数量级 (数据)：修订间差异

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2010年10月5日 (二) 07:08的版本

**数量级 (数据)**
二進制（Binary）		十進制（Decimal）		事物
系数	术语	系数	术语	事物
2⁰	位	10⁰	bit	1位 – 0 或 1, 假或真, 低或高
2⁰	位			1.5位 – 一个三进制位
2¹				2位 – 足够唯一确定遗传密码中一个碱基对
2¹				3位 – 八进制中一位数的大小
2²	nibble (also spelled nybble)			4位 – 十六进制中一位数的大小；十进制中使用二进制编码的一位数的大小
				5位 – 用于电传通信的鲍窦码中一个代码点的大小
				6位 – the size of code points in Univac Fieldata, in IBM "BCD" format, and in Braille. 足够唯一确定遗传密码中一个密码子。
				7位 – ASCII字符集中代码点的大小 – 存放2位十进制数字的最小长度
2³	字节			8 bits – 在许多计算机架构中也称作八字节 – 在8位计算机中等同于一个字(如Apple II, Atari 800, Commodore 64 等) – 8位游戏主机的"字大小"（指令长度），包括Atari 2600, FC游戏机
		10¹	decabit	10位 – ECC内存存储1字节数据的最小位长 – 帧异步序列中传输1字节数据的最小帧长度
				12位 – Digital Equipment Corporation在1965-1990年生产的PDP-8计算机的字长
2⁴				16 bits – commonly used in many programming languages, the size of an integer capable of holding 65,536 different values – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 16-bit computers (IBM PC, Commodore Amiga) – the "word size" (instruction length) for 16-bit console systems including: Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo, Mattel Intellivision
2⁵				32 bits (4 bytes) – size of an integer capable of holding 4,294,967,296 different values – size of an IEEE 754 single-precision floating point number – size of addresses in IPv4, the current Internet protocol – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 32-bit computers (Apple Macintosh, Pentium-based PC). – the "word size" (instruction length) for various console systems including: PlayStation, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Wii
				36 bits – size of word on Univac 1100-series computers and Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-10
				56 bits (7 bytes) – cipher strength of the DES encryption standard
2⁶				64 bits (8 bytes) – size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values – size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 64-bit computers (Power, PA-Risc, Alpha, Itanium, Sparc, x86-64 PCs and Macintoshes). – the "word size" (instruction length) for 64-bit console systems including: Nintendo 64, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
				80 bits (10 bytes) – size of an extended precision floating point number, for intermediate calculations that can be performed in floating point units of most processors of the x86 family
		10²	hectobit	100 bits
2⁷				128 bits (16 bytes) – size of addresses in IPv6, the successor protocol of IPv4 – minimum cipher strength of the Rijndael and AES encryption standards, and of the widely used MD5 cryptographic message digest algorithm
2⁷				160 bits – maximum key length of the SHA-1, standard Tiger (hash), and Tiger2 cryptographic message digest algorithms
2⁸				256 bits (32 bytes) – minimum key length for the recommended strong cryptographic message digests 截至2004年^[update]
2⁹				512 bits (64 bytes) – maximum key length for the standard strong cryptographic message digests in 2004
2⁹		10³	kilobit	1000 bits
2¹⁰	kibibit			1024 bits (128 bytes)
2¹⁰	kibibit			1288 bits – approximate maximum capacity of a standard magnetic stripe card
2¹¹				2048 bits (256 bytes)
2¹²				4096 bits (512 bytes) – typical sector size, and minimum space allocation unit on computer storage volumes, with most file systems – approximate amount of information on a sheet of single-spaced typewritten paper (without formatting)
				4704 bits (588 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality 8-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050 Hz)
				8000 bits (10³ bytes) – one kilobyte
2¹³	kibibyte			8192 bits (1,024 bytes) – RAM capacity of a Sinclair ZX81.
				9408 bits (1,176 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with standard 16-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz
		10⁴		15,360 bits – one screen of data displayed on an 8-bit monochrome text console (80x24)
2¹⁴				16,384 bits (2 kibibytes) – one page of typed text^[1], RAM capacity of Nintendo Entertainment System
2¹⁵				32,768 bits (4 kibibytes)
2¹⁶				65,536 bits (8 kibibytes)
2¹⁶		10⁵		100,000 bits
2¹⁷				131,072 bits (16 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of the smallest Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
2¹⁷				160 kilobits – approximate size of this article as of 15 April 2010
2¹⁸				262,144 bits (32 kibibytes)
2¹⁹				524,288 bits (64 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of a lot of popular 8-bit Computers like the C-64, Amstrad CPC etc.
2¹⁹		10⁶	megabit	1,000,000 bits
2²⁰	mebibit			1,048,576 bits (128 kibibytes) – RAM capacity of popular 8-bit Computers like the C-128, Amstrad CPC etc.
2²⁰	mebibit			1,978,560 bits – a one-page, standard-resolution black-and-white fax (1728 × 1145 pixels)
2²¹				2,097,152 bits (256 kibibytes)
2²¹				4,147,200 bits – one frame of uncompressed NTSC DVD video (720 × 480 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)
2²²				4,194,304 bits (512 kibibytes)
				4,976,640 bits – one frame of uncompressed PAL DVD video (720 × 576 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)
				8,343,400 bits – one "typical" sized photograph with reasonably good quality (1024 × 768 pixels).
2²³	mebibyte			8,388,608 bits (1024 kibibytes)
		10⁷		11,520,000 bits – capacity of a lower-resolution computer monitor (as of 2006), 800 × 600 pixels, 24 bpp
				11,796,480 bits – 一個 3.5 英吋 floppy disk 的容量, colloquially known as 1.44 megabyte but actually 1.44 × 1000 × 1024 bytes
2²⁴				16,777,216 bits (2 mebibytes)
2²⁴				25 megabits – amount of data in a typical color slide
2²⁵				33,554,432 bits (4 mebibytes) – RAM capacity of stock Nintendo 64
				41,943,040 bits (5 mebibytes) – approximate size of the Complete Works of Shakespeare^[1]
				55,296,000 bits – capacity of a high-resolution computer monitor as of 2007, 1920 × 1200 pixels, 24 bpp
				50–100 megabits – amount of information in a typical phone book
2²⁶
		10⁸
				67,108,864 bit (8 mebibytes)
2²⁷				134,217,728 bits (16 mebibytes)
2²⁷				150 megabits – amount of data in a large foldout map
2²⁸				268,435,456 (32 mebibytes)
2²⁸				423,360,000 bits: a five-minute audio recording, in CDDA quality
2²⁹				536,870,912 bits (64 mebibytes)
2²⁹		10⁹	gigabit	1,000,000,000 bits
2³⁰	gibibit			1,073,741,824 bits (128 mebibytes)
2³¹				2,147,483,648 bits (256 mebibytes)
2³²				4,294,967,296 bits (512 mebibytes)
				5.45×10⁹ bits (650 mebibytes) – capacity of a regular compact disc
				5.89×10⁹ bits (702 mebibytes) – capacity of a large regular compact disc
				6.4×10⁹ bits – capacity of the human genome (assuming 2 bits for each base pair)
2³³	gibibyte			8,589,934,592 bits (1024 mebibytes)
2³³	gibibyte	10¹⁰		10,000,000,000 bits
2³⁴				17,179,869,184 bits (2 gibibytes)
2³⁵				34,359,738,368 bits (4 gibibytes)
2³⁵				3.76×10¹⁰ bits (4.7 gigabytes) – 一個單面單層 DVD 的容量
2³⁶				68,719,476,736 bits (8 gibibytes)
2³⁶		10¹¹		100,000,000,000 bits
2³⁷				137,438,953,472 bits (16 gibibytes)
				1.46×10¹¹ bits (17 gigabytes) – 一個雙面雙層 DVD 的容量
				2.15×10¹¹ bits (25 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-sided, single-layered 12-cm Blu-ray disc
2³⁸				274,877,906,944 bits (32 gibibytes)
2³⁹				549,755,813,888 bits (64 gibibytes)
2³⁹		10¹²	terabit	1,000,000,000,000 bits (125 gigabytes)
2⁴⁰	tebibit			1.34×10¹² bits – estimated capacity of the Polychaos dubium genome, the largest known genome
2⁴⁰	tebibit			1.6×10¹² bits (200 gigabytes) – capacity of a hard disk that would be considered average 截至2008年^[update]
2⁴¹				2,199,023,255,552 bits (256 gibibytes)
2⁴²				4,398,046,511,104 bits (512 gibibytes)
2⁴³	tebibyte			8,796,093,022,208 bits (1024 gibibytes)
				(approximately) 8.97×10¹² bits – 截至2010年^[update], data of π to the largest number of digits ever calculated (2.7×10¹²)
		10¹³		10,000,000,000,000 bits (1.25 terabytes) – capacity of a human being's functional memory, according to Raymond Kurzweil in The Singularity Is Near, p. 126
2⁴⁴				17,592,186,044,416 bits (2 tebibytes)
2⁴⁵				35,184,372,088,832 bits (4 tebibytes)
2⁴⁶				70,368,744,177,664 bits (8 tebibytes)
2⁴⁶		10¹⁴		100,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁴⁷				140,737,488,355,328 bits (16 tebibytes)
2⁴⁷				1.5×10¹⁴ bits (18.75 terabytes)
2⁴⁸				281,474,976,710,656 bits (32 tebibytes)
2⁴⁹				562,949,953,421,312 bits (64 tebibytes)
2⁴⁹		10¹⁵	petabit	1,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁰	pebibit			1,125,899,906,842,624 bits (128 tebibytes)
2⁵⁰	pebibit			2.4×10¹⁵ bits (300 terabytes) – size of the Internet Archive 截至2004年^[update]
2⁵¹				2,251,799,813,685,248 bits (256 tebibytes)
2⁵²				4,503,599,627,370,496 bits (512 tebibytes)
2⁵²				8,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁵ bytes) – one petabyte
2⁵³	pebibyte			9,007,199,254,740,992 bits (1024 tebibytes)
2⁵³	pebibyte	10¹⁶		10,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁴				18,014,398,509,481,984 bits (2 pebibytes)
2⁵⁵				36,028,797,018,963,968 bits (4 pebibytes)
2⁵⁵				4.5×10¹⁶ bits (5.625 petabytes) – estimated hard drive space in Google's server farm 截至2004年^[update]
2⁵⁶				72,057,594,037,927,936 bits (8 pebibytes)
				10 petabytes (10¹⁶ bytes) – estimated approximate size of the Library of Congress's collection, including non-book materials, as of 2005^[2]
		10¹⁷		100,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁷				144,115,188,075,855,872 bits (16 pebibytes)
2⁵⁸				288,230,376,151,711,744 bits (32 pebibytes)
2⁵⁹				576,460,752,303,423,488 bits (64 pebibytes)
				8 ×10¹⁷, the storage capacity of the fictional Star Trek character Data
		10¹⁸	exabit	1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁰	exbibit			1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bits (128 pebibytes)
2⁶⁰	exbibit			1.6×10¹⁸ bits (200 petabytes) – total amount of printed material in the world
2⁶¹				2,305,843,009,213,693,952 bits (256 pebibytes)
2⁶²				4,611,686,018,427,387,904 bits (512 pebibytes)
2⁶³	exbibyte			9,223,372,036,854,775,808 bits (1024 pebibytes)
2⁶³	exbibyte	10¹⁹		10,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁴				18,446,744,073,709,551,616, bits (2 exbibytes)
2⁶⁵				36,893,488,147,419,103,232, bits (4 exbibytes)
2⁶⁵				50,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (5 exabytes)
2⁶⁶				73,786,976,294,838,206,464, bits (8 exbibytes)
2⁶⁶		10²⁰		100,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁷				147,573,952,589,676,412,928 bits (16 exbibytes)
2⁶⁸				295,147,905,179,352,825,856 bits (32 exbibytes)
2⁶⁸				3.5 × 10²⁰ bits – Increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 300 K (27°C)^[3]
2⁶⁹				590,295,810,358,705,651,712 bits (64 exbibytes)
2⁶⁹		10²¹	zettabit	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁷⁰	zebibit			1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (128 exbibytes)
2⁷¹				2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 bits (256 exbibytes)
2⁷¹				3.4×10²¹ bits (0.36 zettabytes) – amount of information that can be stored in 1 gram of DNA^[4]
2⁷²				4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 bits (512 exbibytes)
2⁷³	zebibyte			9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (1024 exbibytes)
2⁷³	zebibyte	10²²		10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
		10²³		1.0×10²³ bits – Increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 1 K (-272.15°C)^[5]
		10²³		6.0×10²³ bits – Information content of 1 mole (12.01 g) of graphite at 25°C; equivalent to an average of 0.996 bits per atom.^[6]
		10²⁴		7.3×10²⁴ bits – Information content of 1 mole (18.02 g) of liquid water at 25°C; equivalent to an average of 12.14 bits per molecule.^[7]
		10²⁵		1.1×10²⁵ bits – Entropy increase of 1 mole (18.02 g) of water, on vaporizing at 100°C at standard pressure; equivalent to an average of 18.90 bits per molecule.^[8]
		10²⁵		1.5×10²⁵ bits – Information content of 1 mole (20.18 g) of neon gas at 25°C and 1 atm; equivalent to an average of 25.39 bits per atom.^[9]
2 ¹⁵⁰		10⁴⁵		~ 10⁴⁵ bits – The number of bits required to perfectly recreate the average-sized U.S. adult male human being down to the quantum level on a computer is 2.0057742Å~10⁴⁵ bits of information (See Bekenstein bound for the basis for this calculation).
		10⁵⁸		~ 10⁵⁸ bits – Thermodynamic entropy of the sun^[10] (about 30 bits per proton, plus 10 bits per electron).
		10⁶⁹		~ 10⁶⁹ bits – Thermodynamic entropy of the Milky Way Galaxy (counting only the stars, not the black holes within the galaxy)
		10⁷⁷		1.5×10⁷⁷ bits – Information content of a one-solar-mass black hole.^[11]
2³⁰⁵		10⁹²		The information capacity of the observable universe, according to Seth Lloyd.^[12]

參考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 A special report on managing information: All too much. The Economist. 2010-02-25 [2010-03-04].
^ Hickey, Thom (OCLC Chief Scientist). Entire Library of Congress. Outgoing. June 21, 2005 [2010-05-05].
^ $\scriptstyle {\frac {1}{300}}$ J K^-1
^ http://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/V2I29.pdf
^ 1 J K⁻¹. Equivalent to 1/(k ln 2) bits, where k is Boltzmann's constant
^ Equivalent to 5.74 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of graphite.
^ Equivalent to 69.95 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of water.
^ Equivalent to 108.9 J K⁻¹
^ Equivalent to 146.33 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of neon. An experimental value, see [1] for a theoretical calculation.
^ Given as 10⁴² erg K^-1 in Bekenstein (1973), Black Holes and Entropy, Physical Review D 7 2338
^ Entropy = $\scriptstyle Ac^{3}/4G\hbar$ in nats, with $A=16\pi G^{2}M^{2}/c^{4}$ for a Schwartzschild black hole. 1 nat = 1/ln(2) bits. See Jacob D. Bekenstein (2008), Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, Scholarpedia.
^ Seth Lloyd (2002), Computational capacity of the universe, Physical Review Letters 88 (23):237901.

[alltoomuch-1] 1.0 ^1.1 A special report on managing information: All too much. The Economist. 2010-02-25 [2010-03-04].

[2] Hickey, Thom (OCLC Chief Scientist). Entire Library of Congress. Outgoing. June 21, 2005 [2010-05-05].

[3] $\scriptstyle {\frac {1}{300}}$ J K^-1

[4] ttp://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/V2I29.pdf

[5] 1 J K⁻¹. Equivalent to 1/(k ln 2) bits, where k is Boltzmann's constant

[6] Equivalent to 5.74 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of graphite.

[7] Equivalent to 69.95 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of water.

[8] Equivalent to 108.9 J K⁻¹

[9] Equivalent to 146.33 J K⁻¹. Standard molar entropy of neon. An experimental value, see [1] for a theoretical calculation.

[10] Given as 10⁴² erg K^-1 in Bekenstein (1973), Black Holes and Entropy, Physical Review D 7 2338

[11] Entropy = $\scriptstyle Ac^{3}/4G\hbar$ in nats, with $A=16\pi G^{2}M^{2}/c^{4}$ for a Schwartzschild black hole. 1 nat = 1/ln(2) bits. See Jacob D. Bekenstein (2008), Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, Scholarpedia.

[12] Seth Lloyd (2002), Computational capacity of the universe, Physical Review Letters 88 (23):237901.

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2010年10月5日 (二) 07:08的版本

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