC%E5%85%B7%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8A%E3%80%82%E5%8C%97%E6%BC%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%8C%E7%9B%9B%E5%94%90%E6%99%82%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%90%AC%E6%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%97%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E5%83%85%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%89%E8%90%AC%E9%A4%98%E6%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%B4%84%E7%82%BA%E7%9B%9B%E5%94%90%E6%99%82%E6%88%B6%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AB%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E3%80%82839%E5%B9%B4[[%E5%94%90%E6%96%87%E5%AE%97]]%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%B6%E5%8F%A3%E6%9C%894%2C990%2C000%E6%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%B0%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%8D%E5%BA%A6%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%99%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%8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〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.}}。
唐朝后期至五代十國時期，中原地區的經濟因為長期的戰亂、天災而殘破不堪。黃巢起義後，長達六七十年內，大小戰事不停。華北地區的兵役和各種勞役異常繁重。統治者視人命如草芥，無辜群眾常遭慘殺。戰爭破壞和苛重賦役促使人民數以萬計餓死或流徙他處。例如唐朝后期蔡州[[秦宗權]]四處肆虐，一度攻陷東都（今河南洛陽），形成「極目千里，無復煙火」的情況{{refTag|name=五代十國經濟概論}}。朱溫與[[徐州市|徐州]]時溥的戰爭，破壞徐、泗、濠三州的農業。朱溫與河北[[劉仁恭]]的戰爭又破壞魏州至滄州之地，於定州之戰更死傷六萬多人。唐朝的精華區長安、洛陽一帶也被朱溫東遷唐昭宗期間，強制遷移人民，並且拆毀房屋，焚燒一切，在籍的民戶還不滿一百戶。而後後梁與晉的戰事，使晉南豫北不少地方「里無麥禾，邑無煙火」。為了抵擋晉軍，後梁數度決開黃河，使得河南、山東一帶洪水氾濫不堪。到後唐、後晉期間，華北地區被受[[契丹國]]襲擾，盧龍、燕州之地屢次被契丹騎兵焚掠一空，千里內「民物殆盡」。尤其在契丹軍南下攻陷汴州後，開封至洛陽數百裡間人煙稀少，[[相州]]百姓有十餘萬人被殺死。而後河中與鳳翔等鎮在後漢時發動叛亂，戰死餓死的屍體有二十萬具以上。北漢的十二州，盛唐時有二十八萬戶，而在北漢亡國時僅有三萬餘戶，約為盛唐時戶口的八分之一。839年[[唐文宗]]時期，戶口有4,990,000戶，到宋朝再度統一時，全國戶口只剩3,790,000戶，在這一百四十年間減少達一百二十萬戶，可以想見唐末五代戰亂的劇烈和民生的痛苦{{refTag|1=《中國古代經濟簡史》第五章 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.}}。


雖然唐朝后期南方也受到[[庞勋之变|龐勛之變]]與[[黃巢之亂]]的影响，但在十國時期，重大戰事較少，政局比較穩定，有利於社會經濟的恢復和發展{{refTag|name=五代十國經濟概論}}。再加上唐朝中衰以后，中原动荡不安，不少人紛紛南下江南、湖廣與巴蜀一帶，最遠達兩廣之地{{refTag|1=《新五代史·南漢世家第五》：隱復好賢士。是時，天下已亂，中朝士人以嶺外最遠，可以避地，多游焉。唐世名臣謫死南方者往往有子孫，或當時仕宦遭亂不得還者，皆客嶺表。}}，關內道、河南道、河北道都減少很多。而南方如蘇州、鄂州、洪州、饒州、吉州、襄州、郢州、唐州、衡州、廣州等都大幅提升。據說當時的蘇州戶口中，自北方遷來的占原來人數的三分之一，武昌在兩年內戶口增加了三倍，這都反映了南徙人口的眾多，使得人口分布則以南方地區比較密集{{refTag|1=《中國古代經濟簡史》第五章 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.}}。長期安定的環境有利於發展生產，使得十國府庫逐漸充實。五代十國末期，[[后周|後周]]與[[北汉|北漢]]的戶口不過一百萬戶，南方諸國則多達兩百七十餘萬戶。在這些國家中，以[[南唐]]的六十五萬戶最多，其次是[[吴越|吳越]]的五十五萬戶居次；再次為[[後蜀]]的五十三萬餘戶。這三國的人口總合，差不多是當時中國地區總人口的一半{{refTag|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十五章〈五代與十國（下）〉，第134頁。}}。北宋統一南北時，原後周和北漢所在的華北地區約一百萬戶，而南方九國所在地區已有二百三十萬戶。南方人口超過北方的態勢至此已經定型，北宋年初的南北人口比例大約是6：4{{refTag|name=五代十國經濟概論|1=《隋唐五代史：世界帝國‧開明開放》〈第八章 隋唐時代的經濟發展〉. 第239頁－第271頁.}}。
雖然唐朝后期南方也受到[[庞勋之变|龐勛之變]]與[[黃巢之亂]]的影响，但在十國時期，重大戰事較少，政局比較穩定，有利於社會經濟的恢復和發展{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2586%258D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E4%25B8%258A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%25A1%25B0%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2590%258E%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%258A%25A8%25E8%258D%25A1%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25AE%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25B0%2591%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%25B4%259B%25E7%25B4%259B%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25B8%258B%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E8%259C%2580%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2580%25E9%2581%25A0%25E9%2581%2594%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%2594%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E9%259A%25B1%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E8%25B3%25A2%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2598%25AF%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E4%25BA%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25B6%25BA%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%259C%2580%25E9%2581%25A0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%25AF%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E9%2581%25BF%25E5%259C%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%259A%25E6%25B8%25B8%25E7%2584%2589%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%2590%258D%25E8%2587%25A3%25E8%25AC%25AB%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2580%2585%25E5%25BE%2580%25E5%25BE%2580%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%25AD%2590%25E5%25AD%25AB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2588%2596%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%2595%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E9%2581%25AD%25E4%25BA%2582%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25BE%2597%25E9%2582%2584%25E8%2580%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259A%2586%25E5%25AE%25A2%25E5%25B6%25BA%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2597%259C%25E5%2585%25A7%25E9%2581%2593%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258D%2597%25E9%2581%2593%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258C%2597%25E9%2581%2593%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%25B8%259B%25E5%25B0%2591%25E5%25BE%2588%25E5%25A4%259A%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25A6%2582%25E8%2598%2587%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2584%2582%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B4%25AA%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%25A5%2592%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2590%2589%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25A5%2584%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2583%25A2%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25A1%25A1%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E5%25B7%259E%25E7%25AD%2589%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25B9%2585%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%258D%2587%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2593%259A%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2598%2587%25E5%25B7%259E%25E6%2588%25B6%25E5%258F%25A3%25E4%25B8%25AD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2587%25AA%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%2581%25B7%25E4%25BE%2586%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258D%25A0%25E5%258E%259F%25E4%25BE%2586%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2595%25B8%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%2588%2586%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E6%2598%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%2585%25A7%25E6%2588%25B6%25E5%258F%25A3%25E5%25A2%9E%E5%8A%A0%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%89%E5%80%8D%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%99%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%A0%E4%BA%86%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%BE%E5%A4%9A%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%89%87%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%AF%86%E9%9B%86%7B%7BrefTag%7C1%3D%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%AB%A0 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.}}。長期安定的環境有利於發展生產，使得十國府庫逐漸充實。五代十國末期，[[后周|後周]]與[[北汉|北漢]]的戶口不過一百萬戶，南方諸國則多達兩百七十餘萬戶。在這些國家中，以[[南唐]]的六十五萬戶最多，其次是[[吴越|吳越]]的五十五萬戶居次；再次為[[後蜀]]的五十三萬餘戶。這三國的人口總合，差不多是當時中國地區總人口的一半{{refTag|1=傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十五章〈五代與十國（下）〉，第134頁。}}。北宋統一南北時，原後周和北漢所在的華北地區約一百萬戶，而南方九國所在地區已有二百三十萬戶。南方人口超過北方的態勢至此已經定型，北宋年初的南北人口比例大約是6：4{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E2%2580%25A7%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%2585%25AB%25E7%25AB%25A0 隋唐時代的經濟發展〉. 第239頁－第271頁.}}。


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== 經濟 ==
== 經濟 ==
唐朝後期因為[[安史之亂]]、[[藩鎮割據]]與[[黃巢之亂]]的因素，使得北方戰亂不堪，人口流移南方，田園荒蕪。到五代十國時期，五代時交迭頻繁，北方戰火始終未能平熄，北方經濟比較落後，人口持續大減。直至[[后周|後周]]後期才逐漸恢復，但經濟力始終不如南方。而南方則較為安定，持續吸收來自北方的流民，替南方帶來大批的勞動力及先進的耕織技術，加速了南方經濟的發展{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2588%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E6%259E%2597%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2593%25BA%25E8%2584%25AB%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E8%25B2%25A0%25E6%2593%2594%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E4%25B8%2594%25E5%2590%259B%25E7%258E%258B%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25A6%2596%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2594%25A2%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2587%25BA%25E8%258B%25A5%25E5%25B9%25B9%25E5%2580%258B%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%259F%258E%25E5%25B8%2582%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%259F%259F%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%259C%2580%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2598%25AF%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E7%2599%25BC%25E9%2581%2594%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2580%2589%25E5%25BA%25AB%25E9%25A3%25BD%25E6%25BB%25BF%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2585%25A9%25E6%25B7%25AE%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25A1%2591%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%258C%25B6%25E8%2591%2589%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%2588%25A9%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E8%25B2%25BF%25E6%2598%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2590%25B3%25E8%25B6%258A%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25B2%25BF%25E6%2598%2593%25E6%259C%2580%25E7%2582%25BA%25E8%2588%2588%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A6%2581%25E9%259D%25A0%25E8%25B3%25A3%25E8%258C%25B6%25E5%2592%258C%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%2595%2586%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2581%258B%25E8%258C%25B6%25E5%2588%25B0%25E9%25BB%2583%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E6%258F%259B%25E8%25A1%25A3%25E6%2596%2599%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%2588%25B0%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E7%258D%25B2%25E5%2588%25A9%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%259F%259F%25E5%25BD%25BC%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E4%25BA%2592%25E9%2580%259A%25E6%259C%2589%25E7%2584%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E8%2588%2587%25E8%258F%25AF%25E5%258C%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25A4%2596%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%2595%2586%25E8%25B2%25BF%25E6%2598%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2588%2586%25E8%2588%2588%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2589%2580%25E4%25BB%25A5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2587%25B3%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E5%25AE%258C%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%259B%25BF%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25BF%2583%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258F%25A4%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%94%E7%AB%A0 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.}}{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582
唐朝後期因為[[安史之亂]]、[[藩鎮割據]]與[[黃巢之亂]]的因素，使得北方戰亂不堪，人口流移南方，田園荒蕪。到五代十國時期，五代時交迭頻繁，北方戰火始終未能平熄，北方經濟比較落後，人口持續大減。直至[[后周|後周]]後期才逐漸恢復，但經濟力始終不如南方。而南方則較為安定，持續吸收來自北方的流民，替南方帶來大批的勞動力及先進的耕織技術，加速了南方經濟的發展{{refTag|name=五代十國經濟概論}}。到五代十國期間，由於南方十國國家林立，擺脫北方經濟負擔，而且君王重視生產發展，發展出若幹個以大城市為中心的經濟區域。蜀地是農業、工商業發達地區，倉庫飽滿。江南兩淮重農桑、茶葉、水利與商業貿易，其中吳越、閩國與南漢的貿易最為興盛。湖廣要靠賣茶和通商，運茶到黃河一帶，交換衣料和戰馬以獲利。這些區域彼此互通有無，並與華北、外國通商貿易，商業十分興盛。所以，南方至此已完全代替北方成為全中國地區的經濟中心{{refTag|name=五代經濟|1=《中國古代經濟簡史》第五章 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.}}{{refTag|name=五代十國經濟概論}}。


=== 農業 ===
=== 農業 ===
[[File:Zhejiang.JPG|thumb|340px|北宋時[[杭州市|杭州]]城與[[钱塘江]]地圖，此城與[[錢塘江石塘]]是吳越王[[钱镠|錢鏐]]所修建的。]]
[[File:Zhejiang.JPG|thumb|340px|北宋時[[杭州市|杭州]]城與[[钱塘江]]地圖，此城與[[錢塘江石塘]]是吳越王[[钱镠|錢鏐]]所修建的。]]
唐朝后期至五代十國時期，中原地區的經濟因為長期的戰亂、天災而殘破不堪，河北、河南、山東與關中一帶都是戰亂區。例如943年後晉出帝時，春夏裏有早災，秋冬有水災，蝗蟲大起，境內竹木葉都被蝗蟲吃光；再加上軍事上人為的決黃河水，水浸汴、鄂各州，使北方的生産遭到極大破壞。相對的，自漢魏六朝以來，比較平穩的江南、湖廣與巴蜀地區的經濟持續發展而十分興盛，成為中原人民投奔的地方。在加上華南地區被細劃分數國，各國為了提升經濟力莫不細心經營，這使得十國的經濟力遠勝於重武力的五代{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。
唐朝后期至五代十國時期，中原地區的經濟因為長期的戰亂、天災而殘破不堪，河北、河南、山東與關中一帶都是戰亂區。例如943年後晉出帝時，春夏裏有早災，秋冬有水災，蝗蟲大起，境內竹木葉都被蝗蟲吃光；再加上軍事上人為的決黃河水，水浸汴、鄂各州，使北方的生産遭到極大破壞。相對的，自漢魏六朝以來，比較平穩的江南、湖廣與巴蜀地區的經濟持續發展而十分興盛，成為中原人民投奔的地方。在加上華南地區被細劃分數國，各國為了提升經濟力莫不細心經營，這使得十國的經濟力遠勝於重武力的五代{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


雖然五代戰亂不堪，但仍有不少君王提振經濟。後梁太祖稱帝後重視農業，他任[[張全義]]為河南尹，以恢復河南地區的生產。908年又令諸州滅蝗以利農桑{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25AE%2597]]%25E5%259F%25B7%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%2580%25A1%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%2584%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2588%2588%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%2588%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2597%259C%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%25A7%2593%25E7%2596%25BE%25E8%258B%25A6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%25A7%2593%25E5%25BE%2597%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2596%2598%25E6%2581%25AF%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596[[%25E9%2583%25AD%25E5%25A8%2581]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2586%25E6%25B8%259B%25E8%25BC%2595%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%25A3%2593%25E5%258A%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2596%25BC952%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%259B%25B4%25E6%258E%25A5%25E5%25B0%2587%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%25B1%25AF%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0%257B%257BNoteTag%257C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E5%25B1%25AF%25E7%2594%25B0%25E7%2582%25BA[[%25E8%2590%25A5%25E7%2594%25B0]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0%25E7%2594%25B1%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%2580%2595%25E7%25A8%25AE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2597%25A9%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%2588%2586%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2582%258A%25E7%2596%2586%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25AE%2589%25E5%258F%25B2%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25BA%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%25B0%2591%25E6%2588%25B7%25E5%2587%258F%25E5%25B0%2591%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2587%258E%25E5%25A4%259A%25E9%2597%25B2%25E7%2594%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E7%259B%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%259C%2580%25E8%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E9%259A%258A%25E9%25A7%2590%25E5%25AE%2588%25E9%2598%25B2%25E7%25A6%25A6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E8%2590%25A5%25E7%2594%25B0%25E6%2593%25B4%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2585%25A7%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0]]%25E9%2580%2590%25E6%25BC%25B8%25E7%25A7%2581%25E7%2594%25B0%25E5%258C%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E8%25BF%25AB%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%2585%25E7%2595%25B6%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0%25E6%2588%25B6%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25A8%2585%25E6%2594%25B6%25E6%25B8%259B%25E5%25B0%2591%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0%25E6%2594%25B6%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2593%25A1%25E4%25BE%25B5%25E5%2590%259E%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E8%25B3%259C%25E7%25B5%25A6%25E4%25BD%2583%25E6%2588%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%258D%2587%25E7%25A8%2585%25E6%2594%25B6%25EF%25BC%259B%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E9%2599%25A4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E8%25A1%258C%25E7%259A%2584%25E3%80%8C%E7%89%9B%E7%A7%9F%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%BF%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91%E5%85%8D%E9%99%A4%E7%89%9B%E6%AD%BB%E7%A7%9F%E5%AD%98%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%A0%E6%93%94%7B%7BrefTag%7C1%3D%E3%80%8A%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91%E2%80%A7%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%99%BE%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E2%80%A7%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8%E7%B4%80%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E5%BB%A3%E9%A0%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8C%E6%95%95%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8E%E6%82%89%E7%BD%B7%E6%88%B6%E9%83%A8%E7%87%9F%E7%94%B0%E5%8B%99%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%85%B6%E6%B0%91%E9%9A%B8%E5%B7%9E%E7%B8%A3%EF%BC%9B%E5%85%B6%E7%94%B0%E5%BB%AC%E3%80%81%E7%89%9B%E3%80%81%E8%BE%B2%E5%99%A8%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%A6%E8%B3%9C%E8%A6%8B%E4%BD%83%E8%80%85%E7%82%BA%E6%B0%B8%E6%A5%AD%EF%BC%8C%E6%82%89%E9%99%A4%E7%A7%9F%E7%89%9B%E8%AA%B2%E3%80%82%E3%80%8F%E6%98%AF%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%B6%E9%83%A8%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%89%E8%90%AC%E9%A4%98%E6%88%B6%E3%80%82%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A2%E5%BE%97%E7%82%BA%E6%B0%B8%E6%A5%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%A7%8B%E6%95%A2%E8%91%BA%E5%B1%8B%E6%A4%8D%E6%9C%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%8D%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%95%B8%E5%80%8D%E3%80%82%E3%80%8D%7D%7D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%7D%7D%E3%80%82%E5%88%B0%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96%E6%99%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%A0%E6%9C%89%E7%94%B0%E7%95%9D%E5%BE%B5%E7%A8%85%E3%80%82%E9%80%99%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%96%BC%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E8%88%8A%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E6%98%AF%E5%90%8C%E5%85%A9%E7%A8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雖然五代戰亂不堪，但仍有不少君王提振經濟。後梁太祖稱帝後重視農業，他任[[張全義]]為河南尹，以恢復河南地區的生產。908年又令諸州滅蝗以利農桑{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。[[後唐明宗]]執政期間，提倡節儉，興修水利，關心百姓疾苦，使百姓得以喘息。到後周時，後周太祖[[郭威]]為了減輕農民壓力，於952年直接將兵屯的營田{{NoteTag|唐朝稱屯田為[[营田]]，營田由士兵耕種，早期部分在邊疆。安史之亂後，由於民户减少，野多闲田，各地藩鎮強盛，需要軍隊駐守防禦，這使得营田擴展到國內各地。五代期間的[[營田]]逐漸私田化，並且強迫農民充當營田戶。這使得國家稅收減少，而營田收入又常被官員侵吞{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。}}賜給佃戶，以提升稅收；並且廢除後梁太祖朱溫實行的「牛租」，使農民免除牛死租存的負擔{{refTag|1=《資治通鑑‧卷第二百九十一‧後周紀二》：周太祖廣順二年「敕：『悉罷戶部營田務，以其民隸州縣；其田廬、牛、農器，並賜見佃者為永業，悉除租牛課。』是歲，戶部增三萬餘戶。民既得為永業，始敢葺屋植木，獲利數倍。」}}{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。到後周世祖時，建立均田制，按實際占有田畝徵稅。這不同於隋唐前期的舊制，而是同兩稅法之後普遍實行稅產是一致的{{refTag|name=五代十國概論}}。
南方十國提倡經濟發展，並且重视兴修水利，防水治害。例如吳越、南唐獎勵農桑；閩及南漢促進海外貿易；前蜀和後蜀亦能發展農耕絲織，此均能令南方的經濟得到發展。巴蜀地區在唐朝就十分富庶，有天府之國之譽稱。經歷戰亂後，在前蜀[[王建 (前蜀)|王建]]與後蜀[[孟知祥]]、[[孟昶]]父子的經營下，政治相對穩定。他們又注重興修水利，廣泛耕墾，在[[褒中]]一帶還興辦了屯田，使得農業生產比較發達。後蜀時期，「百姓富庶」、「斗米三錢」，米便宜到一斗三文錢。而兩廣地區也讓不少人遷居，五十年來，[[南岭|南嶺]]以南無事，使得南漢府庫逐漸充實{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。
南方十國提倡經濟發展，並且重视兴修水利，防水治害。例如吳越、南唐獎勵農桑；閩及南漢促進海外貿易；前蜀和後蜀亦能發展農耕絲織，此均能令南方的經濟得到發展。巴蜀地區在唐朝就十分富庶，有天府之國之譽稱。經歷戰亂後，在前蜀[[王建 (前蜀)|王建]]與後蜀[[孟知祥]]、[[孟昶]]父子的經營下，政治相對穩定。他們又注重興修水利，廣泛耕墾，在[[褒中]]一帶還興辦了屯田，使得農業生產比較發達。後蜀時期，「百姓富庶」、「斗米三錢」，米便宜到一斗三文錢。而兩廣地區也讓不少人遷居，五十年來，[[南岭|南嶺]]以南無事，使得南漢府庫逐漸充實{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


吳與南唐、吳越所在的兩淮、江南與太湖地區在隋唐時期十分繁榮，是唐朝的粮食重鎮{{refTag|1=《新唐书·权德舆传》：“江淮田一善熟，则旁资数道，故天下大计，仰于东南。”}}。歷經[[庞勋之变|龐勛之變]]與[[黃巢之亂]]後也逐漸回復，當地朝廷支持大規模開墾荒地，並且修築水道。吴和南唐在[[丹陽|丹阳]]疏浚[[练湖]]，在[[句容市|句容]]疏浚[[绛岩湖]]，在[[淮安区|楚州]]筑白水塘，在[[凤台县|寿州]]筑安丰塘，少者溉田数千顷，多者溉田万顷以上。吳越王[[钱镠|錢鏐]]在[[钱塘江|錢塘江]]修築[[錢塘江石塘]]以防海潮侵襲{{refTag|1=《筑塘疏》：“目击平原沃野，尽成江水汪洋，虽值干戈扰攘之后，即兴筑塘修堤之举。”}}，並且疏浚[[西湖]]、[[太湖]]和[[鑒湖]]等{{refTag|1=《宋史·河渠志》记载“钱氏有国，始置撩湖兵七千人，专一开浚。”}}，又募民開墾荒田，免徵田稅，使杭州一帶成為江南富裕之城。而福建地區在唐朝后期經濟力不強，[[王潮]]、[[王審知]]兄弟領有閩國後，他們勸民農桑，在连江县[[车湖]]周围筑堤，可溉田四万余顷。南唐和吴越的農民还修建了一种圩田，即[[围田]]。旱则开闸引水灌田，涝则关闸拒水，把低洼的涝地变成良好的耕田{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。而湖廣之地，在東晉南朝以來也十分興盛。[[马殷|馬殷]]據湖南建國楚國後，不斷提升湘中、湘西的糧食產量。在[[周行逢]]據有湖南時，人民「率務稼穡，四五年間，倉廩充實」。這些都使得長江中下游一帶成為「賦出於天下，江南居十九」的餘糧區，到宋朝更有「蘇常（或湖）熟、天下足」的說法{{refTag|name=五代十國經濟概論}}。
吳與南唐、吳越所在的兩淮、江南與太湖地區在隋唐時期十分繁榮，是唐朝的粮食重鎮{{refTag|1=《新唐书·权德舆传》：“江淮田一善熟，则旁资数道，故天下大计，仰于东南。”}}。歷經[[庞勋之变|龐勛之變]]與[[黃巢之亂]]後也逐漸回復，當地朝廷支持大規模開墾荒地，並且修築水道。吴和南唐在[[丹陽|丹阳]]疏浚[[练湖]]，在[[句容市|句容]]疏浚[[绛岩湖]]，在[[淮安区|楚州]]筑白水塘，在[[凤台县|寿州]]筑安丰塘，少者溉田数千顷，多者溉田万顷以上。吳越王[[钱镠|錢鏐]]在[[钱塘江|錢塘江]]修築[[錢塘江石塘]]以防海潮侵襲{{refTag|1=《筑塘疏》：“目击平原沃野，尽成江水汪洋，虽值干戈扰攘之后，即兴筑塘修堤之举。”}}，並且疏浚[[西湖]]、[[太湖]]和[[鑒湖]]等{{refTag|1=《宋史·河渠志》记载“钱氏有国，始置撩湖兵七千人，专一开浚。”}}，又募民開墾荒田，免徵田稅，使杭州一帶成為江南富裕之城。而福建地區在唐朝后期經濟力不強，[[王潮]]、[[王審知]]兄弟領有閩國後，他們勸民農桑，在连江县[[车湖]]周围筑堤，可溉田四万余顷。南唐和吴越的農民还修建了一种圩田，即[[围田]]。旱则开闸引水灌田，涝则关闸拒水，把低洼的涝地变成良好的耕田{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%259D%25B1%25E6%2599%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%259C%259D%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E4%25BE%2586%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2588%2586%25E8%2588%2588%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E6%25AE%25B7%257C%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%25AE%25B7]]%25E6%2593%259A%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%2596%25B7%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%258D%2587%25E6%25B9%2598%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B9%2598%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B3%25A7%25E9%25A3%259F%25E7%2594%25A2%25E9%2587%258F%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259C%25A8[[%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%25A1%258C%25E9%2580%25A2]]%25E6%2593%259A%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E3%2580%258C%25E7%258E%2587%25E5%258B%2599%25E7%25A8%25BC%25E7%25A9%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259B%259B%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2580%2589%25E5%25BB%25A9%25E5%2585%2585%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E9%2583%25BD%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E9%2595%25B7%25E6%25B1%259F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%258B%25E6%25B8%25B8%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2582%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E8%25B3%25A6%25E5%2587%25BA%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25B1%2585%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B9%259D%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25A4%2598%25E7%25B3%25A7%25E5%258D%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258C%25E8%2598%2587%25E5%25B8%25B8%25EF%25BC%2588%25E6%2588%2596%25E6%25B9%2596%25EF%25BC%2589%25E7%2586%259F%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25B6%25B3%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E6%25B3%2595%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


南方除了糧食作物興盛之外，在茶葉、絲綢與棉花等經濟作物也十分興盛，且進入專業化的地步。當時茶葉除了種於山區之外，也有建立於平地丘陵制之上。根據《四時纂要》記載當時江南茶園十分發達。五代時，楚國[[马殷|馬殷]]對於茶葉、植桑養蠶與棉花十分興盛，帶動楚國的商業與貿易發展。閩國發展經濟產物[[茶|茶葉]]，又獎勵海上貿易，大舉提升當地的經濟{{refTag|name=五代十國經濟概論}}。
南方除了糧食作物興盛之外，在茶葉、絲綢與棉花等經濟作物也十分興盛，且進入專業化的地步。當時茶葉除了種於山區之外，也有建立於平地丘陵制之上。根據《四時纂要》記載當時江南茶園十分發達。五代時，楚國[[马殷|馬殷]]對於茶葉、植桑養蠶與棉花十分興盛，帶動楚國的商業與貿易發展。閩國發展經濟產物[[茶|茶葉]]，又獎勵海上貿易，大舉提升當地的經濟{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


=== 手工業 ===
=== 手工業 ===
[[File:Vase with 4 spouts Asian Art Museum SF B60P2037.JPG|thumb|180px|五代的蓮尖四壺嘴白瓷。]]
[[File:Vase with 4 spouts Asian Art Museum SF B60P2037.JPG|thumb|180px|五代的蓮尖四壺嘴白瓷。]]
諸國混戰雖然嚴重破壞了社會經濟，但社會生產仍未中斷。即使在華北地區，[[朱温|後梁太祖]]建國初期和[[後唐明宗]]在位時，都曾分別採取某些恢復生產的措施。後周時，手工業如紡織、造紙、制茶、曬煮鹽等生產也有所發展。而南方十國的紡織業更是凌駕在北方之上{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}{{refTag|name=五代手工業|1=《中國文明史 隋唐五代》〈第五章 封建社會盛世經濟的繁榮〉: 第373頁.}}。
諸國混戰雖然嚴重破壞了社會經濟，但社會生產仍未中斷。即使在華北地區，[[朱温|後梁太祖]]建國初期和[[後唐明宗]]在位時，都曾分別採取某些恢復生產的措施。後周時，手工業如紡織、造紙、制茶、曬煮鹽等生產也有所發展。而南方十國的紡織業更是凌駕在北方之上{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代》〈第五章 封建社會盛世經濟的繁榮〉: 第373頁.}}。


[[雕版印刷]]最初是在民間流行，在五代十國時期尤為突出，其中以江南和巴蜀两地比較发达，不仅有民间书肆出售的佛经和日用各书，而且士大夫阶级所读的儒家经典也用雕版印刷發行。雕版印刷較發達的前蜀，印刷品主要是占卜書、字書等。到後蜀時專門印製，導致「蜀中文學復盛」。932年後唐宰相[[馮道]]提議官方採行雕版印製《[[詩經]]》、《[[書經]]》、《[[禮記]]》等等[[九經]]，出現官方大規模印刷。這個計畫由[[國子監]]實現，沒有因為戰亂而中止，直到953年後周時期才刻印完畢，共二十二年。從此，刻本「九經」廣為流傳。此後朝廷刊印經書的數量增加，這個任務也交給國子監負責，書版也收藏在國子監內，被稱為「監本」{{refTag|name=五代手工業}}。
[[雕版印刷]]最初是在民間流行，在五代十國時期尤為突出，其中以江南和巴蜀两地比較发达，不仅有民间书肆出售的佛经和日用各书，而且士大夫阶级所读的儒家经典也用雕版印刷發行。雕版印刷較發達的前蜀，印刷品主要是占卜書、字書等。到後蜀時專門印製，導致「蜀中文學復盛」。932年後唐宰相[[馮道]]提議官方採行雕版印製《[[詩經]]》、《[[書經]]》、《[[禮記]]》等等[[九經]]，出現官方大規模印刷。這個計畫由[[國子監]]實現，沒有因為戰亂而中止，直到953年後周時期才刻印完畢，共二十二年。從此，刻本「九經」廣為流傳。此後朝廷刊印經書的數量增加，這個任務也交給國子監負責，書版也收藏在國子監內，被稱為「監本」{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


五代亦為陶藝的重要蛻變期，也是由民間走向官方製窯。民窯與官窯分道揚鑣，爭奇鬥艷，成為一色釉瓷器盛行的時期。官方創設官窯，專門供應皇室和官員所用。在北方有[[後唐]]、[[後周]]的御窯，在南方有[[吳越國]]的[[秘色窯]]，西南方有[[前蜀]]、[[後蜀]]的官窯。而民間也保持優良的傳統，例如位於河北的[[定窯]]即十分興盛{{refTag|1=[http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/caat/caat_rptcaatc.php?_op=?SUBJECT_ID:300018422 藝術與建築索引典—五代] 於2011 年4 月1 日查閱}}。而[[吳越國]]的越器，其燒製技術優良，十分有名{{refTag|name=五代手工業}}。五代的陶瓷匠師更是創造出「雨過天青」的傳世之寶，成為中國古代陶瓷發展史上的一大創舉{{refTag|name=隋唐五代科技史|1=张奎元. 隋唐五代科技史. 人民出版社. 1994.}}。製窯技術也遠傳國外，918年[[後梁]]時期時，[[高麗]]便學會中國的造瓷技術，並在[[康津]]設立了窯廠，此後又陸續傳到了日本及西方各國{{refTag|name=隋唐五代科技史}}。
五代亦為陶藝的重要蛻變期，也是由民間走向官方製窯。民窯與官窯分道揚鑣，爭奇鬥艷，成為一色釉瓷器盛行的時期。官方創設官窯，專門供應皇室和官員所用。在北方有[[後唐]]、[[後周]]的御窯，在南方有[[吳越國]]的[[秘色窯]]，西南方有[[前蜀]]、[[後蜀]]的官窯。而民間也保持優良的傳統，例如位於河北的[[定窯]]即十分興盛{{refTag|1=[http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/caat/caat_rptcaatc.php?_op=?SUBJECT_ID:300018422 藝術與建築索引典—五代] 於2011 年4 月1 日查閱}}。而[[吳越國]]的越器，其燒製技術優良，十分有名{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2599%25B6%25E7%2593%25B7%25E5%258C%25A0%25E5%25B8%25AB%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%2589%25B5%25E9%2580%25A0%25E5%2587%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%259B%25A8%25E9%2581%258E%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E9%259D%2592%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2582%25B3%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25AF%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258F%25A4%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%2599%25B6%25E7%2593%25B7%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%258F%25B2%25E4%25B8%258A%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%2589%25B5%25E8%2588%2589%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257C1%253D%25E5%25BC%25A0%25E5%25A5%258E%25E5%2585%2583%252E 隋唐五代科技史. 人民出版社. 1994.}}。製窯技術也遠傳國外，918年[[後梁]]時期時，[[高麗]]便學會中國的造瓷技術，並在[[康津]]設立了窯廠，此後又陸續傳到了日本及西方各國{{refTag|name=%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


[[澄心堂紙]]是五代時期的名紙之一。五代[[李煜|南唐後主]]擅寫詩詞，喜歡收藏書籍和紙張，為此將金陵官府的一幢房子命名為澄心堂，作為作詩藏書之地。南唐後主還特地令四川造紙工匠來到澄心堂，仿照蜀紙製成一種質地優良的新紙，並命名為「澄心堂紙」。因為澄心堂紙的質量非常好，以至一紙值百金，是紙品中的佼佼者。此後宋朝、清朝也都學習南唐的技術，生產並使用了這種紙{{refTag|name=隋唐五代科技史}}{{refTag|name=五代手工業}}。
[[澄心堂紙]]是五代時期的名紙之一。五代[[李煜|南唐後主]]擅寫詩詞，喜歡收藏書籍和紙張，為此將金陵官府的一幢房子命名為澄心堂，作為作詩藏書之地。南唐後主還特地令四川造紙工匠來到澄心堂，仿照蜀紙製成一種質地優良的新紙，並命名為「澄心堂紙」。因為澄心堂紙的質量非常好，以至一紙值百金，是紙品中的佼佼者。此後宋朝、清朝也都學習南唐的技術，生產並使用了這種紙{{refTag|name=%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


=== 商業 ===
=== 商業 ===
商業方面，由於北方五代戰亂不斷，農業遭受破壞，連帶商業也難以發展。而華南經濟未遭受很大破壞，南方十國的政局相對於北方也比較穩定，除了盛產糧食之外，部分國家還大量出產茶葉、絲綢與棉花等經濟作物。由於國家林立，長江水運與海上運輸都很便利。各國紛紛互通有無，有的還與外國貿易，使得商業貿易十分發達。華北需要大量的茶葉，而楚國、南唐與閩國等南方茶商也需要運送至河南、河北等地，使得[[荆南|荊南]]成為茶葉轉運中心，商人販賣茶葉，買回繒纊、戰馬。而江南所需的食鹽一部分也依賴華北供應。北方五代與北漢、燕、岐等勢力從[[契丹人|契丹]]、[[回鹘|回鶻]]、[[党項]]買馬，前後蜀向西邊各少數族買馬。南方諸臣服國都以進貢方式和北方進行貿易。南唐、吳越、閩國與北方的貿易主要是通過海路，東自[[高麗]]、[[日本]]，西至[[阿拉伯帝国|大食]]，南及[[占城]]、[[三佛齐|三佛齊]]等都有商業往來。當時有不少貿易大港如[[扬州市|揚州]]、[[宁波市|明州]]、[[广州市|廣州]]等等，其中[[杭州市|杭州]]、[[福州市|福州]]與[[泉州市|泉州]]都是這個時期擴建成長。例如吳越[[钱镠|錢鏐]]擴建杭州城、閩國[[王審知]]擴建福州城、閩南[[留從效]]擴建泉州城等{{refTag|name=五代十國經濟概論}}。吳越、吳國和南唐從海外輸入「[[猛火油]]」使用，還從海道再輸往[[辽朝|遼朝]]{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。但從全國範圍來說，由於政治不統一，交通阻隔，經濟很少進步，所以商業的發展也受到了限制。如前蜀法令規定：「不許奇貨東出」{{refTag|1=《舊五代史‧卷三十三‧莊宗紀七》：「初，帝令往市蜀中珍玩，蜀法嚴峻，不許奇貨東出，其許市者謂之「入草物」。嚴不獲珍貨，歸而奏之，帝大怒曰：「物歸中夏者命之曰'入草'，王衍寧免為入草之人耶！」」}}。後周規定販運食鹽不得逾越[[漳河 (山西)|漳河]]。但是，通商貿易仍然十分興盛{{refTag|name=五代經濟}}。
商業方面，由於北方五代戰亂不斷，農業遭受破壞，連帶商業也難以發展。而華南經濟未遭受很大破壞，南方十國的政局相對於北方也比較穩定，除了盛產糧食之外，部分國家還大量出產茶葉、絲綢與棉花等經濟作物。由於國家林立，長江水運與海上運輸都很便利。各國紛紛互通有無，有的還與外國貿易，使得商業貿易十分發達。華北需要大量的茶葉，而楚國、南唐與閩國等南方茶商也需要運送至河南、河北等地，使得[[荆南|荊南]]成為茶葉轉運中心，商人販賣茶葉，買回繒纊、戰馬。而江南所需的食鹽一部分也依賴華北供應。北方五代與北漢、燕、岐等勢力從[[契丹人|契丹]]、[[回鹘|回鶻]]、[[党項]]買馬，前後蜀向西邊各少數族買馬。南方諸臣服國都以進貢方式和北方進行貿易。南唐、吳越、閩國與北方的貿易主要是通過海路，東自[[高麗]]、[[日本]]，西至[[阿拉伯帝国|大食]]，南及[[占城]]、[[三佛齐|三佛齊]]等都有商業往來。當時有不少貿易大港如[[扬州市|揚州]]、[[宁波市|明州]]、[[广州市|廣州]]等等，其中[[杭州市|杭州]]、[[福州市|福州]]與[[泉州市|泉州]]都是這個時期擴建成長。例如吳越[[钱镠|錢鏐]]擴建杭州城、閩國[[王審知]]擴建福州城、閩南[[留從效]]擴建泉州城等{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2590%25B3%25E8%25B6%258A%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25BE%259E%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%25A4%2596%25E8%25BC%25B8%25E5%2585%25A5%25E3%2580%258C[[%25E7%258C%259B%25E7%2581%25AB%25E6%25B2%25B9]]%25E3%2580%258D%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2582%2584%25E5%25BE%259E%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E9%2581%2593%25E5%2586%258D%25E8%25BC%25B8%25E5%25BE%2580[[%25E8%25BE%25BD%25E6%259C%259D%257C%25E9%2581%25BC%25E6%259C%259D]]%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BD%2586%25E5%25BE%259E%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25AF%2584%25E5%259C%258D%25E4%25BE%2586%25E8%25AA%25AA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E9%2580%259A%25E9%2598%25BB%25E9%259A%2594%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E5%25BE%2588%25E5%25B0%2591%25E9%2580%25B2%25E6%25AD%25A5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%2580%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%258F%2597%25E5%2588%25B0%25E4%25BA%2586%25E9%2599%2590%25E5%2588%25B6%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%259C%2580%25E6%25B3%2595%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E8%25A6%258F%25E5%25AE%259A%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E5%25A5%2587%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E6%259D%25B1%25E5%2587%25BA%25E3%2580%258D%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E8%2588%258A%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E2%2580%25A7%25E5%258D%25B7%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%2589%25E2%2580%25A7%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597%25E7%25B4%2580%25E4%25B8%2583%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2588%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E5%25BE%2580%25E5%25B8%2582%25E8%259C%2580%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%258F%258D%25E7%258E%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%259C%2580%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%259A%25B4%25E5%25B3%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E5%25A5%2587%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E6%259D%25B1%25E5%2587%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E5%25B8%2582%25E8%2580%2585%25E8%25AC%2582%25E4%25B9%258B%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2585%25A5%25E8%258D%2589%25E7%2589%25A9%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259A%25B4%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%258D%25B2%25E7%258F%258D%25E8%25B2%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25A5%258F%25E4%25B9%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%2580%2592%25E6%259B%25B0%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E7%2589%25A9%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%258F%25E8%2580%2585%25E5%2591%25BD%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%259B%25B0'入草'，王衍寧免為入草之人耶！」」}}。後周規定販運食鹽不得逾越[[漳河 (山西)|漳河]]。但是，通商貿易仍然十分興盛{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582
[[File:Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|[[韩熙载夜宴图|韓熙載夜宴圖]]，描摹了[[南唐]]巨宦[[韩熙载]]家开宴行乐的场景。]]
[[File:Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|[[韩熙载夜宴图|韓熙載夜宴圖]]，描摹了[[南唐]]巨宦[[韩熙载]]家开宴行乐的场景。]]


== 文化 ==
== 文化 ==
五代於[[中國文化史|中国文化史]]上有重要地位，主要表现为印刷事业的发展、火药在战场上的出现、词的兴起等几个方面。由於南方較北方富庶安定，因此，文學、繪畫、金屬工藝、浮雕、紡織、陶藝等均盛行於南方{{refTag|name=五代十國文化|1=《隋唐五代史：世界帝國‧開明開放》〈第九章 隋唐時代的文化成就〉. 第273頁－第310頁.}}。
五代於[[中國文化史|中国文化史]]上有重要地位，主要表现为印刷事业的发展、火药在战场上的出现、词的兴起等几个方面。由於南方較北方富庶安定，因此，文學、繪畫、金屬工藝、浮雕、紡織、陶藝等均盛行於南方{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E2%2580%25A7%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B9%259D%25E7%25AB%25A0 隋唐時代的文化成就〉. 第273頁－第310頁.}}。


=== 學術思想 ===
=== 學術思想 ===
五代[[儒家]]學說雖然還是國政的基本依據，但是對社會、政治的影響力已經大大降低。因為儒學對於官方及正常秩序的依賴，要比佛、道二家大得多。當五代政權屢變，儒學備遭破壞，其思想影響大大降低。[[後唐明宗]]在敕旨中指出了學校多廢、典籍罕傳的狀況。[[後周世宗]]時，更做了一些恢復儒學的努力，使儒學的傳統不至於中斷。而民間私人講學的風氣也很盛行，培育了不少的儒學人才，這都成為宋代儒學興發的重要養分{{refTag|name=五代思想}}。
五代[[儒家]]學說雖然還是國政的基本依據，但是對社會、政治的影響力已經大大降低。因為儒學對於官方及正常秩序的依賴，要比佛、道二家大得多。當五代政權屢變，儒學備遭破壞，其思想影響大大降低。[[後唐明宗]]在敕旨中指出了學校多廢、典籍罕傳的狀況。[[後周世宗]]時，更做了一些恢復儒學的努力，使儒學的傳統不至於中斷。而民間私人講學的風氣也很盛行，培育了不少的儒學人才，這都成為宋代儒學興發的重要養分{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


由於社會動蕩和時代短促的緣故，時常發生叛變弒君事，而君王大多重武輕文，士人也重實輕虛，使得本時期比較少有傑出的學者和思想家，有名的儒者只有馮道{{refTag|name=五代思想|1=《中國文明史 隋唐五代史》〈第十二章 學術思想的多元與匯合趨勢的出現〉. 第855頁－第914頁.}}。[[馮道]]為五代政治家，大規模官刻儒學《[[九經]]》，侍奉九姓十五君，「累朝不離將相、三公、三師之位」，前後為官四十多年。其行為事君不忠，但是事親濟民、其主政提攜賢良，在五代有著「當世之士無賢愚，皆仰道為元老，而喜為之偁譽」的聲望，晚年著有《長樂老自敘》{{refTag|name=五代思想}}。
由於社會動蕩和時代短促的緣故，時常發生叛變弒君事，而君王大多重武輕文，士人也重實輕虛，使得本時期比較少有傑出的學者和思想家，有名的儒者只有馮道{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十二章 學術思想的多元與匯合趨勢的出現〉. 第855頁－第914頁.}}。[[馮道]]為五代政治家，大規模官刻儒學《[[九經]]》，侍奉九姓十五君，「累朝不離將相、三公、三師之位」，前後為官四十多年。其行為事君不忠，但是事親濟民、其主政提攜賢良，在五代有著「當世之士無賢愚，皆仰道為元老，而喜為之偁譽」的聲望，晚年著有《長樂老自敘》{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


由於亂世災禍，人們對前途深感無從把握，大多採行消極避世的思想，部分儒者與百姓轉向佛教與道教。有研讀道籍者，也有隱遁山林者，名利之心淡漠，注重個人養生，而有「五季之亂，避世宜多」{{refTag|1=《宋史‧列傳第二百一十六‧隱逸上》：「巢、由雖不見於經，其可誣哉。五季之亂，避世宜多。」}}。其中道教學者[[譚峭]]繼承[[老子]]「道」為世界本源的說法。他認為天地間萬物均是由道演化而來，而道的本質則是虛，許多觀點蘊含著人民性、民主性因素。譚峭著有《[[化書]]》，其中《道化篇》云：「道之委也，虛化神，神化氣，氣化形，形生而萬物所以塞也。道之用也，形化氣，氣化神，神化虛，虛明而萬物所以通也」{{refTag|name=五代思想}}。
由於亂世災禍，人們對前途深感無從把握，大多採行消極避世的思想，部分儒者與百姓轉向佛教與道教。有研讀道籍者，也有隱遁山林者，名利之心淡漠，注重個人養生，而有「五季之亂，避世宜多」{{refTag|1=《宋史‧列傳第二百一十六‧隱逸上》：「巢、由雖不見於經，其可誣哉。五季之亂，避世宜多。」}}。其中道教學者[[譚峭]]繼承[[老子]]「道」為世界本源的說法。他認為天地間萬物均是由道演化而來，而道的本質則是虛，許多觀點蘊含著人民性、民主性因素。譚峭著有《[[化書]]》，其中《道化篇》云：「道之委也，虛化神，神化氣，氣化形，形生而萬物所以塞也。道之用也，形化氣，氣化神，神化虛，虛明而萬物所以通也」{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


唐朝后期的[[皮日休]]繼承[[王充]]以來的「氣」一元論，將氣看作天地萬物的本原。他不認同相命術數等迷信，也不認為有「天」，主張無神論。並且具有民本思想，重視人民生活，批評唐廷政治腐敗無能{{refTag|name=五代思想}}。
唐朝后期的[[皮日休]]繼承[[王充]]以來的「氣」一元論，將氣看作天地萬物的本原。他不認同相命術數等迷信，也不認為有「天」，主張無神論。並且具有民本思想，重視人民生活，批評唐廷政治腐敗無能{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


=== 文學與史學 ===
=== 文學與史學 ===
[[File:Li Yu Lidai Junchen Huaxiang.GIF|thumb|200px|[[南唐]]李後主[[李煜]]是五代十國中最重要的詞人
[[File:Li Yu Lidai Junchen Huaxiang.GIF|thumb|200px|[[南唐]]李後主[[李煜]]是五代十國中最重要的詞人
，其著名之作〈[[虞美人 (詞牌)|虞美人]]〉中：「問君能有幾多愁，恰似一江春水向東流。」，含蓄地顯示出愁思的長流不斷，無窮無盡。]]
，其著名之作〈[[虞美人 (詞牌)|虞美人]]〉中：「問君能有幾多愁，恰似一江春水向東流。」，含蓄地顯示出愁思的長流不斷，無窮無盡。]]
五代的文人饱经沧桑，诗文也透露着沉痛的气息。其中以吳越國诗人[[羅隱|罗隐]]的五七言诗比较优秀，著有《[[羅隱甲乙集]]》，收其詩作，今已不傳。五代前期时期流亡四方的文人学士颇多，[[司空图]]、[[韦庄]]、[[杜光庭]]等，都是非常有文学成就的人物{{refTag|name=五代文學|1=《中國文明史 隋唐五代史》〈第十四章 輝煌的詩歌和文體的變革〉. 第1031頁－第1106頁.}}。
五代的文人饱经沧桑，诗文也透露着沉痛的气息。其中以吳越國诗人[[羅隱|罗隐]]的五七言诗比较优秀，著有《[[羅隱甲乙集]]》，收其詩作，今已不傳。五代前期时期流亡四方的文人学士颇多，[[司空图]]、[[韦庄]]、[[杜光庭]]等，都是非常有文学成就的人物{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十四章 輝煌的詩歌和文體的變革〉. 第1031頁－第1106頁.}}。


然而五代十國的文學是詞的重要發展時期。其詞風的前期繼承晚唐風格，主要描寫皇室貴族的享樂生活。其題材庸俗，境界狹窄，風格柔靡，以[[花间派|花間派]]的作品為代表。到後期出現清晰深沉的描述，情感生動，使人回味無窮，對[[宋詞]]的影響極大。花間派起源於晚唐[[溫庭筠]]、晚唐前蜀的[[韋莊]]，其中溫庭筠被後人稱為「花間鼻祖」，有名的有〈菩薩蠻〉、〈夢江南〉等，而韋莊有〈女冠子〉、〈菩薩蠻〉等，其風格較為清新。而後繁榮於五代，以蜀地和南唐詞人較多，水平也較高，從而成為兩個中心。蜀地有晚唐前蜀的韋莊與後蜀的[[歐陽炯]]等人，他們的作品後來由[[趙崇祚]]收入《[[花間集]]》。[[歐陽炯詞]]作風極委婉之致，有名的有〈南鄉子〉{{refTag|name=五代文學}}。
然而五代十國的文學是詞的重要發展時期。其詞風的前期繼承晚唐風格，主要描寫皇室貴族的享樂生活。其題材庸俗，境界狹窄，風格柔靡，以[[花间派|花間派]]的作品為代表。到後期出現清晰深沉的描述，情感生動，使人回味無窮，對[[宋詞]]的影響極大。花間派起源於晚唐[[溫庭筠]]、晚唐前蜀的[[韋莊]]，其中溫庭筠被後人稱為「花間鼻祖」，有名的有〈菩薩蠻〉、〈夢江南〉等，而韋莊有〈女冠子〉、〈菩薩蠻〉等，其風格較為清新。而後繁榮於五代，以蜀地和南唐詞人較多，水平也較高，從而成為兩個中心。蜀地有晚唐前蜀的韋莊與後蜀的[[歐陽炯]]等人，他們的作品後來由[[趙崇祚]]收入《[[花間集]]》。[[歐陽炯詞]]作風極委婉之致，有名的有〈南鄉子〉{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


另一個中心的南唐有馮延巳、中主李璟、後主李煜等人。[[冯延巳|馮延巳]]的作品有〈採桑子〉、〈謁金門〉等，詞風細膩深沉，影響北宋詞人[[晏殊]]、[[欧阳修|歐陽修]]等，遺有《陽春集》。[[李璟]]的作品以〈攤破浣溪紗〉最具代表，內容深動，沒有艷麗虛浮感，李璟父子的作品被後人集刻為《[[南唐二主詞]]》。[[李煜]]是五代十國中最重要的詞人。其前期的作品也是如同花間派，以〈玉樓春〉、〈菩薩蠻〉等宮廷艷麗生活為主。但在國亡被俘後所寫的詞，或慨嘆身世，或懷戀往昔，形像鮮明，語言生動，把傷感之情寫得很深摯，以〈虞美人〉、〈浪滔沙〉、〈烏夜蹄〉等最具代表。突破了晚唐以來專寫風花雪月、男女之情的窠臼。在內容和意境兩方面都有創新，為北宋詞的發展開拓了新的領域{{refTag|name=五代文學}}。
另一個中心的南唐有馮延巳、中主李璟、後主李煜等人。[[冯延巳|馮延巳]]的作品有〈採桑子〉、〈謁金門〉等，詞風細膩深沉，影響北宋詞人[[晏殊]]、[[欧阳修|歐陽修]]等，遺有《陽春集》。[[李璟]]的作品以〈攤破浣溪紗〉最具代表，內容深動，沒有艷麗虛浮感，李璟父子的作品被後人集刻為《[[南唐二主詞]]》。[[李煜]]是五代十國中最重要的詞人。其前期的作品也是如同花間派，以〈玉樓春〉、〈菩薩蠻〉等宮廷艷麗生活為主。但在國亡被俘後所寫的詞，或慨嘆身世，或懷戀往昔，形像鮮明，語言生動，把傷感之情寫得很深摯，以〈虞美人〉、〈浪滔沙〉、〈烏夜蹄〉等最具代表。突破了晚唐以來專寫風花雪月、男女之情的窠臼。在內容和意境兩方面都有創新，為北宋詞的發展開拓了新的領域{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


史學早在唐朝就十分興盛，到五代十國時仍然盛行，並且重視唐朝史料的部分。其中，以《舊唐書》和《唐會要》最有名，對於記述唐代史事、人物、典制、興亡盛衰等都具有特別重要的價值。《[[旧唐书|舊唐書]]》即《唐書》。為了累積豐厚的資料，早在後梁末帝即下詔徵集唐代家傳以及公私章疏，到後唐明宗又設三川搜訪圖籍使到成都一帶搜尋唐實錄，並明令保護碑碣。最後後晉高祖在914年後晉天福六年下令撰寫，到945年開運二年完成。本書先後由[[張昭遠]]、[[賈緯]]、[[趙熙]]等等人撰寫，監修一開始是趙熙，最後是[[刘昫|劉昫]]。《[[旧唐书|舊唐書]]》保存豐富的人物、事件等原始史料，例如李密的〈討隋煬帝檄文〉，受到後世史學家的重視。但是成書倉促，對原始材料缺乏加工，唐憲宗以前多照抄國史、實錄，而唐穆宗以後系編纂雜說、傳記，所以到宋朝又出現《[[新唐书|新唐書]]》{{refTag|1=《新唐書‧附錄：進唐書表》：「而紀次無法，詳略失中，文采不明，事實零落，蓋又百有五十年，然後得以發揮幽沬。」}}。
史學早在唐朝就十分興盛，到五代十國時仍然盛行，並且重視唐朝史料的部分。其中，以《舊唐書》和《唐會要》最有名，對於記述唐代史事、人物、典制、興亡盛衰等都具有特別重要的價值。《[[旧唐书|舊唐書]]》即《唐書》。為了累積豐厚的資料，早在後梁末帝即下詔徵集唐代家傳以及公私章疏，到後唐明宗又設三川搜訪圖籍使到成都一帶搜尋唐實錄，並明令保護碑碣。最後後晉高祖在914年後晉天福六年下令撰寫，到945年開運二年完成。本書先後由[[張昭遠]]、[[賈緯]]、[[趙熙]]等等人撰寫，監修一開始是趙熙，最後是[[刘昫|劉昫]]。《[[旧唐书|舊唐書]]》保存豐富的人物、事件等原始史料，例如李密的〈討隋煬帝檄文〉，受到後世史學家的重視。但是成書倉促，對原始材料缺乏加工，唐憲宗以前多照抄國史、實錄，而唐穆宗以後系編纂雜說、傳記，所以到宋朝又出現《[[新唐书|新唐書]]》{{refTag|1=《新唐書‧附錄：進唐書表》：「而紀次無法，詳略失中，文采不明，事實零落，蓋又百有五十年，然後得以發揮幽沬。」}}。


五代另一個鉅作《[[唐會要]]》是由後周的[[王溥]]所著，其分門別類的敘述唐代各項典章制度與文物的沿革变迁，再現唐代風貌，是中國历史上第一部《会要》专著{{refTag|name=五代史學|1=《中國文明史 隋唐五代史》〈第十一章 史學發展的新轉折〉. 第795頁－第854頁.}}。五代的歷史筆記也十分興盛，主要也是敘述唐代事物。王仁裕的《[[開元天寶遺事]]》記載唐玄宗時的朝野逸事、王定保的《[[唐摭言]]》詳述唐代貢舉制度、劉崇遠撰《金華子》記敘唐末朝野故事、孫光憲的《[[北夢瑣言]]》記載唐及五代士人逸事等。這些筆記內容真切，在時代特點與社會風貌方面的敘述也比史書多元{{refTag|name=五代史學}}。
五代另一個鉅作《[[唐會要]]》是由後周的[[王溥]]所著，其分門別類的敘述唐代各項典章制度與文物的沿革变迁，再現唐代風貌，是中國历史上第一部《会要》专著{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%25AD%25B8%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十一章 史學發展的新轉折〉. 第795頁－第854頁.}}。五代的歷史筆記也十分興盛，主要也是敘述唐代事物。王仁裕的《[[開元天寶遺事]]》記載唐玄宗時的朝野逸事、王定保的《[[唐摭言]]》詳述唐代貢舉制度、劉崇遠撰《金華子》記敘唐末朝野故事、孫光憲的《[[北夢瑣言]]》記載唐及五代士人逸事等。這些筆記內容真切，在時代特點與社會風貌方面的敘述也比史書多元{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%25AD%25B8%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


=== 宗教 ===
=== 宗教 ===
[[File:Yunyansi Pagoda 1.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[雲岩寺塔]]，位於蘇州西北部的虎丘山頂，是五代重要的建築。]]
[[File:Yunyansi Pagoda 1.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[雲岩寺塔]]，位於蘇州西北部的虎丘山頂，是五代重要的建築。]]
唐朝后期、五代時期政局混亂、戰亂不堪，使得[[儒家|儒學]]衰退、許多士人百姓紛紛尋求宗教上的撫慰。宗教方面依舊延續唐朝中期以来的政策，趨向崇道貶佛，但是[[佛教]]在南方逐漸生根发展。五代各朝推行限制賞賜名僧和度僧人數的政策以限制佛教。但是南方十國崇尚佛教，並沒有強制限制，而南方又以中國化的[[禅宗|禪宗]]為主。[[道教]]在五代十國時期所受限制較少，許多五代皇帝推崇道教，使得道教比較興盛。然而佛教在民間的影響力仍然勝過道教{{refTag|name=五代宗教|1=《中國文明史 隋唐五代史》〈第十三章 發達的多元宗教〉. 第915頁－第130頁.}}{{refTag|name=五代宗教2|1=《中国隋唐五代宗教史》. 梁鸿飞著. 人民出版社.}}。
唐朝后期、五代時期政局混亂、戰亂不堪，使得[[儒家|儒學]]衰退、許多士人百姓紛紛尋求宗教上的撫慰。宗教方面依舊延續唐朝中期以来的政策，趨向崇道貶佛，但是[[佛教]]在南方逐漸生根发展。五代各朝推行限制賞賜名僧和度僧人數的政策以限制佛教。但是南方十國崇尚佛教，並沒有強制限制，而南方又以中國化的[[禅宗|禪宗]]為主。[[道教]]在五代十國時期所受限制較少，許多五代皇帝推崇道教，使得道教比較興盛。然而佛教在民間的影響力仍然勝過道教{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十三章 發達的多元宗教〉. 第915頁－第130頁.}}{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%252E 梁鸿飞著. 人民出版社.}}。
[[會昌法難]]後，[[佛教]]各宗陸續衰退，只有[[禅宗|禪宗]]南宗逐漸興盛，並且在唐朝后期开始分為五宗。禪宗在[[南頓北漸]]後分成[[神秀]]的北宗與[[惠能]]的南宗。惠能主張頓悟、見性成佛，在南遷嶺南後廣為流傳。其弟子[[菏泽神会|神會]]北返洛陽，並在[[明定南北總是非大會]]上擊敗北宗，使禪宗南宗成為禪宗主流。禪宗南宗而後分成神會的荷澤宗、行思的青原宗與懷讓的南岳宗。南岳宗至百丈懷海時，其弟子靈佑、慧濟創建溈仰宗，在五代時期十分興盛，至北宋四代而亡。百丈懷海的弟子希連、義玄創建臨濟宗，到北宋成為禪宗最興盛的派系。文偃創立雲門宗，其思想可概括為三句，即：「函蓋乾坤句，截斷眾流句，隨波逐浪句」。文益開創法眼宗，認為「三界唯心，萬物唯識」，所以主張「不著他求，盡由心造」。青原宗至曹山本寂時創建曹洞宗，在唐末五代時期形成五宗七派，即[[溈仰宗]]、[[临济宗|臨濟宗]]、[[雲門宗]]、[[法眼宗]]、[[曹洞宗]]等五宗，再加上臨濟門下分出的黃龍、楊歧兩派等。然而禪宗到後期過度推廣頓悟，反而流於形式與神祕主義，甚至出現「呵佛罵祖」之事。使得佛教走向世俗化、制度解體化{{refTag|name=五代宗教}}{{refTag|name=五代宗教2}}。
[[會昌法難]]後，[[佛教]]各宗陸續衰退，只有[[禅宗|禪宗]]南宗逐漸興盛，並且在唐朝后期开始分為五宗。禪宗在[[南頓北漸]]後分成[[神秀]]的北宗與[[惠能]]的南宗。惠能主張頓悟、見性成佛，在南遷嶺南後廣為流傳。其弟子[[菏泽神会|神會]]北返洛陽，並在[[明定南北總是非大會]]上擊敗北宗，使禪宗南宗成為禪宗主流。禪宗南宗而後分成神會的荷澤宗、行思的青原宗與懷讓的南岳宗。南岳宗至百丈懷海時，其弟子靈佑、慧濟創建溈仰宗，在五代時期十分興盛，至北宋四代而亡。百丈懷海的弟子希連、義玄創建臨濟宗，到北宋成為禪宗最興盛的派系。文偃創立雲門宗，其思想可概括為三句，即：「函蓋乾坤句，截斷眾流句，隨波逐浪句」。文益開創法眼宗，認為「三界唯心，萬物唯識」，所以主張「不著他求，盡由心造」。青原宗至曹山本寂時創建曹洞宗，在唐末五代時期形成五宗七派，即[[溈仰宗]]、[[临济宗|臨濟宗]]、[[雲門宗]]、[[法眼宗]]、[[曹洞宗]]等五宗，再加上臨濟門下分出的黃龍、楊歧兩派等。然而禪宗到後期過度推廣頓悟，反而流於形式與神祕主義，甚至出現「呵佛罵祖」之事。使得佛教走向世俗化、制度解體化{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


佛教其他宗在會昌法難後大半衰亡，[[天台宗]]、[[唯識宗]]的典籍亡失。五代十國時，十國吳國皇帝邀請[[高麗]]諦觀應攜天台典籍，諦觀著《[[四教儀]]》，使得天台宗因而復興。而[[淨土宗]]滲入民間，並且向上流傳至士人，到後期與禪宗融合，一度有「禪淨一致」的思潮。佛教在[[后周|後周]]時又發生大規模排佛運動，[[後周世宗]]以寺僧浮濫，直接影響國家賦稅、兵役為由整飭寺院，沙汰僧尼，與前次滅佛運動合稱[[三武灭佛|三武一宗]]。至此中國北方的佛教日益衰落，而南方佛教仍繼續發展{{refTag|name=五代宗教}}{{refTag|name=五代宗教2}}。
佛教其他宗在會昌法難後大半衰亡，[[天台宗]]、[[唯識宗]]的典籍亡失。五代十國時，十國吳國皇帝邀請[[高麗]]諦觀應攜天台典籍，諦觀著《[[四教儀]]》，使得天台宗因而復興。而[[淨土宗]]滲入民間，並且向上流傳至士人，到後期與禪宗融合，一度有「禪淨一致」的思潮。佛教在[[后周|後周]]時又發生大規模排佛運動，[[後周世宗]]以寺僧浮濫，直接影響國家賦稅、兵役為由整飭寺院，沙汰僧尼，與前次滅佛運動合稱[[三武灭佛|三武一宗]]。至此中國北方的佛教日益衰落，而南方佛教仍繼續發展{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


[[File:Liu Jun-Liu Hai and Chan Chu.jpg|thumb|right|160px|劉海戯蟾圖，相傳[[劉海]]為道教[[全真道]]北五祖之一。]]
[[File:Liu Jun-Liu Hai and Chan Chu.jpg|thumb|right|160px|劉海戯蟾圖，相傳[[劉海]]為道教[[全真道]]北五祖之一。]]
唐末五代的[[道教]]仍然十分興盛，逐漸以外丹道走向內丹道。五代十國時有不少崇道的君王，例如[[後周世宗]]就是抑佛揚道。而道教則在五代多朝皇帝的扶持下，以此較盛行的勢態延續至宋朝，為道教在宋朝的鼎盛奠定基礎。五代有名的道士有杜光庭、譚峭、彭曉、谭紫霞與劉海等。[[杜光庭]]主張以道為本，納儒、佛入道，著有《道德真經廣聖義》、《常清靜經住》等等。他主張修道之人都要「因元氣而成」，其方法是「安神去欲、保守三元」。他繼承唐玄宗時道士[[吳筠]]的作法，認為三教應該融合無別。他說：「凡學仙之士，若悟真理，則不以西竺東土，為名分別，六合之內，天上地下，道化一也。若悟解之者，亦不以至道為尊，亦不以象教為異，亦不以儒宗為別也。三教聖人，所說各異，其理一也」。杜光庭的清淨之道，可以說是道教融合佛儒的典型代表。此外，他還將[[茅山宗]]和[[天師道]]兩派的齋醮儀式統一起來，並加以規範與制度化，廣受後世道教所採用{{refTag|name=五代宗教}}{{refTag|name=五代宗教2}}。
唐末五代的[[道教]]仍然十分興盛，逐漸以外丹道走向內丹道。五代十國時有不少崇道的君王，例如[[後周世宗]]就是抑佛揚道。而道教則在五代多朝皇帝的扶持下，以此較盛行的勢態延續至宋朝，為道教在宋朝的鼎盛奠定基礎。五代有名的道士有杜光庭、譚峭、彭曉、谭紫霞與劉海等。[[杜光庭]]主張以道為本，納儒、佛入道，著有《道德真經廣聖義》、《常清靜經住》等等。他主張修道之人都要「因元氣而成」，其方法是「安神去欲、保守三元」。他繼承唐玄宗時道士[[吳筠]]的作法，認為三教應該融合無別。他說：「凡學仙之士，若悟真理，則不以西竺東土，為名分別，六合之內，天上地下，道化一也。若悟解之者，亦不以至道為尊，亦不以象教為異，亦不以儒宗為別也。三教聖人，所說各異，其理一也」。杜光庭的清淨之道，可以說是道教融合佛儒的典型代表。此外，他還將[[茅山宗]]和[[天師道]]兩派的齋醮儀式統一起來，並加以規範與制度化，廣受後世道教所採用{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


[[譚峭]]自幼愛好黃老、諸子及列仙傳記，立志修道學仙。擅長辟穀養氣之術，著有《化書》（《譚子化書》），認為萬事萬物皆源於虛，「虛化神，神化氣，氣化形」，後復歸於虛，「其化無窮」。[[彭曉]]著有《周易參同契分章通真義》，都比較有影響力{{refTag|name=五代宗教}}{{refTag|name=五代宗教2}}。
[[譚峭]]自幼愛好黃老、諸子及列仙傳記，立志修道學仙。擅長辟穀養氣之術，著有《化書》（《譚子化書》），認為萬事萬物皆源於虛，「虛化神，神化氣，氣化形」，後復歸於虛，「其化無窮」。[[彭曉]]著有《周易參同契分章通真義》，都比較有影響力{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


[[摩尼教]]、[[景教]]與[[琐罗亚斯德教|祅教]]等宗教也因會昌法難而大半衰退，其中摩尼教走入地下化，並在五代復受五代朝廷禮遇。摩尼教化為民間秘密宗教後，成為農民起事的凝聚力量來源。例如920年[[后梁|後梁]]時期的陳州[[毋乙]]、[[董乙]]等人就利用摩尼教起事。而[[伊斯兰教|伊斯蘭教]]沒有在會昌法難被取締，其主要以僑寓中國沿海的阿拉伯、波斯商人的後裔為主，這些人大都沿習父輩的信仰。在西域一帶的民族也因為伊斯蘭教的東傳而逐漸放棄原本的摩尼教、景教、祅教、[[萨满教|薩滿教]]與佛教，成為新一代的穆斯林{{refTag|name=五代宗教}}{{refTag|name=五代宗教2}}。
[[摩尼教]]、[[景教]]與[[琐罗亚斯德教|祅教]]等宗教也因會昌法難而大半衰退，其中摩尼教走入地下化，並在五代復受五代朝廷禮遇。摩尼教化為民間秘密宗教後，成為農民起事的凝聚力量來源。例如920年[[后梁|後梁]]時期的陳州[[毋乙]]、[[董乙]]等人就利用摩尼教起事。而[[伊斯兰教|伊斯蘭教]]沒有在會昌法難被取締，其主要以僑寓中國沿海的阿拉伯、波斯商人的後裔為主，這些人大都沿習父輩的信仰。在西域一帶的民族也因為伊斯蘭教的東傳而逐漸放棄原本的摩尼教、景教、祅教、[[萨满教|薩滿教]]與佛教，成為新一代的穆斯林{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


=== 藝術 ===
=== 藝術 ===
[[File:Shige_Erzhutiaoxingtu.jpg|300px|thumb|left|後蜀[[石恪]]所繪的《二祖調心圖》。]]
[[File:Shige_Erzhutiaoxingtu.jpg|300px|thumb|left|後蜀[[石恪]]所繪的《二祖調心圖》。]]


五代十國的繪畫主要繼承唐朝繪畫，並且有所創新。南唐、前蜀後蜀與吳越等國經濟強盛，皇室和士人生活優裕，產生宮廷畫院，使繪畫藝術走向觀賞性、集中性，其中還產生許多以家族為單位的創作群體{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582935%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%259C%2580%25E5%2589%25B5%25E8%25A8%25AD[[%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E6%259E%2597%25E5%259C%2596%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2599%25A2]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%2599%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E5%25BC%258F%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%25AE%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2599%25A2%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25A7%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25B9%259F%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%259C%2596%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2599%25A2%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259C%2596%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2599%25A2%25E8%2581%259A%25E9%259B%2586%25E4%25BA%2586%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%2589%25B9%25E8%2591%2597%25E5%2590%258D%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2592%25E7%259B%25B8%25E8%25A8%258E%25E8%25AB%2596%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%25A0%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%2589%25B9%25E9%25A0%2597%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2580%2591%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%2595%25AB%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2595%25AB%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%258A%25B1%25E9%25B3%25A5%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25AE%259A%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2589%25B9%25E5%2588%25A5%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%2592%258C%25E8%258A%25B1%25E9%25B3%25A5%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25AE%258B%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%25A2%25A8%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E9%259F%25BF%25E5%25BE%2588%25E5%25A4%25A7%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2597%259D%25E8%25A1%2593%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十七章 古代美術的盛世〉. 第134頁－第1456頁.}}。
五代十國的繪畫主要繼承唐朝繪畫，並且有所創新。南唐、前蜀後蜀與吳越等國經濟強盛，皇室和士人生活優裕，產生宮廷畫院，使繪畫藝術走向觀賞性、集中性，其中還產生許多以家族為單位的創作群體{{refTag|name=五代畫家}}。935年後蜀創設[[翰林圖畫院]]，這是中國有正式的宮廷畫院之始，而後南唐也設立圖畫院。圖畫院聚集了一批著名畫家，互相討論研究，造就一批頗有成就的畫家。他們在人物畫、山水畫、花鳥畫都有一定的發展，特別山水畫和花鳥畫對宋代的畫風影響很大{{refTag|name=五代藝術|1=《中國文明史 隋唐五代史》〈第十七章 古代美術的盛世〉. 第134頁－第1456頁.}}。


五代十國時期因為中原戰亂不堪，許多畫家由中原轉向西南和東南，並隱居深山，造成山水畫的迅速發展以及花鳥畫的興起{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%25A2%25A8%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%2580%25B2%25E5%2585%25A5%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2586%259F%25E9%259A%258E%25E6%25AE%25B5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E9%25AB%2594%25E5%2591%25B3%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%25B4%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%2587%25E6%2589%2580%25E8%25A6%258B%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2584%25B6%25E7%2592%25B0%25E5%25A2%2583%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2589%25B9%25E8%2589%25B2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%25A8%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%2590%258C%25E6%258A%2580%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%258A%25A0%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2586%258D%25E7%258F%25BE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%258D%258A%25E9%2597%259C%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2591%25A3%25E5%25B7%25A8%25E5%2585%25A9%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2595%25AB%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%258D%258A%25E6%25B5%25A9%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25BB%259D%25E5%25B8%25AB%25E5%25BE%2592%25E6%259C%2580%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%2590%258D%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E8%258D%2586%25E6%25B5%25A9%257C%25E8%258D%258A%25E6%25B5%25A9]]%25E9%2599%25B6%25E6%2583%2585%25E6%259E%2597%25E6%25B3%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AF%2584%25E8%25B6%25A3%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E9%259D%2592%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%25B4%25AA%25E8%25B0%25B7%25E5%25AD%2590%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%2596%25E6%2593%2585%25E9%2595%25B7%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25B4%2587%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E5%25B3%25BB%25E5%25B2%25AD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E7%259A%2584%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E5%258C%25A1%25E5%25BB%25AC%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2585%25A8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E3%2580%258D%25E4%25B9%258B%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25BB%259D]]%25E6%2593%2585%25E9%2595%25B7%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2597%259C%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%258B%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%259B%2584%25E6%25B8%25BE%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E6%25B7%25BB%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E8%2595%25AD%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E8%2592%25BC%25E6%25B6%25BC%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%25B0%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E9%2597%259C%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2597%2585%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2581%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E7%25A7%258B%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%2599%259A%25E7%25BF%25A0%257C%25E7%25A7%258B%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%2599%259A%25E7%25BF%25A0%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AD%2589%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257C1%253D[http%253A%252F%252Fvr%252Etheatre%252Entu%252Eedu%252Etw%252Ffineart%252Fchap18%252Fchap18-04%252Ehtm 隋唐五代藝術]於2012 年2 月19日查閱}}。南方山水畫以南唐的董源、巨然師徒著稱，他們皆擅用水墨描繪江南景色。[[董源]]擅長用披麻皴，好以淡墨輕嵐寫出江南平淡天真之趣，以《[[洞天山堂]]》、《[[寒林重汀圖]]》最有名。[[巨然]]直接承襲董源的畫法，更在山頂上常鉤畫一些明淨的卵石，即「礬頭」。以《[[蕭翼賺蘭亭圖]]》、《[[層巖叢樹圖]]》等著稱{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E8%258A%25B1%25E9%25B3%25A5%25E7%2595%25AB%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25BE%2590%25E7%2586%2599%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%259C%2580%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25BB%2583%25E7%25AD%258C%25E7%25AD%2589%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%259C%2580%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%2590%258D%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E9%25BB%2583%25E7%25AD%258C]]%25E6%2593%2585%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25AE%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%258F%258D%25E7%25A6%25BD%25E7%2595%25B0%25E5%258D%2589%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E5%25BE%2590%25E7%2586%2599]]%25E6%2593%2585%25E7%2595%25AB%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B9%2596%25E4%25B8%258A%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E9%25B3%25A5%25E6%25B1%2580%25E8%258A%25B1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25A9%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%25BB%2583%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%2590%25E3%2580%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%25BB%2583%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%25AF%258C%25E8%25B2%25B4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%2590%25E7%2586%2599%25E9%2587%258E%25E9%2580%25B8%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25AB%25BA%25E8%25AA%259E%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%2590%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E5%25AF%25AB%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%258F%258D%25E7%25A6%25BD%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2581%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E9%259B%25AA%25E7%25AB%25B9%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AD%2589%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%2595%25AB%25E7%259A%2586%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E6%2589%25BF%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2598%2589%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E8%2590%25B1%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%25AE%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%25A2%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%2590%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259C%2589%25E9%25A1%25A7%25E9%2596%258E%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%259F%25A9%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2581%25AA%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E9%25A1%25BE%25E9%2597%25B3%25E4%25B8%25AD%257C%25E9%25A1%25A7%25E9%2596%258E%25E4%25B8%25AD]]%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%2595%25AB%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E9%259F%25A9%25E7%2586%2599%25E8%25BD%25BD%25E5%25A4%259C%25E5%25AE%25B4%25E5%259B%25BE%257C%25E9%259F%2593%25E7%2586%2599%25E8%25BC%2589%25E5%25A4%259C%25E5%25AE%25B4%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25B7%259A%25E6%25A2%259D%25E7%25B4%25B0%25E8%2586%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2589%25B2%25E5%25BD%25A9%25E8%258F%25AF%25E9%25BA%2597%25E9%25AE%25AE%25E8%25B1%2594%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%2582%25B3%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2597%259D%25E8%25A1%2593%25E7%258F%258D%25E5%2593%2581%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%259F%25A9%25E5%25B0%258D%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2588%25BB%25E7%2595%25AB%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%2594%259F%25E5%258B%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25A7%25BF%25E5%258B%25A2%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%258F%25A1%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B7%25B1%25E5%258E%259A%25E5%258A%259F%25E5%258A%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E8%2598%2587%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2588%25A5%25E6%2584%258F]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E8%2588%2587%E3%80%8A[[%E6%8C%89%E6%A8%82%E5%AE%AE%E5%A5%B3%E5%9C%96]]%E3%80%8B%E7%AD%89%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%95%AB%E5%AE%B6%7D%7D%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80[[%E7%9F%B3%E6%81%AA]]%E6%93%85%E7%B9%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E9%AC%BC%E7%A5%9E%EF%BC%8C%E5%BD%A2%E8%B1%A1%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%91%E6%80%AA%E5%A5%87%E8%A9%AD%E4%B9%8B%E7%8B%80%EF%BC%8C%E7%B9%AA%E6%9C%89%E3%80%8A[[%E4%BA%8C%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%BF%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%96]]%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%82%E7%9A%84%E9%81%93%E5%A3%AB[[%E5%BC%B5%E7%B4%A0%E5%8D%BF]]%E6%93%85%E9%95%B7%E9%81%93%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8C%E6%9B%BE%E6%96%BC%E9%9D%92%E5%9F%8E%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%A7%80%EF%BC%8C%E7%95%AB%E4%BA%94%E5%B6%BD%E5%9B%9B%E7%80%86%E7%9C%9F%E5%BD%A2%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%A6%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%BA%AA%E5%A5%B3%E6%95%B8%E5%A3%81%EF%BC%8C%E7%AD%86%E8%B7%A1%E9%81%92%E5%81%A5%EF%BC%8C%E7%A5%9E%E5%BD%A9%E6%AC%B2%E6%B4%BB%E3%80%82%E8%A6%8B%E4%B9%8B%E8%80%85%E5%BF%83%E9%A9%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%82%B8%EF%BC%8C%E8%B6%B3%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E9%80%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%A6%E7%95%AB%E4%B9%8B%E6%A5%B5%E8%87%B3%E8%80%85%E4%B9%9F%E3%80%8D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%7D%7D%E3%80%82
五代十國時期因為中原戰亂不堪，許多畫家由中原轉向西南和東南，並隱居深山，造成山水畫的迅速發展以及花鳥畫的興起{{refTag|name=五代畫家}}。水墨山水畫在五代進入成熟階段，畫家體味生活，將所見自然環境的特色，用不同技法加以再現，形成北方荊關與南方董巨兩派。北方山水畫以後梁的荊浩、關仝師徒最有名，[[荆浩|荊浩]]陶情林泉，寄趣丹青，人稱「洪谷子」。他擅長畫崇山峻岭，其所繪的《[[匡廬圖]]》有「全景山水」之稱。[[關仝]]擅長畫關河之勢，雄渾之中平添北方山水蕭索蒼涼之氣，繪有《[[關山行旅圖]]》、《[[秋山晚翠|秋山晚翠圖]]》等{{refTag|name=五代畫家|1=[http://vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw/fineart/chap18/chap18-04.htm 隋唐五代藝術]於2012 年2 月19日查閱}}。南方山水畫以南唐的董源、巨然師徒著稱，他們皆擅用水墨描繪江南景色。[[董源]]擅長用披麻皴，好以淡墨輕嵐寫出江南平淡天真之趣，以《[[洞天山堂]]》、《[[寒林重汀圖]]》最有名。[[巨然]]直接承襲董源的畫法，更在山頂上常鉤畫一些明淨的卵石，即「礬頭」。以《[[蕭翼賺蘭亭圖]]》、《[[層巖叢樹圖]]》等著稱{{refTag|name=五代畫家}}。而花鳥畫以南唐的徐熙與後蜀的黃筌等人最有名。[[黃筌]]擅畫宮廷的珍禽異卉，[[徐熙]]擅畫江湖上的水鳥汀花，兩人並稱為「黃、徐」，當時有「黃家富貴，徐熙野逸」的諺語，有名的有《[[寫生珍禽圖]]》、《[[雪竹圖]]》等{{refTag|name=五代畫家}}。人物畫皆繼承唐朝周昉和張萱的宮廷人物畫風，有名的有顧閎中、周文矩與石恪。[[顾闳中|顧閎中]]所畫《[[韩熙载夜宴图|韓熙載夜宴圖]]》線條細膩，色彩華麗鮮豔，為傳世的藝術珍品。周文矩對人物的刻畫表情生動，對形體與姿勢掌握的深厚功力，繪有《[[蘇李別意]]》與《[[按樂宮女圖]]》等{{refTag|name=五代畫家}}。而後蜀[[石恪]]擅繪人物鬼神，形象多作丑怪奇詭之狀，繪有《[[二祖調心圖]]》。五代時的道士[[張素卿]]擅長道畫，「曾於青城山丈人觀，畫五嶽四瀆真形，並十二溪女數壁，筆跡遒健，神彩欲活。見之者心驚神悸，足不能進，實畫之極至者也」{{refTag|name=五代藝術}}。


五代[[楊凝式]]兼具顏柳的專長。上蒴二王，側鋒取態，鋪毫著力，遂於離亂之際獨饒承平之象，也為唐書之回光，以《夏熱帖》、《神仙起居法》、《草堂十志圖跋》傳世。五代之際，狂禪之風大熾，此亦影響到書壇，『[[狂禪書法]]』雖未在五代一顯規模，然對宋代書法影響不小{{refTag|name=五代藝術}}。
五代[[楊凝式]]兼具顏柳的專長。上蒴二王，側鋒取態，鋪毫著力，遂於離亂之際獨饒承平之象，也為唐書之回光，以《夏熱帖》、《神仙起居法》、《草堂十志圖跋》傳世。五代之際，狂禪之風大熾，此亦影響到書壇，『[[狂禪書法]]』雖未在五代一顯規模，然對宋代書法影響不小{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2597%259D%25E8%25A1%2593%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582


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=== 科技 ===
=== 科技 ===
[[File:Chinese Flamethrower.JPG|thumb|220px|猛火油櫃為一石油火焰噴射器。]]
[[File:Chinese Flamethrower.JPG|thumb|220px|猛火油櫃為一石油火焰噴射器。]]
由於戰亂與天災，五代十國的科技發展不如唐朝，而南方十國的科技發展較北方五代興盛。然而整體而言，在製瓷雕版、農業水利與火器方面仍有發展的地方{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第八章 自然科學和醫學的豐碩成果〉. 第555頁－第676頁.}}{{refTag|name=%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E6%259B%2586%25E6%259B%25B8]]%25E5%259B%25A0%25E4%25B8%25BA%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%2595%2587%25E5%2589%25B2%25E6%258D%25AE%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%2583%25BD%25E9%2581%258D%25E5%258F%258A%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2586%25E8%2583%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%259B%2586%25E6%259B%25B8%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B4%259B%25E7%25B4%259B%25E6%258E%25A1%25E7%2594%25A8%25E6%25B0%2591%25E9%2596%2593%25E6%259B%2586%25E6%259B%25B8%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D[[%25E6%259B%25B9%25E5%25A3%25AB]]%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B7%25A8%25E7%259A%2584%25E3%2580%258A%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E6%259B%2586%25E3%2580%258B%25E6%25B5%2581%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%259C%259F%25E3%2580%2581%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%25B0%2591%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E5%25B9%25BE%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25B9%2585%25E3%2580%2582%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E6%259B%2586]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25BB%25A5[[%25E9%25A1%25AF%25E6%2585%25B6]]%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%259B%2586%25E5%2585%2583%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5[[%25E9%259B%25A8%25E6%25B0%25B4]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25B0%25A3%25E9%25A6%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E4%25B8%2580%25E8%2590%25AC%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%259C%25AC%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2595%25B8%25E6%2593%259A%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2588%2586%25E6%25AF%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%259E%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25B8%259B%25E8%25BC%2595%25E4%25BA%2586%25E8%25A8%2588%25E7%25AE%2597%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E4%25BD%259C%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25AE%2598%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%25A0%2592%25E5%25B8%2583%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259B%2586%25E6%259B%25B8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E8%25B2%25B6%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25B0%258F%25E6%259B%2586%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%259D%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E4%25BA%2586%25E5%25AE%2598%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25AE%2598%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E6%2596%25BC[[%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%25B3%25B0]]%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%2596%2593%25E5%25A2%259E%25E8%25A8%25AD[[%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E6%259E%2597%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25AE%2598]]%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%2581%25B7%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25AE%258B]]%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E9%2586%25AB%25E7%25BD%25B2%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25B1%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E6%259E%2597%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25AE%2598%25E9%2599%25A2%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%259C%2580]]%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E9%259F%2593%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%258D%2587]]%25E6%2598%25AF%25E6%259C%25AC%25E8%258D%2589%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%96%E8%A9%B3%E5%AF%9F%E8%97%A5%E5%93%81%EF%BC%8C%E6%B7%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%8D%AF%E6%80%A7%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%BD%E8%8D%AF%E8%BE%84%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%88%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80%E5%B8%9D[[%E5%AD%9F%E6%98%B6]]%E7%9A%84%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%96%E4%BB%A5%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E3%80%8A[[%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%AE%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89]]%E3%80%8B%E7%82%BA%E8%97%8D%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%8C%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E7%B7%A8%E8%91%97%E6%88%90%E3%80%8A%E8%9C%80%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%B1%E3%80%8A[[%E8%9C%80%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89]]%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%8C%E6%95%A3%E5%A4%B1%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%7D%7D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%8F%B2%7D%7D%E3%80%82
由於戰亂與天災，五代十國的科技發展不如唐朝，而南方十國的科技發展較北方五代興盛。然而整體而言，在製瓷雕版、農業水利與火器方面仍有發展的地方{{refTag|name=五代科技|1=《中國文明史 隋唐五代史》〈第八章 自然科學和醫學的豐碩成果〉. 第555頁－第676頁.}}{{refTag|name=隋唐五代科技史}}。朝廷的[[曆書]]因为藩镇割据不能遍及全國，人民為了能有曆書使用，紛紛採用民間曆書。其中唐朝[[曹士]]所編的《符天曆》流行於唐朝后期、五代與北宋民間，有好幾百年之久。《[[符天曆]]》是以[[顯慶]]五年為曆元，以[[雨水]]為氣首，以一萬為基本天文數據的分母，從而大大減輕了計算工作。由於不是官方頒布的曆書，被貶稱為小曆{{refTag|name=隋唐五代科技史}}。在醫學方面，五代出現了官方醫官，[[後唐]]於[[清泰]]年間增設[[翰林醫官]]之職。[[北宋]]後改太醫署為太醫局，並設翰林醫官院。[[後蜀]]的[[韓保升]]是本草學家，他詳察藥品，深知药性，施药辄神效。在後蜀帝[[孟昶]]的支持下，他以唐朝《[[新修本草]]》為藍本，重新編著成《蜀重廣英公本草》，史稱《[[蜀本草]]》，後散失{{refTag|name=五代科技}}{{refTag|name=隋唐五代科技史}}。


在農業與水利方面，五代也有很高的發展。[[韓鄂]]一般被認為是唐末五代人，他參考唐朝以前的農書如《齊民要術》等，撰寫出《[[四時纂要]]》，是繼《齊民要術》之後，又一本重要的農書。書中採用了「月令」的形式，按月編排農民每月應作的事宜，其中以農業為主體。此外也記錄許多當代的農業技術，其中還首次記載[[茶|茶樹]]、[[棉花]]、[[香菇]]和[[薯蕷]]等作物的栽培技術以及人工養[[蜂]]。唐朝的茶葉研究到五代時仍然盛行，其中[[前蜀]][[毛文錫]]著有《[[茶譜]]》等{{refTag|name=%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E6%2582%25A3%25E5%25A2%259E%25E5%25A4%259A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E8%25A6%258F%25E6%25A8%25A1%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E6%2595%25B8%25E9%2583%25BD%25E8%25BC%2583%25E5%2589%258D%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25A4%259A%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2586%258D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E4%25B8%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A5%25B5%25E5%258A%259B%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25BA%259B%25E6%25B2%25BF%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%25A0%25A4%25E9%2598%25B2%25E6%2588%2596%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E9%2581%2593%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E7%25A8%258B%25E4%25B9%259F%25E7%25A9%258D%25E6%25A5%25B5%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E6%259C%2589[[%25E9%2581%2599%25E5%25A0%25A4]]%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E3%2580%2582924%25E5%25B9%25B4[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E7%25AF%2589[[%25E9%2585%25B8%25E6%25A3%2597]]%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%25A0%25A4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E9%259A%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%2594%25B1[[%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E7%25BF%2592]]%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%258A%259F%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%2582%2584%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25E3%2580%258C[[%25E5%25B8%259A%25E5%25B7%25A5]]%25E3%2580%258D%25E4%25BE%2586%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%25B2%25B8%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25A0%25B5%25E5%258F%25A3%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%25A0%25A4%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AF%2589%25E7%2589%25A9%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E8%25A6%2581%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25B0%2587%25E8%2596%25AA%25E6%259F%25B4%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%25AB%25B9%25E6%259C%25A8%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25BB%259F%25E8%258D%2589%25E7%25AD%2589%25E5%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%259C%259F%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%258D%2586%25E7%25B4%25AE%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%25B8%259A%25E6%258D%2586%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2584%25B6%25E5%25BE%258C%25E9%2580%25A3%25E6%258E%25A5%25E8%25B5%25B7%25E4%25BE%2586%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B7%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%25BE%2588%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%258A%2597%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E8%25A1%259D%25E6%2593%258A%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2586%259F%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%2599%25AE%25E9%2581%258D%25E6%258E%25A8%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2590%25B3%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E9%2587%258D%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B2%25B3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BC%2595%25E6%25B9%2596%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E6%25BF%259F%25E9%2581%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%258C%2581%25E7%25BA%258C%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25A1%2598%25E6%25B5%25A6[[%25E5%259C%25A9%25E7%2594%25B0]]%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E9%2582%2584%25E4%25BF%25AE%E7%AF%89[[%E9%8C%A2%E5%A1%98%E6%B1%9F%E7%9F%B3%E5%A1%98]]%E4%BB%A5%E9%98%B2%E6%B5%B7%E6%BD%AE%E4%BE%B5%E8%A5%B2%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%7D%7D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%8F%B2%7D%7D%E3%80%82
在農業與水利方面，五代也有很高的發展。[[韓鄂]]一般被認為是唐末五代人，他參考唐朝以前的農書如《齊民要術》等，撰寫出《[[四時纂要]]》，是繼《齊民要術》之後，又一本重要的農書。書中採用了「月令」的形式，按月編排農民每月應作的事宜，其中以農業為主體。此外也記錄許多當代的農業技術，其中還首次記載[[茶|茶樹]]、[[棉花]]、[[香菇]]和[[薯蕷]]等作物的栽培技術以及人工養[[蜂]]。唐朝的茶葉研究到五代時仍然盛行，其中[[前蜀]][[毛文錫]]著有《[[茶譜]]》等{{refTag|name=隋唐五代科技史}}。由於五代時期的河患增多，治河規模和次數都較前代為多。再加上南方十國極力發展經濟，一些沿海堤防或河道工程也積極建設。五代時已有[[遙堤]]出現。924年[[後唐]]時修築[[酸棗]]河堤，於隔年由[[符習]]成功修復。五代還使用「[[帚工]]」來護岸、堵口、護堤的水工建築物。主要是將薪柴、竹木、軟草等夾以土石捆紮成帚捆，然後連接起來，具有很好的抗水衝擊作用。最後在宋朝成熟並被普遍推廣使用。五代時，江南吳國、吳越國與南唐重修江河，引湖水濟運，持續發展唐朝的塘浦[[圩田]]系統，並且還修築[[錢塘江石塘]]以防海潮侵襲{{refTag|name=五代科技}}{{refTag|name=隋唐五代科技史}}。


五代的吳國、南唐常將[[火药]]、[[猛火油]]等使用在戰爭上。904年[[楊行密]]軍圍攻洪州﹙今江西南昌﹚，部將[[鄭璠]]命所部「發機飛火，燒龍沙門，率壯士突火先登入城，焦灼被體」{{refTag|1=[[路振]]：《九國志‧ 鄭璠傳》 }}。975年北宋大軍南征南唐，南唐將領[[朱全贇]]用猛火油縱火攻宋軍，但最後因為風向改變，火焰反燃己軍而大潰{{refTag|1=《續資治通鑒長編‧卷八》：「朱全贇自湖口以眾援金陵，號十五萬，縛木為筏，長百餘丈，戰艦大者容千人，將斷採石浮梁，會江水涸，戰艦不能驟進。王明屯獨樹口，遣其子馳騎入奏，帝密遣使令明於洲浦間多立長木若帆檣之狀以疑之。己未，全贇獨乘大航，高十餘重，上建大將旗幡。至皖口，行營步軍都指揮使劉遇揮兵急攻之，全贇以火油縱燒，遇軍不能支。俄而北風，反焰自焚，其眾不戰自潰，全斌惶駭，赴火死。擒其戰棹都虞侯王暉等，獲兵仗數萬。金陵獨恃此援，由是孤城愈危蹙矣。」}}。
五代的吳國、南唐常將[[火药]]、[[猛火油]]等使用在戰爭上。904年[[楊行密]]軍圍攻洪州﹙今江西南昌﹚，部將[[鄭璠]]命所部「發機飛火，燒龍沙門，率壯士突火先登入城，焦灼被體」{{refTag|1=[[路振]]：《九國志‧ 鄭璠傳》 }}。975年北宋大軍南征南唐，南唐將領[[朱全贇]]用猛火油縱火攻宋軍，但最後因為風向改變，火焰反燃己軍而大潰{{refTag|1=《續資治通鑒長編‧卷八》：「朱全贇自湖口以眾援金陵，號十五萬，縛木為筏，長百餘丈，戰艦大者容千人，將斷採石浮梁，會江水涸，戰艦不能驟進。王明屯獨樹口，遣其子馳騎入奏，帝密遣使令明於洲浦間多立長木若帆檣之狀以疑之。己未，全贇獨乘大航，高十餘重，上建大將旗幡。至皖口，行營步軍都指揮使劉遇揮兵急攻之，全贇以火油縱燒，遇軍不能支。俄而北風，反焰自焚，其眾不戰自潰，全斌惶駭，赴火死。擒其戰棹都虞侯王暉等，獲兵仗數萬。金陵獨恃此援，由是孤城愈危蹙矣。」}}。
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|| 末皇帝{{refTag|name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257C1%253D%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%259C%25AB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25AD%2589%25E7%259A%2586%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25BE%258C%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25A8%25B1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%259D%259E%25E8%25AB%25A1%25E8%2599%259F%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D || [[朱友贞]]<br />又名朱鎤、朱瑱
|| 末皇帝{{refTag|name=末帝|1=末帝、後主、末主與少主等皆是後世史家所稱，非諡號。}} || [[朱友贞]]<br />又名朱鎤、朱瑱
| 913年—923年 || [[乾化]] 913年—915年<br />
| 913年—923年 || [[乾化]] 913年—915年<br />
[[贞明]] 915年—921年<br />
[[贞明]] 915年—921年<br />
第412行： 第412行：
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|| 末皇帝{{refTag|name=末帝}} || [[李從珂|李从珂]]
|| 末皇帝{{refTag|name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257D%257D || [[李從珂|李从珂]]
| 934年—937年 || [[清泰]] 934年—937年<br />
| 934年—937年 || [[清泰]] 934年—937年<br />
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第532行： 第532行：
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| 太祖<br />（吳睿帝追谥） || 孝武皇帝<br />（吳睿帝追尊） || [[楊行密|杨行密]]
| 太祖<br />（吳睿帝追谥） || 孝武皇帝<br />（吳睿帝追尊） || [[楊行密|杨行密]]
| 904年—905年 || [[天祐|天佑]]{{NoteTag|唐朝滅亡後，杨行密不承認後梁，也不稱帝建國，沿用唐朝年號。{{refTag|name=吳國年號}}}} 904年—905年<br />
| 904年—905年 || [[天祐|天佑]]{{NoteTag|唐朝滅亡後，杨行密不承認後梁，也不稱帝建國，沿用唐朝年號。{{refTag|name=%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%2599%259F%257D%257D%257D%257D 904年—905年<br />
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| 烈宗<br />（吳睿帝追谥） || 景皇帝<br />（吳睿帝追尊） || [[楊渥|杨渥]]
| 烈宗<br />（吳睿帝追谥） || 景皇帝<br />（吳睿帝追尊） || [[楊渥|杨渥]]
第539行： 第539行：
| 高祖 || 宣皇帝 || [[楊隆演|杨隆演]]
| 高祖 || 宣皇帝 || [[楊隆演|杨隆演]]
| 908年—921年 || 天佑 908年—919年<br />
| 908年—921年 || 天佑 908年—919年<br />
[[武义县|武义]]{{NoteTag|杨隆演於919年正式建國，自立年號。{{refTag|name=%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%2599%259F%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2]]%25E2%2580%25A7[[s%253A%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%252F%25E5%258D%25B761%257C%25E5%2590%25B3%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%25B6]]%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E7%258E%2587%25E5%25B0%2587%25E5%2590%258F%25E8%25AB%258B%25E9%259A%2586%25E6%25BC%2594%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E5%25AD%2590%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25A4%258F%25E5%259B%259B%25E6%259C%2588%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E5%25A5%2589%25E7%258E%2589%25E5%2586%258A%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25AF%25B6%25E7%25B6%25AC%25E5%25B0%258A%25E9%259A%2586%25E6%25BC%2594%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%2590%25B3%25E7%258E%258B%25E4%25BD%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%25AE%2597%25E5%25BB%259F%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E7%25A8%25B7%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E5%25AD%2590%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%2588%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E7%25A5%2590%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E5%2585%2583%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%25B5%25A6%25E5%25A2%2583%25E5%2585%25A7%25E2%2580%25A6%25E2%2580%25A6%25E5%258F%25AF%25E6%25B1%2582%25E6%2587%25BC%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A9%25A3%25E9%2587%2591%25E9%2599%25B5%25E8%25A6%258B%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E8%25AC%2580%25E6%259B%25B0%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E4%25BB%258A%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%2590%25B3%25E7%258C%25B6%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%2595%25A2%25E6%2594%25B9%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E7%25A5%2590%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%25AC%2582%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%25B2%25A0%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%259F%25A3%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E5%2590%25B3%25E6%2589%2580%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25BE%2581%25E4%25BC%2590%25E5%259B%259B%25E6%2596%25B9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E8%2580%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2588%2588%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E7%2582%25BA%25E8%25BE%25AD%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%258A%25E8%2581%259E%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E4%25B8%258A%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2588%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%25B1%25A2%25E7%25B5%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%258B%25A5%25E6%259D%258E%25E6%25B0%258F%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E8%2588%2588%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%25B1%2588%25E7%25AF%2580%25E4%25B9%258E%25EF%25BC%259F%25E5%25AE%259C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2585%2588%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E3%2580%258D%257D%257D%257D%257D 919年—921年
[[武义县|武义]]{{NoteTag|杨隆演於919年正式建國，自立年號。{{refTag|name=吳國年號|1=《[[新五代史]]‧[[s:新五代史/卷61|吳世家]]》：溫率將吏請隆演即天子位，不許。夏四月，溫奉玉冊、寶綬尊隆演即吳王位。建宗廟、社稷，設百官如天子之制，改天祐十六年為武義元年，大赦境內……可求懼，詣金陵見溫謀曰：「唐亡於今十二年，而吳猶不敢改天祐，可謂不負唐矣。然吳所以征伐四方，而建基業者，常以興復為辭。今聞河上之戰，梁兵屢絀，若李氏復興，其能屈節乎？宜於此時先建國以自立。」}}}} 919年—921年
|-----
|-----
| 无 || 睿皇帝 || [[杨溥]]
| 无 || 睿皇帝 || [[杨溥]]
第557行： 第557行：
958年後使用五代與[[北宋]]年號{{NoteTag|李璟被[[后周]]擊敗後，被迫割让江北地並向[[后周]]称臣，于958年五月開始用後周[[顯德]]年號紀年。{{refTag|1=傅樂成《隋唐五代史》，臺北，眾文圖書股份有限公司，1984年，再版。第131頁。}}}}。
958年後使用五代與[[北宋]]年號{{NoteTag|李璟被[[后周]]擊敗後，被迫割让江北地並向[[后周]]称臣，于958年五月開始用後周[[顯德]]年號紀年。{{refTag|1=傅樂成《隋唐五代史》，臺北，眾文圖書股份有限公司，1984年，再版。第131頁。}}}}。
|-----
|-----
| 無 || 後主{{refTag|name=末帝}} || [[李煜]] || 961年—975年 || 使用五代與[[北宋]]年號。
| 無 || 後主{{refTag|name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257D%257D || [[李煜]] || 961年—975年 || 使用五代與[[北宋]]年號。
|-----
|-----
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#C8D8FF;"| '''[[南汉]] 917年—971年'''
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#C8D8FF;"| '''[[南汉]] 917年—971年'''
第573行： 第573行：
[[乾和]] 943年—958年
[[乾和]] 943年—958年
|-----
|-----
| 无 || 後主{{refTag|name=末帝}} || [[劉鋹|刘鋹]]
| 无 || 後主{{refTag|name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257D%257D || [[劉鋹|刘鋹]]
| 958年—971年 || [[大宝]] 958年—971年<br />
| 958年—971年 || [[大宝]] 958年—971年<br />
|-----
|-----
第585行： 第585行：
[[天会]] 957年—968年<br />
[[天会]] 957年—968年<br />
|-----
|-----
| 无 || 少主{{refTag|name=末帝}} || [[劉繼恩|刘继恩]] || 970年 || 天会 968年<br />
| 无 || 少主{{refTag|name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257D%257D || [[劉繼恩|刘继恩]] || 970年 || 天会 968年<br />
|-----
|-----
| 无<br /> || 英武皇帝 || [[劉繼元|刘继元]]
| 无<br /> || 英武皇帝 || [[劉繼元|刘继元]]
第630行： 第630行：
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[凤翔节度使]]／[[岐]] 887年—924年'''
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[凤翔节度使]]／[[岐]] 887年—924年'''
|-----
|-----
| 凤翔节度使、岐王 || [[李茂貞|李茂贞]] || 887年—907年開府—924年 || 使用[[唐朝]]年號。<br />[[天祐]]{{NoteTag|唐朝滅亡後，[[李茂貞|李茂贞]]不承認[[后梁|後梁]]，開岐王府{{refTag|1=《[[新五代史]]‧[[s:新五代史/卷40|雜傳第廿八]]》：梁太祖即位，諸侯之強者皆相次稱帝，獨茂貞不能，但稱岐王，開府置官屬，以妻為皇后，鳴梢羽扇視朝，出入擬天子而已。}}，沿用唐朝年號{{refTag|name=後唐}}。}} 907年—924年
| 凤翔节度使、岐王 || [[李茂貞|李茂贞]] || 887年—907年開府—924年 || 使用[[唐朝]]年號。<br />[[天祐]]{{NoteTag|唐朝滅亡後，[[李茂貞|李茂贞]]不承認[[后梁|後梁]]，開岐王府{{refTag|1=《[[新五代史]]‧[[s:新五代史/卷40|雜傳第廿八]]》：梁太祖即位，諸侯之強者皆相次稱帝，獨茂貞不能，但稱岐王，開府置官屬，以妻為皇后，鳴梢羽扇視朝，出入擬天子而已。}}，沿用唐朝年號{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D 907年—924年
|-----
|-----
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[成德軍節度使|成德节度使]]／[[趙 (五代)|赵]] 883年—921年'''
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[成德軍節度使|成德节度使]]／[[趙 (五代)|赵]] 883年—921年'''

2014年3月2日 (日) 04:47的版本

五代十國
時期 五代
國家 後梁 後唐 後晋 後漢 後周
首都 汴州開封 洛陽河南 汴州開封 汴州開封 汴州開封
君主
 *开国君主
 *灭亡君主 		3帝
朱晃
朱友貞		 4帝
李存勗
李从珂		 2帝
石敬瑭
石重貴		 2帝
劉知遠
劉承祐		 3帝
郭威
柴宗訓
成立 907年 923年 936年 947年 951年
灭亡 923年 937年 947年 951年 960年
開始 907年朱溫篡唐朝
結束 960年趙匡胤篡后周
時期 十國
國家 吳國 南唐 吳越 閩 北漢
首都 揚州江都 昇州金陵 杭州西府 福州長樂 太原府
君主
 *开国君主
 *灭亡君主 		4主
楊行密
楊溥		 3帝
李昪
李煜		 5王
錢鏐
錢俶		 6主
王審知
王延政		 4帝
劉旻
劉繼元
成立 902年 937年 907年 909年 951年
灭亡 937年 975年 978年 945年 979年
國家 前蜀 後蜀 荊南 楚 南漢
首都 成都府 成都府 江陵府 潭州長沙 廣州興王
君主
 *开国君主
 *灭亡君主 		2帝
王建
王衍		 2帝
孟知祥
孟昶		 5主
高季興
高繼沖		 6王
馬殷
馬希崇		 4帝
劉龑
劉鋹
成立 903年 934年 924年 897年 917年
灭亡 925年 965年 963年 951年 971年
開始 907年朱溫篡唐朝
結束 979年趙光義滅北漢
彩色部份為五代十國初期的範圍
本圖為後梁時期五代十國分布圖。

五代十國（907年－979年），是中國歷史上的一段時期，自唐朝滅亡開始，至宋朝統一中國本土為止。本時期分成五代（907年－960年）與十國（907年－979年）。五代十國本質上是唐朝藩鎮割據和唐朝后期政治的延續。唐朝滅亡後，各地藩鎮紛紛自立為國，其中位在華北地區，軍力強盛的藩鎮國家即五代，其中有些是沙陀族所建立。五国雖然实力強大，但無力控制整个中國本土，只是藩鎮型的朝廷。而其他割據一方的藩鎮，有些自立為帝，有些奉五代為宗主國，其中十個國齡較長、國力較強的統稱為十國。本時期時常發生地方實力派叛變奪位的情况，使得戰亂不止，統治者多重武輕文。中國的內亂，也帶給契丹國南侵的機會，遼国得以建立{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E2%2580%25A7%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2583%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2599%259A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E8%2588%2587%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E3%2580%2589%252E%25E7%25AC%25AC219%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC238%25E9%25A0%2581%252E%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%258E%2586%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25A6%2581%25E6%2597%25B6%25E6%259C%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E9%2597%25B4[[%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E8%25A5%25BF]]%25E5%2592%258C[[%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E8%25B6%25BE]]%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E9%2580%2590%25E6%25B8%2590%25E7%25A6%25BB%25E5%25BF%2583%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E8%25B6%25BE%25EF%25BC%2588[[%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597]]%25EF%25BC%2589%25E6%259C%2580%25E7%25BB%2588%25E8%2584%25B1%25E7%25A6%25BB%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E7%258B%25AC%25E7%25AB%258B%25E3%2580%2582 五代共有後梁、後唐、後晉、後漢與後周五個朝代。907年汴州朱溫篡唐建立後梁，这是五代十國的开始。太原李克用之子李存勗滅后梁，建國後唐。後唐之后五代君王均出自李克用的子孫與部屬。後唐歷經後唐明宗的擴張與整頓，國力強盛，但发生內亂後，被石敬瑭引契丹軍攻滅，後晉建立。不久契晉關係惡化，契丹軍南下滅後晉，建立遼朝。同时劉知遠在太原建立後漢，收復中原。郭威篡后汉建後周，後周世宗柴荣苦心經營，使后周隱隱有一統天下的希望，但柴荣在北伐燕云十六州时不幸病亡。後周随后被趙匡胤所篡，五代結束。

十國方面，江南以吳國最強，而後被李昪篡位，建國南唐，其次有吳越與閩國等。湖廣则被荊南、楚國與南漢等占据。南唐國力最強，先後攻滅閩國、楚國，但多次用兵使得國力衰退，最後敗於後周。蜀地有前蜀、後蜀，國家富強，是僅次於南唐的強國，然而耽于安乐，最後亡於中原。北漢是惟一在北方的十國，是後漢劉氏後裔所建。趙匡胤建立宋朝（史稱北宋）後，與其弟宋太宗相繼掃蕩群雄，最後於979年統一中國本土地區，十國結束{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

五代十國大體上延續唐朝后期的政治體制，但是以「使」名官者很多。其中五代的變化很多，官職廢置不常，主要設有主管行政的三省六部、主管財政的三司與主管軍事的樞密院，這個制度後由宋朝繼承。十國雖然其中一些政权臣服於五代，但是其政治架構大致上与五代等同{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9[[%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF]]%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%258F%2597%25E7%25AE%25A1%25E5%2588%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E8%2583%258C%25E5%258F%259B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%25AE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%2580%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E7%25B4%259B%25E7%25B4%259B%25E5%258A%25A0%25E5%25BC%25B7[[%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%258A%259B%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A3%2593%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E5%258A%259B%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2586%25E6%258A%25B5%25E5%2588%25B6%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%259D%25A5%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%258E%25B0%25E8%25B1%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E9%2587%2587%25E5%258F%2596[[%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%25B9%25B9%25E5%25BC%25B1%25E6%259E%259D]]%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25AD%2596%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25A4%2596%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%259D%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2599%2582%25E8%2583%25A1%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E8%259E%258D%25E5%2590%2588%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E9%2599%25B8%25E7%25BA%258C%25E5%2585%25A5%25E4%25BD%258F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2591%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25B4%25A9%25E6%25BD%25B0%25E9%2580%25B2%25E5%2585%25A5%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25BA%259B%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A6%2582[[%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%2599%2580]]%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E3%2580%2581[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589]]%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2]]%25E7%25AD%2589%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9]]%25E5%2585%2588%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B[[%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%259C%258B]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25B8%258B%25E6%25BB%2585%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259C%258B[[%25E9%2581%25BC%25E6%259C%259D]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25BB%2596%25E9%2582%2584%25E6%259C%2589[[%25E5%2585%259A%25E9%25A0%2585]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25AF%25B9[[%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%259A%259B%25E5%25B1%2580%25E5%258B%25A2%25E9%2580%25A0%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%25B7%25B1%25E9%2581%25A0%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E9%259F%25BF%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

由于北方內亂、外族入侵與天災不斷，南方十國在人口、經濟、文化與科技方面皆勝於北方五代。這也是華南經濟再度勝過華北的時刻，此後这一局面再也沒有逆轉{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%2593%25B4%25E5%25B1%2595%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25A6%2596%25E8%2588%2588%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%2588%25A9%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2589%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%2591%25E5%25B1%2595%25E8%25B2%25BF%25E6%2598%2593%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%258C%25B6%25E8%2591%2589%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%25B4%25A1%25E7%25B9%2594%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E9%258C%25A2%25E5%25A1%2598%25E6%25B1%259F%25E7%259F%25B3%25E5%25A1%2598]]%25E4%25B9%259F%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2580%2599%25E5%2580%258B%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E8%2588%2588%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC[[%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25B8%25AD]]%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E5%25B4%25A9%25E6%25BD%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%2583%25BD%25E4%25BA%258E[[%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2581%258B%25E6%25B2%25B3]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25A8%259E%25E7%25B4%2590[[%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%259F%258E%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259B%25A0%25E7%25B4%25A0%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E7%2587%2595%25E9%259B%25B2%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E5%25B7%259E]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B7%25AA%25E9%2599%25B7%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E9%259F%25BF%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%259D%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E6%2598%25AF[[%25E8%25A9%259E (文學)|詞]]發展的關鍵時期，禪宗也在本時期進入全興期。五代推行雕版印刷《九經》，保存許多儒學經典。繪畫方面，不論南方北方都有獨到之處{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

歷史

中國歷史
中国历史系列條目
史前時代
註 		舊石器時代
中石器時代
新石器時代
古国時代
（三皇五帝） 		銅石並用時代
（黄河文明、长江文明、辽河文明、珠江文明）
夏
前21世紀—前17世纪
商
前17世紀—前11世紀
周
前11世紀
︱
前256年 		西周 前11世紀—前771年
东周
前770年—前256年 		春秋 前770年—前5世紀
戰國 前5世紀—前221年
秦
前221年—前207年
汉
前202年
︱
220年 		西楚 前206年—前202年
西汉 前202年—9年
新 9年—23年
更始政權 23年—25年
东汉 25年—220年
三国
220年—280年 		魏
220年—266年 		蜀漢
221年—263年 		吳
222年—280年
晋
266年—420年 		西晋 266年—316年
东晋
317年—420年 		五胡十六国
304年—439年
南
北
朝
420年
︱
589年 		宋 420年—479年 北魏
386年—534年
齐 479年—502年
梁 502年—557年 西魏
535年—557年 		东魏
534年—550年
陳 557年—589年 北周
557年—581年 		北齐
550年—577年
隋 581年—619年
唐 618年—907年
武周 690年—705年
五
代
十
國
907年
︱
979年 		後梁
907年—923年 		十國
（吳、南唐
吳越、閩
前蜀、後蜀
荆南、楚
南汉、北汉）
907年—979年 		辽
（契丹）
916年—1125年
西辽
1124年—1218年
後唐
923年—937年
後晉
936年—947年
後漢
947年—951年
後周
951年—960年
宋
960年
︱
1279年 		北宋
960年—1127年 		西夏
1038年—1227年
南宋
1127年—1279年 		金
1115年—1234年
蒙古帝國 1206年—1368年
元 1260年/1271年—1368年
北元 1368年—1388年
明 1368年—1644年
南明 1644年—1662年
後金 1616年—1636年
清 1636年/1644年—1912年
中華民國
大陆时期 1912年—1949年
中華人民共和國
1949年至今 		中華民國
臺灣時期 1949年至今
相关条目
中国历史年表

藩鎮割據與唐朝滅亡

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滅唐朝篡位的後梁太祖朱溫。

安史之亂後，唐朝陸續出現許多不受控制的藩鎮[註 1]。雖然藩鎮在唐憲宗時期大致臣服，但總結唐朝中后期，唐廷仍然因為宦官專政與黨爭而無法根除藩鎮问题。由于河北被藩鎮控制、中原戰亂不堪，唐廷十分依賴江南的財富。然而江南地区在龐勛之變和黃巢之亂中遭到破壞，严重影响朝廷经济收入，唐朝逐漸走向滅亡。唐朝后期出現三個重要的藩鎮：沙陀人李國昌（原名朱邪赤心）因平亂有功受封河東節度使，治太原；原黃巢部将朱全忠（原名朱溫）因平亂有功，受封宣武節度使，治汴州（今河南開封）；鳳翔節度使李茂貞（後封歧王）、王重盈與韓建為首的關中藩鎮勢力盛大，時常威脅唐廷。黃巢之亂平定後，黃巢降將秦宗權叛變，率軍在中原地區四處攻掠，一度攻陷東都（今河南洛陽），造成了「極目千里、無復煙火」的局面[參 2]。亂事波及兩淮江南地區，當地群雄纷起抗敵，十國中的吳國與楚國得以建立{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%25A7%25A6%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%25AC%258A%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25BA%2582%25E7%259B%25B4%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%2589%258D%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258A%25AA%25E5%258A%259B%25E4%25B8%258B%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E5%25AE%259A%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E6%2599%259A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%2589%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC111%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC117%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

梁（朱全忠）、晉（李克用）與歧（李茂貞）這三派藩鎮影響了唐朝后期、五代前期的政治，而李克用的子孫與部屬，更成為五代後唐、後晉、後漢與後周的君主。朱全忠與李克用因故不合[註 2]，雙方上至朝廷，下至藩鎮，都鬥爭不斷。朱全忠利用朝中的勢力打壓李克用，並且趁李克用與李茂貞等人抗衡之際威服河北各藩鎮，併吞河中軍、淄青軍等節度使領地。地盤的擴充使得朱全忠的勢力遠較李克用大{{refTag|name=%25E6%2599%259A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%258C%2582%25E8%25B2%259E%25E9%259B%2596%25E7%2584%25B6%25E5%25A8%2581%25E8%2584%2585%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25BB%25B7%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%2586%25E5%259B%25A0%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2585%258B%25E7%2594%25A8%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E6%25B6%2589%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25A4%25B1%25E8%25B4%25A5%25E3%2580%2582888%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E4%25BD%258D%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AE%25B0%25E7%259B%25B8[[%25E5%25B4%2594%25E8%2583%25A4]]%25E4%25B8%258E%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598[[%25E9%259F%2593%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25AA%25A8]]%25E4%25BA%2589%25E6%259D%2583%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E9%259F%2593%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25AA%25A8%25E5%25B9%25BD%25E7%25A6%2581%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B4%2594%25E8%2583%25A4%25E7%25B7%258A%25E6%2580%25A5%25E6%258B%259B%25E5%2596%259A%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E5%2585%25A5%25E6%258F%25B4%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E9%259F%2593%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25AA%25A8%25E5%25BC%25BA%25E8%25BF%25AB%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%258A%2595%25E9%259D%25A0%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%258C%2582%25E8%25B2%259E%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E4%25BA%258E%25E6%2598%25AF%25E7%258E%2587%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%259C%258D%25E5%259B%25B0[[%25E5%2587%25A4%25E7%25BF%2594%25E5%258E%25BF%257C%25E9%25B3%25B3%25E7%25BF%2594]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%259A%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25B3%25B3%25E7%25BF%2594%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%25B3%25A7%25E8%258D%2589%25E8%2580%2597%25E7%259B%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259D%258E%25E8%258C%2582%25E8%25B2%259E%25E5%258F%25AA%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E9%259F%2593%25E5%2585%25A8%25E8%25AA%25A8%25E7%25AD%2589%25E4%25BA%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E5%2592%258C%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E8%25B6%2581%25E6%25A9%259F%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%258E%25A7%25E6%259C%259D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25AC%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2582%2584%25E5%25B1%25A0%25E6%259D%2580%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E6%2595%25B8%25E7%2599%25BE%25E4%25BA%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E5%2585%25B5%25E6%258E%25A7%25E5%2588%25B6%25E9%2595%25B7%25E5%25AE%2589%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25B4%2594%25E8%2583%25A4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2582%2594%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25B7%25B2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%2584%258F%25E6%2593%25BA%25E8%2584%25AB%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25A8%2581%25E8%2584%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259A%2597%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258F%25AC%25E5%258B%259F%25E5%2585%25AD%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%258C%25E8%25A1%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2595%25B7%25E5%25AE%2589%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%259C%25BC%25E7%25B7%259A%25E6%2589%2580%25E5%25AF%259F%25E8%25A7%2589%25E3%2580%2582904%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E5%25B4%2594%25E8%2583%25A4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%25BC%25E8%25BF%25AB%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%97%E9%81%B7%E9%83%BD[[%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%7C%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD]]%EF%BC%8C%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88%E5%BC%91%E5%B8%9D%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%A6%E7%AB%8B%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97%E5%AD%90[[%E5%94%90%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D%7C%E6%9D%8E%E6%9F%B7]]%E4%B8%BA%E5%B8%9D%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B3%E5%94%90%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D%E3%80%82%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%A0%E6%9C%AC%E6%83%B3%E7%AD%89%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E5%BE%8C%E5%86%8D%E5%A4%BA%E5%8F%96%E5%B8%9D%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%81%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%B1%E5%88%A9%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%BC907%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%BC%E8%BF%AB%E5%94%90%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D%E7%A6%85%E8%AE%A9%EF%BC%8C%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E4%BA%A1%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E3%80%82%E6%94%B9%E5%90%8D%E6%9C%B1%E6%99%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B[[%E5%90%8E%E6%A2%81%7C%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81]]%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B3[[%E6%9C%B1%E6%B8%A9%7C%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96]]%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E5%AE%9A%E9%83%BD[[%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%81%E5%B8%82%7C%E6%B1%B4%E5%B7%9E]]%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E6%99%9A%E5%94%90%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%7D%7D%E3%80%82

後梁改革與梁晉對峙

五代各朝雖然掌控中原與關中地區，但沒有像唐朝一樣成為藩鎮认可的共主，主要勢力範圍也不出華北地區，只能說是一個藩鎮型的朝廷[參 4]。中原地區歸附後梁的有義武軍北平王王處直、成德軍趙王王鎔等，半獨立的有鳳翔軍岐國李茂貞、盧龍軍燕國劉仁恭，獨立的是河東軍晉國李克用。蜀地方面，西川軍王建建立前蜀；湖廣一帶，占據江陵周圍的荊南軍高季興在後唐時建荊南，湖南武安軍馬殷建楚國，兩廣（嶺南）清海軍劉隱建南漢；江南地區，占據兩淮吳地的淮南軍楊行密建吳國，浙江錢鏐建吳越國，福建王審知建閩國{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258F%25A6%25E5%25A4%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E8%25B6%25BE[[%25E9%259D%2599%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%258A%2582%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%257C%25E9%259D%259C%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%25BB%258D]][[%25E6%259B%25B2%25E6%2589%25BF%25E8%25A3%2595]]%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA[[%25E6%259B%25B2%25E5%25AE%25B6]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2598%25AF%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E8%2584%25AB%25E9%259B%25A2%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2596%258B%25E7%25AB%25AF%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E9%25BB%258E%25E5%25B4%25B1%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25AE%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25BF%2597%25E7%2595%25A5%25C2%25B7%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2583%25AD%25E7%25AB%258A%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%258C279-281%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%259A%25E9%25A0%2585%25E6%2597%258F%25E7%25BB%2584%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%259B%25A3%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%257C%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%259B%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2599%259D%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25A4%258F%25E5%25B7%259E%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25E5%2589%25B2%25E6%2593%259A%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%2593%259C%25E5%25B7%259E%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E9%2587%2591%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E5%259C%258B%25E3%2580%2582

907年後梁開國之初五代十國局勢圖。此時各國均臣服後梁，只有晉、岐、前蜀與吳敵視後梁、依舊奉唐室年號。

後梁太祖針對唐朝后期的弊端做出不少強烈改革。他極度厭惡宦官，曾拒絕在南方避難的宦官返回京城[參 5]；討厭唐廷高級官員，啟用失意士人如李振、敬翔等人，並且聽從李振建議，屠殺宰相裴樞、崔遠等三十名高官，史稱白馬之禍[參 6]。這些失意士人重實際而輕名義，是五代政治人物的代表[參 7]。經濟方面重視農業發展，致力減輕賦稅；對軍隊十分嚴厲，如大將戰死，所部士卒一律斬首，稱「跋隊斬」。然而後梁太祖晚年荒淫無度，甚至不顧倫理，經常召諸子之妻入宮陪侍。外交方面，後梁立國之初，幾乎所有國家與藩鎮都表示臣服，只有晉、岐、前蜀與吳敵視後梁，依舊奉唐室年號。其中晉國的李克用更是後梁太祖的死敌，自開國起後梁太祖就北伐晉國，在潞州（今山西長治）與李克用僵持不下，史稱潞州之戰。李克用因憂勞去世后，其子李存勗在李克寧、張承業的輔佐下而獲得勝利。910年後梁太祖懷疑成德軍與晉密結而率軍進伐，迫使成德軍王鎔與義武軍王處直倒向李存勗。李存勗率軍於柏鄉（今河北柏鄉）擊潰後梁軍，成功救援成德軍，而梁軍元氣大傷，史稱柏鄉之戰。北方之雄劉守光為人殘暴，且是晉的強敵。他於909年被後梁封為燕王，三年後稱帝建國燕國。隔年，李存勗派周德威攻打劉守光，後梁太祖親自率軍救援，但被晉軍擊潰。劉守光最後於隔年被李存勗攻滅{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

後梁太祖敗退洛陽後病危，次子朱友珪不滿後梁太祖有意立養子朱友文為太子[參 8]，趁機刺殺父皇而繼位。然而朱友珪荒淫无度，不得人心，913年其弟朱友貞聯合天雄軍（即魏博軍）楊師厚進伐奪位，史稱後梁末帝。楊師厚去世後，天雄軍等河北諸鎮都陸續歸附晉國，再加上916年魏州之戰中梁軍慘敗於晉軍，後梁北疆只能勉強維持在黃河以南。918年李存勗率軍南征，與梁軍相持於濮州一帶。梁軍慘敗，但晉將周德威戰死，梁晉戰爭沉寂了一段時期。921年張文禮殺成德軍的王鎔，控制成德军，聯合契丹國與後梁，對抗晉國。然而李存勗率軍於鎮州擊潰趙梁聯軍，又夺得河北三镇後。923年，李存勗在太原稱帝（即後唐莊宗），以光復唐朝為由建國後唐，不久又二度南征。梁將王彥章採取牽制鄆州（今河南東平）的方式，成功圍堵唐軍於楊劉（今河南東阿）附近。雙方對峙良久，唐軍軍糧不足，有即将撤退的跡象。然而梁廷趙巖、張漢傑等人進讒言，使王彥章被撤換，後唐莊宗又率軍經鄆州迂迴攻入空虛無兵的汴州。城破之日，後梁末帝无奈命皇甫麟殺死他，後梁亡{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

後唐拓土與內亂

滅亡後梁，建立後唐的唐莊宗李存勗。在位期間國力強盛，屢次擴充領地，但因管理政事不當而亡於兵變。

後唐莊宗滅後梁後，定都洛陽。此時河北三鎮已定，後唐國力強盛。岐國李茂貞對後唐稱臣，後唐莊宗封他為秦王。924年李茂貞去世，後唐莊宗的長子李繼岌擔任鳳翔節度使，吞并了歧国。前蜀王建在建國後注重農桑、興修水利，使得前蜀在經濟與軍事都十分強盛。但918年王建去世後，其子王衍奢侈無度，殘暴昏庸。925年後唐莊宗派郭崇韜、李繼岌率军攻入成都，王衍投降，前蜀灭亡。

後唐對外強盛，但是內憂積重。後唐莊宗定都洛陽後，招回宦官以任樞要之職，任用李襲吉等保守派，一切與唐朝后期政治相同，朝政日益敗壞{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%2587%25AA%25E8%25AA%258D%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E5%259B%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%258B%2599%25E6%2594%25BF%25E4%25BA%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2582%2586%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B8%25B1%25E6%2585%25BE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2587%25AA%25E5%258F%2596%25E8%2597%259D%25E5%2590%258D%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AF%25B5%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E4%25BC%25B6%25E4%25BA%25BA[[%25E6%2595%25AC%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25A3%25A8]]%25E3%2580%2581%25E4%25BC%25B6%25E5%25AE%2598[[%25E6%2599%25AF%25E9%2580%25B2]]%25E7%25AD%2589%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2586%259B%25E9%2598%259F%25E9%25BE%2590%25E5%25A4%25A7%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25BA%2593%25E5%2590%2583%25E7%25B7%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25A6%25BB[[%25E5%258A%2589%25E7%258E%2589%25E5%25A8%2598%257C%25E5%2588%2598%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%2590%258E]]%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E9%25A0%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2594%25BF%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25B4%25AA%25E5%25A9%25AA%25E7%2588%25B1%25E8%25B4%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%2586%25E7%25A8%258E%25E6%2594%25B6%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%258D%258A%25E5%25BD%2592%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%25AE%25AB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E9%2582%2584%25E8%25A6%2581%25E6%259A%25AB%25E6%2589%25A3%25E5%2586%259B%25E7%25B2%25AE%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%25A3%259C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25BB%2596%25E6%2594%25AF%25E5%2587%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%25A5%25B5%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%259A%25B1%25E6%2586%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E4%25B9%2585%25E5%25BE%2581%25E8%259C%2580%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%259B%25A0%25E6%2595%2585%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%25AE%258A%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%259B%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258A%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC122%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC124%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

郭崇韜雖然完成滅蜀任務，但李繼岌對於不能深入參與軍務而感到不滿。他密報朝廷，意圖陷害郭崇韜。後唐莊宗有意先調查再決定，但刘皇后自行命李繼岌處決之。926年郭崇韜被殺，唐軍军心涣散，兵变四起。刘皇后又不願將自己的財物用於劳军，使局面更加恶化[參 9]。不久，魏博軍在趙在禮率领下於魏州（今河北大名）叛亂，唐將李昭榮平定失敗，後唐莊宗只好派养子李嗣源前往平定。李嗣源於魏州受部众與叛軍擁護，反而率軍南征後唐莊宗。各地唐軍不願為後唐莊宗作戰，汴州與洛陽陸續被陷，後唐莊宗於內亂中流箭而死[參 10]。李嗣源攻入洛陽後殺盡叛臣而稱帝，即後唐明宗，後唐莊宗的長子李繼岌自殺於長安{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

後唐明宗執政期間革除後唐莊宗時的弊政，朝政逐渐安定。他诛除宦官，任用士人；撤銷不少冗餘機關，建立三司等財政機關；提倡節儉，興修水利，關心百姓疾苦；加強中央軍力，建立侍衛親軍以壓制藩鎮。這是五代少見的穩定時期之一，史家稱後唐明宗是五代時期僅次於後周世宗的明君，他制定的一些制度也被宋朝所繼承{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%2588%25B0%25E6%2599%259A%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%2586%258D%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E8%25B5%25B0%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%2585%25A7%25E4%25BA%2582%25E3%2580%2582933%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25AE%2597%25E9%2587%258D%25E7%2597%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E6%25A6%25AE]]%25E5%25A5%25AA%25E4%25BD%258D%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%25AE%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B9%25BC%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E5%258E%259A]]%25E7%25BB%25A7%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E9%2596%2594%25E5%25B8%259D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25AE%2597%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2585%25A9%25E4%25BD%258D%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25B0%2587%25E9%25A4%258A%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E7%258F%2582]]%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E9%25B3%25B3%25E7%25BF%2594%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E5%25A9%25BF[[%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD]]%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E6%259D%25B1%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259D%2587%25E6%2593%2581%25E9%2587%258D%25E5%2585%25B5%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25AE%25B0%25E7%259B%25B8[[%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%25BC%2598%25E6%2598%25AD]]%25E3%2580%2581[[%25E9%25A6%25AE%25E8%25B4%2587]]%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%2583%25B3%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E5%258B%2595%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25BC%258F%25E4%25BE%2586%25E5%2588%2586%25E9%259B%25A2%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%25AC%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%258D%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%25BF%2580%25E8%25B5%25B7%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25AE%258A%25E3%2580%2582934%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E7%258F%2582%25E4%25BB%25A5[[%25E6%25B8%2585%25E5%2590%259B%25E4%25BE%25A7%257C%25E6%25B8%2585%25E5%2590%259B%25E5%2581%25B4]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%2585%25A5%25E6%25B4%259B%25E9%2599%25BD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E9%2596%2594%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2580%2583%25E5%25BE%2580%25E9%25AD%258F%25E5%25B7%259E%25E9%2580%2594%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD%25E4%25BF%2598%25E8%2599%259C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E7%258F%2582%25E6%2589%2580%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25BE%259E%25E7%258F%2582%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E5%25B8%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25A7%25E4%25BA%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25E7%2599%25BC%25E7%2594%259F[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%259C%2580]]%25E7%258D%25A8%25E7%25AB%258B%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25BA%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258E%259F%25E4%25BE%2586%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%259C%2580%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597%25E4%25BB%25A5[[%25E5%25AD%259F%25E7%259F%25A5%25E7%25A5%25A5]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%25B7%259D%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8D%E4%B9%85%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%97%E5%8F%9B%E8%AE%8A%E5%A5%AA%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%8C%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5%E7%B7%B4%E5%85%B5%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%96%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82932%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5%E5%9C%A8%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%9E%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%9D%E8%BB%8D%E5%BE%8C%E8%A2%AB%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%97%E5%B0%81%E7%82%BA%E8%9C%80%E7%8E%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%A6%E6%96%BC%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%E6%9C%AB%E5%B8%9D%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%82%E6%99%82%E7%A8%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80%E3%80%82%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5%E5%8E%BB%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%B6%E5%AD%90孟昶%E7%B9%BC%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%82%E5%AD%9F%E6%98%B6%E5%8B%B5%E7%B2%BE%E5%9C%96%E6%B2%BB%EF%BC%8C%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E7%96%86%E5%9C%9F%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%93%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80%E7%B6%AD%E6%8C%81%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%B1%80%E9%9D%A2%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%7D%7D%E3%80%82

燕雲十六州分佈圖，十六州於後晉已經割讓給契丹國，只有瀛州、莫州於後周時收復。

後唐末帝與石敬瑭早在後唐明宗時就彼此不合。唐末帝繼位後十分猜忌石敬瑭，而石敬瑭也因畏懼而懷有叛變之心[參 11]。936年後唐末帝把石敬瑭調任天平軍，並命張敬達、楊光遠率軍催促。石敬瑭聽从桑維翰與劉知遠的建議向契丹國借兵叛變，並且對遼太宗耶律德光稱兒，事後割讓燕云十六州给契丹{{NoteTag|燕云十六州的範圍涵蓋盧龍節度使與雁門關以北等代北之地。其十六州包含：幽州（今北京市）、薊州（今天津薊縣）、瀛州（今河北河間）、莫州（今河北任丘）、涿州（今河北涿縣）、檀州（今北京密雲）、順州（今北京順義）、新州（今河北涿鹿）、媯州（原屬北京懷來，今為官廳水庫庫區）、儒州（今北京延慶）、武州（今河北宣化）、蔚州（今河北蔚縣）、雲州（今山西大同）、應州（今山西應縣）、寰州（今山西朔州東馬邑鎮）、朔州（今山西朔州）{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25AF%258F%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%25BF%2598%25E8%25A6%2581%25E8%25BC%25B8%25E5%25B8%259B%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E8%2590%25AC%25E5%258C%25B9%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E6%2595%25AC%25E9%2581%2594%25E8%2581%259E%25E7%259F%25A5%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25AE%258A%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25BA%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%258E%2587%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%259C%258D%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%258E%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD%25E5%25A0%2585%25E5%25AE%2588%25E4%25B8%258D%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%258D%25A2%25E9%25BE%2599%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E8%25B5%25B5%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E9%2592%25A7]]%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%258F%25AF%25E6%25B1%2597[[%25E8%25BE%25BD%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%25AE%2597%257C%25E8%2580%25B6%25E5%25BE%258B%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%2589]]%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%2584%258F%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E5%2585%25B1%25E8%25B0%258B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258E%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25B8%25BA%25E6%2583%258A%25E6%2583%25A7%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2580%25A5%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E6%25A1%2591%25E7%25BB%25B4%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E8%25A7%2581%25E8%2580%25B6%25E5%25BE%258B%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%2589%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25A1%2591%25E7%25BB%25B4%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E8%25B7%25AA%25E4%25BA%258E%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%25B8%2590%25E5%2589%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%258B%25A6%25E8%258B%25A6%25E5%2593%2580%25E6%25B1%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%258D%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E8%2580%25B6%25E5%25BE%258B%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%2589%25E6%2594%25BE%25E5%25BC%2583%25E4%25B8%258E%25E8%25B5%25B5%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E9%2592%25A7%25E5%2590%2588%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2589%2593%25E7%25AE%2597%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%25B6%25E5%25BE%258B%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%2589%25E7%258E%2587%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E5%259C%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B8%25AE%25E5%258A%25A9%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2595%25AC%25E7%2591%25AD%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259C%258B[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%2599%258B%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E9%25AB%2598%25E7%25A5%2596%25E3%2580%2582937%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2588%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25B8%258B%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E6%25A5%258A%25E5%2585%2589%25E9%2581%25A0]]%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25B6%2599%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E9%2588%259E%25E7%25AD%2589%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E9%258E%25AE%25E9%2599%25B8%25E7%25BA%258C%25E6%258A%2595%25E9%2599%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%258D%25A8%25E8%2587%25AA%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%2585%25A5%25E6%25B4%259B%25E9%2599%25BD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2584%259A%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%25AD%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E9%25AB%2598%25E7%25A5%2596%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%2583%25BD[[%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%25B0%2581%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E6%25B1%25B4%25E5%25B7%259E]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BE%259D%25E7%25B4%2584%25E5%25B0%2587%25E7%2587%2595%25E4%25BA%2591%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E5%25B7%9E%E5%89%B2%E8%AE%93%E7%B5%A6契丹國%EF%BC%8C%E6%AD%A4%E5%BE%8C%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E5%8A%9B%E9%81%94%E5%88%B0%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%7D%7D%E3%80%82

江南的擴張

五代进入后晋时期，國力大不如前，時常被契丹國威脅。江淮地區的吳與後繼的南唐国势強盛，他们採取聯合北方契丹國制约中原的策略，屢次征討周邊國家壯大勢力，成為中原王朝的一大威脅。吳國是淮南節度使楊行密建立的。早在秦宗權之亂時，秦的部屬畢師鐸率軍攻打揚州，楊行密在抗敌过程中发展割據势力，最後建立吳國{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582902%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%25A5%258A%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%25AF%2586%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%2590%25B3%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E9%2599%25B5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E6%25B1%259F%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25BA%259C%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259F%25B7%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25E9%25BC%2593%25E5%258B%25B5%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25A1%2591%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25A9%25A9%25E5%25AE%259A%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B7%25AE%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E9%2580%2590%25E6%25BC%25B8%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E7%2594%25A6%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25A4%2596%25E5%2589%2587%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25AE%25A4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%259C%25B1%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%25BF%25A0%25EF%25BC%2588[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%25A2%2581%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581]]%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E8%2580%2585%25EF%25BC%2589%25E6%2595%25B5%25E5%25B0%258D%25E3%2580%2582905%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%259D%25A8%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%25AF%2586%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5]]%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E4%25BD%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%259A%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%25B1%259F%25E8%25A5%25BF[[%25E9%2590%2598%25E5%2582%25B3]]%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E5%25AD%2590%25E5%2585%25A7%25E4%25BA%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E8%25B6%2581%25E6%25A9%259F%25E6%25B4%25BE[[%25E7%25A7%25A6%25E8%25A3%25B4]]%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%258D%25A0%25E6%25B1%259F%25E8%25A5%25BF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B7%25AE%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E5%2596%259C%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E7%258E%25A9%25E6%25A8%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%2588%25E7%258C%259C%25E5%25BF%258C%25E5%258A%259F%25E8%2587%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2587%25A3[[%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E7%2581%259D]]%25E3%2580%2581[[%25E5%25BE%2590%25E6%25BA%25AB]]%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%258B%2595%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%25AE%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E3%2580%2582908%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BE%2590%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E6%2593%2581%25E7%25AB%258B%25E6%25A5%258A%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25BC%259F[[%25E6%25A5%258A%25E9%259A%2586%25E6%25BC%2594%257C%25E6%259D%25A8%25E9%259A%2586%25E6%25BC%2594]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25B8%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2599%25A4%25E6%258E%2589%25E6%2583%25B3%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25B8%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E9%25A1%25A5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%25B9%25E5%25BA%2595%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%258F%25A1%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25AC%258A%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E5%2590%25B4%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2588%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%25A1%25A5%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25BC%2592%25E6%25B8%25A5%25E4%25B9%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B4%2584%25E5%2588%2586%25E5%85%B6%E5%9C%B0%E4%BB%A5%E8%87%A3%E6%96%BC%E6%A2%81%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%8A%E6%B8%A5%E6%AD%BB%EF%BC%8C%E9%A1%A5%E6%AC%B2%E8%83%8C%E7%B4%84%E8%87%AA%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82%E6%BA%AB%E6%82%A3%E4%B9%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%95%8F%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%A2%E5%9A%B4%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%82%E6%9B%B0%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E9%A1%A5%E9%9B%96%E5%89%9B%E6%84%8E%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E6%9A%97%E6%96%BC%E6%88%90%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%AD%A4%E6%98%93%E7%82%BA%E4%B9%9F%E3%80%82%E3%80%8D%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%E5%8F%8A%E5%87%BA%E6%95%99%E5%AE%A3%E4%B9%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%83%E6%B8%A5%E6%AF%8D%E5%8F%B2%E6%B0%8F%E6%95%99%EF%BC%8C%E8%A8%80%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD%E8%89%B1%E9%9B%A3%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E5%97%A3%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B8%EF%BC%8C%E9%9A%86%E6%BC%94%E4%BB%A5%E6%AC%A1%E7%95%B6%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%91%8A%E8%AB%B8%E5%B0%87%E4%BB%A5%E7%84%A1%E8%B2%A0%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E8%80%8C%E5%96%84%E4%BA%8B%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%82%E8%BE%AD%E6%97%A8%E6%BF%80%E5%88%87%EF%BC%8C%E8%81%9E%E8%80%85%E6%84%9F%E5%8B%95%E3%80%82%E9%A1%A5%E6%B0%A3%E8%89%B2%E7%9A%86%E6%B2%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%92%E7%84%A1%E8%83%BD%E7%82%BA%EF%BC%8C%E9%9A%86%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%83%E5%BE%97%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%E9%A1%A5%E7%94%B1%E6%AD%A4%E8%88%87%E6%BA%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%9A%99%EF%BC%8C%E8%AB%B7%E9%9A%86%E6%BC%94%E5%87%BA%E6%BA%AB%E6%BD%A4%E5%B7%9E%E3%80%82%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E%E8%A1%8C%E8%BB%8D%E5%89%AF%E4%BD%BF%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E5%97%A3%E8%88%87%E5%BC%B5%E9%A1%A5%E5%96%84%EF%BC%8C%E8%A6%BA%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%82%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南唐大臣韩熙载像。

徐溫掌握大權後屢次攻伐吳越國未果，至後梁末期才和談。唐朝滅亡後，吳國不承認後梁宗主地位，仍然沿用唐哀帝年號，直到919年吳國改元，才正式與唐朝切斷關係。對內則逐步翦除楊氏舊將以穩固其勢力，然而專政的長子徐知训驕橫恣肆，曾因欺負吳王楊隆演而引來兵變，最後被部下朱瑾杀死。徐温养子徐知诰平定亂事，而徐知诰事徐溫甚孝謹，最後成為徐溫政權的繼承者[參 12]。楊隆演鬱鬱而終，其子楊溥繼位，並於927年稱帝，即吳睿帝。927年徐溫去世，追封齊王，養子徐知誥繼位，成為吳國實際統治者。徐知诰生活俭朴，尊重吳帝和將領而頗得民心[參 13]。937年徐知誥奪吳睿帝之位，吳亡，建國齊，都金陵，稱江寧府（今江蘇南京）。同年後唐滅亡，兩年後徐知誥自稱唐室後裔，改姓名李昪，建國南唐，即南唐烈祖[參 14]。李昪建國後採取与民休息、與鄰国友好的政策，使國力持續强盛。943年李昪去世後，其子李璟繼位，即南唐元宗。李璟在位初期，南唐國力仍然強盛，對外聯合遼朝壓制後周，對四周國家也採取見機入侵的方式，陸續滅閩國與楚國{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

在南唐東南方有吳越國與閩國。吳越國的建立者為鎮海、鎮東節度使錢鏐，都杭州，其疆域約同今浙江省。907年錢鏐被後梁封為吳越王，即吳越太祖。在位期間促進經濟發展，保境安民；對外奉五代為宗主國，與吳和南唐為死對頭，這個策略一直維持到亡國為止。另外曾經派使冊封新羅、渤海國等國王，海中諸國皆奉他為君長{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2598%25AF%25E7%2594%25B1%25E7%25A6%258F%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E8%25A7%2580%25E5%25AF%259F%25E4%25BD%25BF[[%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%25BD%25AE]]%25E6%2589%2580%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25BC%259F[[%25E7%258E%258B%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E7%259F%25A5]]%25E6%258E%25A7%25E5%2588%25B6[[%25E7%25A6%258F%25E5%25B7%259E]]%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E7%2582%25BA[[%25E5%25A8%2581%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%259F%259F%25E7%25B4%2584%25E5%2590%258C%25E4%25BB%258A[[%25E7%25A6%258F%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%259C%2581]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%258E%258B%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E7%259F%25A5%25E5%259F%25B7%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2596%25BC909%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%2582%25BA%25E9%2596%25A9%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25E4%25B9%259F%25E6%2598%25AF%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%2580%25A1%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%2584%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25BC%2591%25E6%2581%25AF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E5%2590%2591%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%2587%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25BF%2585%25E9%2580%259F%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E3%2580%2582925%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E4%25BD%258D%25E8%2580%2585%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E5%25AE%2597%25E5%25AE%25A4]]%25E3%2580%2581[[%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2587%25A3]]%25E4%25BA%2592%25E7%259B%25B8%25E7%258C%259C%25E5%25BF%258C%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%25AC%25A5%25E7%2588%25AD%25E8%2580%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%2590%25E6%25BC%25B8%25E8%25A1%25B0%25E5%25BC%25B1%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

943年閩景宗王延曦之弟王延政於建州（今福建建甌）稱帝，國號殷。隔年閩景宗被大臣所殺，國內大亂。945年王延政改國號為閩。同年南唐元宗趁機伐閩國，攻下建州，閩亡。然而吳越趁機介入，閩將李仁達以福州附吳越，泉州、漳州又為清源軍留從效所據，南唐最後只獲得建州與汀州（今福建西北部）等，與吳越國的關係持續惡化。不久南唐元宗趁楚內亂之際於951年派邊鎬攻滅，但隔年因楚將劉言起兵反抗，使得南唐又失去湖南一地。南唐連年用兵使國力受到很大消耗，所得之地也大半喪失。再加上南唐元宗為人柔和、好谀恶直，以是群小競進，政事日非。後周趁機於957年發兵南征南唐。南唐元宗戰敗，割讓江北十四州給後周，並且去掉自己的帝號，只稱江南國主，南唐元氣大傷。而比較有軍事才能的太子李弘冀，他在毒死意圖奪位的叔父李景遂後也去世。南唐元宗只好改立五子李煜為太子，但是李煜的書生氣質較重。南唐元宗為了避周軍與吳越軍聯合入侵金陵而遷都洪州，即南昌府（今江西南昌）。961年唐元宗去世後，由李煜即位，即南唐後主，還都金陵府。至此南唐無力威脅五代，只能保境安民{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

湖廣的內亂

951年五代十國荊南（深紫）、楚國（紫色）、南漢（藍色）與交趾（淡紫，即靜海軍）的位置圖。

而湖廣一帶有荊南、楚國、南漢。荆南又称南平、北楚{{NoteTag|荆南開國主高季兴的官职是荆南节度使，其所建立的政权被稱為荆南。因为高季兴被后唐封为南平王，故称「南平」。高季兴死后，被后唐追封为楚王，也被称「北楚」{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%259F%259F%25E7%25B4%2584%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BB%258A%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%258C%2597%25E7%259C%2581%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E9%2583%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E8%2580%2585[[%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E8%2588%2588%257C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E5%2585%25B4]]%25E4%25B8%25BA[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%25A2%2581%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581]][[%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25B8%25A9%257C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25B0%2587%25E9%25A0%2598%25EF%25BC%258C907%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25B0%2581%25E4%25B8%25BA%25E8%258D%2586%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%258A%2582%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25A6%2596%25E5%25BA%259C%25E4%25B8%25BA[[%25E6%25B1%259F%25E9%2599%25B5%25E5%258E%25BF%257C%25E6%25B1%259F%25E9%2599%25B5]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%258D%2586%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%25B0%258F%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25BC%25B1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259B%25A0%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%2590%2591%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%2587%25A3%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2590%259B%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E5%2585%25B4%25E5%2592%258C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25BE%259E%25E8%25AA%25A8%25E8%25B2%25AA%25E5%259C%2596%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25B2%25A2%25E5%2593%2581%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%2594%2594%25E6%2588%25AA%25E6%2590%25B6%25E5%25A5%25AA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2581%25AD%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%25A8%2581%25E8%2584%2585%25E6%2589%258D%25E9%25A1%2598%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E9%2582%2584%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E8%25B5%2596%25E5%25AD%2590%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E5%2585%25B4%25E6%2594%25B9%25E5%2590%2591[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E7%25A7%25B0%25E8%2587%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%25A8924%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%25AD%2598%25E5%258B%2597%257C%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597]]%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E7%258E%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%25BB%2585[[%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%259C%2580]]%25E6%2597%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25AD%25A3%25E5%2585%25B4%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E7%25A4%25BA%25E9%25A1%2598%25E6%2584%258F%25E5%258D%2594%25E5%258A%25A9%25E4%25BC%2590%25E8%259C%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%2586%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E9%259A%259B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%258B%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%2590%2591%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E8%25A6%2581%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%259C%2580%25E5%259C%259F%25E5%259C%25B0%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590[[%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2597%25A3%25E6%25BA%2590%257C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25AE%2597]]%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%2580%2592%25E8%2580%258C%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%258D%2597%E5%BE%81%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%80%E5%B9%B8%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E9%9B%A8%E5%AD%A3%E4%BD%BF%E5%94%90%E8%BB%8D%E7%B2%AE%E8%8D%89%E4%B8%8D%E6%B5%8E%E8%80%8C%E9%80%80%E3%80%82%E8%8D%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%9B%B4%E5%88%B0%E5%85%B6%E5%AD%90%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%8E%8B高從誨%E7%B9%BC%E4%BD%8D%E5%BE%8C%E6%89%8D%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%BD%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%80%7D%7D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%8C%7D%7D%E3%80%82

楚國則由武安軍節度使馬殷所建立。秦宗權之亂時，秦的部署孫儒攻打兩淮楊行密，孫儒部將馬殷帶部分人馬經江西至湖南割據{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582907%25E5%25B9%25B4[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%25A2%2581%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581]]%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%25AE%25B7%25E5%2590%2591%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%2587%25A3%25E8%2580%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25A5%259A%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E7%25A9%2586%25E7%258E%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%258B%25A2%25E5%258A%259B%25E6%25B6%25B5%25E8%2593%258B%25E4%25BB%258A%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%259C%2581%25E5%258C%2597%25E9%2583%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25A4%2596%25E8%2587%25A3%25E6%259C%258D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%2590%2584%25E6%259C%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%2585%25A7%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E5%25AE%259A%25E4%25BA%2582%25E8%25BB%258D%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E8%2597%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E6%258E%25A1%25E5%258F%2596%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%25A2%2583%25E5%25AE%2589%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25AD%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258B%25A2%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582927%25E5%25B9%25B4[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2594%2590%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E5%25B0%2581%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%25AE%25B7%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%258E%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%25BD%25AD%25E5%25B7%259E%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E9%2595%25B7%25E6%25B2%2599%25E5%25BA%259C%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25A5%259A%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%25AD%25E7%258E%258B[[%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E7%25AF%2584]]%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E6%2593%25B4%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%2587%25B3%25E4%25BB%258A%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%259C%2581%25E6%259D%25B1%25E5%258C%2597%25E9%2583%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258B%25A2%25E9%25A0%2597%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E7%25AF%2584%25E5%259C%25A8947%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258B%25A2%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25BA%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%25B0%2587%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E5%25BB%25A3]]%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E9%2595%25B7%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2590%25BC]]%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%25BB%25BF%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25AE%258A%25E3%2580%2582950%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2590%25BC%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%258A%259F%25E6%2594%25BB%25E4%25B8%258B%25E9%2595%25B7%25E6%25B2%2599%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E6%25A5%259A%25E6%2581%25AD%25E5%25AD%259D%25E7%258E%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E4%25BB%2596%25E7%25B8%25B1%25E9%2585%2592%25E8%258D%2592%25E6%25B7%25AB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%25B0%2587%25E7%258E%258B%25E9%2580%25B5%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%25A1%258C%25E9%2580%25A2%25E8%2588%2589%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25AE%258A%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2580%2591%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%25AE%2597%25E5%25AE%25A4[[%25E9%25A6%AC%E5%85%89%E6%83%A0]]%E7%82%BA武平節度使%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%8A%89%E8%A8%80%E7%82%BA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%BB%8D%E7%95%99%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E7%8E%87%E8%BB%8D%E4%BD%94%E6%93%9A朗州%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%8A%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%B8%E5%BE%B7%EF%BC%89%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8D%E4%B9%85徐威%E4%B9%9F%E6%93%81%E8%AD%B7馬希崇%E7%82%BA%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%89%E8%BB%8D%E7%95%99%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E6%94%BE%E9%80%90%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%90%BC%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%90%BC%E5%89%87%E6%96%BC%E8%A1%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%86%8D%E5%BA%A6%E8%A2%AB%E6%93%81%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82%E6%A5%9A%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E6%88%90%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%89%E6%83%A0%E3%80%81%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E5%B4%87%E8%88%87%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%90%BC%E4%B8%89%E6%B4%BE%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90%E5%85%83%E5%AE%97%E8%B6%81%E6%A9%9F%E6%96%BC951%E5%B9%B4%E6%B4%BE邊鎬%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99%EF%BC%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E5%B4%87%E8%88%87%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%90%BC%E5%85%88%E5%BE%8C%E6%8A%95%E9%99%8D%EF%BC%8C%E6%A5%9A%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%A1%E3%80%82%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%96%E6%A1%82%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%8A%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%A0%E6%93%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E3%80%82%E9%9A%94%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%BB%8D%E7%95%99%E5%BE%8C劉言%E4%B8%8D%E9%A1%98%E9%99%8D%E5%94%90%EF%BC%8C%E6%B4%BE%E7%8E%8B%E9%80%B5%E3%80%81%E5%91%A8%E8%A1%8C%E9%80%A2%E6%94%BB%E4%B8%8B%E6%BD%AD%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%8C%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%A4%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E9%80%80%E5%87%BA%E6%B9%96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南漢是由清海軍節度使劉隱所建立，907年被後梁封為彭郡王，最後為南海王。劉隱穩固嶺南後重用當地士人[參 15]，為日後建國打下基礎。911年劉隱去世後，由其弟劉龑繼位。劉龑在統一嶺南後於917年稱帝，即南漢高祖。國號大越，都番禺，號興王府。隔年改國號為漢，即南漢。南漢高祖與鄰國和好，推廣科舉制度。然而本身殘酷奢侈，每視殺人則喜，寵幸宦官，以至政事不寧。942年南漢高祖去世，其子劉玢繼位，即南漢殤帝。南漢殤帝貪圖享樂，當時有張遇賢叛亂，隔年被其兄劉晟所殺。劉晟自立為帝，即南漢中宗。在位期間，雖然奪取楚國容州（今廣西北流）、邕州（今廣西南寧），但是提倡嚴刑立威，為人殘暴，大肆屠殺皇族和大臣將領，南漢只剩宦官、宮女執政。958年去世後，由其子劉鋹繼位，即南漢後主{{refTag|name=%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%258C%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E9%2597%25B4%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%25A7%258B%25E8%2584%25B1%25E7%25A6%25BB%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E7%25BB%259F%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E3%2580%2582

契丹入侵

割地稱兒的後晉高祖石敬塘。

當十國陸續衰弱或自保時，北方的後晉也因為契丹國的威脅而屢屢不安。當時後晉新立，財政匱乏，契丹貪求無厭，藩鎮多不願服從。為解決財政危機，後晉高祖採納桑維翰的建議，採取安撫藩鎮、恭謹契丹的方式，並且重視農業、商業以提升經濟。雖然契丹國得以安撫，但原燕雲十六州官員如吳巒、郭崇威恥臣於契丹，不願投降。各地藩鎮幾乎不服晉廷，有些甚至有意拉攏契丹國以奪位，此時有賴杜重威、李守貞等人平定。937年天雄軍（即魏博軍）范廷光反於魏州，前去平亂的張從賓也向他投降，並且殺後晉高祖之子石重信和石重乂。最後在范張聯軍逼近開封時，有賴侯益與杜重威率軍擊潰而平定。楊光遠自恃重兵而干預朝政，後晉高祖常屈從之，後來勾結契丹國叛變而被李守貞打敗而死。942年成德軍安重榮指斥後晉高祖父事契丹，要求出並討伐契丹國。但實際上卻是暗通契丹，意圖奪位。後晉高祖派杜重威率軍擊斬安重榮，史稱宗城之戰，並將其頭送與契丹國。同年位於代北的吐谷浑部，因為不願意投降契丹國，首領白承福率部投奔河東節度使劉知遠，契丹國派使問罪。後晉高祖最後在這些憂憤之中去世，其大臣馮道、景延廣以國家多難，宜立長君，就以侄子石重貴繼位於鄴都（今河北大名），即後晉出帝{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%259B%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258A%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC124%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC125%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

由於後晉的將領與百姓對屈尊異族而感到強烈不滿，後晉出帝听从景延廣建议，放棄對契丹國稱臣而改稱孫以洗刷屈辱。景延廣對契丹人的敵意十分強烈，他殺害契丹商人，逮捕契丹使者出氣，屢次對契丹挑釁[參 16]。此舉引來契丹可汗耶律德光的憤怒，他於944年率軍南征。當時河北大旱，蝗蟲侵襲，契丹軍攻掠貝州（今河北清河）等地而還。隔年後晉出帝派杜重威率軍北伐，耶律德光聞之率大軍南下，最後杜重威成功的在白溝（河北定興、新城間）擊潰契丹軍。然而，後晉出帝於白溝之戰後日益驕奢，又以馮玉執政，賄絡公行，朝政敗壞。946年後晉出帝再以杜重威率軍北伐，與耶律德光在滹沱河會戰。此時杜重威有意奪位，反而向耶律德光投降。耶律德光趁機率聯軍直逼開封，後晉大將李守貞、張彥澤陸續投降，最後後晉出帝開城投降，後晉亡，史稱遼滅晉之戰。隔年耶律德光將國號改為「大遼」，即遼太宗，正式建立遼朝[參 17]。遼太宗本來對經營中國地區很有信心，然而「打草穀」與掠人為奴的掠奪政策使中原百姓群聚反抗。其中河東軍劉知遠聽從張彥威的建議，以中原無主為由於太原稱帝，建國後漢，即後漢高祖。遼太宗壓制不了此局面，以天氣炎熱為由率軍北返[參 18]。他命蕭翰留守開封，杜重威留守鄴都。最後於殺胡林（今河北欒城）去世，其兄子耶律兀欲繼位，即遼世宗{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

後漢高祖在遼軍北返後開始收復中原。蕭翰得知消息後，劫持後唐宗室李從益稱帝於開封，而後北返。後漢高祖聞之派使殺李從益以定都開封，並派高行周與慕容彥超在魏州之戰戰役降服杜重威，諸鎮相繼歸附。948年後漢高祖去世，其子劉承祐继位，是为後汉隐帝，並以楊邠、郭威、史弘肇與王章為輔國大臣。當時河中節度使李守貞叛亂，有賴郭威平定。後汉隐帝年長後猜忌輔國大臣，與郭允明協議後於950年以遼軍寇河北為由派郭威鎮守鄴都，隨後大殺楊、史與王等大臣，又殺郭威一家，並召泰寧軍慕容彥超等急速入京。郭威聽從魏仁浦建議起兵南下，並派養子柴榮鎮守鄴都。隔年擊潰慕容彥超，攻入开封，後汉隐帝最後为郭允明等所杀。郭威本有意立劉崇子徐州軍劉贇為帝，先以李太后臨朝。當時恰巧遼軍入侵，郭威出師禦敵，但大軍至澶州（今河北濮陽）時，軍士擁護郭威稱帝，大軍返回開封。951年郭威称帝，建國後周，即後周太祖，後漢亡{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258B%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC127%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC128%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

後周崛起與北宋統一

有五代第一明君之稱的後周世宗柴榮。

後周後周太祖登基後減除若干苛政，勵行節儉，使南流的人口再度有流回中原的傾向[參 19]。然而劉贇被殺，使後舊漢將不服周廷。河東軍劉崇（後漢高祖劉知遠之弟）得知郭威称帝後，自立為帝，建國北漢。他依遼人為援，自稱侄皇帝，並且伺機伐周。舊漢將徐州鞏廷美與泰寧軍慕容彥超意圖叛變，有賴後周太祖陸續平定{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

954年後周太祖去世，由养子柴榮繼位，即後周世宗。後周世宗是五代十國中的第一名君{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25B4%259B%25E8%25B5%25B7%257D%257D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E4%25BD%258D%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%2588%259D%25E9%2581%25AD%25E9%2581%2587%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E5%25B8%259D[[%25E5%258A%2589%25E6%2597%25BB%257C%25E5%258A%2589%25E5%25B4%2587]]%25E8%2588%2587%25E9%2581%25BC%25E5%25B0%2587[[%25E6%25A5%258A%25E8%25A2%259E]]%25E8%2581%25AF%25E5%2590%2588%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E9%25A9%259A%25E6%2581%2590%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A4%259A%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E7%25A9%25A9%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25A1%258C%25E4%25BA%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%25A6%25AA%25E8%2587%25AA%25E6%2593%258A%25E6%25BD%25B0%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E9%2581%25BC%25E8%2581%25AF%25E8%25BB%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E6%2596%25AC%25E8%2587%25A8%25E9%2599%25A3%25E5%25BE%258C%25E9%2580%2580%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2584%25A1%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%25B0%2587%25E9%25A0%2598%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%25A8%25B1[[%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2588%25B0]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E9%259D%25A9%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%25BA%25A6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B2%25BE%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%25AE[[%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A3%259C%25E5%2585%2585%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%2581%25A5%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25A3%25AB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E6%2588%2590%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%25AE%25BF%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E7%258F%25AD%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25A7%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%259D%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%2596%25E6%258B%259B%25E6%2592%25AB%25E6%25B5%2581%25E4%25BA%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B8%259B%25E5%25B0%2591%25E8%25B3%25A6%25E7%25A8%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25A9%25A9%25E5%25AE%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2585%25A7%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2595%25B4%25E9%25A0%2593%25E5%2590%258F%25E6%25B2%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BB%25B6%25E8%2581%2598%25E6%2596%2587%25E4%25BA%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%2593%25E5%25A3%2593%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%2598%258E%25E3%2580%2582955%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E4%25BD%259B%25E5%25AF%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%258D%25B2%25E5%258F%2596%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2587%258F%25E9%258A%2585%25E5%2599%25A8%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%2595%25B4%25E9%25A0%2593%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E8%25B5%2584%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E9%2580%259A%25E9%2589%25B4%25C2%25B7%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2591%25A8%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2598%25BE%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E5%2585%25A9%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E5%258F%258A%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E5%25B7%259E%25E6%25AF%258F%25E6%25AD%25B2%25E9%2580%25A0%25E5%2583%25A7%25E5%25B8%25B3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E4%25BF%2597%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259A%2586%25E9%259A%25A8%25E6%2599%2582%25E9%2596%258B%25E8%2590%25BD%25E3%2580%82%E6%98%AF%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2%E5%AD%98%E8%80%85%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%83%E5%85%AD%E7%99%BE%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%8C%E5%BB%A2%E8%80%85%E4%B8%89%E8%90%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%EF%BC%8C%E8%A6%8B%E5%83%A7%E5%9B%9B%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%83%E5%9B%9B%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%80%E8%90%AC%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%83%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E3%80%82%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8A%7D%7D%E3%80%82%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E8%88%87%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%87%E9%83%BD%E7%82%BA%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%7D%7D%E3%80%82

五代十国之後周版圖

後周世宗在穩定國內後即意圖統一天下，他以「十年开拓天下，十年养百姓，十年致太平」為目標。955年率軍擊潰後蜀，占秦州漢中一帶。956年率兵擊潰南唐，獲得江北之地，迫南唐稱臣。959年後周世宗率軍北伐遼朝以收復燕云十六州，周军陸續攻陷瀛洲、莫州等地。當他准备收复幽州時，却突然生病，被迫班师{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25B8%258D%25E4%25B9%2585%25E5%258E%25BB%25E4%25B8%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%25B9%25BC%25E5%25AD%2590[[%25E6%259F%25B4%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%25AE%25AD%257C%25E6%259F%25B4%25E5%25AE%2597%25E8%25A8%2593]]%25E5%258D%25B3%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2581%25AD%25E5%25B8%259D]]%25E3%2580%2582960%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E9%25A0%2598%25E8%25A2%2596[[%25E8%25B5%25B5%25E5%258C%25A1%25E8%2583%25A4%257C%25E8%25B6%2599%25E5%258C%25A1%25E8%2583%25A4]]%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E9%258E%25AE%25E5%25AE%259A%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25B7%259E%25E9%2581%25AD%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2581%25BC%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%2585%25A5%25E4%25BE%25B5%25E7%2582%25BA%25E7%2594%25B1%25E7%258E%2587%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%258C%2597%25E7%25A6%25A6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%259C%25A8[[%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%25B0%2581%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2599%25B3%25E6%25A9%258B%25E9%25A9%259B%25E7%2599%25BC%25E7%2594%259F[[%25E9%2599%2588%25E6%25A1%25A5%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%258F%2598%257C%25E9%2599%25B3%25E6%25A9%258B%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%25AE%258A]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%2597%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25B8%259D%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E8%25B5%25B5%25E5%258C%25A1%25E8%2583%25A4%257C%25E8%25B6%2599%25E5%258C%25A1%25E8%2583%25A4]]%25E5%259B%259E%25E5%25B8%25AB[[%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%25B0%2581%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E9%25BB%259C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2581%25AD%25E5%25B8%259D%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%2591%25A8%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8]]%25E7%2581%25AD%25E4%25BA%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%259D%259F%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B[[%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25AE%258B%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25AE%258B%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258B%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC128%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC134%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

宋太祖繼位之時，十國仍有後蜀、北漢、南唐、吳越、南漢、荊南與湖南武平軍周行逢、閩南清源軍留從效等，這些國家或藩鎮大多奉宋朝為宗主或臣服之。宋太祖面對遼朝的威脅，採趙普「先易後難，先南後北」的策略統一中國地區。962年荊南主高保勗去世，同年湖南周行逢去世，兩國新主年幼無能。宋太祖趁機於隔年以平湖南之亂為由派兵南下併湖南，途中假道伐虢，併吞荊南。後蜀後主孟昶聞知荊南與湖南被併吞後，聯合北漢以拒宋師。然而其晚年奢持逸樂，朝政不修，軍隊皆無戰鬥力。965年宋太祖派王全斌、崔彥進出鳳州（今陝西鳳縣）、劉光義、曹彬出歸州（今湖北秭歸），北東兩路同時入蜀。結果不出六十多日，後蜀帝孟昶投降，後蜀亡。其寵妃花蕊夫人在亡國後寫下：「君王城上豎降旗，妾在深宮哪得知，十四萬人齊解甲，更無一個是男兒。」南漢後主劉鋹將政事交給宦官龔澄樞及女侍中盧瓊仙等人。由於只信宦官，官員都需閹割才能進用。970年宋廷派潘美伐南漢，由於南漢將領大臣宗室皆死光，只有宦官領軍，隔年南漢帝劉鋹投降，南漢亡{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25AE%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

南唐後主李煜是詞壇高手，雖然終日以外患為憂，但不擅政事。當時有賴其弟李從善、大臣潘佑與將領林仁肇等人，尚且與後周得以對峙。宋朝建立後，李煜親近小人，濫殺大臣，終日與臣酣宴、愁思悲歌，南唐國勢混亂。975年宋太祖以南唐帝李煜稱病不入朝為由，派曹彬南征，並以吳越軍為輔夾攻。最後李煜投降，南唐亡。吳越國方面，雖然忠獻王錢弘佐時趁閩國內亂獲得福州，但是本身課稅繁重，民不堪苦。到忠懿王錢俶時，因為對宋朝十分恭順，宋太祖沒有奪取地。而閩南清源軍留從效割據一方，去世後多人爭位，最後由陳洪進奪得。978年錢俶與陳洪進納土歸順宋朝，吳越國與閩南清源軍亡。而十國最後一個國家北漢的末主是英武帝劉繼元。979年北宋宋太宗派潘美圍攻北漢都城太原，擊退遼國援兵，劉繼元投降，北漢滅亡。至此十國時期結束，正式進入宋朝時期。然而，尚有燕雲十六州還未收復。宋太宗滅亡北漢後不久，他不顧大臣反對，從太原北伐遼朝以圖收復燕雲十六州。起初宋軍攻下易州和涿州，但在燕京的高梁河之戰慘敗而退，至此進入宋遼對峙的時代{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25AE%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

疆域與行政區劃

後梁時五代十國局勢圖。圖中只有岐國、晉國、前蜀與吳國依舊奉唐室為尊，不承認後梁的地位。其他各地藩鎮大都向後梁臣服，其中盧龍軍（後建燕國）、成德軍（趙王）與義武軍（北平王）都具有獨立的地位，並向後梁稱臣，而荊南節度使由後梁直轄。
後唐時五代十國局勢圖。圖中後唐已經統一河北，直接面對契丹國的威脅，並且東進滅岐國、前蜀。但是在攻打定難軍時失敗，蜀地也在孟知祥的努力下建國後蜀，荊南也正式建國。
主条目：五代十國行政區劃
疆域

五代十國的疆域大抵區分成五代與十國。五代諸朝的大抵是華北地區與關中地區，一度領有燕雲十六州、河東（今山西省）、蜀地（四川省）與淮北地區。十國與其他藩鎮大多分佈在五代的週圍如華南、湖廣、蜀地、甘肅、河東與河北等地區，其中江南、湖廣地區分裂為六國，這顯示江南地區遠較三國時期更為開化，故以可以用小地域形成自立的地盤。五代十國的各國疆域在宋朝統一後仍然被沿用為路的行政區劃，現在則成為省界。而且，被細分化的疆域仍然不能自給自足，各國只能發展自身產業，並越界進行經濟交流以互通有無，最後促使宋朝商業的發達[參 20]。

唐朝后期和五代時，政治核心因為戰亂與經濟因素，由長安、洛陽過渡到開封。當時關中因戰亂而荒廢，較強的藩鎮只有歧國李茂貞與定難軍，而河隴地區也持續衰退，回鶻、吐蕃等外族紛紛割據河西走廊；而華中、華南地區經濟強盛，所割據藩鎮繁多，是十國勢力範圍{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581%25E8%2599%2595%25E6%2596%25BC[[%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%25BF%2590%25E6%25B2%25B3%257C%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2581%258B%25E6%25B2%25B3]]%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%259C%25B0%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25B2%25A0%25E8%25B2%25AC%25E8%25BD%2589%25E9%2581%258B%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258C%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E7%2589%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E7%25B3%25A7%25E9%25A3%259F%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BD%2589%25E9%2581%258B%25E7%25AB%2599%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2595%25B6%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25A0%25E6%2588%25B0%25E4%25BA%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E8%258D%2592%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2581%259A%25E9%259B%2586%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25B2%25A1%25E5%25AF%258C%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25A6%2596%25E9%2581%25B8%25E5%259C%25B0%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25B9%259F%25E4%25BF%2583%25E4%25BD%25BF[[%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D]]%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%2581%25B8%25E6%2593%2587%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2581%258B%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%259F%258E%25E5%25B8%2582%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%258C%2597%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E8%2588%2587%25E8%2587%25A8%25E5%25AE%2589%25E7%25AD%2589%25E7%2582%25BA%25E9%25A6%2596%25E9%2583%25BD%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258F%25A6%25E5%25A4%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2588%25B0%25E7%2588%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A4%259A%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25B0%2581%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%258E%259F]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E6%259D%25B1%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25B3%2599%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25B8%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BE%258B%25E5%25A6%2582%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2585%258B%25E7%2594%25A8%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E8%2588%2587%25E4%25BD%2594%25E6%2593%259A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258E%259F%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2581%25BC%25E6%259C%259D%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E7%25AD%2589%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25A6%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E3%2580%2582

五代十國的範圍與唐朝后期相比，萎縮明显，比中國本土的範圍略小，外族大舉占領中國本土的周圍，最後建立遼朝與西夏。河西地區被歸義軍、甘州回鶻與吐蕃諸部所占領。燕雲十六州在938年被後晉高祖石敬瑭割讓給契丹國（後為遼朝），使漢、唐以來北方的國防線全部後退，黃河北岸幾乎沒有屏障。再加上中國政治核心東移，使得五代、宋朝備受遼朝的壓力{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C[[%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E8%25B6%25BE%25E9%2583%25A1%257C%25E5%25AE%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580]]%25E8%25A2%25AB[[%25E9%259D%2599%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%258A%2582%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%257C%25E9%259D%259C%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%25BB%258D]]%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E6%259B%25B2%25E5%25AE%25B6]]%25E6%2589%2580%25E5%2589%25B2%25E6%2593%259A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E5%259C%25A8[[%25E5%2590%25B3%25E6%25AC%258A]]%25E6%2596%25BC[[%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%2597%25A4%25E6%25B1%259F%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2588%25B0 (938年)|白藤江之戰]]擊敗後漢軍後，使越南地區正式脫離中國歷史。而在陝北夏州割據的定難軍，也在宋朝時獨立成西夏{{refTag|name=%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%259F%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

行政區劃
後晉、後漢時五代十國局勢圖。圖中燕雲十六州已經割讓給契丹國。不久契丹南下滅後晉，建國遼朝，而後後漢收復華北。南方的吳國被南唐取代，而南唐雖然攻滅閩國、楚國，但奪得的土地也被四周國家占據而獲益不大。
後周時五代十國局勢圖。圖中後周國勢最強，南奪南唐江北諸州，西占後蜀隴西之地，北奪遼朝瀛洲、莫州等地。十國除北漢外都臣服後周，而北漢是後漢皇室所建，連遼抗周。

五代十國的行政區劃繼承唐朝后期的形式，即道（節度使）、州（府）、縣三級行政區劃。五代注重對地方官的考課，令其忠於職守，後梁、後唐皇帝都詔諭吏部注意州縣官不得“姑徇私情，靡求才實”[參 21]。

節度使成為地方行政區劃是由唐朝中期才開始設置的，又稱藩鎮，主管地方軍事、行政與財政，位高權重。安史之亂期間，唐廷成立許多地方節度使以圍堵叛軍。平亂後，唐廷也冊封大量降將為地方節度使以安撫，造就這些擁兵自重，割據為王的藩鎮，形成唐末藩鎮割據的局面。五代時節度使的授任更爲冗濫，有的節度使以親王遙領，或以宰相遙領。掌握兵權的節度使往往專横至極，爲所欲爲。其中，權重者稱節度使、權輕者稱防禦使（後稱觀察使），安史之亂後的道，即是節度使的轄區。當藩主有異心時，往往趁機舉兵以圖推翻中央，這個現象自唐朝后期开始出现，五代各朝或地方十國的內部也時常發生，這是五代十國動盪不安的起因。此外還在某些地方設“軍”，成爲一級行政機構。如907年後梁在輝州碭山縣置崇德軍，939年後晉改舊威州爲清遠軍，954年後周以萊蕪監爲廣利軍等，其軍使委命本道差補{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%258A%2583%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

由於節度使位高權重，五代有的以親王遙領，如後唐末帝之子李重美遙領成德軍節度使，后汉高祖之弟劉勳領山南西道節度使；也有以宰相遙領的，如後唐莊宗時以侍中、監修國史郭崇韜兼領成德軍節度使。而到宋朝時，節度使被路行政區取代，並且分割地方的行政、財政與軍事權以防止擁兵自重的局勢出現{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%258A%2583%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%25BA%25A6%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258A%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC140%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC142%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

第二行政區為州，州設刺史，第三行政區縣則設縣令。部分州因首都地位或地勢重要而升級為府、例如五代在汴州設有東京開封府、長安設有西京京兆府、魏州設有大名府，有些重要的府在宋朝形成五京制。而十國與各地藩鎮也在其首都或重要州設府，如吳國的揚州江都府、南唐的昇州金陵府與洪州南昌府、楚國的潭州長沙府、南漢的廣州興王府、北漢的太原府、前蜀與後蜀的成都府與興元府、荊南的江陵府等等。並於軍事要地設大都督府，如後梁在宋州、福州均設大都督府。後唐在全國設十大都督府[參 22]。

政治體制

五代十國的政治制度大體沿用唐朝制度，但是各朝變化很多，官職時常廢置不常，其制度比較混亂。朝廷設有主管行政的三省六部、主管財政的三司與主管軍事的樞密院。由於五代十國戰亂不斷，樞密院的權力往往比三省來得大，所以時常以宰相兼領樞密使。五代十國以“使”名官者很多，據《五代會要》記載有崇政院使、宣徽院使、飛龍使、翰林使、五坊使等等三十種之多。十國諸國中雖然有臣服於五代各朝，在制度上仍然是獨立的國家，政治架構等同五代。由於五代十國大多是從節度使起家，對支持他們的幕僚往往擔任新朝廷的職位，而前朝遺老則給予三師、三公或台省官等虛職。而將士有功時，為了攏絡他們，也以官爵名號爲賞賜。這些狀況成為後來宋朝冗官煩多的源頭[參 23]。

三省六部
五代的政治核心，汴州開封府。

中央行政機構有三省六部。三省為尚書省、門下省與中書省，下設六部尚書，並分司辦事。後梁重新設置唐朝空置的尚書令，並且定爲正一品，改唐朝的尚書左右丞爲左右司侍郎。後唐時恢複唐朝舊制，並多設左右僕射，與尚書左右丞均爲正四品。後梁又設中書門下省，置“中書門下平章事”，改司政殿爲金鑾殿，設大學士一員，以崇政院使敬翔爲金鑾殿大學士。中書省和門下省方面，其官員品級也比唐朝高，其長官侍中在唐代宗以前均爲正三品，後晉時中書令和侍中均爲正二品，左右常侍從三品升爲正三品，門下侍郎從正四品升爲正三品。十國方面，有設有等同宰相的官職，如吳國的大丞相，楚、吳的左右丞相，吳、南漢的參知政事，吳越的參相府事等都等同宰相的職稱{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

三司

三司使專管財務，至五代時才確定。早在唐朝時就有戶部、度支、鹽鐵等三司分管租稅、財務收支和鹽鐵專賣、物資轉運事務。唐昭宗以宰相崔胤兼領三司使，至此出現三司使。後唐曾設置租庸使以管轄三司，最後正式設置三司使和副使以管理朝廷財務，地方財政也需聽從三司使的命令。以後歷朝相承不廢，宋朝設置的三司就是緣自五代的{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

樞密院

五代十國還設有樞密院以掌管軍事，又大多為武將。樞密使掌握軍事，其實權往往超過宰相，可直接下令任免藩鎮。所以通常由皇帝最親信的臣僚充當，有時又以宰臣兼任樞密使。例如959年後周世宗命司徒平章事範質與禮部尚書平章事王溥參知樞密院事，藉此以加強文人官僚制度{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2597%25A9%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E9%25A0%2598%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%258F%25B3[[%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25AD%2596%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25B0%2589]]%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2585%25A9%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%2585%25B1%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%259B%259B%25E8%25B2%25B4%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%25BE%2580%25E5%25BE%2580%25E4%25BE%25B5%25E5%25A5%25AA%25E7%259B%25B8%25E6%25AC%258A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%259A%25E8%2587%25B3%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E7%25AB%258B%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25B8%259D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%259C%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E5%25AE%2598%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2587%25B3%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E9%2596%258B%25E5%25A7%258B%25E7%2594%25A8%25E6%259C%259D%25E8%2587%25A3%25E5%2585%2585%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25B8%25A9%257C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596]]%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E9%2599%25A2%25E7%2588%25B2%25E5%25B4%2587%25E6%2594%25BF%25E9%2599%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2588%25B2%25E5%25B4%2587%25E6%2594%25BF%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E3%2580%2582923%25E5%25B9%25B4[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597]]%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E9%2599%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2589%25AF%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E6%259B%25BE%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E5%25BE%25BD%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E4%25B9%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%2586%25E4%25B8%258D%25E4%25B9%2585%25E5%258F%2588%25E6%2581%25A2%25E8%25A4%2587%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%259B%25B8%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E5%25B0%258D%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%259F%2584%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25BC%258F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%25BE%258C%25E7%2594%25B1%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E6%2589%25BF%25E4%25B9%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25AD%2589%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2588%2596%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%258A%25B5%25E7%25BD%25AE%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E6%2588%2596%25E7%259B%25B8%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%25A8%259E%25E5%25AF%2586%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%2598%25E8%2581%25B7%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6%7D%7D%E3%80%82

法律

五代十國時的刑法，基本沿用唐朝的律令格式和編敕，但因歷朝又都有新頒的敕條，彙編附益，使得格敕前後重複矛盾。957年後周世宗令大臣們進行整理，唐律條文難解的，加上注釋，格敕繁雜的，加以刪除，彙編為《大周刑統》二十一卷。北宋初年所編的《宋刑統》即就此書略加增刪而成{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

外交

早在唐朝時因為外族紛紛進入中原内附定居，在安史之亂後河北地區、陝北與河西走廊陸續成為外族的勢力範圍，使得中原政局更容易受外族的影響。例如沙陀族、党項族受唐朝冊封為節度使，而沙陀領有的河東軍於五代建立後唐、後晉與後漢。而契丹族的影響最大，多次成為篡立者的外援。建立契丹國後於946年入主中原，建國遼朝。雖然遼朝最後返回燕雲地區，但仍然對中原地區有一定的影響力[參 24]。

《卓歇图》（局部），五代遼朝的胡瓌所繪，敘述契丹族的可汗、阏氏和他部下於出猎后圍地饮宴的情况。

五代時，北方以契丹最強。契丹族原唐朝受封為松漠都督府。唐朝后期，契丹迭刺部的首領耶律阿保機崛起並征服各部，取代痕德堇可汗後於907年即可汗位。他先後鎮壓了契丹貴族的叛亂和征服漠北地區奚、室韋、黠嘎斯、阻卜等部落，在軍事與經濟方面都十分強盛。915年耶律阿保機出征室韋得勝回國，但被迫交出汗位。不久他在灤河邊建城，於隔年建立契丹國，即遼太祖。契丹國掠奪中原的人口，收留因河北戰爭的流民，任用韓延徽、韓知古、康默記與盧文進等漢人為佐命功臣。於925年東征渤海國後即有意南下中原。遼太宗繼位後趁後唐發生內亂之際，接受石敬瑭的請求，出兵協助攻滅後唐，扶持兒皇帝建國後晉，並且獲得燕雲十六州。後晉出帝繼位後不願稱臣，並濫殺契丹商人。遼太宗為此多次出兵南征未果，後來有賴後晉大將杜重威投降，而攻陷汴州，建國遼朝。而後因為遼軍打草穀濫殺漢人，使中原人人舉兵抗遼，遼太宗也在北返之際於殺胡林去世。此後遼朝大衰，雖然後來扶持北漢，但与後周作戰敗多勝少，最後於959年被後周世宗奪下瀛洲、莫州等地。宋朝建立並滅北漢統一中國本土後，於同年北伐遼朝。此時有賴耶律沙、耶律休哥、耶律斜軫等名將與宋軍大戰高梁河（今北京西直門外），成功擊敗宋軍，此時也進入宋遼對峙時期{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

五代時北方與東北還有奚、吐谷浑、室韋、渤海國等國。奚國於唐朝受封為饒樂都督府，於唐朝中後期多次入侵邊疆。遼朝建立後，奚國被契丹征服，契丹還建立遼中京以統治之，並且逐步同化奚族。而唐朝后期的另一強國渤海國，也在926年亡於契丹，並於原地成立東丹國，以契丹太子耶律倍任人皇王。遼太宗繼位後廢除東丹國，建立遼東京以管理之。而吐谷浑部，原本定居青海一帶，被吐蕃攻滅後，東遷到朔方、河东一帶。五代时散处蔚州等地。936年後晉割讓燕云十六州給契丹國，使得部分吐谷浑臣服于契丹，但仍有不少逃回太原，投奔河東節度使劉知遠{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

五代时的河西形势圖。

唐朝后期，西方吐蕃最強，但因內部分裂而衰。五代時，河西走廊被回鶻、吐蕃與党項等許多民族所割據，有甘州回鶻、吐蕃六谷部、黃頭回鶻、位於蘭州一帶的党項族、陝北的定難節度使（党項統領）等。此時漢人政權只有沙洲、瓜州的歸義節度使與五代屬地的朔方節度使與河西節度使（管制涼州、蘭州等）。而定難節度使是西夏的前身，本體是陝北夏州的党項族。其領袖拓跋思恭因平亂有功，被唐僖宗所冊封。雖然定難軍獨立自主，對外仍然臣服五代各朝與北漢。五代時，後唐後唐明宗意圖併吞定難軍，將庭州軍安重進與定難軍李彝超對調，最後有賴李彝超成功擊退安重進的唐軍才穩固之。最後在宋朝時吞併靈州、河西等地，建國西夏[參 25]。西域地區則有西州回鶻、高昌回鶻、龜茲回鶻、于阗與喀喇汗國等。其中于阗和喀喇汗國是西域大國，其範圍涵蓋整個西域地區。拥有塔里木南部广大领土的于阗是盛行佛教的塞种人国度，统治者尉迟家族自汉朝起就掌握该国的政权。唐朝时，于阗属于毗沙都督府，由当时的国王尉迟伏阇雄兼任都督。五代时的于阗趋于汉化，国王李圣天自称“唐之宗属”，国内实行唐朝旧俗，并派人向中原朝廷进贡[參 26]，后晋封其为大宝于阗国王[參 27]。喀喇汗國则为伊斯兰势力东进的主要势力，同于阗多次发生战争，但皆以失败告终。十一世纪初，于阗与归义军在喀喇汗國和西夏夹攻中相继灭亡[參 28]。1212年时，喀剌汗國亡於由耶律大石率領的契丹族，後者建國西遼{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

南方有交趾、大理國與牂柯蠻。曲承裕擔任靜海節度使後，曲家長期割據交趾，907年去世後由曲顥繼位。930年曲主曲承美被南漢高祖攻滅，不久楊廷藝舉兵並攻下大羅城，靜海軍再度建立。937年矯公羨奪位並向南漢稱臣，隔年楊廷藝的女婿吳權自愛州舉兵，南漢高祖派其子劉弘操率軍入援。吳權在擊潰矯公羨後於白藤江之戰擊潰劉弘操率領的漢軍，至此南漢再也沒有南征交趾的意願。939年吳權稱王，建立吳朝，都城古螺，越南地區开始脫離中國歷史，至968年丁朝建立，越南正式走上独立发展道路。大理國源自唐朝時的強國南詔，由於長期與唐朝戰爭，國力日趨衰弱，於南詔末年發生多次權臣篡位事件。902年，世襲清平官的權臣鄭買嗣迫南詔帝蒙舜化貞退位，建國大長和。928年大長和的東川節度使楊干貞和清平官趙善政殺死大長和帝鄭隆亶，趙善政建國大天興。次年，楊干貞廢趙善政自立，建國大義寧，而楊干貞之弟楊詔認為海通節度使段思平有異心，促使楊干貞派兵追殺。段思平即向高方尋求庇護。而後，段思平向東方的黑爨借兵，與其弟段思良和軍師董迦羅舉兵反抗。937年滅大義寧，建立大理國，都城大理{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

軍事制度

参见：禁軍

五代十國的軍事制度繼承唐朝后期節度使的制度，當時地方藩鎮時常舉兵意圖推翻中央朝廷。為了解決此問題，朝廷逐漸加強中央禁軍以打壓地方，到宋朝更發展成強幹弱枝的政策。而五代十國最高的中央單位是樞密院，大多為武將擔任。由於五代重軍事、輕文人，為了鞏固政權也以宰相兼任樞密使[參 29]。

五代後梁趙喦所繪的《八達春遊圖》，描繪宮廷生活。

唐朝中期開始，節度使擁有強大兵力，掌握地方軍事、民政、财政。他們位高權重、專横至極，時常發生舉兵意圖推翻朝廷之事，史稱藩鎮割據。而唐朝最後也被宣武節度使朱溫所篡，五代十國的建國者也大多是唐朝后期的節度使。到五代十國時，舉兵篡位之事更多，在後晉高祖割讓燕雲十六州後更加劇烈。也使得五代君王時常替換，最後形成九姓十五君之多{{NoteTag|九姓有後梁朱氏、後唐李氏（李克用）、後唐李氏（李嗣源為養子）、後唐李氏（李從珂本性王）、後晉石氏、遼朝耶律氏、後漢劉氏、後周郭氏、後周柴氏（柴榮為養子）等。十五君包含統治中原地區的君王，後梁三位、後唐四位、後晉兩位、遼一位、後漢兩位、後周三位，共十五位{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25BA%2582%25E4%25B8%2596%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%2590%259B%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25B4%259B%25E7%25B4%259B%25E6%258E%25A1%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E5%258B%2595%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%25AD%2589%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%25B9%25B9%25E5%25BC%25B1%25E6%259E%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25AD%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2589%258A%25E5%25BC%25B1%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E5%258A%259B%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E8%25B2%25A0%25E8%25B2%25AC%25E5%25AE%2588%25E8%25A1%259B%25E9%25A6%2596%25E9%2583%25BD%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25AE%25AE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%2583%25E9%25A7%2590%25E9%2598%25B2%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A3%2593%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BE%258B%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%25A3%2593%25E5%2588%25B6%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2589%258A%25E5%25BC%25B1[[%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E6%259C%2594%25E4%25B8%2589%25E9%2595%2587%257C%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258C%2597%25E4%25B8%2589%25E9%258E%25AE]]%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25E4%25BE%2586%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25AE%258B%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%25E6%259B%25B4%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E7%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%25AE%25BF%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%25AB%25B8%25E7%258F%25AD%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%25A4%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E9%2582%2584%25E9%25A0%25BB%25E7%25B9%2581%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E5%258B%2595%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E4%25BD%25BF%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%258F%259B%25E5%2585%25B6%25E9%25A7%2590%25E5%259C%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E9%2598%25B2%25E6%25AD%25A2%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2580%2591%25E9%2595%25B7%25E6%259C%259F%25E4%25BD%2594%25E6%2593%259A%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%2596%25B9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%2589%25B2%25E6%2593%259A%25E5%258B%25A2%25E5%258A%259B%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

而五代各朝時常擴充禁軍，軍事官制也繁多易變。後梁太祖最親近的軍隊是「廳子都」，此軍裝備精良，兇悍異常，太原晉軍十分畏懼。立國後擴編宣武軍為禁軍，取禁軍的精銳以成立侍衛親軍。在首都設左右龍虎軍、左右羽林軍、左右神武軍、左右龍驤軍，均以親王爲軍使，後來名稱時有變動。後唐禁軍的前身是河東軍，李克用以眾多養子為骨幹建立「義兒軍」，是其最精銳的軍隊。征戰的主力部隊是915年收編的魏博銀槍效節軍，在滅梁時發揮重大作用。建國後在首都設立嚴衛左右軍、捧聖左右軍等。在後唐明宗時成立侍衛親軍為禁軍，以其鄴都起事的兵士為骨幹，又稱隨駕軍。其中石敬塘還擔任侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使兼六軍都衛副使。後晉又在首都設護聖左右軍，其本部軍源自石敬塘在河東起事的軍隊，其部屬劉知遠還擔任侍衛馬步軍都指揮使。後漢軍制沿襲後晉，沒有很大的改變。後周在首都設龍捷左右軍、虎捷左右軍。後周世宗時改革軍事制度，實施練選制度，精簡中央禁軍，補充強健之士，設有殿前都指揮使、水陸都部署、殿前都點檢等高級軍官，形成「殿前諸班」的禁軍。其中殿前都點檢掌握軍事實權，後來擔任此職的趙匡胤在後周世宗去世後發動陳橋兵變，篡位建國宋朝{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259A%25B4%25E6%2598%258E%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%25B4%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2585%25B5%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%25B0%259A%25E6%259B%25B8[[%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E6%2598%25AD%25E9%2581%25A0]]%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%25AE%259A%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BB%258D%25E6%25B3%2595%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2598%25AF%25E9%2599%2590%25E5%2588%25B6%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E6%25AC%258A%25E5%258A%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BE%258B%25E5%25A6%2582%25E7%25A6%2581%25E6%25AD%25A2%25E9%2580%25A0%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%2599%25A8%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25B9%25B2%25E9%25A0%2590%25E6%25B0%2591%25E6%2594%25BF%25E7%25AD%2589%25E7%25AD%2589%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

由於戰爭頻繁，兵役負擔沉重。當時為了防止士兵逃亡，特在士兵臉上刺字記其軍號，以便各地關津識認、追捕逃兵。另外，各地都徵派男女從事運輸，無數人畜累斃途中。後梁太祖攻打青州王師範時，甚至把徵發來堆積攻城土山的民丁、牛驢一起掩埋在土山中。劉仁恭在幽燕徵發十五歲以上、七十歲以下的男子自備軍糧從軍，共得二十萬人。北漢規定十七歲以上的男子皆入兵籍為兵。南唐曾強令老弱以外的人全部從軍。吳越錢俶「盡括國中丁民」為兵。湖南馬希萼調發朗州全部丁壯為鄉兵。閩國後期發民為兵，力役無節。除了兵役，還有各種名目的土木修建勞役。後唐莊宗盛暑修建營樓，「日役萬人」。荊南修理江陵外郭，驅兵民萬餘人從役。閩主建築寺觀宮殿，「百役繁興」。賦役嚴重，使戰亂破壞嚴重的北方社會經濟難以復甦，也大大阻礙了南方經濟發展的進程{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

人口

周文矩的《重屏會棋圖》，圖中表現出南唐宮廷或文士生活。

唐朝后期至五代十國時期，中原地區的經濟因為長期的戰亂、天災而殘破不堪。黃巢起義後，長達六七十年內，大小戰事不停。華北地區的兵役和各種勞役異常繁重。統治者視人命如草芥，無辜群眾常遭慘殺。戰爭破壞和苛重賦役促使人民數以萬計餓死或流徙他處。例如唐朝后期蔡州秦宗權四處肆虐，一度攻陷東都（今河南洛陽），形成「極目千里，無復煙火」的情況[參 30]。

雖然唐朝后期南方也受到龐勛之變與黃巢之亂的影响，但在十國時期，重大戰事較少，政局比較穩定，有利於社會經濟的恢復和發展[參 31]。長期安定的環境有利於發展生產，使得十國府庫逐漸充實。五代十國末期，後周與北漢的戶口不過一百萬戶，南方諸國則多達兩百七十餘萬戶。在這些國家中，以南唐的六十五萬戶最多，其次是吳越的五十五萬戶居次；再次為後蜀的五十三萬餘戶。這三國的人口總合，差不多是當時中國地區總人口的一半[參 32]。北宋統一南北時，原後周和北漢所在的華北地區約一百萬戶，而南方九國所在地區已有二百三十萬戶。南方人口超過北方的態勢至此已經定型，北宋年初的南北人口比例大約是6：4[參 33]。

五代十國戶口流動表
年代 戶數 口數 備註
唐哀帝天復三年（907年） 全國估計20,000,000人 唐朝滅亡。
后周世宗显德六年（959年） 2,309,812户[參 34]。
宋太宗太平兴国四年（979年） 3,790,000户 32,500,000人 北宋統一中國本土。

經濟

唐朝後期因為安史之亂、藩鎮割據與黃巢之亂的因素，使得北方戰亂不堪，人口流移南方，田園荒蕪。到五代十國時期，五代時交迭頻繁，北方戰火始終未能平熄，北方經濟比較落後，人口持續大減。直至後周後期才逐漸恢復，但經濟力始終不如南方。而南方則較為安定，持續吸收來自北方的流民，替南方帶來大批的勞動力及先進的耕織技術，加速了南方經濟的發展[參 35]{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

農業

北宋時杭州城與钱塘江地圖，此城與錢塘江石塘是吳越王錢鏐所修建的。

唐朝后期至五代十國時期，中原地區的經濟因為長期的戰亂、天災而殘破不堪，河北、河南、山東與關中一帶都是戰亂區。例如943年後晉出帝時，春夏裏有早災，秋冬有水災，蝗蟲大起，境內竹木葉都被蝗蟲吃光；再加上軍事上人為的決黃河水，水浸汴、鄂各州，使北方的生産遭到極大破壞。相對的，自漢魏六朝以來，比較平穩的江南、湖廣與巴蜀地區的經濟持續發展而十分興盛，成為中原人民投奔的地方。在加上華南地區被細劃分數國，各國為了提升經濟力莫不細心經營，這使得十國的經濟力遠勝於重武力的五代{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

雖然五代戰亂不堪，但仍有不少君王提振經濟。後梁太祖稱帝後重視農業，他任張全義為河南尹，以恢復河南地區的生產。908年又令諸州滅蝗以利農桑{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25AE%2597]]%25E5%259F%25B7%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%2580%25A1%25E7%25AF%2580%25E5%2584%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2588%2588%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%2588%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2597%259C%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%25A7%2593%25E7%2596%25BE%25E8%258B%25A6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%25A7%2593%25E5%25BE%2597%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2596%2598%25E6%2581%25AF%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596[[%25E9%2583%25AD%25E5%25A8%2581]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2586%25E6%25B8%259B%25E8%25BC%2595%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%25A3%2593%25E5%258A%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2596%25BC952%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%259B%25B4%25E6%258E%25A5%25E5%25B0%2587%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%25B1%25AF%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0%257B%257BNoteTag%257C%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E5%25B1%25AF%25E7%2594%25B0%25E7%2582%25BA[[%25E8%2590%25A5%25E7%2594%25B0]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0%25E7%2594%25B1%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%2580%2595%25E7%25A8%25AE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2597%25A9%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%2588%2586%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2582%258A%25E7%2596%2586%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25AE%2589%25E5%258F%25B2%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25BA%2582%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%25B0%2591%25E6%2588%25B7%25E5%2587%258F%25E5%25B0%2591%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2587%258E%25E5%25A4%259A%25E9%2597%25B2%25E7%2594%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E7%259B%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%259C%2580%25E8%25A6%2581%25E8%25BB%258D%25E9%259A%258A%25E9%25A7%2590%25E5%25AE%2588%25E9%2598%25B2%25E7%25A6%25A6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E8%2590%25A5%25E7%2594%25B0%25E6%2593%25B4%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2585%25A7%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0]]%25E9%2580%2590%25E6%25BC%25B8%25E7%25A7%2581%25E7%2594%25B0%25E5%258C%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E8%25BF%25AB%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%2585%25E7%2595%25B6%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0%25E6%2588%25B6%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25A8%2585%25E6%2594%25B6%25E6%25B8%259B%25E5%25B0%2591%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E7%2587%259F%25E7%2594%25B0%25E6%2594%25B6%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2593%25A1%25E4%25BE%25B5%25E5%2590%259E%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E8%25B3%259C%25E7%25B5%25A6%25E4%25BD%2583%25E6%2588%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%258D%2587%25E7%25A8%2585%25E6%2594%25B6%25EF%25BC%259B%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E5%25BB%25A2%25E9%2599%25A4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E8%25A1%258C%25E7%259A%2584%25E3%80%8C%E7%89%9B%E7%A7%9F%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%BF%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91%E5%85%8D%E9%99%A4%E7%89%9B%E6%AD%BB%E7%A7%9F%E5%AD%98%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%A0%E6%93%94%7B%7BrefTag%7C1%3D%E3%80%8A%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91%E2%80%A7%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%99%BE%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E2%80%A7%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8%E7%B4%80%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E5%BB%A3%E9%A0%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8C%E6%95%95%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8E%E6%82%89%E7%BD%B7%E6%88%B6%E9%83%A8%E7%87%9F%E7%94%B0%E5%8B%99%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%85%B6%E6%B0%91%E9%9A%B8%E5%B7%9E%E7%B8%A3%EF%BC%9B%E5%85%B6%E7%94%B0%E5%BB%AC%E3%80%81%E7%89%9B%E3%80%81%E8%BE%B2%E5%99%A8%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%A6%E8%B3%9C%E8%A6%8B%E4%BD%83%E8%80%85%E7%82%BA%E6%B0%B8%E6%A5%AD%EF%BC%8C%E6%82%89%E9%99%A4%E7%A7%9F%E7%89%9B%E8%AA%B2%E3%80%82%E3%80%8F%E6%98%AF%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%B6%E9%83%A8%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%89%E8%90%AC%E9%A4%98%E6%88%B6%E3%80%82%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A2%E5%BE%97%E7%82%BA%E6%B0%B8%E6%A5%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%A7%8B%E6%95%A2%E8%91%BA%E5%B1%8B%E6%A4%8D%E6%9C%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%8D%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%95%B8%E5%80%8D%E3%80%82%E3%80%8D%7D%7D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%7D%7D%E3%80%82%E5%88%B0%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96%E6%99%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%A0%E6%9C%89%E7%94%B0%E7%95%9D%E5%BE%B5%E7%A8%85%E3%80%82%E9%80%99%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%96%BC%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E8%88%8A%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E6%98%AF%E5%90%8C%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%85%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南方十國提倡經濟發展，並且重视兴修水利，防水治害。例如吳越、南唐獎勵農桑；閩及南漢促進海外貿易；前蜀和後蜀亦能發展農耕絲織，此均能令南方的經濟得到發展。巴蜀地區在唐朝就十分富庶，有天府之國之譽稱。經歷戰亂後，在前蜀王建與後蜀孟知祥、孟昶父子的經營下，政治相對穩定。他們又注重興修水利，廣泛耕墾，在褒中一帶還興辦了屯田，使得農業生產比較發達。後蜀時期，「百姓富庶」、「斗米三錢」，米便宜到一斗三文錢。而兩廣地區也讓不少人遷居，五十年來，南嶺以南無事，使得南漢府庫逐漸充實{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

吳與南唐、吳越所在的兩淮、江南與太湖地區在隋唐時期十分繁榮，是唐朝的粮食重鎮[參 36]。歷經龐勛之變與黃巢之亂後也逐漸回復，當地朝廷支持大規模開墾荒地，並且修築水道。吴和南唐在丹阳疏浚练湖，在句容疏浚绛岩湖，在楚州筑白水塘，在寿州筑安丰塘，少者溉田数千顷，多者溉田万顷以上。吳越王錢鏐在錢塘江修築錢塘江石塘以防海潮侵襲[參 37]，並且疏浚西湖、太湖和鑒湖等[參 38]，又募民開墾荒田，免徵田稅，使杭州一帶成為江南富裕之城。而福建地區在唐朝后期經濟力不強，王潮、王審知兄弟領有閩國後，他們勸民農桑，在连江县车湖周围筑堤，可溉田四万余顷。南唐和吴越的農民还修建了一种圩田，即围田。旱则开闸引水灌田，涝则关闸拒水，把低洼的涝地变成良好的耕田{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%259D%25B1%25E6%2599%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%259C%259D%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E4%25BE%2586%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2588%2586%25E8%2588%2588%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E6%25AE%25B7%257C%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%25AE%25B7]]%25E6%2593%259A%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A5%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%2596%25B7%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%258D%2587%25E6%25B9%2598%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B9%2598%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B3%25A7%25E9%25A3%259F%25E7%2594%25A2%25E9%2587%258F%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259C%25A8[[%25E5%2591%25A8%25E8%25A1%258C%25E9%2580%25A2]]%25E6%2593%259A%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E3%2580%258C%25E7%258E%2587%25E5%258B%2599%25E7%25A8%25BC%25E7%25A9%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259B%259B%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2580%2589%25E5%25BB%25A9%25E5%2585%2585%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E9%2583%25BD%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E9%2595%25B7%25E6%25B1%259F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%258B%25E6%25B8%25B8%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2582%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E8%25B3%25A6%25E5%2587%25BA%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25B1%2585%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B9%259D%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25A4%2598%25E7%25B3%25A7%25E5%258D%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258C%25E8%2598%2587%25E5%25B8%25B8%25EF%25BC%2588%25E6%2588%2596%25E6%25B9%2596%25EF%25BC%2589%25E7%2586%259F%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25B6%25B3%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E6%25B3%2595%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

南方除了糧食作物興盛之外，在茶葉、絲綢與棉花等經濟作物也十分興盛，且進入專業化的地步。當時茶葉除了種於山區之外，也有建立於平地丘陵制之上。根據《四時纂要》記載當時江南茶園十分發達。五代時，楚國馬殷對於茶葉、植桑養蠶與棉花十分興盛，帶動楚國的商業與貿易發展。閩國發展經濟產物茶葉，又獎勵海上貿易，大舉提升當地的經濟{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

手工業

五代的蓮尖四壺嘴白瓷。

諸國混戰雖然嚴重破壞了社會經濟，但社會生產仍未中斷。即使在華北地區，後梁太祖建國初期和後唐明宗在位時，都曾分別採取某些恢復生產的措施。後周時，手工業如紡織、造紙、制茶、曬煮鹽等生產也有所發展。而南方十國的紡織業更是凌駕在北方之上[參 39]。

雕版印刷最初是在民間流行，在五代十國時期尤為突出，其中以江南和巴蜀两地比較发达，不仅有民间书肆出售的佛经和日用各书，而且士大夫阶级所读的儒家经典也用雕版印刷發行。雕版印刷較發達的前蜀，印刷品主要是占卜書、字書等。到後蜀時專門印製，導致「蜀中文學復盛」。932年後唐宰相馮道提議官方採行雕版印製《詩經》、《書經》、《禮記》等等九經，出現官方大規模印刷。這個計畫由國子監實現，沒有因為戰亂而中止，直到953年後周時期才刻印完畢，共二十二年。從此，刻本「九經」廣為流傳。此後朝廷刊印經書的數量增加，這個任務也交給國子監負責，書版也收藏在國子監內，被稱為「監本」{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

五代亦為陶藝的重要蛻變期，也是由民間走向官方製窯。民窯與官窯分道揚鑣，爭奇鬥艷，成為一色釉瓷器盛行的時期。官方創設官窯，專門供應皇室和官員所用。在北方有後唐、後周的御窯，在南方有吳越國的秘色窯，西南方有前蜀、後蜀的官窯。而民間也保持優良的傳統，例如位於河北的定窯即十分興盛[參 40]。而吳越國的越器，其燒製技術優良，十分有名[參 41]。製窯技術也遠傳國外，918年後梁時期時，高麗便學會中國的造瓷技術，並在康津設立了窯廠，此後又陸續傳到了日本及西方各國{{refTag|name=%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

澄心堂紙是五代時期的名紙之一。五代南唐後主擅寫詩詞，喜歡收藏書籍和紙張，為此將金陵官府的一幢房子命名為澄心堂，作為作詩藏書之地。南唐後主還特地令四川造紙工匠來到澄心堂，仿照蜀紙製成一種質地優良的新紙，並命名為「澄心堂紙」。因為澄心堂紙的質量非常好，以至一紙值百金，是紙品中的佼佼者。此後宋朝、清朝也都學習南唐的技術，生產並使用了這種紙{{refTag|name=%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

商業

商業方面，由於北方五代戰亂不斷，農業遭受破壞，連帶商業也難以發展。而華南經濟未遭受很大破壞，南方十國的政局相對於北方也比較穩定，除了盛產糧食之外，部分國家還大量出產茶葉、絲綢與棉花等經濟作物。由於國家林立，長江水運與海上運輸都很便利。各國紛紛互通有無，有的還與外國貿易，使得商業貿易十分發達。華北需要大量的茶葉，而楚國、南唐與閩國等南方茶商也需要運送至河南、河北等地，使得荊南成為茶葉轉運中心，商人販賣茶葉，買回繒纊、戰馬。而江南所需的食鹽一部分也依賴華北供應。北方五代與北漢、燕、岐等勢力從契丹、回鶻、党項買馬，前後蜀向西邊各少數族買馬。南方諸臣服國都以進貢方式和北方進行貿易。南唐、吳越、閩國與北方的貿易主要是通過海路，東自高麗、日本，西至大食，南及占城、三佛齊等都有商業往來。當時有不少貿易大港如揚州、明州、廣州等等，其中杭州、福州與泉州都是這個時期擴建成長。例如吳越錢鏐擴建杭州城、閩國王審知擴建福州城、閩南留從效擴建泉州城等[參 42]。後周規定販運食鹽不得逾越漳河。但是，通商貿易仍然十分興盛{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

韓熙載夜宴圖，描摹了南唐巨宦韩熙载家开宴行乐的场景。

文化

五代於中国文化史上有重要地位，主要表现为印刷事业的发展、火药在战场上的出现、词的兴起等几个方面。由於南方較北方富庶安定，因此，文學、繪畫、金屬工藝、浮雕、紡織、陶藝等均盛行於南方[參 43]。

學術思想

五代儒家學說雖然還是國政的基本依據，但是對社會、政治的影響力已經大大降低。因為儒學對於官方及正常秩序的依賴，要比佛、道二家大得多。當五代政權屢變，儒學備遭破壞，其思想影響大大降低。後唐明宗在敕旨中指出了學校多廢、典籍罕傳的狀況。後周世宗時，更做了一些恢復儒學的努力，使儒學的傳統不至於中斷。而民間私人講學的風氣也很盛行，培育了不少的儒學人才，這都成為宋代儒學興發的重要養分{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

由於社會動蕩和時代短促的緣故，時常發生叛變弒君事，而君王大多重武輕文，士人也重實輕虛，使得本時期比較少有傑出的學者和思想家，有名的儒者只有馮道[參 44]。馮道為五代政治家，大規模官刻儒學《九經》，侍奉九姓十五君，「累朝不離將相、三公、三師之位」，前後為官四十多年。其行為事君不忠，但是事親濟民、其主政提攜賢良，在五代有著「當世之士無賢愚，皆仰道為元老，而喜為之偁譽」的聲望，晚年著有《長樂老自敘》{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

由於亂世災禍，人們對前途深感無從把握，大多採行消極避世的思想，部分儒者與百姓轉向佛教與道教。有研讀道籍者，也有隱遁山林者，名利之心淡漠，注重個人養生，而有「五季之亂，避世宜多」[參 45]。其中道教學者譚峭繼承老子「道」為世界本源的說法。他認為天地間萬物均是由道演化而來，而道的本質則是虛，許多觀點蘊含著人民性、民主性因素。譚峭著有《化書》，其中《道化篇》云：「道之委也，虛化神，神化氣，氣化形，形生而萬物所以塞也。道之用也，形化氣，氣化神，神化虛，虛明而萬物所以通也」{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

唐朝后期的皮日休繼承王充以來的「氣」一元論，將氣看作天地萬物的本原。他不認同相命術數等迷信，也不認為有「天」，主張無神論。並且具有民本思想，重視人民生活，批評唐廷政治腐敗無能{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

文學與史學

南唐李後主李煜是五代十國中最重要的詞人 ，其著名之作〈虞美人〉中：「問君能有幾多愁，恰似一江春水向東流。」，含蓄地顯示出愁思的長流不斷，無窮無盡。

五代的文人饱经沧桑，诗文也透露着沉痛的气息。其中以吳越國诗人罗隐的五七言诗比较优秀，著有《羅隱甲乙集》，收其詩作，今已不傳。五代前期时期流亡四方的文人学士颇多，司空图、韦庄、杜光庭等，都是非常有文学成就的人物[參 46]。

然而五代十國的文學是詞的重要發展時期。其詞風的前期繼承晚唐風格，主要描寫皇室貴族的享樂生活。其題材庸俗，境界狹窄，風格柔靡，以花間派的作品為代表。到後期出現清晰深沉的描述，情感生動，使人回味無窮，對宋詞的影響極大。花間派起源於晚唐溫庭筠、晚唐前蜀的韋莊，其中溫庭筠被後人稱為「花間鼻祖」，有名的有〈菩薩蠻〉、〈夢江南〉等，而韋莊有〈女冠子〉、〈菩薩蠻〉等，其風格較為清新。而後繁榮於五代，以蜀地和南唐詞人較多，水平也較高，從而成為兩個中心。蜀地有晚唐前蜀的韋莊與後蜀的歐陽炯等人，他們的作品後來由趙崇祚收入《花間集》。歐陽炯詞作風極委婉之致，有名的有〈南鄉子〉{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

另一個中心的南唐有馮延巳、中主李璟、後主李煜等人。馮延巳的作品有〈採桑子〉、〈謁金門〉等，詞風細膩深沉，影響北宋詞人晏殊、歐陽修等，遺有《陽春集》。李璟的作品以〈攤破浣溪紗〉最具代表，內容深動，沒有艷麗虛浮感，李璟父子的作品被後人集刻為《南唐二主詞》。李煜是五代十國中最重要的詞人。其前期的作品也是如同花間派，以〈玉樓春〉、〈菩薩蠻〉等宮廷艷麗生活為主。但在國亡被俘後所寫的詞，或慨嘆身世，或懷戀往昔，形像鮮明，語言生動，把傷感之情寫得很深摯，以〈虞美人〉、〈浪滔沙〉、〈烏夜蹄〉等最具代表。突破了晚唐以來專寫風花雪月、男女之情的窠臼。在內容和意境兩方面都有創新，為北宋詞的發展開拓了新的領域{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

史學早在唐朝就十分興盛，到五代十國時仍然盛行，並且重視唐朝史料的部分。其中，以《舊唐書》和《唐會要》最有名，對於記述唐代史事、人物、典制、興亡盛衰等都具有特別重要的價值。《舊唐書》即《唐書》。為了累積豐厚的資料，早在後梁末帝即下詔徵集唐代家傳以及公私章疏，到後唐明宗又設三川搜訪圖籍使到成都一帶搜尋唐實錄，並明令保護碑碣。最後後晉高祖在914年後晉天福六年下令撰寫，到945年開運二年完成。本書先後由張昭遠、賈緯、趙熙等等人撰寫，監修一開始是趙熙，最後是劉昫。《舊唐書》保存豐富的人物、事件等原始史料，例如李密的〈討隋煬帝檄文〉，受到後世史學家的重視。但是成書倉促，對原始材料缺乏加工，唐憲宗以前多照抄國史、實錄，而唐穆宗以後系編纂雜說、傳記，所以到宋朝又出現《新唐書》[參 47]。

五代另一個鉅作《唐會要》是由後周的王溥所著，其分門別類的敘述唐代各項典章制度與文物的沿革变迁，再現唐代風貌，是中國历史上第一部《会要》专著[參 48]。五代的歷史筆記也十分興盛，主要也是敘述唐代事物。王仁裕的《開元天寶遺事》記載唐玄宗時的朝野逸事、王定保的《唐摭言》詳述唐代貢舉制度、劉崇遠撰《金華子》記敘唐末朝野故事、孫光憲的《北夢瑣言》記載唐及五代士人逸事等。這些筆記內容真切，在時代特點與社會風貌方面的敘述也比史書多元{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%25AD%25B8%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

宗教

雲岩寺塔，位於蘇州西北部的虎丘山頂，是五代重要的建築。

唐朝后期、五代時期政局混亂、戰亂不堪，使得儒學衰退、許多士人百姓紛紛尋求宗教上的撫慰。宗教方面依舊延續唐朝中期以来的政策，趨向崇道貶佛，但是佛教在南方逐漸生根发展。五代各朝推行限制賞賜名僧和度僧人數的政策以限制佛教。但是南方十國崇尚佛教，並沒有強制限制，而南方又以中國化的禪宗為主。道教在五代十國時期所受限制較少，許多五代皇帝推崇道教，使得道教比較興盛。然而佛教在民間的影響力仍然勝過道教[參 49][參 50]。

會昌法難後，佛教各宗陸續衰退，只有禪宗南宗逐漸興盛，並且在唐朝后期开始分為五宗。禪宗在南頓北漸後分成神秀的北宗與惠能的南宗。惠能主張頓悟、見性成佛，在南遷嶺南後廣為流傳。其弟子神會北返洛陽，並在明定南北總是非大會上擊敗北宗，使禪宗南宗成為禪宗主流。禪宗南宗而後分成神會的荷澤宗、行思的青原宗與懷讓的南岳宗。南岳宗至百丈懷海時，其弟子靈佑、慧濟創建溈仰宗，在五代時期十分興盛，至北宋四代而亡。百丈懷海的弟子希連、義玄創建臨濟宗，到北宋成為禪宗最興盛的派系。文偃創立雲門宗，其思想可概括為三句，即：「函蓋乾坤句，截斷眾流句，隨波逐浪句」。文益開創法眼宗，認為「三界唯心，萬物唯識」，所以主張「不著他求，盡由心造」。青原宗至曹山本寂時創建曹洞宗，在唐末五代時期形成五宗七派，即溈仰宗、臨濟宗、雲門宗、法眼宗、曹洞宗等五宗，再加上臨濟門下分出的黃龍、楊歧兩派等。然而禪宗到後期過度推廣頓悟，反而流於形式與神祕主義，甚至出現「呵佛罵祖」之事。使得佛教走向世俗化、制度解體化{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

佛教其他宗在會昌法難後大半衰亡，天台宗、唯識宗的典籍亡失。五代十國時，十國吳國皇帝邀請高麗諦觀應攜天台典籍，諦觀著《四教儀》，使得天台宗因而復興。而淨土宗滲入民間，並且向上流傳至士人，到後期與禪宗融合，一度有「禪淨一致」的思潮。佛教在後周時又發生大規模排佛運動，後周世宗以寺僧浮濫，直接影響國家賦稅、兵役為由整飭寺院，沙汰僧尼，與前次滅佛運動合稱三武一宗。至此中國北方的佛教日益衰落，而南方佛教仍繼續發展{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

劉海戯蟾圖，相傳劉海為道教全真道北五祖之一。

唐末五代的道教仍然十分興盛，逐漸以外丹道走向內丹道。五代十國時有不少崇道的君王，例如後周世宗就是抑佛揚道。而道教則在五代多朝皇帝的扶持下，以此較盛行的勢態延續至宋朝，為道教在宋朝的鼎盛奠定基礎。五代有名的道士有杜光庭、譚峭、彭曉、谭紫霞與劉海等。杜光庭主張以道為本，納儒、佛入道，著有《道德真經廣聖義》、《常清靜經住》等等。他主張修道之人都要「因元氣而成」，其方法是「安神去欲、保守三元」。他繼承唐玄宗時道士吳筠的作法，認為三教應該融合無別。他說：「凡學仙之士，若悟真理，則不以西竺東土，為名分別，六合之內，天上地下，道化一也。若悟解之者，亦不以至道為尊，亦不以象教為異，亦不以儒宗為別也。三教聖人，所說各異，其理一也」。杜光庭的清淨之道，可以說是道教融合佛儒的典型代表。此外，他還將茅山宗和天師道兩派的齋醮儀式統一起來，並加以規範與制度化，廣受後世道教所採用{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

譚峭自幼愛好黃老、諸子及列仙傳記，立志修道學仙。擅長辟穀養氣之術，著有《化書》（《譚子化書》），認為萬事萬物皆源於虛，「虛化神，神化氣，氣化形」，後復歸於虛，「其化無窮」。彭曉著有《周易參同契分章通真義》，都比較有影響力{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

摩尼教、景教與祅教等宗教也因會昌法難而大半衰退，其中摩尼教走入地下化，並在五代復受五代朝廷禮遇。摩尼教化為民間秘密宗教後，成為農民起事的凝聚力量來源。例如920年後梁時期的陳州毋乙、董乙等人就利用摩尼教起事。而伊斯蘭教沒有在會昌法難被取締，其主要以僑寓中國沿海的阿拉伯、波斯商人的後裔為主，這些人大都沿習父輩的信仰。在西域一帶的民族也因為伊斯蘭教的東傳而逐漸放棄原本的摩尼教、景教、祅教、薩滿教與佛教，成為新一代的穆斯林{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

藝術

後蜀石恪所繪的《二祖調心圖》。

五代十國的繪畫主要繼承唐朝繪畫，並且有所創新。南唐、前蜀後蜀與吳越等國經濟強盛，皇室和士人生活優裕，產生宮廷畫院，使繪畫藝術走向觀賞性、集中性，其中還產生許多以家族為單位的創作群體[參 51]。

五代十國時期因為中原戰亂不堪，許多畫家由中原轉向西南和東南，並隱居深山，造成山水畫的迅速發展以及花鳥畫的興起[參 52]。南方山水畫以南唐的董源、巨然師徒著稱，他們皆擅用水墨描繪江南景色。董源擅長用披麻皴，好以淡墨輕嵐寫出江南平淡天真之趣，以《洞天山堂》、《寒林重汀圖》最有名。巨然直接承襲董源的畫法，更在山頂上常鉤畫一些明淨的卵石，即「礬頭」。以《蕭翼賺蘭亭圖》、《層巖叢樹圖》等著稱{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E8%258A%25B1%25E9%25B3%25A5%25E7%2595%25AB%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25BE%2590%25E7%2586%2599%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%259C%2580%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25BB%2583%25E7%25AD%258C%25E7%25AD%2589%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%259C%2580%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%2590%258D%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E9%25BB%2583%25E7%25AD%258C]]%25E6%2593%2585%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25AE%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%258F%258D%25E7%25A6%25BD%25E7%2595%25B0%25E5%258D%2589%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E5%25BE%2590%25E7%2586%2599]]%25E6%2593%2585%25E7%2595%25AB%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B9%2596%25E4%25B8%258A%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E9%25B3%25A5%25E6%25B1%2580%25E8%258A%25B1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25A9%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%25BB%2583%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%2590%25E3%2580%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%25BB%2583%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%25AF%258C%25E8%25B2%25B4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%2590%25E7%2586%2599%25E9%2587%258E%25E9%2580%25B8%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25AB%25BA%25E8%25AA%259E%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%2590%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E5%25AF%25AB%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%258F%258D%25E7%25A6%25BD%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2581%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E9%259B%25AA%25E7%25AB%25B9%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AD%2589%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%2595%25AB%25E7%259A%2586%25E7%25B9%25BC%25E6%2589%25BF%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2598%2589%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%25BC%25B5%25E8%2590%25B1%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%25AE%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%25A2%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%2590%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259C%2589%25E9%25A1%25A7%25E9%2596%258E%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%259F%25A9%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%2581%25AA%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E9%25A1%25BE%25E9%2597%25B3%25E4%25B8%25AD%257C%25E9%25A1%25A7%25E9%2596%258E%25E4%25B8%25AD]]%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%2595%25AB%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E9%259F%25A9%25E7%2586%2599%25E8%25BD%25BD%25E5%25A4%259C%25E5%25AE%25B4%25E5%259B%25BE%257C%25E9%259F%2593%25E7%2586%2599%25E8%25BC%2589%25E5%25A4%259C%25E5%25AE%25B4%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25B7%259A%25E6%25A2%259D%25E7%25B4%25B0%25E8%2586%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2589%25B2%25E5%25BD%25A9%25E8%258F%25AF%25E9%25BA%2597%25E9%25AE%25AE%25E8%25B1%2594%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%2582%25B3%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2597%259D%25E8%25A1%2593%25E7%258F%258D%25E5%2593%2581%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2591%25A8%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%259F%25A9%25E5%25B0%258D%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2588%25BB%25E7%2595%25AB%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%2594%259F%25E5%258B%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25A7%25BF%25E5%258B%25A2%25E6%258E%258C%25E6%258F%25A1%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B7%25B1%25E5%258E%259A%25E5%258A%259F%25E5%258A%259B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E8%2598%2587%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%2588%25A5%25E6%2584%258F]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E8%2588%2587%E3%80%8A按樂宮女圖%E3%80%8B%E7%AD%89%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%95%AB%E5%AE%B6%7D%7D%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80石恪%E6%93%85%E7%B9%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E9%AC%BC%E7%A5%9E%EF%BC%8C%E5%BD%A2%E8%B1%A1%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%91%E6%80%AA%E5%A5%87%E8%A9%AD%E4%B9%8B%E7%8B%80%EF%BC%8C%E7%B9%AA%E6%9C%89%E3%80%8A二祖調心圖%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%82%E7%9A%84%E9%81%93%E5%A3%AB張素卿%E6%93%85%E9%95%B7%E9%81%93%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8C%E6%9B%BE%E6%96%BC%E9%9D%92%E5%9F%8E%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%A7%80%EF%BC%8C%E7%95%AB%E4%BA%94%E5%B6%BD%E5%9B%9B%E7%80%86%E7%9C%9F%E5%BD%A2%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%A6%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%BA%AA%E5%A5%B3%E6%95%B8%E5%A3%81%EF%BC%8C%E7%AD%86%E8%B7%A1%E9%81%92%E5%81%A5%EF%BC%8C%E7%A5%9E%E5%BD%A9%E6%AC%B2%E6%B4%BB%E3%80%82%E8%A6%8B%E4%B9%8B%E8%80%85%E5%BF%83%E9%A9%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%82%B8%EF%BC%8C%E8%B6%B3%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E9%80%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%A6%E7%95%AB%E4%B9%8B%E6%A5%B5%E8%87%B3%E8%80%85%E4%B9%9F%E3%80%8D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%7D%7D%E3%80%82

五代楊凝式兼具顏柳的專長。上蒴二王，側鋒取態，鋪毫著力，遂於離亂之際獨饒承平之象，也為唐書之回光，以《夏熱帖》、《神仙起居法》、《草堂十志圖跋》傳世。五代之際，狂禪之風大熾，此亦影響到書壇，『狂禪書法』雖未在五代一顯規模，然對宋代書法影響不小{{refTag|name=%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2597%259D%25E8%25A1%2593%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582

荊浩所繪《匡廬圖》，表達雄偉又深遠遼闊的意境。
關仝所繪《秋山晚翠圖》，巨細靡遺，在細微處亦不含糊。
董源所繪《洞天山堂》，具有實、虛、實的層次感，增添山中幽遠的氣氛。
巨然所繪《蕭翼賺蘭亭圖》，清潤秀逸，V 形山勢垂直布列，形成高遠氣勢。
徐熙所繪《雪竹圖》，色彩淡雅，具有清新之氣。
李成所繪《晴巒蕭寺圖》，山石雄伟而秀美，皴染用笔多有变化。

科技

猛火油櫃為一石油火焰噴射器。

由於戰亂與天災，五代十國的科技發展不如唐朝，而南方十國的科技發展較北方五代興盛。然而整體而言，在製瓷雕版、農業水利與火器方面仍有發展的地方[參 53]{{refTag|name=%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E6%259B%2586%25E6%259B%25B8]]%25E5%259B%25A0%25E4%25B8%25BA%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%2595%2587%25E5%2589%25B2%25E6%258D%25AE%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%2583%25BD%25E9%2581%258D%25E5%258F%258A%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2586%25E8%2583%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%259B%2586%25E6%259B%25B8%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B4%259B%25E7%25B4%259B%25E6%258E%25A1%25E7%2594%25A8%25E6%25B0%2591%25E9%2596%2593%25E6%259B%2586%25E6%259B%25B8%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D[[%25E6%259B%25B9%25E5%25A3%25AB]]%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B7%25A8%25E7%259A%2584%25E3%2580%258A%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E6%259B%2586%25E3%2580%258B%25E6%25B5%2581%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%2590%258E%25E6%259C%259F%25E3%2580%2581%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%25B0%2591%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E5%25B9%25BE%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25B9%2585%25E3%2580%2582%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E6%259B%2586]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25BB%25A5[[%25E9%25A1%25AF%25E6%2585%25B6]]%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%259B%2586%25E5%2585%2583%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5[[%25E9%259B%25A8%25E6%25B0%25B4]]%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25B0%25A3%25E9%25A6%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E4%25B8%2580%25E8%2590%25AC%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%259C%25AC%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2595%25B8%25E6%2593%259A%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2588%2586%25E6%25AF%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%259E%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25B8%259B%25E8%25BC%2595%25E4%25BA%2586%25E8%25A8%2588%25E7%25AE%2597%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E4%25BD%259C%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25AE%2598%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%25A0%2592%25E5%25B8%2583%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259B%2586%25E6%259B%25B8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E8%25B2%25B6%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25B0%258F%25E6%259B%2586%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259C%25A8%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%259D%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E4%25BA%2586%25E5%25AE%2598%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25AE%2598%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E6%2596%25BC[[%25E6%25B8%2585%25E6%25B3%25B0]]%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%2596%2593%25E5%25A2%259E%25E8%25A8%25AD[[%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E6%259E%2597%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25AE%2598]]%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%2581%25B7%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25AE%258B]]%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E9%2586%25AB%25E7%25BD%25B2%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25B1%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E6%259E%2597%25E9%2586%25AB%25E5%25AE%2598%25E9%2599%25A2%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%259C%2580]]%25E7%259A%2584[[%25E9%259F%2593%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%258D%2587]]%25E6%2598%25AF%25E6%259C%25AC%25E8%258D%2589%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%96%E8%A9%B3%E5%AF%9F%E8%97%A5%E5%93%81%EF%BC%8C%E6%B7%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%8D%AF%E6%80%A7%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%BD%E8%8D%AF%E8%BE%84%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%88%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80%E5%B8%9D孟昶%E7%9A%84%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%96%E4%BB%A5%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E3%80%8A新修本草%E3%80%8B%E7%82%BA%E8%97%8D%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%8C%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E7%B7%A8%E8%91%97%E6%88%90%E3%80%8A%E8%9C%80%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%B1%E3%80%8A蜀本草%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%8C%E6%95%A3%E5%A4%B1%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%7D%7D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%8F%B2%7D%7D%E3%80%82

在農業與水利方面，五代也有很高的發展。韓鄂一般被認為是唐末五代人，他參考唐朝以前的農書如《齊民要術》等，撰寫出《四時纂要》，是繼《齊民要術》之後，又一本重要的農書。書中採用了「月令」的形式，按月編排農民每月應作的事宜，其中以農業為主體。此外也記錄許多當代的農業技術，其中還首次記載茶樹、棉花、香菇和薯蕷等作物的栽培技術以及人工養蜂。唐朝的茶葉研究到五代時仍然盛行，其中前蜀毛文錫著有《茶譜》等{{refTag|name=%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E6%2582%25A3%25E5%25A2%259E%25E5%25A4%259A%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E8%25A6%258F%25E6%25A8%25A1%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E6%2595%25B8%25E9%2583%25BD%25E8%25BC%2583%25E5%2589%258D%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25A4%259A%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2586%258D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E4%25B8%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A5%25B5%25E5%258A%259B%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25BA%259B%25E6%25B2%25BF%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%25A0%25A4%25E9%2598%25B2%25E6%2588%2596%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E9%2581%2593%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E7%25A8%258B%25E4%25B9%259F%25E7%25A9%258D%25E6%25A5%25B5%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E6%259C%2589[[%25E9%2581%2599%25E5%25A0%25A4]]%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E3%2580%2582924%25E5%25B9%25B4[[%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590]]%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E7%25AF%2589[[%25E9%2585%25B8%25E6%25A3%2597]]%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%25A0%25A4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E9%259A%2594%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%2594%25B1[[%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E7%25BF%2592]]%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%258A%259F%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%2582%2584%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25E3%2580%258C[[%25E5%25B8%259A%25E5%25B7%25A5]]%25E3%2580%258D%25E4%25BE%2586%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%25B2%25B8%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25A0%25B5%25E5%258F%25A3%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%25A0%25A4%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E7%25AF%2589%25E7%2589%25A9%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E8%25A6%2581%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25B0%2587%25E8%2596%25AA%25E6%259F%25B4%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%25AB%25B9%25E6%259C%25A8%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25BB%259F%25E8%258D%2589%25E7%25AD%2589%25E5%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%259C%259F%25E7%259F%25B3%25E6%258D%2586%25E7%25B4%25AE%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%25B8%259A%25E6%258D%2586%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2584%25B6%25E5%25BE%258C%25E9%2580%25A3%25E6%258E%25A5%25E8%25B5%25B7%25E4%25BE%2586%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B7%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%25BE%2588%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%258A%2597%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E8%25A1%259D%25E6%2593%258A%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2594%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2586%259F%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%2599%25AE%25E9%2581%258D%25E6%258E%25A8%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2590%25B3%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E9%2587%258D%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B2%25B3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BC%2595%25E6%25B9%2596%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E6%25BF%259F%25E9%2581%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%258C%2581%25E7%25BA%258C%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25A1%2598%25E6%25B5%25A6[[%25E5%259C%25A9%25E7%2594%25B0]]%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E9%2582%2584%25E4%25BF%25AE%E7%AF%89錢塘江石塘%E4%BB%A5%E9%98%B2%E6%B5%B7%E6%BD%AE%E4%BE%B5%E8%A5%B2%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%7D%7D%7B%7BrefTag%7Cname%3D%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%8F%B2%7D%7D%E3%80%82

五代的吳國、南唐常將火药、猛火油等使用在戰爭上。904年楊行密軍圍攻洪州﹙今江西南昌﹚，部將鄭璠命所部「發機飛火，燒龍沙門，率壯士突火先登入城，焦灼被體」[參 54]。975年北宋大軍南征南唐，南唐將領朱全贇用猛火油縱火攻宋軍，但最後因為風向改變，火焰反燃己軍而大潰[參 55]。

帝王年表

主条目：五代十国君主列表、五代和北汉世系图、十国世系图和南唐皇帝世系图

五代

庙号 谥号 姓名 统治时间 年号
五代 907年－960年
後梁 907年－923年
太祖 神武元圣孝皇帝 朱温
又名朱全忠、朱晃 		907年—912年 开平 907年—911年

乾化 911年—912年

郢王 朱友珪 912年—913年 凤历 913年—913年
末皇帝{{refTag|name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257C1%253D%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%259C%25AB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25AD%2589%25E7%259A%2586%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%25BE%258C%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25A8%25B1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%259D%259E%25E8%25AB%25A1%25E8%2599%259F%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D 朱友贞
又名朱鎤、朱瑱 		913年—923年 乾化 913年—915年

贞明 915年—921年
龙德 921年—923年

后唐 923年—937年
莊宗 光圣神闵孝皇帝 李存勗 923年—926年 同光 923年—926年
明宗 圣德和武钦孝皇帝 李亶 926年—933年 天成 926年—930年

长兴 930年—933年

闵皇帝 李从厚 933年—934年 应顺 933年—934年
末皇帝{{refTag|name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257D%257D 李从珂 934年—937年 清泰 934年—937年
后晋 936年—947年
高祖 圣文章武明德孝皇帝 石敬瑭 936年—942年 天福 936年—942年
出皇帝 石重贵 942年—947年 天福 942年—944年

开运 944年—947年

后汉 947年—951年
高祖 睿文圣武昭肃孝皇帝 刘知远 947年—948年 天福 947年

乾祐 948年

隐皇帝 刘承祐 948年—950年 乾祐 948年—950年
后周 951年—960年
太祖 圣神恭肃文武孝皇帝 郭威 951年—954年 广顺 951年—954年

显德 954年

世宗 睿武孝文皇帝 柴荣 954年—959年 显德 954年—959年
恭皇帝 柴宗训 959年—960年 显德 959年—960年

十國

庙号 谥号 姓名 统治时间 年号
十國 907年－960年
吳越 907年－978年
太祖 武肃王 钱镠 907年—932年 天宝 908年—913年

使用五代年號913年-923年
宝大 923年—925年
宝正 925年—932年

世宗 文穆王 钱元瓘 932年—941年 使用五代與北宋年號。
成宗 忠献王 钱佐 941年—947年
无 忠逊王 钱倧 947年
无 忠懿王 钱俶 947年—978年
闽 909年—945年（含殷943年—945年）
太祖 昭武孝皇帝 王审知 909年—925年 使用五代年號。
无 废帝 王延翰 925年—926年
惠宗 齊肅明孝皇帝 王延钧 926年—935年 龙启 933年—935年

永和 935年

康宗 聖神英睿文明廣武應道大弘孝皇帝 王继鹏 935年—939年 通文 936年—939年
景宗 睿文廣武明聖元德隆道大孝皇帝 王延曦 939年—943年 永隆 939年—943年
无 武帝 朱文进 944年—945年
无 和帝 王延政 943年—945年 天德 943年—945年
无 末帝 卓俨明 945年
荆南 924年—963年
无 武信王 高季兴 924年—929年 使用五代與北宋年號。
无 文献王 高从诲 929年—948年
无 贞懿王 高保融 948年—960年
无 贞安王 高保勗 960年—962年
无 德仁王 高继冲 962年—963年
楚 897年—951年
无 武穆王 马殷 897年—930年 使用五代與北宋年號。
无 衡阳王 马希声 930年—932年
无 文昭王 馬希範 932年—947年
无 废王 马希广 947年—950年
无 恭孝王 马希萼 950年
无 留王 马希崇 950年—951年
吴 904年—919年—937年
太祖
（吳睿帝追谥）		 孝武皇帝
（吳睿帝追尊）		 杨行密 904年—905年 天佑{{NoteTag|唐朝滅亡後，杨行密不承認後梁，也不稱帝建國，沿用唐朝年號。{{refTag|name=%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%2599%259F%257D%257D%257D%257D 904年—905年
烈宗
（吳睿帝追谥）		 景皇帝
（吳睿帝追尊）		 杨渥 905年—908年 天佑 905年—908年
高祖 宣皇帝 杨隆演 908年—921年 天佑 908年—919年

武义{{NoteTag|杨隆演於919年正式建國，自立年號。{{refTag|name=%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E8%2599%259F%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2]]%25E2%2580%25A7[[s%253A%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%252F%25E5%258D%25B761%257C%25E5%2590%25B3%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%25B6]]%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E7%258E%2587%25E5%25B0%2587%25E5%2590%258F%25E8%25AB%258B%25E9%259A%2586%25E6%25BC%2594%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E5%25AD%2590%25E4%25BD%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25A4%258F%25E5%259B%259B%25E6%259C%2588%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E5%25A5%2589%25E7%258E%2589%25E5%2586%258A%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25AF%25B6%25E7%25B6%25AC%25E5%25B0%258A%25E9%259A%2586%25E6%25BC%2594%25E5%258D%25B3%25E5%2590%25B3%25E7%258E%258B%25E4%25BD%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%25AE%2597%25E5%25BB%259F%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E7%25A8%25B7%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E5%25AD%2590%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%2588%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2594%25B9%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E7%25A5%2590%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E5%2585%2583%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%25B5%25A6%25E5%25A2%2583%25E5%2585%25A7%25E2%2580%25A6%25E2%2580%25A6%25E5%258F%25AF%25E6%25B1%2582%25E6%2587%25BC%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25A9%25A3%25E9%2587%2591%25E9%2599%25B5%25E8%25A6%258B%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E8%25AC%2580%25E6%259B%25B0%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E4%25BB%258A%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%2590%25B3%25E7%258C%25B6%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%2595%25A2%25E6%2594%25B9%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E7%25A5%2590%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%25AC%2582%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%25B2%25A0%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%259F%25A3%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2584%25B6%25E5%2590%25B3%25E6%2589%2580%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25BE%2581%25E4%25BC%2590%25E5%259B%259B%25E6%2596%25B9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E8%2580%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2588%2588%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E7%2582%25BA%25E8%25BE%25AD%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%258A%25E8%2581%259E%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E4%25B8%258A%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2588%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%25B1%25A2%25E7%25B5%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%258B%25A5%25E6%259D%258E%25E6%25B0%258F%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E8%2588%2588%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%25B1%2588%25E7%25AF%2580%25E4%25B9%258E%25EF%25BC%259F%25E5%25AE%259C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2585%2588%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%25AB%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E3%2580%258D%257D%257D%257D%257D 919年—921年

无 睿皇帝 杨溥 921年—937年 顺义 921年—927年

乾贞 927年—929年
大和 929年—935年
天祚 935年—937年

南唐 937年—975年
烈祖 光文肃武孝高皇帝 李昪 937年—943年 升元 937年—943年
元宗 明道崇德文宣孝皇帝 李璟 943年—961年 保大 943年—958年

交泰 958年
958年後使用五代與北宋年號[註 3]。

無 name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257D%257D 李煜 961年—975年 使用五代與北宋年號。
南汉 917年—971年
高祖 天皇大帝 刘龑 917年—942年 乾亨 917年—925年

白龙 925年—928年
大有 928年—942年

无 殇皇帝 刘玢 942年—943年 光天 942年—943年
中宗 文武光圣明孝皇帝 刘晟 943年—958年 应乾 943年

乾和 943年—958年

无 name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257D%257D 刘鋹 958年—971年 大宝 958年—971年
北汉 951年—979年
世祖 神武皇帝 刘旻 951年—954年 乾祐[註 4] 951年—954年
睿宗 孝和皇帝 刘承钧 954年—970年 乾祐 954年—957年

天会 957年—968年

无 name=%25E6%259C%25AB%25E5%25B8%259D%257D%257D 刘继恩 970年 天会 968年
无
 英武皇帝 刘继元 970年—979年 天会 968年—974年

广运 974年—979年

前蜀 907年—925年
高祖 神武圣文孝德明惠皇帝 王建 907年—918年 天复 907年

武成 908年—910年
永平 911年—915年
通正 916年
天汉 917年
光天 918年

無 圣德明孝皇帝 王衍 918年—925年 乾德 918年—925年

咸康 925年

后蜀 934年—965年
高祖 文武圣德英烈明孝皇帝 孟知祥 934年 明德 934年
無 楚恭孝王 孟昶 938年—965年 明德 934年—938年

广政 938年—965年

其他藩鎮勢力

称号 姓名 统治时间 年號
卢龙节度使／燕 897年—913年
卢龙节度使 刘仁恭 897年—907年 使用唐朝年號。
燕王、大燕皇帝 刘守光 907年—911年称帝—913年 使用唐朝與五代年號。
應天 911年—913年
凤翔节度使／岐 887年—924年
凤翔节度使、岐王 李茂贞 887年—907年開府—924年 使用唐朝年號。
天祐{{NoteTag|唐朝滅亡後，李茂贞不承認後梁，開岐王府[參 58]，沿用唐朝年號{{refTag|name=%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D 907年—924年
成德节度使／赵 883年—921年
成德节度使、赵王 王镕 883年—921年 使用唐朝與五代年號。
成德节度使留後 张文礼 921年
张处瑾 921年—922年
义武节度使／北平 900年—929年
义武节度使、北平王 王处直 900年—921年 使用唐朝與五代年號。
王都 921年—929年
定难节度使／夏州 881年—982年
定难节度使、夏国公 拓跋思恭 881年—895年 使用唐朝、五代與北宋年號。
拓跋思谏 895年—908年
李彝昌 908年—909年
李仁福 909年—933年
李彝超 933年—935年
李彝殷（李彝兴） 935年—967年
李光叡（李克叡） 967年—978年
李继筠 978年—980年
李继捧 980年—982年
歸義節度使／金山國 851年—1037年
歸義節度使 張議潮 851年-867年 使用唐朝、五代與北宋年號。
張淮深 867年-890年
索勛 890年-896年
西漢金山國
金山白衣天子		 張承奉 896年-914年
歸義節度使 曹仁貴（曹議金） 914年-935年
曹元德 935年-940年
曹元深 940年-945年
曹元忠 945年-974年
曹延恭 974年-976年
曹延祿 976年-1002年
曹宗壽 1002年-1014年
曹賢順 1014年-？[註 5]
武平节度使／湖南 950年—963年
武平节度使 刘言 951年—953年 使用五代與北宋年號。
王逵（王进逵） 953年—956年
周行逢 956年—962年
周保权 962年—963年
清源节度使（平海节度使）／閩南 946年—978年
清源节度使 留从效 946年—962年 使用五代與北宋年號。
留紹鎡 962年
张汉思 962年—963年
清源节度使 陈洪进 963年—978年
964年后为平海节度使
靜海節度使／交趾（曲家） 906年—938年
靜海節度使 曲承裕 906年—907年 使用唐朝、五代與北宋年號。
曲顥（曲承顥） 907年—917年
曲承美 917年—923年
楊廷藝（楊延藝） 931年—938年
矯公羨 938年

參見

注释

  1. ^ 這個現象是因為唐廷在安史之亂後，為了安撫盤據河北、關東一帶的前安史將領，將他們就地冊封節度使，此即藩鎮。這些藩鎮除了掌握軍權外，還擁有地方的行政權與財政權，並且自行交替繼承人，而唐廷只能事後追認，儼然是地方王國。而河北、山東與淮西等地區有許多外族定居，當地民眾崇尚胡族文化，喜武厭文，奉安祿山、史思明為二聖，幾乎成為異域外國。藩鎮中以河北三鎮最強，有魏博節度使、盧龍節度使與成德節度使，其他強鎮以淄青節度使、淮西節度使最為有名[參 1]。
  2. ^ 黃巢之亂後期，黃巢東征攻打朱全忠的領地陳州（今河南周口），當時有賴李克用率沙陀軍入援破敵。事後朱全忠款待之，但李克用於宴會間對朱全忠不敬，使朱全忠於夜間率軍放火襲擊李克用。李克用逃回河東軍治所晉陽後，雙方至此不合[參 3]。
  3. ^ 李璟被后周擊敗後，被迫割让江北地並向后周称臣，于958年五月開始用後周顯德年號紀年。[參 56]
  4. ^ 後漢滅亡後，刘旻不承認後周，沿用後漢年號。[參 57]
  5. ^ 最晚到1023年，曹贤顺尚有對北宋进贡[參 59]，而後不知滅亡之日，最後被西夏所滅[參 60]。

參考文獻

  1. ^ 竺沙雅章（1998年）:《征服王朝的時代》〈第一章 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第11頁－第13頁.
  2. ^ 《舊唐書‧卷第兩百‧列傳一百五十‧秦宗權傳》：「賊首（指秦宗權）皆慓銳慘毒，所至屠殘人物，燔燒郡邑。西至關內，東極青、齊，南出江淮，北至衛滑，魚爛鳥散，人煙斷絕，荊榛蔽野。賊既乏食，啖人為儲，軍士四齣，則鹽屍而從。關東郡邑，多被攻陷。」
  3. ^ 《旧五代史·武皇纪上》：「（唐中和四年，884年）是月，班师过汴，汴帅迎劳于封禅寺，请武皇休于府第，乃以从官三百人及监军使陈景思馆于上源驿。是夜，张乐陈宴席，汴帅自佐飨，出珍币侑劝。武皇酒酣，戏诸侍妓，与汴帅握手，叙破贼事以为乐。汴帅素忌武皇，乃与其将杨彦洪密谋窃发，彦洪于巷陌连车树栅，以扼奔窜之路。时武皇之从官皆醉，俄而伏兵窜发，来攻传舍。武皇方大醉，噪声动地，从官十余人捍贼。侍人郭景铢灭烛扶武皇，以茵幕裹之，匿于床下，以水洒面，徐曰：“汴帅谋害司空！”武皇方张目而起，引弓抗贼。有顷，烟火四合，复大雨震电，武皇得从者薛铁山、贺回鹘等数人而去。雨水如澍，不辨人物，随电光登尉氏门，缒城而出，得还本营。监军陈景思、大将史敬思并遇害。」
  4. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%257C1%253D%25E5%2582%2585%25E6%25A8%2582%25E6%2588%2590%25EF%25BC%25881993%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259B%259B%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E3%2580%2588%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%258A%25EF%25BC%2589%25E3%2580%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25AC%25AC119%25E9%25A0%2581%25EF%25BC%258D%25E7%25AC%25AC122%25E9%25A0%2581%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E6%25BB%2585%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E5%25BE%258C%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2589%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25A5%2589%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%25AE%2597%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25BA%259B%25E4%25BE%259D%25E8%2588%258A%25E6%2593%2581%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25AE%25A4%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2589%2587%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%25A2%2583%25E5%259B%25BA%25E5%25AE%2588%25E6%2588%2596%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E5%25B8%259D%25E7%2588%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%25AE%25A1%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2580%2591%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25A4%2596%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E7%25AD%2596%25E7%2595%25A5%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25BD%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E8%2597%25A9%25E9%258E%25AE%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E7%258D%25A8%25E7%25AB%258B%25E8%2587%25AA%25E4%25B8%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2580%258B%25E5%2585%25B7%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E6%2580%25A7%25EF%25BC%2588%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E9%259D%259E%25E5%2590%258C%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25EF%25BC%2589%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E7%25AB%25BA%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%259B%2585%25E7%25AB%25A0%25EF%25BC%25881998%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25BE%2581%25E6%259C%258D%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%25AB%25A0 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第33頁.的参考文献提供内容
  5. ^ 《資治通鑑‧後梁紀二》：「吳越王鏐表『宦者周延誥等二十五人，唐末避禍至此，非劉、韓之黨，乞原之。」上曰：「此屬吾知其無罪，但今革弊之初，不欲置之禁掖，可且留於彼，諭以此意。』 」
  6. ^ 《舊五代史‧卷第十八》：「時振自以鹹通、乾符中嚐應進士舉，累上不第，尤憤憤，乃謂太祖曰：『此輩自謂清流，宜投於黃河，永為濁流。』太祖笑而從之。」
  7. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%257C1%253D%25E7%25AB%25BA%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%259B%2585%25E7%25AB%25A0%25EF%25BC%25881998%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25BE%2581%25E6%259C%258D%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E7%25AB%25A0 分裂的時代〉: 第39頁－第43頁.的参考文献提供内容
  8. ^ 《舊五代史‧卷七‧太祖本紀七》：「帝長子郴王友裕早卒。次假子友文，帝特愛之，常留守東都，兼建昌宮使。次郢王友珪，其母亳州營倡也，為左右控鶴都指揮使。次均王友貞，為東都馬步都指揮使。帝雖未以友文為太子，意常屬之。」
  9. ^ 《新五代史·唐家人传第二》：明年三月，客星犯天库，有星流于天棓。占星者言：“御前当有急兵，宜散积聚以禳之。”宰相请出库物以给军，庄宗许之，后不肯，曰：“吾夫妇得天下，虽因武功，盖亦有天命。命既在天，人如我何！”宰相论于延英，后于屏间耳属之，因取妆奁及皇幼子满喜置帝前曰：“诸侯所贡，给赐已尽，宫中所有惟此耳，请鬻以给军！”宰相惶恐而退。及赵在礼作乱，出兵讨魏，始出物以赍军，军士负而诟曰：“吾妻子已饥死，得此何为！”
  10. ^ 《新五代史·唐家人传第二》：庄宗东幸汴州，从驾兵二万五千，及至万胜，不得进而还，军士离散，所亡太半。至罂子谷，道路隘狭，庄宗见从官执兵仗者，皆以好言劳之曰：“适报魏王平蜀，得蜀金银五十万，当悉给尔等。”对曰：“陛下与之太晚，得者亦不感恩。”庄宗泣下，因顾内库使张容哥索袍带以赐之，容哥对曰：“尽矣。”军士叱容哥曰：“致吾君至此，皆由尔辈！”因抽刀逐之，左右救之而免。容哥曰：“皇后惜物，不以给军，而归罪于我。事若不测，吾身万段矣！”乃投水而死。
  11. ^ 《舊五代史‧晉書‧高祖本紀一》：「（石敬瑭言）又今年千春節，（石敬瑭妻）公主入覲，當辭時，（後唐末帝）謂公主曰：『爾歸心甚急，欲與石郎反耶？』此疑我之狀固且明矣。今天子用後族，委邪臣，沈湎荒惑，萬機停壅，失刑失賞，不亡何待！吾自應順中少主出奔之日，睹人情大去，不能扶危持顛，憤憤於方寸者三年矣。今我無異誌，朝廷自啟禍機，不可安然死於道路。」
  12. ^ 《新五代史·南唐世家第二》：「既而徐知訓為朱瑾所殺，溫居金陵，未及聞。（即徐知诰）居潤州，近廣陵，得先聞，即日以州兵渡江定亂，遂得政。昪（即徐知诰）事徐溫甚孝謹，溫嘗罵其諸子不如昪，諸子頗不能容」
  13. ^ 《新五代史·南唐世家第二》：「知訓之用事也，嘗淩弱楊氏而驕侮諸將，遂以見殺。及昪（即徐知诰）秉政，欲收人心，乃寬刑法、推恩信，起延賓亭以待四方之士，引宋齊丘、駱知祥、王令謀等為謀客，士有羈旅於吳者，皆齒用之。嘗陰使人察視民間有婚喪匱乏者，往往賙給之。盛暑未嘗張蓋、操扇，左右進蓋，必卻之，曰：『士眾尚多暴露，我何用此？』以故溫雖遙秉大政，而吳人頗已歸。」
  14. ^ 《资治通鉴》的说法是937年李昪就已经建号为「唐」，但《旧五代史》、《新五代史》等史书都主张徐知誥先建「齐」，后改为「唐」。
  15. ^ 《新五代史·南汉世家第五》：隐复好贤士。是时，天下已乱，中朝士人以岭外最远，可以避地，多游焉。唐世名臣谪死南方者往往有子孙，或当时仕宦遭乱不得还者，皆客岭表。王定保、倪曙、刘浚、李衡、周杰、杨洞潜、赵光裔之徒，隐皆招礼之。定保容管巡官，曙唐太学博士，浚崇望之子，以避乱往；衡德裕之孙，唐右补阙，以奉使往。皆辟置幕府，待以宾客。
  16. ^ 《舊五代史‧晉書十四‧列傳三‧景延廣》：「朝廷遣使告哀契丹，無表致書，去臣稱孫。契丹怒，遣使來讓，延廣乃奏令契丹回國使喬榮《契丹國志》：先是，河陽牙將喬榮從趙延壽入遼，遼帝以為回國使，置邸大樑。至是，景延廣說帝囚榮於獄，凡遼國販易在晉境者，皆殺之，奪其貨。大臣皆言遼國不可負，乃釋榮，慰賜而遣之。告契丹曰：『先帝則北朝所立，今上則中國自策，為鄰為孫則可，無臣之理。』且言：『晉朝有十萬口橫磨劍，翁若要戰則早來，他日不禁孫子，則取笑天下，當成後悔矣。』由是與契丹立敵，干戈日尋。」
  17. ^ 《辽史‧卷四‧太宗本纪下》记载：大同元年“二月丁巳朔，建国号大辽，大赦，改元大同。升镇州为中京。”
  18. ^ 《辽史·太宗纪下》：「非汴州炎热，水土难居，止得一年，太平可指掌而致。」
  19. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25B4%259B%25E8%25B5%25B7%257C1%253D%25E7%25AB%25BA%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%259B%2585%25E7%25AB%25A0%25EF%25BC%25881998%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25BE%2581%25E6%259C%258D%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E7%25AB%25A0 分裂的時代〉: 第49頁－第52頁.的参考文献提供内容
  20. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%259F%259F%257C1%253D%25E7%25AB%25BA%25E6%25B2%2599%25E9%259B%2585%25E7%25AB%25A0%25EF%25BC%25881998%25E5%25B9%25B4%25EF%25BC%2589%253A%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25BE%2581%25E6%259C%258D%25E7%258E%258B%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%25AB%25A0 走向滅亡的唐帝國〉: 第33頁－第38頁.的参考文献提供内容
  21. ^ 《五代會要‧刺史》載：後唐同光二年 三月，中書門下奏：“刺史、縣令，有政績優異，爲眾所知；或招複戶口，能增加賦税者；或辨雪冤獄，能全人命者；或去害物之積弊，立利世之新規，有益時政，爲眾所推者，即仰本處逐條分明聞奏，當議獎擢。或在任貪猥，誅戮生靈，公事不治，爲政怠惰，亦加懲罰。其州縣官任滿三考，即具關申送吏部，格式候敕除銓注，其本道不得差攝官替正授者。”從之。
  22. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%258A%2583%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25B7%259E%25E7%25B8%25A3%25E6%2595%25B8%25E9%2587%258F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259B%25A0%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25B1%2580%25E7%25A9%25A9%25E5%25AE%259A%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E8%2588%2587%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%258F%25A3%25E5%25A2%259E%25E5%258A%25A0%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25A2%259E%25E5%258A%25A0%25E3%2580%2582%25E3%2580%258A%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E5%25AF%25B0%25E5%25AE%2587%25E8%25A8%2598%25E3%2580%258B%25E6%2589%2580%25E8%25BC%2589%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25BD%25AE%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B9%259D%25E7%25B8%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B5%2595%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%2588%2586%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A6%2582%25E8%259C%2580%25E7%25BD%25AE%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25B8%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2590%25B3%25E8%25B6%258A%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25B8%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%25A2%259E%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%2589%25E7%25B8%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25BD%25AE%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2585%25AD%25E7%25B8%25A3%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258F%25A4%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%2594%25E7%25AB%25A0 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.的参考文献提供内容
  23. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%2598%25E5%2588%25B6%257C1%253D[http%253A%252F%252Fedu%252Ecnxianzai%252Ecom%252Fgaozhongsheng%252Fxuefazhidao%252Flishi%252F2011%252F0317%252F233222%252Ehtml 五代十国官制：枢密使掌握实权]的参考文献提供内容
  24. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2597%258F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E2%2580%25A7%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%258D%2581%25E7%25AB%25A0 隋唐五代的周邊民族〉. 第315頁－第358頁.的参考文献提供内容
  25. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%25A4%258F%25E5%2589%258D%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E5%258F%25B2%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%25A4%258F%25E7%258E%258B%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%259D%25B1%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%2587%2591%25E5%25AD%2597%25E5%25A1%2594%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E7%25AB%25A0 党項羌歷史的童年〉 第55頁－第79頁.的参考文献提供内容
  26. ^ 《新五代史·四夷附录·第三》：“于阗，国地、君世、物俗见于唐。”
  27. ^ 《新五代史·晋本纪·第八》：“庚子，封李圣天为大宝于阗国王。”
  28. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E6%259D%258E%25E5%259C%25A3%25E5%25A4%25A9%257C1%253D[http%253A%252F%252Fmilitary%252Echina%252Ecom%252Fzh_cn%252Fdljl%252Fsongchao%252F01%252F11044627%252F20090825%252F15614235%252Ehtml 心向中原的于阗国王李圣天：西部边陲的守护者於2012 年2 月7 日查閱]的参考文献提供内容
  29. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25BB%258D%25E4%25BA%258B%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第三章 軍事制度的重大變化與戰爭藝術的發展〉. 第183頁－第253頁.的参考文献提供内容
  30. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E8%2588%2587[[%25E5%25BE%2590%25E5%25B7%259E%25E5%25B8%2582%257C%25E5%25BE%2590%25E5%25B7%259E]]%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%25BA%25A5%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2588%25B0%25E7%2588%25AD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25A0%25B4%25E5%25A3%259E%25E5%25BE%2590%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B3%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25BF%25A0%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%25B7%259E%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258C%2597[[%25E5%258A%2589%25E4%25BB%2581%25E6%2581%25AD]]%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2588%25B0%25E7%2588%25AD%25E5%258F%2588%25E7%25A0%25B4%25E5%25A3%259E%25E9%25AD%258F%25E5%25B7%259E%25E8%2587%25B3%25E6%25BB%2584%25E5%25B7%259E%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%25AE%259A%25E5%25B7%259E%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2588%25B0%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E5%2582%25B7%25E5%2585%25AD%25E8%2590%25AC%25E5%25A4%259A%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B2%25BE%25E8%258F%25AF%25E5%258D%2580%25E9%2595%25B7%25E5%25AE%2589%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B4%259B%25E9%2599%25BD%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25E4%25B9%259F%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%259C%25B1%25E6%25BA%25AB%25E6%259D%25B1%25E9%2581%25B7%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%2598%25AD%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%2588%25B6%25E9%2581%25B7%25E7%25A7%25BB%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25B8%2594%25E6%258B%2586%25E6%25AF%2580%25E6%2588%25BF%25E5%25B1%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2584%259A%25E7%2587%2592%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%2588%2587%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E7%25B1%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B0%2591%25E6%2588%25B6%25E9%2582%2584%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%25BB%25BF%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%2599%25BE%25E6%2588%25B6%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%2599%2589%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2588%25B0%25E4%25BA%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E6%2599%2589%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%25B1%25AB%25E5%258C%2597%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25B0%2591%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%2587%258C%25E7%2584%25A1%25E9%25BA%25A5%25E7%25A6%25BE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2582%2591%25E7%2584%25A1%25E7%2585%2599%25E7%2581%25AB%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BA%2586%25E6%258A%25B5%25E6%2593%258B%25E6%2599%2589%25E8%25BB%258D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E6%2595%25B8%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E6%25B1%25BA%25E9%2596%258B%25E9%25BB%2583%25E6%25B2%25B3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E5%25BE%2597%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258D%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%259D%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25E6%25B4%25AA%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E6%25B0%25BE%25E6%25BF%25AB%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25A0%25AA%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2588%25B0%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%2594%2590%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%2599%2589%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%258F%25AF%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%258F%2597[[%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%259C%258B]]%25E8%25A5%25B2%25E6%2593%25BE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259B%25A7%25E9%25BE%258D%25E3%2580%2581%25E7%2587%2595%25E5%25B7%259E%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%25B1%25A2%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E9%25A8%258E%25E5%2585%25B5%25E7%84%9A%E6%8E%A0%E4%B8%80%E7%A9%BA%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%A7%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E7%89%A9%E6%AE%86%E7%9B%A1%E3%80%8D%E3%80%82%E5%B0%A4%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%A8%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E8%BB%8D%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%8B%E6%94%BB%E9%99%B7%E6%B1%B4%E5%B7%9E%E5%BE%8C%EF%BC%8C%E9%96%8B%E5%B0%81%E8%87%B3%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD%E6%95%B8%E7%99%BE%E8%A3%A1%E9%96%93%E4%BA%BA%E7%85%99%E7%A8%80%E5%B0%91%EF%BC%8C相州%E7%99%BE%E5%A7%93%E6%9C%89%E5%8D%81%E9%A4%98%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA%E8%A2%AB%E6%AE%BA%E6%AD%BB%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E5%BE%8C%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%88%87%E9%B3%B3%E7%BF%94%E7%AD%89%E9%8E%AE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%82%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%B0%E6%AD%BB%E9%A4%93%E6%AD%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E8%90%AC%E5%85%B7%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8A%E3%80%82%E5%8C%97%E6%BC%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%8C%E7%9B%9B%E5%94%90%E6%99%82%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%90%AC%E6%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%97%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E5%83%85%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%89%E8%90%AC%E9%A4%98%E6%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%B4%84%E7%82%BA%E7%9B%9B%E5%94%90%E6%99%82%E6%88%B6%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AB%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E3%80%82839%E5%B9%B4唐文宗%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%B6%E5%8F%A3%E6%9C%894%2C990%2C000%E6%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%B0%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%8D%E5%BA%A6%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%99%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B6%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%AA%E5%89%A93%2C790%2C000%E6%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E9%80%99%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E9%96%93%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91%E9%81%94%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E8%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〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.的参考文献提供内容
  31. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2586%258D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E4%25B8%258A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%25A1%25B0%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2590%258E%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%258A%25A8%25E8%258D%25A1%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25AE%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25B0%2591%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%25B4%259B%25E7%25B4%259B%25E5%258D%2597%25E4%25B8%258B%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E8%259C%2580%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2580%25E9%2581%25A0%25E9%2581%2594%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25C2%25B7%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%2594%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E9%259A%25B1%25E5%25BE%25A9%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E8%25B3%25A2%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2598%25AF%25E6%2599%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%258B%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E4%25BA%2582%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%259C%259D%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25B6%25BA%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%259C%2580%25E9%2581%25A0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258F%25AF%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E9%2581%25BF%25E5%259C%25B0%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%259A%25E6%25B8%25B8%25E7%2584%2589%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25B8%2596%25E5%2590%258D%25E8%2587%25A3%25E8%25AC%25AB%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2580%2585%25E5%25BE%2580%25E5%25BE%2580%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%25AD%2590%25E5%25AD%25AB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2588%2596%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%2595%25E5%25AE%25A6%25E9%2581%25AD%25E4%25BA%2582%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%25BE%2597%25E9%2582%2584%25E8%2580%2585%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%259A%2586%25E5%25AE%25A2%25E5%25B6%25BA%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E3%2580%2582%257D%257D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2597%259C%25E5%2585%25A7%25E9%2581%2593%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258D%2597%25E9%2581%2593%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E5%258C%2597%25E9%2581%2593%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%25B8%259B%25E5%25B0%2591%25E5%25BE%2588%25E5%25A4%259A%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25A6%2582%25E8%2598%2587%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2584%2582%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B4%25AA%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%25A5%2592%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2590%2589%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25A5%2584%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2583%25A2%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%25A1%25A1%25E5%25B7%259E%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E5%25B7%259E%25E7%25AD%2589%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25B9%2585%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%258D%2587%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2593%259A%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E7%2595%25B6%25E6%2599%2582%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2598%2587%25E5%25B7%259E%25E6%2588%25B6%25E5%258F%25A3%25E4%25B8%25AD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2587%25AA%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E9%2581%25B7%25E4%25BE%2586%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258D%25A0%25E5%258E%259F%25E4%25BE%2586%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2595%25B8%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%2588%2586%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25B8%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E6%2598%258C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2585%25A9%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%2585%25A7%25E6%2588%25B6%25E5%258F%25A3%25E5%25A2%9E%E5%8A%A0%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%89%E5%80%8D%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%99%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%A0%E4%BA%86%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%BE%E5%A4%9A%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%89%87%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%AF%86%E9%9B%86%7B%7BrefTag%7C1%3D%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%AB%A0 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.的参考文献提供内容
  32. ^ 傅樂成（1993年）:《中國通史·隋唐五代史》第十五章〈五代與十國（下）〉，第134頁。
  33. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E2%2580%25A7%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E5%2585%25AB%25E7%25AB%25A0 隋唐時代的經濟發展〉. 第239頁－第271頁.的参考文献提供内容
  34. ^ 《册府元龟‧卷四百八十六‧邦计部‧户籍迁徙》：「周世宗显德五年十月命左散骑常侍艾颖等三十四人使于诸州简定民租明年春使回总计简到户二百三十万九千八百一十二定垦田一百八万五千八百三十四顷淮南郡县不在此数是月。」
  35. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2588%25B0%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%259C%259F%25E9%2596%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E6%259E%2597%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2593%25BA%25E8%2584%25AB%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E8%25B2%25A0%25E6%2593%2594%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E4%25B8%2594%25E5%2590%259B%25E7%258E%258B%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25A6%2596%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2594%25A2%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2587%25BA%25E8%258B%25A5%25E5%25B9%25B9%25E5%2580%258B%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%259F%258E%25E5%25B8%2582%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%259F%259F%25E3%2580%2582%25E8%259C%2580%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2598%25AF%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E7%2599%25BC%25E9%2581%2594%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2580%2589%25E5%25BA%25AB%25E9%25A3%25BD%25E6%25BB%25BF%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25B1%259F%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2585%25A9%25E6%25B7%25AE%25E9%2587%258D%25E8%25BE%25B2%25E6%25A1%2591%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%258C%25B6%25E8%2591%2589%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%2588%25A9%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E8%25B2%25BF%25E6%2598%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2590%25B3%25E8%25B6%258A%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%259C%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25B2%25BF%25E6%2598%2593%25E6%259C%2580%25E7%2582%25BA%25E8%2588%2588%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25B9%2596%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A6%2581%25E9%259D%25A0%25E8%25B3%25A3%25E8%258C%25B6%25E5%2592%258C%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%2595%2586%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2581%258B%25E8%258C%25B6%25E5%2588%25B0%25E9%25BB%2583%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25B8%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E6%258F%259B%25E8%25A1%25A3%25E6%2596%2599%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%2588%25B0%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E7%258D%25B2%25E5%2588%25A9%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%2580%2599%25E4%25BA%259B%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%259F%259F%25E5%25BD%25BC%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E4%25BA%2592%25E9%2580%259A%25E6%259C%2589%25E7%2584%25A1%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E8%2588%2587%25E8%258F%25AF%25E5%258C%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25A4%2596%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2580%259A%25E5%2595%2586%25E8%25B2%25BF%25E6%2598%2593%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2588%2586%25E8%2588%2588%25E7%259B%259B%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%2589%2580%25E4%25BB%25A5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2587%25B3%25E6%25AD%25A4%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E5%25AE%258C%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%259B%25BF%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25BF%2583%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258F%25A4%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%94%E7%AB%A0 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第119頁－第152頁.的参考文献提供内容
  36. ^ 《新唐书·权德舆传》：“江淮田一善熟，则旁资数道，故天下大计，仰于东南。”
  37. ^ 《筑塘疏》：“目击平原沃野，尽成江水汪洋，虽值干戈扰攘之后，即兴筑塘修堤之举。”
  38. ^ 《宋史·河渠志》记载“钱氏有国，始置撩湖兵七千人，专一开浚。”
  39. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代》〈第五章 封建社會盛世經濟的繁榮〉: 第373頁.的参考文献提供内容
  40. ^ 藝術與建築索引典—五代 於2011 年4 月1 日查閱
  41. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E6%25A5%25AD%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2599%25B6%25E7%2593%25B7%25E5%258C%25A0%25E5%25B8%25AB%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%2589%25B5%25E9%2580%25A0%25E5%2587%25BA%25E3%2580%258C%25E9%259B%25A8%25E9%2581%258E%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E9%259D%2592%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2582%25B3%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25AF%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%258F%25A4%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%2599%25B6%25E7%2593%25B7%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%258F%25B2%25E4%25B8%258A%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%2589%25B5%25E8%2588%2589%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%25E5%258F%25B2%257C1%253D%25E5%25BC%25A0%25E5%25A5%258E%25E5%2585%2583%252E 隋唐五代科技史. 人民出版社. 1994.的参考文献提供内容
  42. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E6%25A6%2582%25E8%25AB%2596%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%2590%25B3%25E8%25B6%258A%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%2590%25B3%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E5%25BE%259E%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%25A4%2596%25E8%25BC%25B8%25E5%2585%25A5%25E3%2580%258C[[%25E7%258C%259B%25E7%2581%25AB%25E6%25B2%25B9]]%25E3%2580%258D%25E4%25BD%25BF%25E7%2594%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2582%2584%25E5%25BE%259E%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E9%2581%2593%25E5%2586%258D%25E8%25BC%25B8%25E5%25BE%2580[[%25E8%25BE%25BD%25E6%259C%259D%257C%25E9%2581%25BC%25E6%259C%259D]]%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BD%2586%25E5%25BE%259E%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25AF%2584%25E5%259C%258D%25E4%25BE%2586%25E8%25AA%25AA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%25B1%25E6%2596%25BC%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E9%2580%259A%25E9%2598%25BB%25E9%259A%2594%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B6%2593%25E6%25BF%259F%25E5%25BE%2588%25E5%25B0%2591%25E9%2580%25B2%25E6%25AD%25A5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2589%2580%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%25A5%25AD%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%258F%2597%25E5%2588%25B0%25E4%25BA%2586%25E9%2599%2590%25E5%2588%25B6%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%2589%258D%25E8%259C%2580%25E6%25B3%2595%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E8%25A6%258F%25E5%25AE%259A%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E5%25A5%2587%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E6%259D%25B1%25E5%2587%25BA%25E3%2580%258D%257B%257BrefTag%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E8%2588%258A%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E2%2580%25A7%25E5%258D%25B7%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%2589%25E2%2580%25A7%25E8%258E%258A%25E5%25AE%2597%25E7%25B4%2580%25E4%25B8%2583%25E3%2580%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2588%259D%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E5%25BE%2580%25E5%25B8%2582%25E8%259C%2580%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%258F%258D%25E7%258E%25A9%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%259C%2580%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%259A%25B4%25E5%25B3%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25B8%258D%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E5%25A5%2587%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E6%259D%25B1%25E5%2587%25BA%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E5%25B8%2582%25E8%2580%2585%25E8%25AC%2582%25E4%25B9%258B%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2585%25A5%25E8%258D%2589%25E7%2589%25A9%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259A%25B4%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%258D%25B2%25E7%258F%258D%25E8%25B2%25A8%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25A5%258F%25E4%25B9%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%2580%2592%25E6%259B%25B0%25EF%25BC%259A%25E3%2580%258C%25E7%2589%25A9%25E6%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25A4%258F%25E8%2580%2585%25E5%2591%25BD%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%259B%25B0'入草'，王衍寧免為入草之人耶！」」的参考文献提供内容
  43. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B%25E2%2580%25A7%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2588%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B9%259D%25E7%25AB%25A0 隋唐時代的文化成就〉. 第273頁－第310頁.的参考文献提供内容
  44. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2580%259D%25E6%2583%25B3%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十二章 學術思想的多元與匯合趨勢的出現〉. 第855頁－第914頁.的参考文献提供内容
  45. ^ 《宋史‧列傳第二百一十六‧隱逸上》：「巢、由雖不見於經，其可誣哉。五季之亂，避世宜多。」
  46. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十四章 輝煌的詩歌和文體的變革〉. 第1031頁－第1106頁.的参考文献提供内容
  47. ^ 《新唐書‧附錄：進唐書表》：「而紀次無法，詳略失中，文采不明，事實零落，蓋又百有五十年，然後得以發揮幽沬。」
  48. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%25AD%25B8%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十一章 史學發展的新轉折〉. 第795頁－第854頁.的参考文献提供内容
  49. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十三章 發達的多元宗教〉. 第915頁－第130頁.的参考文献提供内容
  50. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%25992%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E9%259A%258B%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%258F%25B2%25E3%2580%258B%252E 梁鸿飞著. 人民出版社.的参考文献提供内容
  51. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582935%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25BE%258C%25E8%259C%2580%25E5%2589%25B5%25E8%25A8%25AD[[%25E7%25BF%25B0%25E6%259E%2597%25E5%259C%2596%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2599%25A2]]%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%2599%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E5%25BC%258F%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%25AE%25E5%25BB%25B7%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2599%25A2%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%25A7%258B%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%2580%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%2594%2590%25E4%25B9%259F%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E7%25AB%258B%25E5%259C%2596%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2599%25A2%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%259C%2596%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2599%25A2%25E8%2581%259A%25E9%259B%2586%25E4%25BA%2586%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%2589%25B9%25E8%2591%2597%25E5%2590%258D%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%2592%25E7%259B%25B8%25E8%25A8%258E%25E8%25AB%2596%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%2580%25A0%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%2589%25B9%25E9%25A0%2597%25E6%259C%2589%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%2596%25E5%2580%2591%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%2595%25AB%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2595%25AB%25E3%2580%2581%25E8%258A%25B1%25E9%25B3%25A5%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2583%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25AE%259A%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2589%25B9%25E5%2588%25A5%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%2592%258C%25E8%258A%25B1%25E9%25B3%25A5%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25B0%258D%25E5%25AE%258B%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%25A2%25A8%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E9%259F%25BF%25E5%25BE%2588%25E5%25A4%25A7%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%2597%259D%25E8%25A1%2593%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第十七章 古代美術的盛世〉. 第134頁－第1456頁.的参考文献提供内容
  52. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257D%257D%25E3%2580%2582%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E5%25A2%25A8%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%2580%25B2%25E5%2585%25A5%25E6%2588%2590%25E7%2586%259F%25E9%259A%258E%25E6%25AE%25B5%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E9%25AB%2594%25E5%2591%25B3%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%25B4%25BB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B0%2587%25E6%2589%2580%25E8%25A6%258B%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2584%25B6%25E7%2592%25B0%25E5%25A2%2583%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2589%25B9%25E8%2589%25B2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%2594%25A8%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%2590%258C%25E6%258A%2580%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%258A%25A0%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%2586%258D%25E7%258F%25BE%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%258D%258A%25E9%2597%259C%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E8%2591%25A3%25E5%25B7%25A8%25E5%2585%25A9%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E3%2580%2582%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2595%25AB%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25A2%2581%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%258D%258A%25E6%25B5%25A9%25E3%2580%2581%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25BB%259D%25E5%25B8%25AB%25E5%25BE%2592%25E6%259C%2580%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%2590%258D%25EF%25BC%258C[[%25E8%258D%2586%25E6%25B5%25A9%257C%25E8%258D%258A%25E6%25B5%25A9]]%25E9%2599%25B6%25E6%2583%2585%25E6%259E%2597%25E6%25B3%2589%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25AF%2584%25E8%25B6%25A3%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E9%259D%2592%25EF%25BC%258C%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%25B4%25AA%25E8%25B0%25B7%25E5%25AD%2590%25E3%2580%258D%25E3%2580%2582%25E4%25BB%2596%25E6%2593%2585%25E9%2595%25B7%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25B4%2587%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E5%25B3%25BB%25E5%25B2%25AD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%2585%25B6%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E7%259A%2584%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E5%258C%25A1%25E5%25BB%25AC%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%2585%25A8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E3%2580%258D%25E4%25B9%258B%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E3%2580%2582[[%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25BB%259D]]%25E6%2593%2585%25E9%2595%25B7%25E7%2595%25AB%25E9%2597%259C%25E6%25B2%25B3%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%258B%25A2%25EF%25BC%258C%25E9%259B%2584%25E6%25B8%25BE%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E6%25B7%25BB%25E5%258C%2597%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E8%2595%25AD%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E8%2592%25BC%25E6%25B6%25BC%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%25B0%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C%25E7%25B9%25AA%25E6%259C%2589%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E9%2597%259C%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E8%25A1%258C%25E6%2597%2585%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E3%2580%2581%25E3%2580%258A[[%25E7%25A7%258B%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%2599%259A%25E7%25BF%25A0%257C%25E7%25A7%258B%25E5%25B1%25B1%25E6%2599%259A%25E7%25BF%25A0%25E5%259C%2596]]%25E3%2580%258B%25E7%25AD%2589%257B%257BrefTag%257Cname%253D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%2595%25AB%25E5%25AE%25B6%257C1%253D[http%253A%252F%252Fvr%252Etheatre%252Entu%252Eedu%252Etw%252Ffineart%252Fchap18%252Fchap18-04%252Ehtm 隋唐五代藝術]於2012 年2 月19日查閱的参考文献提供内容
  53. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%258A%2580%257C1%253D%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2 隋唐五代史》〈第八章 自然科學和醫學的豐碩成果〉. 第555頁－第676頁.的参考文献提供内容
  54. ^ 路振：《九國志‧ 鄭璠傳》
  55. ^ 《續資治通鑒長編‧卷八》：「朱全贇自湖口以眾援金陵，號十五萬，縛木為筏，長百餘丈，戰艦大者容千人，將斷採石浮梁，會江水涸，戰艦不能驟進。王明屯獨樹口，遣其子馳騎入奏，帝密遣使令明於洲浦間多立長木若帆檣之狀以疑之。己未，全贇獨乘大航，高十餘重，上建大將旗幡。至皖口，行營步軍都指揮使劉遇揮兵急攻之，全贇以火油縱燒，遇軍不能支。俄而北風，反焰自焚，其眾不戰自潰，全斌惶駭，赴火死。擒其戰棹都虞侯王暉等，獲兵仗數萬。金陵獨恃此援，由是孤城愈危蹙矣。」
  56. ^ 傅樂成《隋唐五代史》，臺北，眾文圖書股份有限公司，1984年，再版。第131頁。
  57. ^ 《新五代史‧東漢世家》：初，旻常謂張元徽等曰：「吾以高祖之業，贇之冤，義不為郭公屈爾，期與公等勉力以復家國之仇。至於稱帝一方，豈獲已也，顧我是何天子，爾亦是何節度使？」故其僭號仍稱乾祐，不改元，不立宗廟，四時之祭，用家人禮。承鈞既立，始赦境內，改乾祐十年曰天會元年，立七廟於顯聖宮。
  58. ^ 《新五代史‧雜傳第廿八》：梁太祖即位，諸侯之強者皆相次稱帝，獨茂貞不能，但稱岐王，開府置官屬，以妻為皇后，鳴梢羽扇視朝，出入擬天子而已。
  59. ^ 《续资治通鉴长编‧卷一百一‧天聖元年》：「歸義節度使曹賢順遣使來貢方物，謝大中祥符七年旌節之賜也。 」
  60. ^ 《西夏王國與東方金字塔》〈第二章 党項羌歷史的童年〉 第55頁－第79頁.

参考书目

  • 《中國通史 隋唐五代史》，傅樂成著，眾文圖書公司，ISBN 957-532-033-6
  • 《征服王朝的時代》，竺沙雅章，稻香出版社，ISBN 4-311-30446-3
  • 《隋唐五代史：世界帝國‧開明開放》，王小甫，三民書局，ISBN 978-957-14-4811-4
  • 《中國文明史 第五卷 隋唐五代史 上冊、中冊與下冊》，地球社編輯部著，地球出版社，ISBN 957-9585-84-9
  • 《中國古代經濟簡史》，復旦大學著，上海人民出版社，ISBN 7-208-00332-7
  • 《遼史金史西夏史》，劉鳳翥、李錫厚、白濱，中華書局（香港），ISBN 962-231-934-3
  • 《遼金西夏史》，李錫厚、白濱，上海人民出版社，ISBN 7-208-04392-2

外部链接

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：五代
您可以在維基文庫中查找此百科條目的相關原始文獻：


前朝：
唐朝 		中国朝代 后朝：
宋朝：北宋
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=五代十国&oldid=30488158”