伊拉克战争

关于与「伊拉克战争」標題相近或相同的条目，請見「伊拉克战争 (消歧義)」。

伊拉克战争
日期 2003年3月20日－2003年4月19日(正規戰爭結束)-2010年8月31日(美軍戰鬥部隊撤出伊國) 地点 伊拉克 结果 美軍決定性勝利，伊拉克薩達姆政權被推翻。後因動盪不斷，美军在伊拉克遭频繁遭受民兵攻击，最终撤军。
参战方
伊拉克 復興黨 伊拉克基地組織	美国
指挥官与领导者
薩達姆·侯賽因 † 阿布·穆薩布·扎卡維 † 阿布·艾尤卜·穆哈吉爾 †	喬治·W·布殊（2001年－2009年） 巴拉克·奥巴马（2009年－2010年）
兵力
伊拉克军队：375,000+人 遜尼派反對者：60,000人 邁赫迪軍：~60,000人 其他：1,300人	聯軍：~300,000人 invasion ~153,000人 current 軍事承包商(類似傭兵)* ~120,000人 庫德族 50,000人 invasion 175,000人 current 新伊拉克軍：129,760人 伊拉克警察：79-140,000人
伤亡与损失
伊拉克軍陣亡：7,600-10,800人 傷者不明 遜尼派反對者陣亡：8,232+人 傷者不明	4,730人陣亡 56,629人受傷 美军阵亡：4419人

伊拉克战争（2003年3月20日—2010年8月19日）是以美国军队和英国军队为主的联合部队正式宣布对伊拉克开战开始的。澳大利亚军队和波兰军队也参与了此次联合军事行动。军事行动是在美国总统乔治·W·布什对伊拉克总统萨达姆·侯赛因所发出的要求他和他的儿子在48小时内离开伊拉克的最后通牒到期后开始的。

联合部队是由12万人的美军部队、4万5千人的英军部队、2千多人的澳军部队和200人的波军部队所组成的，除此之外还有大约5万人的伊拉克反叛军。他们是通过驻扎在科威特的美军基地正式对伊发动军事打击的。

美国第3步兵师从科威特西北方向的沙漠向巴格达挺进，伴随他们作战的还有美国第101空中突击师和第82空降师的若干部队。在另一个方向，伊拉克东南部方向，美国海军陆战队第一远征部队和英国远征军（包含第四和第七装甲旅组成的第一装甲师以及若干海军陆战队）则发动了钳形攻势以打开伊拉克的海运通道。在战争进行了两周后，美军又在伊拉克北部山区投入了173空降旅以及特种部队，并和该地的库尔德反叛军结成同盟，美国预期中的准备在北方投入的第4步兵师则由于土耳其议会的反对而未能在该地参加战斗。

经过两个星期的激战，英军首先控制了伊拉克南部的石油重镇、伊拉克第二大城市巴斯拉。在伊拉克全境都出现了断水和停电等人道主义危机。国际多个人道组织向伊拉克运输救援物资。这些援助物资大多都从联军所控制的烏姆蓋薩爾进入伊拉克，还有部分则从科威特进入伊拉克。

战争爆发大约三个星期之后，美军顺利进入巴格达市区，途中并没有遇到任何顽强抵抗。伊拉克官员则突然消失，去向不明，大批伊拉克军队向美军投降。之后巴格达和巴斯拉等伊拉克城市纷纷陷入无政府状态，巴格达市内发生频繁的抢掠事件，巴格达博物馆遭到洗劫，上万件珍贵文物失踪。有伊拉克民众批评美军，并没有努力维持巴格达的市内安全。

戰爭準備

伊拉克空軍從美英聯軍進攻初期（2003年3月─4月）就已瓦解，儘管2002年4月曾試圖向白俄羅斯求取空軍上的支援，仍不了了之。伊拉克空軍從未參戰，開戰前就被薩達姆下令拆解掩埋，也是空軍史上第二次的完全毀滅。

导火线

美国「九一一恐怖袭击事件」发生后，美国总统布什宣布向美國政府認為的“恐怖主义”宣战，并将伊拉克等多个国家列入“邪恶轴心国”（Axis of Evil）。2002年伊拉克危机爆发，联合国通过1441号决议，联合国武器检查团重返伊拉克检查伊拉克拥有的大规模杀伤性武器。3月18日美国总统布什发表电视讲话，要求并没有在伊拉克境内发现任何大规模杀伤性武器的武检团立即撤离伊拉克。

美國太空總署Landsat 7衛星於2003年4月2日所拍攝的伊拉克首都巴格達衛星照片。圖中的黑煙由焚燒中的石油所產生，用以阻礙入侵者。

开战理由及目的

美国等国家对伊拉克开战的主要理由是萨达姆政权拥有大规模杀伤性武器以及伊拉克政府践踏人权的行径。根据美国国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德的说法，美国对这场战争最终要达成的目的包括：

1. 铲除萨达姆政权，帮助伊拉克人民建立一个自治的政府，
2. 搜尋并销毁藏匿在伊拉克境内的大规模杀伤性武器以及恐怖分子，
3. 结束制裁，并提供人道主义援助，
4. 保护伊拉克的石油以及其他天然资源。

但大部分国家，包括美国本身有部分人士则认为原因并不单纯，大部分国家认为与美国掠夺伊拉克石油有关。如根据伊斯兰共和报等媒体的看法，美国已经被犹太集团所操纵，占领伊拉克仅仅只是犹太集团庞大侵略计划的序曲。美军攻下伊拉克后，将以伊朗有大规模杀伤性武器为藉口出兵伊朗，最后则轮到叙利亚。最终目的是透过控制伊拉克、伊朗，侵吞伊斯兰民族的经济命脉－石油，从而瓦解巴勒斯坦的抵抗，支配整个中东。 另外一个目的据说是为了让石油供应区产生不稳定因素，以提高油价，变相贬值美元，用来掩盖或者拖延国内的经济问题。

战前，美国、英国等国家指责萨达姆政权拥有大规模杀伤性武器，并以此作为开战的重要理由。然而至今，他们还没有找到确凿可信的证据，却找到萨达姆政权早已经把大规模杀伤性武器销毁的一些文件和人证。

2003年: 入侵

主条目：2003年入侵伊拉克、2003年伊拉克、2003年伊拉克戰爭的時間表和2003年伊拉克入侵相關的人物名單

参见：聯軍對伊拉克戰爭的軍事行動及伊拉克戰爭的戰鬥序列

地圖的入侵路線和主要行動/對伊拉克戰爭的戰鬥，作為2007年。

M1艾布蘭坦克在法奧半島烏姆蓋斯爾附近用它的120毫米大砲向伊拉克部隊開火，2003年3月23日。

在卡迪西亞省附近，被摧毀的伊拉克坦克。

首先中央情報局入侵隊在2002年7月10日進入伊拉克，這隊成員由中央情報局的特別活動師組成，後來加入了美國軍方的精英聯合特種作戰司令部（JSOC），總之，他們為入侵的部隊做準備。這些努力包括說服了幾個伊拉克指揮官的部隊投降、或是分裂，而不是反抗美軍，在非常高風險的偵察任務中確定所有初步領導目標。

Most importantly, their efforts organized the Kurdish Peshmerga to become the northern front of the invasion. Together this force defeated Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan before the invasion and then defeated the Iraqi army in the north. The battle against Ansar al-Islam led to the death of a substantial number of militants and the uncovering of a chemical weapons facility at Sargat.

在2003年3月20日上午05:34的當地時間對伊拉克的入侵開始了。 由美國將軍湯米弗蘭克斯的率領下，開始了代號“解放伊拉克行動”， 後來改名為伊拉克自由行動，而英國的代號為“Telic行動”、澳大利亞的代號為“獵鷹行動” 。Coalition forces also cooperated with Kurdish Peshmerga forces in the north. Approximately forty other governments, the "U.S.-led coalition against Iraq," participated by providing troops, equipment, services, security, and special forces, with 248,000 soldiers from the United States, 45,000 British soldiers, 2,000 Australian soldiers and 194 Polish soldiers from Special Forces unit GROM sent to Kuwait for the invasion. The invasion force was also supported by Iraqi Kurdish militia troops, estimated to number upwards of 70,000.

The stated objectives of the invasion were; end the Hussein regime; eliminate whatever weapons of mass destruction could be found; eliminate whatever Islamist militants could be found; obtain intelligence on militant networks; distribute humanitarian aid; secure Iraq's petroleum infrastructure; and assist in creating a representative but compliant government as a model for other Middle East nations.

The invasion was a quick and decisive operation encountering major resistance, though not what the U.S., British and other forces expected. The Iraqi regime had prepared to fight both a conventional and irregular war at the same time, conceding territory when faced with superior conventional forces, largely armored, but launching smaller scale attacks in the rear using fighters dressed in civilian and paramilitary clothes. This achieved some temporary successes and created unexpected challenges for the invading forces, especially the U.S. military.

Coalition troops launched air and amphibious assault on the Al-Faw peninsula to secure the oil fields there and the important ports, supported by warships of the Royal Navy, Polish Navy, and Royal Australian Navy. The United States Marine Corps' 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, attached to 3 Commando Brigade and the Polish Special Forces unit GROM attacked the port of Umm Qasr, while the British Army's 16 Air Assault Brigade secured the oilfields in southern Iraq. Polish commandos captured offshore oil platforms near the port, preventing their destruction.

美國陸戰隊第7團第1營進入巴格達一座宮殿。

A Marine Corps M1 Abrams tank patrols a Baghdad street after its fall in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

The heavy armor of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division moved westward and then northward through the western desert toward Baghdad, while the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force moved more easterly along Highway 1 through the center of the country, and 1 (UK) Armoured Division moved northward through the eastern marshland. The U.S. 1st Marine Division fought through Nasiriyah in a battle to seize the major road junction and nearby Talil Airfield. The United States Army 3rd Infantry Division defeated Iraqi forces entrenched in and around the airfield and bypassed the city to the west in its drive up north through western Iraq.

With the Nasiriyah and Talil Airfields secured in its rear, the 3rd Infantry Division supported by 101st Airborne Division continued its attack north toward Najaf and Karbala, but a severe sand storm slowed the coalition advance and there was a halt to consolidate and make sure the supply lines were secure. When they started again they secured the Karbala Gap, a key approach to Baghdad, then forced the bridges over Euphrates River and the American forces poured through gap on to Baghdad. In the middle of Iraq, the 1st Marine Division fought its way to the eastern side of Baghdad, and prepared for the attack into Badhdad to seize it.

In the north, OIF-1 used the largest special operations force since the successful attack on the Taliban government of Afghanistan just over a year earlier. The Iraqi army was quickly overwhelmed in each engagement it faced with U.S. forces, with the elite Fedayeen Saddam putting up strong, sometimes suicidal, resistance before melting away into the civilian population.

On April 9 Baghdad fell, ending President Hussein's 24-year rule. U.S. forces seized the deserted Ba'ath Party ministries and stage-managed the tearing down of a huge iron statue of Hussein, photos and video of which became symbolic of the event, although later controversial. Not seen in the photos or heard on the videos, shot with a zoom lens, was the chant of the inflamed crowd for al-Sadr, the radical Shiite cleric. In November 2008, Iraqi protesters staged a similar stomping on and burning of an effigy of George W. Bush. The abrupt fall of Baghdad was accompanied by a widespread outpouring of gratitude toward the invaders, but also massive civil disorder, including the looting of public and government buildings and drastically increased crime.

According to the Pentagon, 250,000短噸（230,000公噸） (of 650,000短噸（590,000公噸） total) of ordnance was looted, providing a significant source of ammunition for the Iraqi insurgency. The invasion phase concluded when Tikrit, Hussein's home town, fell with little resistance to the U.S. Marines of Task Force Tripoli and on April 15 the coalition declared the invasion effectively over.

In the invasion phase of the war (March 19-April 30), 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed along with 7,299 civilians, primarily by U.S. air and ground forces. Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 U.S. military personnel and 33 UK military personnel.

聯盟駐伊拉克臨時管理當局和伊拉克調查小組

参见：Iraqi Governing Council、International Advisory and Monitoring Board、CPA Program Review Board、Development Fund for Iraq和Reconstruction of Iraq

伊拉克佔領區，2003年9月。

Shortly after the invasion, which has resulted in the debellatio of Iraq, the multinational coalition created the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة, based in the Green Zone, as a transitional government of Iraq until the establishment of a democratic government. Citing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 (May 22, 2003) and the laws of war, the CPA vested itself with executive, legislative, and judicial authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on April 21, 2003, until its dissolution on June 28, 2004.

The CPA was originally headed by Jay Garner, a former U.S. military officer, but his appointment lasted only until May 11, 2003, when President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer. Bremer served until the CPA's dissolution in July 2004.

Another group created by the multinational force in Iraq post-invasion was the 1,400-member international Iraq Survey Group who conducted a fact-finding mission to find Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programmes. In 2004 the ISG's Duelfer Report stated that Iraq did not have a viable WMD program.

入侵後階段

主条目：Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present

更多信息：U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis和Iraq War insurgent attacks

On May 1, 2003, President Bush staged a dramatic visit to the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln operating a few miles west of San Diego, California. The visit climaxed at sunset with Bush's now well-known "Mission Accomplished" speech. In this nationally televised speech, delivered before the sailors and airmen on the flight deck, Bush effectively declared victory due to the defeat of Iraq's conventional forces. However, Saddam remained at large and significant pockets of resistance remained.

After President Bush's speech, coalition forces noticed a gradually increasing flurry of attacks on its troops in various regions, especially in the "Sunni Triangle". The initial Iraqi insurgents were supplied by hundreds of weapons caches created before the invasion by the Iraqi army and Republican Guard.

Initially, Iraqi resistance (described by the coalition as "Anti-Iraqi Forces") largely stemmed from fedayeen and Hussein/Ba'ath Party loyalists, but soon religious radicals and Iraqis angered by the occupation contributed to the insurgency. The three provinces with the highest number of attacks were Baghdad, Al Anbar, and Salah Ad Din. Those three provinces account for 35% of the population, but as of December 5, 2006 were responsible for 73% of U.S. military deaths and an even higher percentage of recent U.S. military deaths (about 80%.)

Insurgents used guerrilla tactics including: mortars, missiles, suicide attacks, snipers, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), car bombs, small arms fire (usually with assault rifles), and RPGs (rocket propelled grenades), as well as sabotage against the petroleum, water, and electrical infrastructure.

在伊拉克的車隊，2003年5月。

Post-invasion Iraq coalition efforts commenced after the fall of the Hussein regime. The coalition nations, together with the United Nations, began to work to establish a stable, compliant democratic state capable of defending itself from non-coalition forces, as well as overcoming internal divisions.

Meanwhile, coalition military forces launched several operations around the Tigris River peninsula and in the Sunni Triangle. A series of similar operations were launched throughout the summer in the Sunni Triangle. Toward the end of 2003, the intensity and pace of insurgent attacks began to increase. A sharp surge in guerrilla attacks ushered in an insurgent effort that was termed the "Ramadan Offensive", as it coincided with the beginning of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.

To counter this offensive, coalition forces begin to use air power and artillery again for the first time since the end of the invasion by striking suspected ambush sites and mortar launching positions. Surveillance of major routes, patrols, and raids on suspected insurgents were stepped up. In addition, two villages, including Hussein's birthplace of al-Auja and the small town of Abu Hishma were surrounded by barbed wire and carefully monitored.

U.S. President George W. Bush with U.S. troops at the Bob Hope Dining Facility on Thanksgiving 2003 at Baghdad airport.

捕獲前政府領導人

参见：Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal和Trial of Saddam Hussein

In the summer of 2003, the multinational forces focused on capturing the remaining leaders of the former government. On July 22, a raid by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division and soldiers from Task Force 20 killed Hussein's sons (Uday and Qusay) along with one of his grandsons. In all, over 300 top leaders of the former government were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel.

Most significantly, Saddam Hussein himself was captured on December 13, 2003, on a farm near Tikrit in Operation Red Dawn. The operation was conducted by the United States Army's 4th Infantry Division and members of Task Force 121. Intelligence on Saddam's whereabouts came from his family members and former bodyguards.

With the capture of Hussein and a drop in the number of insurgent attacks, some concluded the multinational forces were prevailing in the fight against the insurgency. The provisional government began training the new Iraqi security forces intended to police the country, and the United States promised over $20 billion in reconstruction money in the form of credit against Iraq's future oil revenues. Oil revenue was also used for rebuilding schools and for work on the electrical and refining infrastructure.

Shortly after the capture of Hussein, elements left out of the Coalition Provisional Authority began to agitate for elections and the formation of an Iraqi Interim Government. Most prominent among these was the Shia cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. The Coalition Provisional Authority opposed allowing democratic elections at this time. The insurgents stepped up their activities. The two most turbulent centers were the area around Fallujah and the poor Shia sections of cities from Baghdad (Sadr City) to Basra in the south.

• 
  Polish GROM forces in sea operations during Operation Iraqi Freedom.
• 
  May 18, 2004: Staff Sgt. Kevin Jessen checks the underside of two anti-tank mines found in a village outside Ad Dujayl in the Sunni Triangle.
• 
  Delta Force of Task Force 20 alongside troops of 3rd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, at Uday Hussain and Qusay Hussein's hideout.
• 
  Saddam Hussein being pulled from his hideaway in Operation Red Dawn, 13 December 2003.

反战与主战

伊戰漫畫

美国报道有四十九个国家支持该军事行动。参加地面战的国家有美国、英国、澳大利亚和波兰四国，丹麦政府亦对伊拉克宣战，并派遣了两艘军舰支援美军。韩国、日本、意大利、乌克兰等多个国家提供后勤支援。

这场战争遭到俄罗斯、法國、德國、中华人民共和国、阿拉伯国家联盟、不结盟运动等多个国家政府和国际组织的批评与谴责。

奥地利等多个国家宣称，对伊拉克的军事行动由于没有得到联合国安理会的授权，已经违反了国际法。埃及籍的联合国前秘书长布特罗斯·加利谴责该军事行动，认为违反了联合国宪章。奥地利、瑞士和伊朗禁止联军战机飞越其领空，沙特阿拉伯禁止美军导弹通过其领空袭击伊拉克。马来西亚领袖更是在国际及联合国会议上严重谴责美国及英国的军事报复行动。

全球普遍的反战情绪最终导致了全球反对对伊战争大游行。

戰后情況

進攻中的悍馬車隊

美國扶植的伊拉克新軍，第六軍(2006)

伊拉克戰場上的愛國者飛彈三型

聯軍佔領伊拉克初期，曾一度在伊拉克海岸一帶處於膠著狀態，直到美軍進入巴格達時，伊拉克軍隊便隨即兵敗如山倒。當時主張出戰的美國總統布殊和英國首相布萊爾民望一度升上高位。

2003年12月13日晚8点30分，美軍在据提克里特南部15公里的小村子中一地下室内抓获了一名男子，此人就是伊拉克前總統薩達姆，被美國媒體形容乃是此次戰事的最大成就。

戰後美國不斷草擬計劃重建伊拉克，包括把大量重建計劃交給美國各財團，同時委任當地人任臨時政府官員。但由於當地不少派別的政治組織並不支持美國，故針對美英的軍事佔領而進行的伊拉克遊擊戰正風起雲湧，截止至2007年5月15日，美國佔領軍死亡人數已超过3,398人。而伊拉克經濟則久久未恢復，不但當地石油設施受到破壞，影響全球石油供應，且失業人口龐大，居民生命安全和日常生活得不到有效保障。故不少國家的反戰分子再度公開舉行反戰示威，指責布殊乃世界頭號恐怖份子。

美國除了派出穿制服的軍職人員，還雇用很大數量的民間保安承包商（包括美國黑水）協同軍隊作戰，尤其是操作高科技武器，阿拉伯語英語的翻譯人員，以及擔任後勤補給的工作。關於文中所述的美國佔領軍死亡人數已超过3,398人，這只是穿制服的軍職人員的死亡人數，沒有包括很大數量的民間保安人員，所以實際因戰爭而死亡的美國人要超過3,398人。美国媒体统计，截至2008年8月17日，至少有包括8名文职人员在内的4143驻伊美军士兵死亡。其中至少有3368名驻伊美军士兵在与反美武装的对抗行动中死亡。

2010年8月18日，最後一批駐伊美軍戰鬥部隊已跨越伊拉克與科威特的邊境，伊拉克戰爭正式結束。

调查

2007年2月9日，美国国防部向国会提交一份关于伊拉克战争前情报的内部调查报告。报告认定，有关萨达姆与基地组织存在明显联系的评估在质量和可信度方面都是可疑的。国防部副部长道格拉斯·费思采取了不恰当行为得出这一错误结论，但调查报告认为他没有触犯法律。

參見

• 美英联军虐待伊拉克战俘事件
• 扑克牌通缉令
• 戰爭

聯軍使用武器

聯軍使用的AC-130飛行炮艇

• AH-1W 超級眼鏡蛇
• B-52轟炸機
• B-2轟炸機
• F-117
• F-18 艦載機
• F-16
• A-10 雷霆二式攻擊機
• 史崔克裝甲車
• M1艾布蘭
• 悍馬車
• M109自行火炮
• 勃克級驅逐艦
• 提康德羅加級巡洋艦
• 尼米茲級核動力航空母艦
• 战斧巡航导弹
• 愛國者飛彈
• AH-64阿帕契
• UH-60黑鷹直升機
• AC-130飛行炮艇
• OH-58奇奧瓦偵察直升機

各方对战争的观点

• 詹氏年鑑
• 联合国对伊拉克问题的决议
• 联合国安理会1441号决议
• 全球反对对伊战争大游行
• 罗马天主教廷反对对伊拉克战争

军事战略

• 斩首行动
• 震慑行动
• 军事
• 伊拉克共和国卫队

醜闻

• 美军虐囚事件
• 英军虐囚事件

相关文艺作品

电影

• 鍋蓋頭 (Jarhead, 2005)
• 拆彈部隊 (The Hurt Locker, 2009)
• 關鍵指令 (Green Zone, 2010)
• 鸟笼山剿匪记（恶搞）

电视剧

• 杀戮一代 (Generation Kill)

参见

• 伊拉克游击战