四边安全对话:修订间差异
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'''四边安全对话'''({{lang-en|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}},简称QSD,也称作 |
'''四边安全对话'''({{lang-en|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}},简称QSD,也称作Quad;或譯為'''四方安全對話''')是[[美国]]、[[日本]]、[[印度]]和[[澳大利亚]]之间的非正式战略对话,依靠成员国之间的对话维持。四边安全对话是2007年由日本首相[[安倍晋三]]发起的,得到[[美国副总统]][[迪克·切尼]]、[[印度总理]][[曼莫汉·辛格]]、[[澳大利亚总理]][[约翰·霍华德]]的支持。四边安全对话还进行了名为[[馬拉巴爾_(海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]的军事演习。四边安全对话外交、军事上的安排被普遍认为是针对对中国经济、军事力量不断增强的回应,中国政府通过向成员国发出正式外交抗议作为回应。 |
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[[陆克文]]担任澳大利亚总理期间,澳大利亚退出了四边安全对话,导致其停止运作,此举反映出澳大利亚对美国和中国在亚太地区之间日益紧张的政策持一种矛盾的态度。2010年[[朱莉亞·吉拉德]]上任澳大利亚总理后,澳大利亚和美国恢复并加强了军事合作。此外,美国、印度、日本仍继续通过[[馬拉巴爾 |
[[陆克文]]担任澳大利亚总理期间,澳大利亚退出了四边安全对话,导致其停止运作,此举反映出澳大利亚对美国和中国在亚太地区之间日益紧张的政策持一种矛盾的态度。2010年[[朱莉亞·吉拉德]]上任澳大利亚总理后,澳大利亚和美国恢复并加强了军事合作。此外,美国、印度、日本仍继续通过[[馬拉巴爾 (海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]举行联合军事演习。 |
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==背景== |
==背景== |
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===中美衝突=== |
===中美衝突=== |
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===美印軍事合作=== |
===美印軍事合作=== |
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==歷史== |
== 歷史 == |
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{{expand-section}} |
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===川普政府=== |
===川普政府=== |
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===亚洲版北约 |
===亚洲版北约=== |
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2020年[[馬拉巴爾_(海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]演习后,[[美国国务卿]][[迈克·蓬佩奥]]会见四边成员,讨论将安全对话转变为具有“共同的安全和地缘政治目标”的“亚洲版[[北约]]”。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Guy|date=5 October 2020|title=‘Asian NATO’ faces hurdles as Pompeo meets with ‘Quad’ allies on countering China|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/oct/5/mike-pompeo-confronts-asian-nato-hurdles-asian-all/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020|title=US, European officials mulling to create 'Asian NATO' to contain China's expansionist ambitions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/us-european-officials-mulling-to-create-asian-nato-to-contain-chinas-expansionist-ambitions/articleshow/78429090.cms|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=Top US diplomat calls for expansion of Quad group|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-us-diplomat-calls-for-expansion-of-quad-group/story-R06qlCO6ft59K6GMJPkEPM.html|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>[[南华早报]]评论员将此评价为“反对中国崛起的堡垒”,一名中国外交官员表示抗议,认为此举为“让历史的时钟倒转”:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srinivasan|first=J.|date=16 July 2020|title=Can the Quad rise to be an Asian NATO?|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/can-the-quad-rise-to-be-an-asian-nato/article32103609.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Park|first=Joshua|date=2020-10-30|title=Why the Quad alliance won’t realise its ‘Asian Nato’ ambition|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3107469/why-us-led-quad-alliance-wont-realise-its-asian-nato-ambition|access-date=2020-10-31|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=2020-10-13|title=China’s Foreign Minister says U.S. using Quad to build ‘Indo-Pacific NATO’|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-fm-calls-us-indo-pacific-strategy-a-huge-security-risk/article32844084.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Quad effect: 'Asian NATO' rattles China as local press propaganda goes in high gear|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/quad-effect-asian-nato-rattles-china-as-local-press-propaganda-goes-in-high-gear-338406|access-date=2020-10-31|website=WION|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bennett|first=Yan C.|last2=Garrick|first2=John|date=2020-10-28|title=China’s actions have driven the evolution of the Quad|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-actions-have-driven-the-evolution-of-the-quad/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Strategist|language=en-AU}}</ref> |
2020年[[馬拉巴爾_(海軍演習)|馬拉巴爾]]演习后,[[美国国务卿]][[迈克·蓬佩奥]]会见四边成员,讨论将安全对话转变为具有“共同的安全和地缘政治目标”的“亚洲版[[北约]]”。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Guy|date=5 October 2020|title=‘Asian NATO’ faces hurdles as Pompeo meets with ‘Quad’ allies on countering China|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/oct/5/mike-pompeo-confronts-asian-nato-hurdles-asian-all/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020|title=US, European officials mulling to create 'Asian NATO' to contain China's expansionist ambitions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/us-european-officials-mulling-to-create-asian-nato-to-contain-chinas-expansionist-ambitions/articleshow/78429090.cms|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=Top US diplomat calls for expansion of Quad group|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-us-diplomat-calls-for-expansion-of-quad-group/story-R06qlCO6ft59K6GMJPkEPM.html|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>[[南华早报]]评论员将此评价为“反对中国崛起的堡垒”,一名中国外交官员表示抗议,认为此举为“让历史的时钟倒转”:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srinivasan|first=J.|date=16 July 2020|title=Can the Quad rise to be an Asian NATO?|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/can-the-quad-rise-to-be-an-asian-nato/article32103609.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Park|first=Joshua|date=2020-10-30|title=Why the Quad alliance won’t realise its ‘Asian Nato’ ambition|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3107469/why-us-led-quad-alliance-wont-realise-its-asian-nato-ambition|access-date=2020-10-31|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=2020-10-13|title=China’s Foreign Minister says U.S. using Quad to build ‘Indo-Pacific NATO’|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-fm-calls-us-indo-pacific-strategy-a-huge-security-risk/article32844084.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Quad effect: 'Asian NATO' rattles China as local press propaganda goes in high gear|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/quad-effect-asian-nato-rattles-china-as-local-press-propaganda-goes-in-high-gear-338406|access-date=2020-10-31|website=WION|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bennett|first=Yan C.|last2=Garrick|first2=John|date=2020-10-28|title=China’s actions have driven the evolution of the Quad|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-actions-have-driven-the-evolution-of-the-quad/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Strategist|language=en-AU}}</ref> |
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2021年3月20日 (六) 14:48的版本
成立時間 | 2007年5月 |
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類型 | 政府间安全论坛 |
會員 | 成员国: |
四边安全对话(英語:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue,简称QSD,也称作Quad;或譯為四方安全對話)是美国、日本、印度和澳大利亚之间的非正式战略对话,依靠成员国之间的对话维持。四边安全对话是2007年由日本首相安倍晋三发起的,得到美国副总统迪克·切尼、印度总理曼莫汉·辛格、澳大利亚总理约翰·霍华德的支持。四边安全对话还进行了名为馬拉巴爾的军事演习。四边安全对话外交、军事上的安排被普遍认为是针对对中国经济、军事力量不断增强的回应,中国政府通过向成员国发出正式外交抗议作为回应。
陆克文担任澳大利亚总理期间,澳大利亚退出了四边安全对话,导致其停止运作,此举反映出澳大利亚对美国和中国在亚太地区之间日益紧张的政策持一种矛盾的态度。2010年朱莉亞·吉拉德上任澳大利亚总理后,澳大利亚和美国恢复并加强了军事合作。此外,美国、印度、日本仍继续通过馬拉巴爾举行联合军事演习。
2017年东盟峰会期间,所有成员国重新参加了谈判,以恢复四边安全对话。在马尼拉,澳大利亚总理麦肯·腾博、日本首相安倍晋三、印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪和美国总统唐纳德·特朗普同意重启安全对话,以便在南中国海地区通过外交、军事方式对抗中国。在特朗普实施“美国优先”关税政策,并导致中美贸易战后,出于对第二次冷战的担忧,四边安全对话再次得到重视。
背景
中美衝突
21初,美國主要戰略位於伊拉克、阿富汗等中東地區,但因為中國崛起,美國戰略重點逐漸轉往印太地區[1]。為了遏止中國,美國尋求中國周邊民主國家建立戰略夥伴關係[1]。儘管美國與日本、澳大利亞和印度形成聯盟,然而美國與印度建立更緊密的軍事聯繫是一個複雜困難的過程。[1]
美印軍事合作
歷史
此章节需要扩充。 |
第二次冷戰
川普政府
亚洲版北约
2020年馬拉巴爾演习后,美国国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥会见四边成员,讨论将安全对话转变为具有“共同的安全和地缘政治目标”的“亚洲版北约”。[2][3][4]南华早报评论员将此评价为“反对中国崛起的堡垒”,一名中国外交官员表示抗议,认为此举为“让历史的时钟倒转”:[5][6][7][8][9]
它的目的是鼓吹冷战思维,挑起不同集团之间的对抗,并引发地缘政治竞争,它维护的是美国的统治和霸权体系。
2020年10月,斯里兰卡外交部长对四边对话在印度洋的军事化表示担忧。[10]同月,日本、美国、加拿大举行“利剑”联合军事演习,这是当年加拿大在台湾海峡举行的几次军事演习之一,各方还在东京举行了外交会议。[11][12][13][14][15] 尽管会议没有发表联合声明,[16]但在澳大利亚总理斯科特·莫里森在东京举办的会议上表示,澳大利亚和日本原则上同意建立防卫条约,以加强军事联系。[17][18][18]
参考条目
参考来源
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Campbell, K. M., Patel, N. and V. J. Singh, 2008. "The Power of Balance: America in iAsia". Center for a New American Security’’.
- ^ Taylor, Guy. ‘Asian NATO’ faces hurdles as Pompeo meets with ‘Quad’ allies on countering China. The Washington Times. 5 October 2020 [2020-10-31] (美国英语).
- ^ US, European officials mulling to create 'Asian NATO' to contain China's expansionist ambitions. The Times of India. 1 October 2020 [2020-10-31] (英语).
- ^ Top US diplomat calls for expansion of Quad group. Hindustan Times. 2020-10-12 [2020-10-31] (英语).
- ^ Srinivasan, J. Can the Quad rise to be an Asian NATO?. The Hindu @businessline. 16 July 2020 [2020-10-31] (英语).
- ^ Park, Joshua. Why the Quad alliance won’t realise its ‘Asian Nato’ ambition. South China Morning Post. 2020-10-30 [2020-10-31] (英语).
- ^ Krishnan, Ananth. China’s Foreign Minister says U.S. using Quad to build ‘Indo-Pacific NATO’. The Hindu. 2020-10-13 [2020-10-31]. ISSN 0971-751X (英语).
- ^ Quad effect: 'Asian NATO' rattles China as local press propaganda goes in high gear. WION. 27 October 2020 [2020-10-31] (英语).
- ^ Bennett, Yan C.; Garrick, John. China’s actions have driven the evolution of the Quad. The Strategist. 2020-10-28 [2020-10-31] (澳大利亚英语).
- ^ Mitra, Devirupa. Sri Lanka Worried About Indian Ocean's Securitisation, Impact of Quad Military Alliance. The Wire. 30 October 2020 [2020-10-31].
- ^ US, Japan launch 'Keen Sword' exercise amid fears of Chinese attack on Taiwan. Taiwan News. 27 October 2020 [9 March 2021].
- ^ Opening remarks by EAM at 2nd Quad Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo, Japan. MEA, India. 6 October 2020 [20 February 2021].
- ^ Australia-India-Japan-United States Quad Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia). 6 October 2020 [20 February 2021].
- ^ U.S.-Australia-India-Japan Consultations (“The Quad”) Senior Officials Meeting. United States Department of State. 18 December 2020 [20 February 2021].
- ^ The Second Japan-Australia-India-U.S. Foreign Ministers’ Meeting. 日本外务省. 6 October 2020 [14 February 2021].
- ^ Bhurtel, Bhim. 'Asian NATO' plan stillborn at Tokyo Quad meet. Asia Times. 9 October 2020 [14 October 2020].
- ^ Australia and Japan agree in principle to defence pact that will increase military ties. The Guardian. 17 November 2020 [18 February 2021].
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Japan-Australia Leaders’ Meeting Joint Statement (pdf). 日本外务省. 17 November 2020 [18 February 2021].