2019冠状病毒病疫情对政治的影响：修订间差异

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2021年3月2日 (二) 05:59的版本

2019冠状病毒病疫情影響了國際關係，並影響了多個國家的政治體系，導致立法活動被暫停，多個政客的隔離或死亡，以及由於擔心傳播這種病毒而重新安排了選舉時間。^[1]大流行引發了關於政治問題的廣泛辯論，例如不同政治意識型態的相對優勢。

整體

對這種大流行的反應導致政府權力的空前擴張。小政府的擁護者擔心，危機過後，國家將不願放棄這種權力，這在歷史上是經常發生的情況^[2]。

民調

有證據表明，大流行在許多國家引起了聚旗效应，意大利（+27個百分點），德國（+11），法國（+11）和英國的政府支持率的上升^[3]^[4]^[5]。

緊急狀態

至少有84個國家已宣布應對這種大流行進入緊急狀態，導致人們擔心濫用權力^[6]。無國界記者組織聲稱，有38個國家限制了新聞自由^[6]。其他例子包括禁止大規模抗議，推遲選舉或在反對派無法有效競選的情況下舉行選舉，有選擇地對政治反對者實施封鎖規則，向政治支持者發放救濟金，或者是指少數民族当替罪羊^[7]。許多國家/地區還推出了用於跟踪聯繫人的大規模監視程序，從而導致人們擔心它們對隱私的影響^[8]。

媒體

在COVID-19大流行期間，各種形式的媒體也遭受了巨大損失。^[9]

國際關係

歐盟

西班牙總理佩德羅·桑切斯表示：“如果我們現在不提議對這場經濟危機採取統一、有力和有效的對策，不僅影響將更加嚴峻，而且影響將持續更長的時間」^[10]

關於如何應對這種流行病及其經濟影響的辯論，在北歐和南歐成員國之間拉開了裂痕，讓人聯想起2010年歐洲債務危機的辯論。^[11]

美國

3月初，歐盟領導人譴責美國限制從歐洲到美國旅行的決定。^[12]

10月2日，湯姆·提利斯（Thom Tillis）參議員宣布他的COVID-19測試呈陽性。

國內政治

選舉

美國

僅以總統選舉為例，許多州因嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎疫情放鬆郵寄投票限制，使得此次選舉創下提早投票和郵寄選票數量的記錄。但卻造成部分搖擺州因為州分部分由共和黨改為民主黨，進而造成一連串針對選舉的抗議活動甚至示威者暴力冲击國會大廈。

政治人物影響

相關確診人物

議會

確診人士病故人士同一人會標記

國家/地區	上院	下院	地方議會
澳大利亞	參議院 3 / 76 ^{[candidates 1]}	众议院 1 / 151 ^{[candidates 2]}
巴西	联邦参议院 1 / 81 ^{[candidates 3]}	众议院 0 / 513
布吉納法索		国民议会 0 / 127
布吉納法索		国民议会 0 / 127
加拿大	參議院 0 / 105	下議院 1 / 338 ^{[candidates 4]}
智利	Senate 3 / 43 ^{[candidates 5]}	Chamber of Deputies 1 / 155 ^{[candidates 6]}
法國	参议院 0 / 348	國民議會 9 / 577 ^{[candidates 7]}
印度尼西亞	地方代表理事会 0 / 136	人民代表會議 0 / 575
伊朗	專家會議 1 / 88 确定国家利益委员会 1 / 36	伊斯蘭議會 23 / 290 ^{[candidates 8]} 2 / 290 ^{[candidates 9]}
以色列		议会 2 / 120 ^{[candidates 10]}
義大利	共和国参议院 1 / 321 ^{[candidates 11]}	众议院 6 / 630 ^{[candidates 12]}
墨西哥	共和国参议院 0 / 128	众议院 3 / 500
摩洛哥	House of Councillors 0 / 120	House of Representatives 1 / 395 ^{[candidates 13]}
马来西亚	上議院 0 / 70	下議院 3 / 222 ^{[candidates 14]}	砂拉越州议会 1 / 82 ^{[candidates 15]}
摩納哥		国民议会 0 / 24
奈及利亞	参议院 0 / 109	众议院 0 / 360
挪威		議會 0 / 169
菲律賓	Senate 3 / 24 ^{[candidates 16]}	眾議院 1 / 303 ^{[candidates 17]}
波蘭	参议院 0 / 100	众议院 0 / 460
俄羅斯	聯邦委員會 5 / 170	国家杜马 6 / 450 ^{[candidates 18]}	莫斯科市杜馬 2 / 45 ^{[candidates 19]} Moscow Oblast Duma 1 / 50 ^{[candidates 20]} Legislative Assembly of Leningrad Oblast 1 / 50 ^{[candidates 21]}
西班牙		眾議院 5 / 350 ^{[candidates 22]}	Parliament of Navarre 1 / 50
南非	National Council of Provinces 1 / 90 ^{[candidates 23]}	[国民议会 12 / 400 ^{[candidates 24]}	Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature 2 / 63 ^{[candidates 25]} Free State Provincial Legislature 2 / 30 ^{[candidates 26]} Gauteng Provincial Legislature 2 / 73 ^{[candidates 27]} KwaZulu-Natal Legislature 2 / 80 ^{[candidates 28]} Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature 1 / 30 ^{[candidates 29]} North West Provincial Legislature 2 / 33 ^{[candidates 30]} Western Cape Provincial Parliament 2 / 42 ^{[candidates 31]}
烏克蘭		最高拉达 1 / 450 ^{[candidates 32]}
美国	参议院 1 / 100 ^{[candidates 33]}	众议院 5 / 435 ^{[candidates 34]}	纽约州众议院 3 / 150 ^{[candidates 35]} 佐治亚州众议院 1 / 180 ^{[candidates 36]} 佐治亚州参议院 5 / 56 ^{[candidates 37]} Wisconsin State Assembly 1 / 99 ^{[candidates 38]} 康涅狄格州众议院 1 / 151 ^{[candidates 39]} 科罗拉多州参议院 1 / 35 ^{[candidates 40]} 科罗拉多州众议院 1 / 65 ^{[candidates 41]} 夏威夷州参议院 1 / 25 ^{[candidates 42]} 路易斯安那州众议院 1 / 105 ^{[candidates 43]} 新泽西州众议院 1 / 80 ^{[candidates 44]} 俄克拉何马州参议院 1 / 48 ^{[candidates 45]} 俄克拉何马州众议院 1 / 101 ^{[candidates 46]} 密苏里州众议院 1 / 163 ^{[candidates 47]} 密歇根州众议院 2 / 110 ^{[candidates 48]} 1 / 110 ^{[candidates 49]} 南达科他州众议院 1 / 70 ^{[candidates 50]} 马萨诸塞州众议院 1 / 160 ^{[candidates 51]}
英国	上議院 1 / 789 ^{[candidates 52]}	下议院 7 / 635 ^{[candidates 53]}
联合国
欧洲联盟		欧洲议会 0 / 705
來源:^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

註記

^ 蘇珊·麥克唐納，昆士蘭參議員
 安德魯·布拉格，新南威爾斯參議員
雷克斯·帕特里克，南澳大利亞參議員
^ 彼德·達頓，迪克森議員
^ Davi Alcolumbre, President of the Federal Senate, 阿馬帕州联邦参议院
^ Kamal Khera, MP for Brampton West
^ Manuel José Ossandón
Jorge Pizarro
José García Ruminot
^ Marcela Sabat
^ Jean-Luc Reitzer
Elisabeth Toutut-Picard
Guillaume Vuilletet
Sylvie Tolmont
^ 阿里·拉里贾尼, Speaker
马哈茂德·萨德吉
 穆杰塔巴·宗努尔
Masoumeh Aghapour Alishahi
Zohreh Elahian
^ 法蒂玛·拉赫巴尔
 穆罕默德·阿里·拉马扎尼·达斯塔克
^ Yaakov Litzman
Sami Abu Shehadeh
^ Pierpaolo Sileri
^ Anna Ascani
Diego Binelli
Edmondo Cirielli
Chiara Gribaudo
Luca Lotti
Claudio Pedrazzini
^ Abdelkader Aamara, MP for Salé
^ 黄灵彪
 俞利文
 Rubiah Wang
^ Jerip Susil (Mabong)
^ Juan Miguel Zubiri
Koko Pimentel
Sonny Angara
^ Henry Villarica
^ Leonid Kalashnikov, Dmitry Novikov, Svetlana Maximova, Oksana Pushkina and two unnamed MPs
^ Lyudmila Stebenkova and Yevgeny Stupin
^ Ivan N. Zhukov
^ Sergey Bebenin
^ Javier Ortega Smith
圣地亚哥·阿瓦斯卡尔
Macarena Olona
Beatriz Jiménez
^ Martha Mmola
^ Hendrietta Bogopane-Zulu
Cedric Frolick
Inkosi Holomisa
Collen Malatji
Gwede Mantashe
Simphiwe Mbatha
Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula
Kenneth Meshoe
Thulas Nxesi
Ebrahim Patel
Zamuxolo Peter
Steven Swart
^ Mlungisi Mvoko
Nomakhosazana Meth
^ Tate Makgoe
Thembeni Nxangisa
^ David Makhura
Tasneem Motara
^ Ricardo Mthembu
Mbali Ntuli
^ Gillion Mashego
^ Gordon Kegakilwe
Job Mokgoro
^ Gladys Bakubaku-Vos
Alan Winde
^ Serhii Shakhov
^ 兰德·保罗, 參議員 from 肯塔基州
^ 馬里奧·迪亞斯-巴拉特, Florida 25
本·麥克亞當斯, Utah 4
Joe Cunningham, South Carolina 1
麥克·凱利, Pennsylvania 16
摩甘·格里菲斯, Virginia 9
路易·戈莫特, Texas 1
^ Kimberly Jean-Pierre, District 11
Helene Weinstein, District 41
Charles Barron, District 60
^ Matthew Gambill, District 15
^ Brandon Beach, District 21
Kay Kirkpatrick, District 32
Nikema Williams, District 39
Lester Jackson, District 2
Bruce Thompson, District 14
^ David Bowen, District 10
^ Jane Garibay, District 60
^ Jim Smallwood, District 4
^ Dafna Michaelson Jenet, District 30
^ Clarence Nishihara, District 17
^ Reggie Bagala, District 54
^ Clinton Calabrese, District 36
^ Paul Rosino, District 45
^ Jason Lowe, District 97
^ Joe Runions, District 37
^ Tyrone Carter, District 6
Karen Whitsett, District 9
^ Isaac Robinson, District 4
^ Bob Glanzer, District 22
^ Michael Day, District 31
^ Lord Gordon of Strathblane
^ 娜汀·多里斯, 中貝德福德郡議員
 Kate Osborne, 賈羅議員
 Lloyd Russell-Moyle, 布萊頓肯普敦 MP
鲍里斯·约翰逊, 阿克斯布里奇和南賴斯利普
 马修·汉考克, 西薩福克 MP
阿利斯特·杰克, 鄧弗里斯和加洛韋 MP
Tony Lloyd, for 羅奇代爾 MP

行政官員

國家	國家官員	地方官員
亞美尼亞	尼科爾·帕希尼揚，亞美尼亞總理
澳大利亞	彼德·達頓，Minister for Home Affairs
巴西	雅伊爾·博索納羅，巴西总统 Bento Albuquerque，Ministry of Mines and Energy Augusto Heleno，Secretary of Institutional Security	Nestor Forster，Ambassador of Brazil to the United States
玻利维亚	珍妮·艾尼茲，玻利维亚总统 (interim)
布吉納法索	Oumarou Idani，Minister of Mines and Quarries 斯坦尼斯拉斯·瓦罗，Minister of National Education，Literacy and Promotion of National Languages Siméon Sawadogo，Minister of State，Territorial Administration，Decentralization and Social Cohesion 阿尔法·巴里，Minister of Foreign Affairs
布隆迪	皮埃尔·恩库伦齐扎，President of Burundi
智利	Alfredo Moreno, Ministry of Public Works	Víctor Manoli, Intendant of 阿劳卡尼亚大区
法國	弗蘭克·里斯特，文化部長 Brune Poirson，Secretary of State for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition
印度尼西亞	Budi Karya Sumadi，Minister of Transportation	Bima Arya Sugiarto，茂物
伊朗	埃沙格·贾汉吉里, 伊朗副總統玛苏梅·埃卜特卡尔, Vice President for Women and Family Affairs 阿里·阿斯加尔·穆尼桑, Minister of Cultural Heritage 雷扎·拉哈马尼, Minister of Industry, Mine and Trade
以色列	Yaakov Litzman, Minister of Health	Jeremy Issacharoff, Ambassador of Israel to Germany
義大利	Marta Cartabia, President of the Constitutional Court of Italy	尼古拉·津加雷蒂，拉齐奥主席阿尔贝托·奇里奥, President of 皮埃蒙特 Fulvio Centoz, Mayor of 奥斯塔 Gianluca Galimberti, Mayor of 克雷莫納 Alessandro Tambellini, Mayor of 卢卡 Patrizia Barbieri, Mayor of 皮亚琴察
墨西哥		Omar Fayad, Governor of Hidalgo Francisco Domínguez Servién, Governor of Querétaro Adán Augusto López Hernández, Governor of Tabasco Silvia Guillermina Roldán Fernández, Secretary of Health, 塔巴斯科州
摩洛哥	Abdelkader Aamara, Minister of Equipment, Transport and Logistics
摩納哥	阿尔贝二世, Prince of Monaco
奈及利亞	Abba Kyari, Chief of Staff to the President
挪威	Torbjørn Røe Isaksen, Minister of Labour and Social Inclusion
菲律賓	Eduardo Año, Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Leonor Briones, Secretary of Education Mark Villar, Secretary of Public Works and Highways^[25]	Rebecca Ynares, Governor of Rizal Ferdinand Estrella, Mayor of 描里瓦 Philip Caesar Crispino, Mayor of Caba Junard Chan, Mayor of 拉普拉普市^[26] Bernardita Catalla, Ambassador of the Philippines to Lebanon^[27] Joy Belmonte, Mayor of Quezon City^[28]
波蘭	Michał Woś, Minister of Environment 雅罗斯瓦夫·米卡, 波蘭將軍
俄羅斯	米哈伊尔·米舒斯京, 俄罗斯总理 Vladimir Yakushev, Minister of Construction and Housing Olga Lyubimova, 俄羅斯聯邦文化部 Valery Falkov, Minister of Science and Higher Education Dmitry Peskov, Kremlin Press Secretary	Alexander Drozdenko, Governor of Leningrad Oblast^[29] 绍尔班·卡拉乌尔, Head of the Republic of Tuva^[30]
南非	Hendrietta Bogopane-Zulu, Deputy Minister of Social Development Inkosi Holomisa, Deputy Minister of Justice and Correctional Services Gwede Mantashe, Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, Minister of Defence and Military Veterans Thulas Nxesi, Minister of Employment and Labour Ebrahim Patel, Minister of Trade and Industry	Job Mokgoro, 西北省省長 Alan Winde, 西開普省省長 David Makhura, 豪登省省長 Tasneem Motara, Gauteng MEC for Infrastructure Development Mlungisi Mvoko, Eastern Cape MEC for Finance, Economic Development and Environmental Affairs Gordon Kegakilwe, North West MEC for Cooperative Governance, Human Settlement and Traditional Affairs Alfred Mtsi, Speaker of the Buffalo City council and former mayor Gillion Mashego, Mpumalanga MEC for Public Works Nomakhosazana Meth, Eastern Cape MEC for Rural Development and Agrarian Reform Thembeni Nxangisa, Free State MEC for Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs Tate Makgoe, Free State MEC for Education
西班牙	卡门·卡尔沃, 第一西班牙副首相伊雷内·蒙特罗, Minister of Equality 卡罗琳娜·达里亚斯, Minister for Territorial Administrations	奎姆·托拉, 加泰隆尼亞政府主席 Pere Aragonès, Vice President of Catalonia 伊莎贝尔·迪亚斯·阿尤索, President of the Community of Madrid
美国	唐納·川普, 美国总统梅蘭妮亞·川普, 美国第一夫人班·卡森, 住房和城市发展部部长	Brenda Jones, President of the Detroit City Council Kevin Stitt, 28th Governor of Oklahoma Francis X. Suarez, 迈阿密市長
英国	鲍里斯·约翰逊, 英国首相查爾斯, 威爾士親王马修·汉考克, 卫生大臣娜汀·多里斯, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State 阿利斯特·杰克, 蘇格蘭事務大臣
委內瑞拉	Diosdado Cabello, Constituent Assembly President Tareck El Aissami, Minister of Petroleum	Omar Prieto, Governor of Zulia
联合国	David Beasley, Executive Director of the 世界糧食計劃署
欧洲联盟	米歇爾·巴尼耶, Head of the UK Task Force
來源:^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[20]^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]

註記

另見

參考資料

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^ Burkina Faso Mines Minister Tests Positive for Coronavirus. Bloomberg.com. 21 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-30）（英语）.
^ #Coronavirus : Franck Riester, le ministre de la Culture, testé positif mais "en forme" (cabinet). Twitter. Agence France-Presse. [9 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-08）.
^ Menhub Budi Karya Sumadi positif COVID-19. Antara News. 14 March 2020 [14 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-26）（印度尼西亚语）.
^ Agenciabrasil.ebc.comb.br: Em quarentena, Nestor Forster tem resultado positivo para o Covid-19 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, March 2020
^ Coronavirus: Iran's vice president Masoumeh Ebtekar has COVID-19 as 26 are killed by virus. Sky News. 28 February 2020 [28 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-10）.
^ Iran's vice president and two ministers stricken by coronavirus. Al Jazeera English. 11 March 2020 [11 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-13）.
^ Iranian Minister of Industry Reza Rahmani has coronavirus: Reports. Al Arabiya English. 4 March 2020 [5 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-10）.
^ Kasraoui, Safaa. Moroccan Minister Abdelkader Amara Tests Positive for COVID-19. Morocco World News. 14 March 2020 [15 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-14）.
^ Mack, David. Prince Albert II Of Monaco Is The First Head Of State To Announce A COVID-19 Diagnosis. Buzzfeed News. 19 March 2020 [19 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-19）.
^ Owoseye, Ayodamola. UPDATED: Coronavirus: Abba Kyari reportedly tests positive; Kingibe, others may be tested. 24 March 2020 [24 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-06）（英国英语）.
^ Spain's Deputy PM Carmen Calvo tests positive for coronavirus. Reuters. 25 March 2020 [25 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-31）.
^ Carolina Darias, segunda ministra con coronavirus. El Nacional. 12 March 2020 [12 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为ReferenceA的参考文献提供内容
^ 引用错误：没有为名为bbc.com的参考文献提供内容
^ Coronavirus: EU's Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier tests positive for COVID-19. Sky News. 19 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-14）.
^ Detroit City Council President Brenda Jones tests positive for coronavirus. 2 April 2020 [2020-08-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-02）. |url-status=和|dead-url=只需其一 (帮助)
^ Coronavirus in Mexico: a governor confirmed that it is infected^{[永久失效連結]} Newsmaker News, 29 March 2020, retrieved 5 April 2020
^ News, Alwasat. Former Libyan PM Mahmoud Jibril has died from complications related to coronavirus. Alwasat News. [2020-08-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.
^ Más autoridades de La Araucanía con coronavirus: Intendente y seremi del Deporte dieron positivo （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（西班牙語） Biobío Chile, 22 March 2020, retrieved 9 April 2020
^ Alfredo Moreno es el primer ministro contagiado de Covid-19 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（西班牙語） Biobío Chile, 25 May 2020, retrieved 25 May 2020
^ Hovhannisyan, Nvard; Marrow, Alexander; Evans, Catherine. Armenian PM Pashinyan tests positive for coronavirus. Reuters. 1 June 2020 [1 June 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-17）.
^ Redacción. Diosdado Cabello, número dos del chavismo en Venezuela, confirma estar contagiado del virus que causa la covid-19. BBC News Mundo. 2020-07-09 [2020-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-29）（西班牙语）.
^ Moleiro, Alonso. Tareck El Aissami, ministro de Petróleo de Maduro, anuncia que tiene coronavirus. EL PAÍS. 2020-07-10 [2020-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）（西班牙语）.
^ Gobernador Omar Prieto y su esposa hospitalizados por tener COVID-19. Efecto Cocuyo. 2020-07-09 [2020-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-20）（西班牙语）.

[13] 蘇珊·麥克唐納，昆士蘭參議員
安德魯·布拉格，新南威爾斯參議員
雷克斯·帕特里克，南澳大利亞參議員

[14] 彼德·達頓，迪克森議員

[15] Davi Alcolumbre, President of the Federal Senate, 阿馬帕州联邦参议院

[16] Kamal Khera, MP for Brampton West

[17] Manuel José Ossandón
Jorge Pizarro
José García Ruminot

[18] Marcela Sabat

[19] Jean-Luc Reitzer
Elisabeth Toutut-Picard
Guillaume Vuilletet
Sylvie Tolmont

[20] 阿里·拉里贾尼, Speaker
马哈茂德·萨德吉
穆杰塔巴·宗努尔
Masoumeh Aghapour Alishahi
Zohreh Elahian

[21] 法蒂玛·拉赫巴尔
穆罕默德·阿里·拉马扎尼·达斯塔克

[22] Yaakov Litzman
Sami Abu Shehadeh

[23] Pierpaolo Sileri

[24] Anna Ascani
Diego Binelli
Edmondo Cirielli
Chiara Gribaudo
Luca Lotti
Claudio Pedrazzini

[25] Abdelkader Aamara, MP for Salé

[26] 黄灵彪
俞利文
Rubiah Wang

[27] Jerip Susil (Mabong)

[28] Juan Miguel Zubiri
Koko Pimentel
Sonny Angara

[29] Henry Villarica

[30] Leonid Kalashnikov, Dmitry Novikov, Svetlana Maximova, Oksana Pushkina and two unnamed MPs

[31] Lyudmila Stebenkova and Yevgeny Stupin

[32] Ivan N. Zhukov

[33] Sergey Bebenin

[34] Javier Ortega Smith
圣地亚哥·阿瓦斯卡尔
Macarena Olona
Beatriz Jiménez

[35] Martha Mmola

[36] Hendrietta Bogopane-Zulu
Cedric Frolick
Inkosi Holomisa
Collen Malatji
Gwede Mantashe
Simphiwe Mbatha
Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula
Kenneth Meshoe
Thulas Nxesi
Ebrahim Patel
Zamuxolo Peter
Steven Swart

[37] Mlungisi Mvoko
Nomakhosazana Meth

[38] Tate Makgoe
Thembeni Nxangisa

[39] David Makhura
Tasneem Motara

[40] Ricardo Mthembu
Mbali Ntuli

[41] Gillion Mashego

[42] Gordon Kegakilwe
Job Mokgoro

[43] Gladys Bakubaku-Vos
Alan Winde

[44] Serhii Shakhov

[45] 兰德·保罗, 參議員 from 肯塔基州

[46] 馬里奧·迪亞斯-巴拉特, Florida 25
本·麥克亞當斯, Utah 4
Joe Cunningham, South Carolina 1
麥克·凱利, Pennsylvania 16
摩甘·格里菲斯, Virginia 9
路易·戈莫特, Texas 1

[47] Kimberly Jean-Pierre, District 11
Helene Weinstein, District 41
Charles Barron, District 60

[48] Matthew Gambill, District 15

[49] Brandon Beach, District 21
Kay Kirkpatrick, District 32
Nikema Williams, District 39
Lester Jackson, District 2
Bruce Thompson, District 14

[50] David Bowen, District 10

[51] Jane Garibay, District 60

[52] Jim Smallwood, District 4

[53] Dafna Michaelson Jenet, District 30

[54] Clarence Nishihara, District 17

[55] Reggie Bagala, District 54

[56] Clinton Calabrese, District 36

[57] Paul Rosino, District 45

[58] Jason Lowe, District 97

[59] Joe Runions, District 37

[60] Tyrone Carter, District 6
Karen Whitsett, District 9

[61] Isaac Robinson, District 4

[62] Bob Glanzer, District 22

[63] Michael Day, District 31

[64] Lord Gordon of Strathblane

[65] 娜汀·多里斯, 中貝德福德郡議員
Kate Osborne, 賈羅議員
Lloyd Russell-Moyle, 布萊頓肯普敦 MP
鲍里斯·约翰逊, 阿克斯布里奇和南賴斯利普
马修·汉考克, 西薩福克 MP
阿利斯特·杰克, 鄧弗里斯和加洛韋 MP
Tony Lloyd, for 羅奇代爾 MP

[1] Stasavage, David. Democracy, Autocracy, and Emergency Threats: Lessons for COVID-19 From the Last Thousand Years. International Organization. 2020: 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0020818320000338 .

[2] The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 7.

[3] Schminke, Tobias Gerhard. EU Parliament Projection: Corona Rallies Europeans Around the Flag. Europe Elects. 2 April 2020 [12 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）（英语）.

[:1-4] Yglesias, Matthew. Trump's coronavirus poll bump, explained. Vox. 31 March 2020 [6 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）（英语）.

[5] Bol, Damien Giani, Marco, Blais, André, Loewen, Peter John. COVID-19 lockdowns have increased support for incumbents, trust in government, and satisfaction with democracy. VoxEU. 7 May 2020 [11 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-27）（英语）.

[:5-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Would-be autocrats are using covid-19 as an excuse to grab more power. The Economist. [27 April 2020]. ISSN 0013-0613. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）.

[7] Autocrats see opportunity in disaster. The Economist. [27 April 2020]. ISSN 0013-0613. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）.

[8] Feldstein, Steven. Beware the Implications of Coronavirus Surveillance. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. [6 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）（英语）.

[9] IPI-Admin. COVID-19 Media Freedom Monitoring. International Press Institute. [2021-01-28] （美国英语）.

[10] EU will lose its 'raison d'etre' if it fails to help during COVID-19 crisis, Italy's PM warns. 28 March 2020. （原始内容存档于2020-05-16）.

[11] Amaro, Silvia. Nine European countries say it is time for 'corona bonds' as virus death toll rises. CNBC. 25 March 2020 [28 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-06）（英语）.

[12] Toosi, Nahal. 'Lord of the Flies: PPE Edition': U.S. cast as culprit in global scrum over coronavirus supplies. POLITICO. 3 April 2020 [2020-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）.

[66] Mackinnon, Darcy Palder, Amy. Coronavirus in the Corridors of Power. Foreign Policy. [27 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-16）（美国英语）.

[67] Fox, Benjamin. Boris Johnson tests positive for COVID-19 with 'mild symptoms'. euractiv.com. 27 March 2020 [27 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-12）（英国英语）.

[68] Brewster, Jack. These 20 U.S. Politicians Have Tested Positive For The Coronavirus. Forbes. [27 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-27）（英语）.

[69] South African politicians test positive for COVID-19. aa.com.tr. [28 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.

[70] Politicians, candidates, and government officials diagnosed with or quarantined due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020. Ballotpedia. [28 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-17）（英语）.

[71] Foran, Clare. Two more members of Congress test positive for Covid-19. CNN. [28 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-25）.

[72] Scottish Secretary has Covid-19 symptoms. BBC News. 28 March 2020 [28 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-31）（英国英语）.

[expansion-73] 20.0 ^20.1 Governor of Querétaro announces that he also has coronavirus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（西班牙語） Expansión Politica, 30 March 2020, retrieved 5 April 2020

[74] Coronavirus nel Pd, Lotti guarito torna in aula. Fuori pericolo anche la deputata dem Gribaudo. La Repubblica. 15 April 2020 [15 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）（意大利语）.

[75] Коронавирус выявили у 6 депутатов Госдумы. НТВ. 18 May 2020 [29 May 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-02）（俄语）.

[76] Marcela Sabat se convierte en la primera diputada en dar positivo por Covid-19. Radio Bio Bio. 25 May 2020 [25 May 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-30）（西班牙语）.

[77] Матвиенко: Пятеро сенаторов переболели коронавирусом. Российская газета. 29 May 2020 [19 May 2020] （俄语）.

[78] Gonzales, Cathrine. DPWH Secretary Villar tests positive for COVID-19. Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 15, 2020 [July 15, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-17）.

[lapulapumayor-79] 引用错误：没有为名为lapulapumayor的参考文献提供内容

[80] PH envoy to Lebanon dies of COVID-19 complications. ABS-CBN News. 2 April 2020 [2 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-02）.

[81] QC Mayor Belmonte tests positive for coronavirus. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 8 July 2020 [8 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-21）.

[82] Губернатор Ленобласти Александр Дрозденко рассказал о своем коронавирусе. МК.ru. 12 May 2020 [11 May 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.

[83] Глава Тувы заразился коронавирусом. РИА Новости. 29 May 2020 [25 May 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-27）.

[USA_Today-84] 引用错误：没有为名为USA Today的参考文献提供内容

[85] Brazil's Cabinet Security Chief Tests Positive for Coronavirus. 19 March 2020 [2020-08-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-17）.

[86] Burkina Faso Mines Minister Tests Positive for Coronavirus. Bloomberg.com. 21 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-30）（英语）.

[87] #Coronavirus : Franck Riester, le ministre de la Culture, testé positif mais "en forme" (cabinet). Twitter. Agence France-Presse. [9 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-08）.

[88] Menhub Budi Karya Sumadi positif COVID-19. Antara News. 14 March 2020 [14 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-26）（印度尼西亚语）.

[89] Agenciabrasil.ebc.comb.br: Em quarentena, Nestor Forster tem resultado positivo para o Covid-19 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, March 2020

[90] Coronavirus: Iran's vice president Masoumeh Ebtekar has COVID-19 as 26 are killed by virus. Sky News. 28 February 2020 [28 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-10）.

[91] Iran's vice president and two ministers stricken by coronavirus. Al Jazeera English. 11 March 2020 [11 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-13）.

[92] Iranian Minister of Industry Reza Rahmani has coronavirus: Reports. Al Arabiya English. 4 March 2020 [5 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-10）.

[93] Kasraoui, Safaa. Moroccan Minister Abdelkader Amara Tests Positive for COVID-19. Morocco World News. 14 March 2020 [15 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-14）.

[94] Mack, David. Prince Albert II Of Monaco Is The First Head Of State To Announce A COVID-19 Diagnosis. Buzzfeed News. 19 March 2020 [19 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-19）.

[95] Owoseye, Ayodamola. UPDATED: Coronavirus: Abba Kyari reportedly tests positive; Kingibe, others may be tested. 24 March 2020 [24 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-06）（英国英语）.

[96] Spain's Deputy PM Carmen Calvo tests positive for coronavirus. Reuters. 25 March 2020 [25 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-31）.

[97] Carolina Darias, segunda ministra con coronavirus. El Nacional. 12 March 2020 [12 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.

[ReferenceA-98] 引用错误：没有为名为ReferenceA的参考文献提供内容

[bbc.com-99] 引用错误：没有为名为bbc.com的参考文献提供内容

[100] Coronavirus: EU's Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier tests positive for COVID-19. Sky News. 19 March 2020 [21 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-14）.

[101] Detroit City Council President Brenda Jones tests positive for coronavirus. 2 April 2020 [2020-08-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-02）. |url-status=和|dead-url=只需其一 (帮助)

[102] Coronavirus in Mexico: a governor confirmed that it is infected^{[永久失效連結]} Newsmaker News, 29 March 2020, retrieved 5 April 2020

[103] News, Alwasat. Former Libyan PM Mahmoud Jibril has died from complications related to coronavirus. Alwasat News. [2020-08-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.

[biobio-104] Más autoridades de La Araucanía con coronavirus: Intendente y seremi del Deporte dieron positivo （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（西班牙語） Biobío Chile, 22 March 2020, retrieved 9 April 2020

[105] Alfredo Moreno es el primer ministro contagiado de Covid-19 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（西班牙語） Biobío Chile, 25 May 2020, retrieved 25 May 2020

[106] Hovhannisyan, Nvard; Marrow, Alexander; Evans, Catherine. Armenian PM Pashinyan tests positive for coronavirus. Reuters. 1 June 2020 [1 June 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-17）.

[107] Redacción. Diosdado Cabello, número dos del chavismo en Venezuela, confirma estar contagiado del virus que causa la covid-19. BBC News Mundo. 2020-07-09 [2020-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-29）（西班牙语）.

[108] Moleiro, Alonso. Tareck El Aissami, ministro de Petróleo de Maduro, anuncia que tiene coronavirus. EL PAÍS. 2020-07-10 [2020-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）（西班牙语）.

[109] Gobernador Omar Prieto y su esposa hospitalizados por tener COVID-19. Efecto Cocuyo. 2020-07-09 [2020-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-20）（西班牙语）.

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@@ 第37行： / 第37行： @@
 ==選舉==
 === 美國 ===
-僅以總統選舉為例，許多州因嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎疫情放鬆郵寄投票限制，使得此次選舉創下提早投票和郵寄選票數量的記錄。但卻造成部分搖擺州因為州分部分由共和黨改為民主黨，進而造成[[2020－2021年美國選舉抗議活動|一連串針對選舉的抗議活動]]甚至示威者[[2021年美国国会示威|暴力冲击國會大廈]]，使美國形象成為國際笑柄。
+僅以總統選舉為例，許多州因嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎疫情放鬆郵寄投票限制，使得此次選舉創下提早投票和郵寄選票數量的記錄。但卻造成部分搖擺州因為州分部分由共和黨改為民主黨，進而造成[[2020－2021年美國選舉抗議活動|一連串針對選舉的抗議活動]]甚至示威者[[2021年美国国会示威|暴力冲击國會大廈]]。
 == 政治人物影響 ==