1933年坦皮科飓风:修订间差异
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经过牙买加南侧期间,飓风令[[京斯敦]]海潮高涨<ref name="mwr" />。风暴产生暴雨,对该岛大部分地区产生影响,当地交通受到扰乱,还发生[[泥石流]]灾害<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The Daily Gleaner | title = Storm Passes Southward of Jamaica; Very Heavy Rains as Result of the Disturbance | date = 1933-09-21}}</ref>。尤卡坦半岛近海的科苏梅尔岛测得时速122公里的东南风<ref name="meta" />,岛上有一个渔业码头和多幢房屋被毁<ref name="eve">{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | date = 1933-09-23 | newspaper = The Evening Independent | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FetPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=31QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4148,1532819&dq=hurricane+mexico&hl=en | title = Storm Betters Mexican Coast | accessdate = 2016-11-10}}</ref>。风暴经过尤卡坦半岛期间,普罗格雷索({{lang|en|Progreso}})测得时速89公里的东风<ref name="meta" />。普罗格雷索近海有一艘船因风暴倾覆,导致一人遇难<ref name="eve" />。 |
经过牙买加南侧期间,飓风令[[京斯敦]]海潮高涨<ref name="mwr" />。风暴产生暴雨,对该岛大部分地区产生影响,当地交通受到扰乱,还发生[[泥石流]]灾害<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The Daily Gleaner | title = Storm Passes Southward of Jamaica; Very Heavy Rains as Result of the Disturbance | date = 1933-09-21}}</ref>。尤卡坦半岛近海的科苏梅尔岛测得时速122公里的东南风<ref name="meta" />,岛上有一个渔业码头和多幢房屋被毁<ref name="eve">{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | date = 1933-09-23 | newspaper = The Evening Independent | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FetPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=31QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4148,1532819&dq=hurricane+mexico&hl=en | title = Storm Betters Mexican Coast | accessdate = 2016-11-10}}</ref>。风暴经过尤卡坦半岛期间,普罗格雷索({{lang|en|Progreso}})测得时速89公里的东风<ref name="meta" />。普罗格雷索近海有一艘船因风暴倾覆,导致一人遇难<ref name="eve" />。 |
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飓风从坦皮科以南不远处登陆前,该市及周边地区居民就因暴雨的威胁开始疏散<ref name="eve" />,当地仅十天前才经受过另一场飓风摧残<ref name="mwr" />。有船只在坦皮科附近测得每小时130公里风速,市内一家气象局测得时速85公里大风<ref name="meta" />。狂风导致输电线缆中断,全城半数房屋的屋顶不是被吹飞便是严重受损<ref name="apa927">{{cite news | agency = Australian Press Association | date = 1933-09-27 | title = Tampico Wrecked by Hurricane | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | newspaper = The Courier-Mail | url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1123982}}</ref><ref name="mont">{{cite news | author = Clark Lee | date = 1933-09-26 | title = Tampico Life Loss May Run to Thousands | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = Montreal Gazette | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vEowAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WqgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5891,3235665&dq=hurricane&hl=en}}</ref>。飓风引发强烈的[[风暴潮]],将许多人从家中冲走<ref name="apa927" /><ref name="nature">{{cite book | title = Natural Disasters | author = Lee Davis | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-8160-7000-8 | publisher = Facts on File, Inc. | location = New York | page = 271 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=1933+tampico+hurricane&source=bl&ots=yUuwl2Oam9&sig=3XUo8ZCdS69wITheNMqyqs8zqaQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NZEBUPnnMseG6QG89dDwBg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=1933%20tampico%20hurricane&f=false | accessdate = 2016-11-10}}</ref>,另有多艘驳船被洪水冲走<ref name="mont" />。风暴过后,港口内到处都是各种垃圾,无法立即通航<ref name="ellen">{{cite news | author = Clark G. Lee | date = 1933-09-27 | newspaper = Ellensburg Daily Record | agency = Associated Press | title = Famine, Disease Threaten Mexico in Storm Wake | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9UrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=toQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6040,2924398&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en}}</ref>,城内部分地区的洪水有4.6米深<ref name="up925">{{cite news | author = Jacques D'Armand | title = Hurricane Ravages Mexico | agency = United Press | date = 2012-09-25 | newspaper = San Jose News | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659,6820722&dq=hurricane&hl=en}}</ref>。 |
飓风从坦皮科以南不远处登陆前,该市及周边地区居民就因暴雨的威胁开始疏散<ref name="eve" />,当地仅十天前才经受过另一场飓风摧残<ref name="mwr" />。有船只在坦皮科附近测得每小时130公里风速,市内一家气象局测得时速85公里大风<ref name="meta" />。狂风导致输电线缆中断,全城半数房屋的屋顶不是被吹飞便是严重受损<ref name="apa927">{{cite news | agency = Australian Press Association | date = 1933-09-27 | title = Tampico Wrecked by Hurricane | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | newspaper = The Courier-Mail | url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1123982}}</ref><ref name="mont">{{cite news | author = Clark Lee | date = 1933-09-26 | title = Tampico Life Loss May Run to Thousands | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = Montreal Gazette | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vEowAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WqgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5891,3235665&dq=hurricane&hl=en}}</ref>。飓风引发强烈的[[风暴潮]],将许多人从家中冲走<ref name="apa927" /><ref name="nature">{{cite book | title = Natural Disasters | author = Lee Davis | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-8160-7000-8 | publisher = Facts on File, Inc. | location = New York | page = 271 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=1933+tampico+hurricane&source=bl&ots=yUuwl2Oam9&sig=3XUo8ZCdS69wITheNMqyqs8zqaQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NZEBUPnnMseG6QG89dDwBg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=1933%20tampico%20hurricane&f=false | accessdate = 2016-11-10}}</ref>,另有多艘驳船被洪水冲走<ref name="mont" />。风暴过后,港口内到处都是各种垃圾,无法立即通航<ref name="ellen">{{cite news | author = Clark G. Lee | date = 1933-09-27 | newspaper = Ellensburg Daily Record | agency = Associated Press | title = Famine, Disease Threaten Mexico in Storm Wake | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9UrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=toQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6040,2924398&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en}}</ref>,城内部分地区的洪水有4.6米深<ref name="up925">{{cite news | author = Jacques D'Armand | title = Hurricane Ravages Mexico | agency = United Press | date = 2012-09-25 | newspaper = San Jose News | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659,6820722&dq=hurricane&hl=en}}</ref>。据报导,坦皮科的受灾面积达75%<ref name="apa927" />,大部分受损的房屋建筑质量欠佳<ref name="mont" />,还有一所大型医院毁于一旦<ref name="pain" />,导致87人丧生<ref name="calg">{{cite news | newspaper = The Calgary Daily Herald | date = 1933-09-26 | title = Tampico Laid Waste by Flood and Gale; 5,000 casualties | agency = [[合众国际社|United Press]] | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QBtkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JXsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2438,2529538&dq=mexico&hl=en}}</ref>。 |
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== 参见 == |
== 参见 == |
2016年11月10日 (四) 16:00的版本
五級颶風(美國) | |
形成 | 1933年9月16日 |
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消散 | 1933年9月25日 |
最高風速 | 1分鐘持續: 160英里/小時(260公里/小時) |
最低氣壓 | 929毫巴(百帕);27.43英寸汞柱 |
死亡 | 至少184人 |
損失 | $500萬(1933年美元) |
影響地區 | 牙买加、尤卡坦半岛、塔毛利帕斯州 |
1933年大西洋飓风季的一部分 |
1933年坦皮科飓风(英語:1933 Tampico hurricane)是1933年大西洋飓风季两场五级飓风中的第二场[注 1],于9月16日在小安的列斯群岛附近成型,然后在穿越加勒比海期间缓慢增强。9月19日达到飓风标准后,气旋的强化速度在经过牙买加南侧期间加快,于两天后达到最高强度,风力时速估计达260公里。风暴减弱后登陆尤卡坦半岛,导致多幢房屋被毁。风暴期间,尤卡坦州普罗格雷索近海有一人遇难。
飓风在陆地上空减弱成热带风暴,但在进入墨西哥湾后又略有强化。9月25日,气旋以风力时速约180公里强度从坦皮科以南不远处登陆,然后在陆地上空快速消散。坦皮科受灾最为严重,损失数额约有500万美元[注 2],还有上百人遇难。全城约75%的房屋受损,50%的房屋屋顶受创严重。灾情促使当地实行戒严和宵禁。
气象历史
1933年9月中旬,一股热带扰动向西经过热带大西洋,估计于9月16日在多巴哥东北偏东方向约300公里海域发展成热带低气压。气旋向西北偏西经过小安的列斯群岛,从格林纳达以南仅22公里近海掠过,但由于强度太弱,岛上所测东风时速仅有19公里。进入加勒比海后,低气压增强成热带风暴,再于次日成为飓风。9月20日,风暴从牙买加南侧经过,并在此期间快速强化。协调世界时9月21日凌晨0点,有船只在进入飓风风眼内后测得929毫巴(百帕,27.4英寸汞柱)气压。表面气旋风速为每小时246公里,但该船的观测数据表明风暴规模异常之小,最大风速半径仅有13公里,所以气象机构估计飓风的最大持续风速为每小时260公里,在现代萨菲尔-辛普森飓风等级下已达五级标准。[3]
达到最高强度后,飓风继续向西北移动,于9月11日从科苏梅尔岛以南约80公里洋面经过[注 3],然后登陆尤卡坦半岛[3][4]。风暴登陆时的强度已不可考,2012年的大西洋飓风再分析结果表明气旋此时有可能还有五级强度,但当地气象观测数据无法确认这项推论。气象机构在当年的实际操作中估计飓风是以风速每小时165公里强度登陆。2012年的再分析最终决定将登陆风速折衷计为每小时230公里。风暴在穿越尤卡坦半岛期间急剧减弱,于9月23日以风力时速105公里强度进入墨西哥湾。气旋很快又重新增强成飓风,同时朝墨西哥东北沿海地区前进。UTC9月25日凌晨0点左右,风暴以持续风速每小时180公里强度从坦皮科以南不远处登陆,这项强度是根据船只在风眼中所测的960毫巴(百帕,28英寸汞柱)气压值推算得出。不到12小时后,飓风就在陆地上空完全消散。[3]
影响
经过牙买加南侧期间,飓风令京斯敦海潮高涨[4]。风暴产生暴雨,对该岛大部分地区产生影响,当地交通受到扰乱,还发生泥石流灾害[5]。尤卡坦半岛近海的科苏梅尔岛测得时速122公里的东南风[3],岛上有一个渔业码头和多幢房屋被毁[6]。风暴经过尤卡坦半岛期间,普罗格雷索(Progreso)测得时速89公里的东风[3]。普罗格雷索近海有一艘船因风暴倾覆,导致一人遇难[6]。
飓风从坦皮科以南不远处登陆前,该市及周边地区居民就因暴雨的威胁开始疏散[6],当地仅十天前才经受过另一场飓风摧残[4]。有船只在坦皮科附近测得每小时130公里风速,市内一家气象局测得时速85公里大风[3]。狂风导致输电线缆中断,全城半数房屋的屋顶不是被吹飞便是严重受损[7][8]。飓风引发强烈的风暴潮,将许多人从家中冲走[7][9],另有多艘驳船被洪水冲走[8]。风暴过后,港口内到处都是各种垃圾,无法立即通航[10],城内部分地区的洪水有4.6米深[11]。据报导,坦皮科的受灾面积达75%[7],大部分受损的房屋建筑质量欠佳[8],还有一所大型医院毁于一旦[12],导致87人丧生[13]。
参见
注释
参考资料
- ^ Jack Williams. Hurricane scale invented to communicate storm danger. USA Today. 2005-05-17 [2013-08-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-24).
- ^ Chronological List of All Continental United States Hurricanes: 1851-2012 (报告). Hurricane Research Division. 2013-06 [2016-11-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-03).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Chris Landsea; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (1933) (报告). Hurricane Research Division. 2012-05 [2016-11-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-07).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 C. L. Mitchell. Tropical Disturbances of September 1933 (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society). 1933-10, 61 (9): 275–276 [2012-06-09]. Bibcode:1933MWRv...61..274M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1933)61<274:TDOS>2.0.CO;2. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04).
- ^ Storm Passes Southward of Jamaica; Very Heavy Rains as Result of the Disturbance. The Daily Gleaner. 1933-09-21.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Storm Betters Mexican Coast. The Evening Independent. Associated Press. 1933-09-23 [2016-11-10].
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Tampico Wrecked by Hurricane. The Courier-Mail. Australian Press Association. 1933-09-27 [2016-11-10].
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Clark Lee. Tampico Life Loss May Run to Thousands. Montreal Gazette. Associated Press. 1933-09-26 [2016-11-10].
- ^ Lee Davis. Natural Disasters. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 2008: 271 [2016-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-8160-7000-8.
- ^ Clark G. Lee. Famine, Disease Threaten Mexico in Storm Wake. Ellensburg Daily Record. Associated Press. 1933-09-27 [2016-11-10].
- ^ Jacques D'Armand. Hurricane Ravages Mexico. San Jose News. United Press. 2012-09-25 [2016-11-10].
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
pain
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Tampico Laid Waste by Flood and Gale; 5,000 casualties. The Calgary Daily Herald. United Press. 1933-09-26 [2016-11-10].