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神經元:修订间差异

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== 分類 ==
== 分類 ==
神经元按照傳輸方向及功能可分为三种:[[感覺神經元]]、[[运动神经元]]、[[聯絡神經元]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Types of neurons|url=https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/types-neurons|accessdate=2021-02-20|date=2017-11-09|work=|publisher=[[昆士兰大学]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NEURON STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION|url=https://content.byui.edu/file/a236934c-3c60-4fe9-90aa-d343b3e3a640/1/module6/readings/neuron_structure.html|accessdate=2021-02-20|work=|publisher=[[杨百翰大学]]|language=en}}</ref>。不同功能、不同區域的神經元外型有所差異,依照突起的多寡分成[[多極神經元]]、[[單極神經元]]([[假单极神经元|偽單極神經元]])、[[雙極神經元]]。如感覺神經元中的偽單極神經元,因為看起來只有一個突觸,只有單一條軸突,沒有樹突而得名。
神经元按照傳輸方向及功能可分为三种:[[感覺神經元]]、[[运动神经元]]、[[聯絡神經元]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Types of neurons|url=https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/types-neurons|accessdate=2021-02-20|date=2017-11-09|work=|publisher=[[昆士兰大学]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422215521/https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/types-neurons|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NEURON STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION|url=https://content.byui.edu/file/a236934c-3c60-4fe9-90aa-d343b3e3a640/1/module6/readings/neuron_structure.html|accessdate=2021-02-20|work=|publisher=[[杨百翰大学]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321122440/https://content.byui.edu/file/a236934c-3c60-4fe9-90aa-d343b3e3a640/1/module6/readings/neuron_structure.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。不同功能、不同區域的神經元外型有所差異,依照突起的多寡分成[[多極神經元]]、[[單極神經元]]([[假单极神经元|偽單極神經元]])、[[雙極神經元]]。如感覺神經元中的偽單極神經元,因為看起來只有一個突觸,只有單一條軸突,沒有樹突而得名。


== 相關條目 ==
== 相關條目 ==
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{{commonscat|neuroscience}}
{{commonscat|neuroscience}}
{{sisterlinks|d=Q43054|n=no|b=Human_Anatomy/The_Neuron|v=no|voy=no|wikt=neuron|m=no|mw=no|s=no|species=no}}
{{sisterlinks|d=Q43054|n=no|b=Human_Anatomy/The_Neuron|v=no|voy=no|wikt=neuron|m=no|mw=no|s=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-07/uoc--bcp070307.php Fibrinogen found to inhibit EGFR in neuronal cells] ''Blood clotting protein may inhibit spinal cord regeneration''
* [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-07/uoc--bcp070307.php Fibrinogen found to inhibit EGFR in neuronal cells] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-07/uoc--bcp070307.php |date=20210413061840 }} ''Blood clotting protein may inhibit spinal cord regeneration''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813131941/https://ccdb.ucsd.edu/CCDB/index.shtml Cell Centered Database] UC San Diego images of neurons.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813131941/https://ccdb.ucsd.edu/CCDB/index.shtml Cell Centered Database] UC San Diego images of neurons.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190621124504/http://brainmaps.org/ High Resolution Neuroanatomical Images of Primate and Non-Primate Brains].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190621124504/http://brainmaps.org/ High Resolution Neuroanatomical Images of Primate and Non-Primate Brains].
* [http://smallcollation.blogspot.com/2013/05/neuron_7.html 神經元(neuron)分類]
* [http://smallcollation.blogspot.com/2013/05/neuron_7.html 神經元(neuron)分類] {{Wayback|url=http://smallcollation.blogspot.com/2013/05/neuron_7.html |date=20210413061848 }}
*{{DMOZ|Science/Biology/Neurobiology/|Neurobiology}}
*{{DMOZ|Science/Biology/Neurobiology/|Neurobiology}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425202653/http://ibro.info/ IBRO (International Brain Research Organization)]. Fostering neuroscience research especially in less well-funded countries.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425202653/http://ibro.info/ IBRO (International Brain Research Organization)]. Fostering neuroscience research especially in less well-funded countries.
* [http://NeuronBank.org NeuronBank] an online neuromics tool for cataloging neuronal types and synaptic connectivity.
* [http://NeuronBank.org NeuronBank] {{Wayback|url=http://neuronbank.org/ |date=20210413061850 }} an online neuromics tool for cataloging neuronal types and synaptic connectivity.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190621124504/http://brainmaps.org/ High Resolution Neuroanatomical Images of Primate and Non-Primate Brains].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190621124504/http://brainmaps.org/ High Resolution Neuroanatomical Images of Primate and Non-Primate Brains].
* The [[v:Topic:Neuroscience|Department of Neuroscience]] at [[v:|Wikiversity]], which presently offers two courses: [[v:Fundamentals of Neuroscience|Fundamentals of Neuroscience]] and [[v:Comparative Neuroscience|Comparative Neuroscience]].
* The [[v:Topic:Neuroscience|Department of Neuroscience]] at [[v:|Wikiversity]], which presently offers two courses: [[v:Fundamentals of Neuroscience|Fundamentals of Neuroscience]] and [[v:Comparative Neuroscience|Comparative Neuroscience]].
* [https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Neuron&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 NIF Search&nbsp;– Neuron] {{Wayback|url=https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Neuron&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 |date=20150122215813 }} via the {{tsl|en|Neuroscience Information Framework|}}
* [https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Neuron&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 NIF Search&nbsp;– Neuron] {{Wayback|url=https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Neuron&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 |date=20150122215813 }} via the {{tsl|en|Neuroscience Information Framework|}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813070057/http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?event=showMPByType&typeid=0&start=1&pl=y Cell Centered Database&nbsp;– Neuron]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813070057/http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?event=showMPByType&typeid=0&start=1&pl=y Cell Centered Database&nbsp;– Neuron]
* [http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Neuron Complete list of neuron types] according to the Petilla convention, at {{tsl|en|NeuroLex|}}.
* [http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Neuron Complete list of neuron types] {{Wayback|url=http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Neuron |date=20210224034814 }} according to the Petilla convention, at {{tsl|en|NeuroLex|}}.
* [http://NeuroMorpho.org NeuroMorpho.Org] an online database of digital reconstructions of neuronal morphology.
* [http://NeuroMorpho.org NeuroMorpho.Org] {{Wayback|url=http://neuromorpho.org/ |date=20210415074441 }} an online database of digital reconstructions of neuronal morphology.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008142032/http://www.immunoportal.com/modules.php?name=gallery2&g2_view=keyalbum.KeywordAlbum&g2_keyword=Neuron Immunohistochemistry Image Gallery: Neuron]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008142032/http://www.immunoportal.com/modules.php?name=gallery2&g2_view=keyalbum.KeywordAlbum&g2_keyword=Neuron Immunohistochemistry Image Gallery: Neuron]
* [https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/anatomy-of-a-neuron Khan Academy: Anatomy of a neuron]
* [https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/anatomy-of-a-neuron Khan Academy: Anatomy of a neuron] {{Wayback|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/anatomy-of-a-neuron |date=20210422030354 }}
* [http://www.histology-world.com/photoalbum/thumbnails.php?album=96 Neuron images]
* [http://www.histology-world.com/photoalbum/thumbnails.php?album=96 Neuron images] {{Wayback|url=http://www.histology-world.com/photoalbum/thumbnails.php?album=96 |date=20210225071127 }}


{{Nervous tissue}}
{{Nervous tissue}}

2022年1月20日 (四) 19:33的版本

神經元細胞結構示意圖
神經組織切片,中央的大細胞爲神經元細胞,可見樹突與軸突結構。包圍神經元的是膠質細胞

神经元(英語:neuron),又名神经元神经细胞(英語:nerve cell),是[神经系统]的结构与功能单位之一。神经元能感知环境的变化,再将信息传递给其他的神经元,并指令集体做出反应。神經元佔了神經系統約一半,其他大部分由[神經膠質細胞]所構成。基本構造由樹突、軸突、髓鞘、細胞核組成。傳遞形成電流,在其尾端為受體,藉由化學物質([神經傳遞物質])傳導([多巴胺]、[乙醯膽鹼]),在適當的量傳遞後在兩個突觸間形成電流傳導。

人脑中,神经细胞约有860亿个。

演化生物學

前寒武纪新元古代腔腸動物已擁有神經元和突觸的瀰散的神經網絡[1]

形態學

虽然神经元形态与功能多种多样,但结构上大致都可分成細胞体(cell body, or soma)和神经突两部分。神经突又分树突(Dendrites)和轴突(Axon)两种。轴突往往很长,由细胞轴丘分出,其直径均匀,开始一段称为始段,离开细胞体若干距离后始获得髓鞘,成为神经纤维。习惯上把神经纤维分为有髓纤维无髓纤维两种,实际上所谓无髓纤维也有一薄层髓鞘,并非完全无髓鞘。
細胞体的大小差异很大,小的直径仅5~6μm,大的可达100μm以上。突起的形态、数量和长短也很不相同。树突多呈树状分支,它可接受刺激并将冲动传向胞体;轴突呈细索状,末端常有分支,称轴突终末(axon terminal),轴突将冲动从胞体传向终末。通常一个神经元有一个至多个树突,但轴突只有一条。神经元的胞体越大,其轴突越长。

不論是何種神經元,皆可分成:接收區(receptive zone)、觸發區(trigger zone)、傳導區(conducting zone),和輸出區(output zone)。

接收區(receptive zone):為樹突到胞體的部份(偽單極神經元為接受器的部份),會有電位的變化,為階梯性的生電(Graded electrogenesis)。所謂階梯性是指樹突接受(接受器)不同來源的突觸,如果接收的來源越多,對胞體膜電位的影響越大,反之亦然。而接受的訊息在胞體內整合。

觸發區(trigger zone):在胞體整合的電位,決定是否產生神經衝動的起始點。位於軸突和胞體交接的地方。也就是軸丘(axon hillock)的部份。

傳導區(conducting zone):為軸突的部份,當產生動作電位(action potential)時,傳導區能遵守全有全無的定律(all or none)來傳導神經衝動。

輸出區(output zone):神經衝動的目的就是要讓神經末梢,突觸神經傳遞物質或電力釋出,才能影響下一個接受的細胞(神經元、肌肉細胞或是腺體細胞),此稱為突觸傳遞。

分類

神经元按照傳輸方向及功能可分为三种:感覺神經元运动神经元聯絡神經元[2][3]。不同功能、不同區域的神經元外型有所差異,依照突起的多寡分成多極神經元單極神經元偽單極神經元)、雙極神經元。如感覺神經元中的偽單極神經元,因為看起來只有一個突觸,只有單一條軸突,沒有樹突而得名。

相關條目

文內注釋

  1. ^ 迪克·斯瓦伯荷兰语Dick Swaab. 我即我脑荷兰语Wij zijn ons brein:从子宫中孕育,于阿尔茨海默综合症中消亡. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2011: 321.  王奕瑶、陈琰璟、包爱民译。原始神经元的发育可以追溯到6.5 亿到5.43 亿年前的前寒武纪时代。在那时,腔肠动物已经拥有包含了真正神经元和突触的弥散的神经网络。
  2. ^ Types of neurons. 昆士兰大学. 2017-11-09 [2021-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-22) (英语). 
  3. ^ NEURON STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION. 杨百翰大学. [2021-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-21) (英语). 

延伸閱讀

  • Kandel E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessell, T.M. 2000. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Bullock, T.H., Bennett, M.V.L., Johnston, D., Josephson, R., Marder, E., Fields R.D. 2005. The Neuron Doctrine, Redux, Science, V.310, p. 791–793.
  • Ramón y Cajal, S. 1933 Histology, 10th ed., Wood, Baltimore.
  • Richard S. Snell: Clinical neuroanatomy (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Ed.6th 2006) Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, London. ISBN 978-963-226-293-2
  • Roberts A., Bush B.M.H. 1981. Neurones Without Impulses. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Peters, A., Palay, S.L., Webster, H, D., 1991 The Fine Structure of the Nervous System, 3rd ed., Oxford, New York

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