User:Avit4799/沙盒3：修订间差异
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===后继冲突=== |
===后继冲突=== |
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4国对于这座岛的主权问题争议了5个月之久。<ref name="volcanoes">[http://www.vulkaner.no/v/volcan/etna/ferdinan_e.html Volcanoes and Volcanism Entry]. Accessed February 10, 2009</ref> 在此期间，费迪南德岛再一次沉入水中，结束了这一场主权纠纷。<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2516655.stm BBC News Story]"The last time the island surfaced, diplomatic arguments arose over its ownership;" Direct Quote accessed on February 10th, 2009</ref> |
4国对于这座岛的主权问题争议了5个月之久。<ref name="volcanoes">[http://www.vulkaner.no/v/volcan/etna/ferdinan_e.html Volcanoes and Volcanism Entry]. Accessed February 10, 2009</ref> 在此期间，费迪南德岛再一次沉入水中，结束了这一场主权纠纷。<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2516655.stm BBC News Story]"The last time the island surfaced, diplomatic arguments arose over its ownership;" Direct Quote accessed on February 10th, 2009</ref> |
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==Recent activity== |
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[[File:Flag of Sicily.svg|thumb|left|200px|A model of the Flag of Sicily, which was lowered into the water.]] |
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[[File:Sigmografo ferdinandea.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A seismograph, placed on the underwater island in 2006, is recovered in 2007.]] |
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After 1863 the volcano lay dormant for many decades, its summit just {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}} below sea level. Following the [[1986 bombing of Libya|1986 US bombing of Libya]], American warplanes mistook the shoal for a Libyan submarine and dropped [[depth charges]] on it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Owen |first=Richard |title=Italy stakes early claim to submerged island |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1181110.ece |date=November 27, 2002 |work=Times Online |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd. |accessdate=5 August 2009 | location=London}}</ref> |
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In 2000, renewed [[seismology|seismic]] activity around Ferdinandea led [[volcanologist]]s to speculate that a new eruptive episode could be imminent, and the seamount might once again become an island.<ref name="Bourbons">http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,396512,00.html ''Bourbons surface to retake island'' - Guardian Unlimited</ref> To forestall a renewal of the sovereignty disputes, Italian divers planted a flag on the top of the volcano in advance of its expected resurfacing.<ref name="BBC">''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2516655.stm Volcano may emerge from the sea]'', BBC news online, accessed 9 May 2006</ref> To bolster their case, Sicilians, who call it Ferdinandea, summoned the descendant of the Bourbon King of Naples. In a ceremony filmed by a flotilla of camera crews, Prince Carlo di Bourbon lowered a plaque into the waves and told cheering locals: "It will always be Sicilian." C. Lobbied by fishermen and sailors, [[Ignazio Cucchiara]], the mayor of [[Sciacca]], invited [[Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro|Prince Carlo]] to attend the ceremony with his wife, Countess [[Princess Camilla, Duchess of Castro|Camilla Cruciani]]. To accommodate television crews the plaque was lowered well before reaching the shoal, which is a danger to shipping. Choppy waters forced divers to postpone the operation a week, until November 13, 2000.<ref name="Bourbons"/> The diving crew planted Sicily's flag, which features a Medusa's head surrounded by three naked legs – a sign traditionally interpreted as "keep away." |
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The marble plaque, weighing {{convert|150|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, was inscribed “This piece of land, once Ferdinandea, belonged and shall always belong to the Sicilian people."<ref name="coinage"/> The Prince told cheering locals: “It will always be Sicilian.” But within six months it had been fractured into 12 pieces, mostly likely by fishing gear but possibly by vandalism.<ref name="coinage"/><ref name="London Geological Society">[http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/null/lang/en/page571.html From out the azure main], Media monitor, London Geological Society, February 2003. Accessed February 20th, 2009.</ref> Professor Enzo Boschi, from the Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Rome, told [[BBC News Online]], in November 2002:<blockquote>We have observed minor seismic activity, gas emissions but this is quite normal.<ref name="BBC"/> </blockquote> He put the time of resurfacing at a couple of weeks or months. However, in an interview with ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, [[Boris Behncke]], a German researcher at the [[University of Catania]]'s department of geological sciences in Sicily, said: <blockquote>Geologically speaking, it's a possibility, But geology has a very long time scale ... We really should not be too worried.<ref name="Maryann Bird"/></blockquote> Despite showing signs in both 2000 and 2002, the seismicity did not lead to volcanic eruptions and as of 2006 Ferdinandea's summit remains about {{convert|6|m}} below sea level. Should it reappear, [[Federico Eichberg]], an international relations expert based in Rome, believes it would do so within Italian territorial waters — and in all probability would be formally claimed by Italy. Eichberg does not expect that a renewed international rumpus would arise, noting: <blockquote>“If it's just a little island, we're not going to have a big fight over it.”<ref name="Maryann Bird">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2051367,00.html |title=Fire from The Sea |work=Time Magazine |accessdate=2011-10-01 |author=Maryann Bird |date=March 20, 2000}}</ref></blockquote> Additionally, the island would not have the same strategic importance today that it had in the summer of 1831. A diplomatic disagreement would be highly improbable, and the island would likely belong to Italy. A spokeswoman for Britain's [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]], however, kept all options open. The British government “would look at this if and when any island were to emerge,” she said, adding: “We don't want to make waves now.<ref name="Maryann Bird"/> |
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==Significance== |
==Significance== |
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===Scientific study=== |
===Scientific study=== |
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2013年4月29日 (一) 13:26的版本
| 费迪南德岛 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 顶峰深度 | 约 6米（20英尺） |
| 海底山高 | 63米（207英尺） (最大值)[1] |
| 翻译 | （自Italian） |
| 地理位置 | |
| 位置 | 西西里岛和突尼斯之间 |
| 坐标系 | 37°10′N, 12°43′E |
| 国家 |  義大利 |
| 类型 | 海底火山 |
| 最后喷发时间 | 1831 |
费迪南德岛 (西西里语: Ìsula Firdinandèa) 是一个由海底火山恩培多克勒火山喷发形成的一座岛屿。位于西西里岛南部约30公里（19海里）。在历史上，火山喷发多次让其现出水面，但由于侵蚀作用再度沉入水中，目前它成为一座海底山。它最后一次现出水面是在1831年，在当时有四个国家争夺这座岛的主权，然而在1832年，主权问题还没解决时，费迪南德岛又沉入海底。在此期间，法国地质学家康斯坦特·普雷沃斯特于1831年7月观测到了这座岛屿并将其命名为“尤利亚岛”。之后他在法国地质学会通报上发表了这一发现。[4][5] 在当时，许多地质学家担心会有一系列的山脉从海底出现，将西西里岛与突尼斯连接起来，从而对当地的地缘政治造成影响。[6]在2000年与2002年，此处显示出火山活动的迹象，预示此岛很可能再次浮出水面，但在2006年，该岛仍然在海平面以下6米。
早期历史
费迪南德岛位于地中海西西里岛与突尼斯之间的一个火山地带。此处有许多海底火山，并且形成了许多火山岛，如潘泰莱里亚岛。 费迪南德岛的火山活动最早于第一次布匿战争时被发现，之后此岛出现又消失了4~5次。[7] 17世纪后多次观测到此处的火山喷发。[8]
1831年的火山喷发
费迪南德岛最近一次浮出水面是在1831年7月。最初的火山喷发迹象是由附近小镇夏卡观测到的从6月28日到7月10日的一段地震活动。 [1]7月4日，小镇中弥漫着一股硫磺的气息，甚至可以让银器变黑。[1] 7月13日小镇居民可以清楚地看到一缕浓烟，起初他们认为是轮船着火。[1] 当天双桅横帆船古斯塔沃号经过此区域，观测到海底中泛起气泡，并让船长认为是海怪出没。同时有另一艘船报告了海中漂浮的大量死鱼。到7月17日，一个成型的小岛形成。[1]
1831年的火山喷发让费迪南德岛的周长增大到约4公里（约合2.5英里）。然而，由于它是由火山喷发碎屑构成的，所以它极易被海水侵蚀，并于1832年1月再度被水淹没。该岛最大时（1831年7~8月时），它的周长达4800米，最高海拔63米，在其中有两个湖，最大的一个周长20米，深2米。[1]
争议
费迪南德岛的主权被4个国家争夺，最早宣示主权的是英国，并将其命名为格拉汉姆岛。两西西里王国的费迪南多二世随后派遣船只到该岛附近，宣示其主权。法国海军亦到达该岛附近并将其命名为尤利亚岛。西班牙也对其宣示了领土主权。[6] 该岛靠近意大利和西班牙，有较强的战略意义，且每个国家都希望通过对该岛的控制来保证其地中海航线。[6]
初始冲突
1831年费迪南德岛浮出海面之后，尽管只有几块石头，但英国海军认为此处是控制地中海航线的关键地区，因为它比马耳他更靠近欧洲大陆。[1] 英国舰队立刻登陆了这座岛屿，以时任海军部上议院专员的詹姆斯·格雷厄姆爵士将其命名为格拉汉姆岛，并在岛上插上了英国国旗。[2]
然而两西西里王国国王亦认识到了此岛的重要性，并向此岛屿派遣了护卫舰埃特纳号。法国地质学会的创始人之一普雷沃斯特将此座岛命名为尤利亚(Julia)岛，因为他是在7月(July)观测到这座岛的。一场外交纠纷就此展开。[2]
后继冲突
4国对于这座岛的主权问题争议了5个月之久。[9] 在此期间，费迪南德岛再一次沉入水中，结束了这一场主权纠纷。[10]
Recent activity
After 1863 the volcano lay dormant for many decades, its summit just 8米（26英尺） below sea level. Following the 1986 US bombing of Libya, American warplanes mistook the shoal for a Libyan submarine and dropped depth charges on it.[11]
In 2000, renewed seismic activity around Ferdinandea led volcanologists to speculate that a new eruptive episode could be imminent, and the seamount might once again become an island.[3] To forestall a renewal of the sovereignty disputes, Italian divers planted a flag on the top of the volcano in advance of its expected resurfacing.[10] To bolster their case, Sicilians, who call it Ferdinandea, summoned the descendant of the Bourbon King of Naples. In a ceremony filmed by a flotilla of camera crews, Prince Carlo di Bourbon lowered a plaque into the waves and told cheering locals: "It will always be Sicilian." C. Lobbied by fishermen and sailors, Ignazio Cucchiara, the mayor of Sciacca, invited Prince Carlo to attend the ceremony with his wife, Countess Camilla Cruciani. To accommodate television crews the plaque was lowered well before reaching the shoal, which is a danger to shipping. Choppy waters forced divers to postpone the operation a week, until November 13, 2000.[3] The diving crew planted Sicily's flag, which features a Medusa's head surrounded by three naked legs – a sign traditionally interpreted as "keep away."
The marble plaque, weighing 150公斤（330磅）, was inscribed “This piece of land, once Ferdinandea, belonged and shall always belong to the Sicilian people."[6] The Prince told cheering locals: “It will always be Sicilian.” But within six months it had been fractured into 12 pieces, mostly likely by fishing gear but possibly by vandalism.[6][5] Professor Enzo Boschi, from the Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Rome, told BBC News Online, in November 2002:
We have observed minor seismic activity, gas emissions but this is quite normal.[10]
He put the time of resurfacing at a couple of weeks or months. However, in an interview with Time magazine, Boris Behncke, a German researcher at the University of Catania's department of geological sciences in Sicily, said:
Geologically speaking, it's a possibility, But geology has a very long time scale ... We really should not be too worried.[2]
Despite showing signs in both 2000 and 2002, the seismicity did not lead to volcanic eruptions and as of 2006 Ferdinandea's summit remains about 6米（20英尺） below sea level. Should it reappear, Federico Eichberg, an international relations expert based in Rome, believes it would do so within Italian territorial waters — and in all probability would be formally claimed by Italy. Eichberg does not expect that a renewed international rumpus would arise, noting:
“If it's just a little island, we're not going to have a big fight over it.”[2]
Additionally, the island would not have the same strategic importance today that it had in the summer of 1831. A diplomatic disagreement would be highly improbable, and the island would likely belong to Italy. A spokeswoman for Britain's Foreign and Commonwealth Office, however, kept all options open. The British government “would look at this if and when any island were to emerge,” she said, adding: “We don't want to make waves now.[2]
Significance
Scientific study
The sudden geologic phenomenon was observed and studied by numerous scientists. Among the Germans were Hoffmann, Schultz, and Philippi. Among the English were Edward Davy and Warington Wilkinson Smyth. Among the French was Constant Prévost. Among the Italians there was Scinà Domenico (1765-1837) who published his observations in the "Effeméridi Sicilians" (1832- Vol. 2), and Carlo Gemmellaro (1787–1866), teacher of geology and mineralogy at Catania University, who published "Actions of the Gioenia Academy of Catania" (1831- Vol.8).[1]
In 2006, further study revealed Ferdinandea to be just one part of the larger volcanic cone Empedocles.[12]
Marine significance
Ferdinandea is still referenced on marine charts, as its top is only 6 metres short of breaking the surface, much higher than the draft of most seafaring vessels.[9] It is also a small shoal on which near-surface maritime creatures dwell.
Coinage
In Sicily in 2000 there was produced an unofficial minting of a penny, featuring the island of Ferdinandea on one side and, unusually, a bust of Elizabeth II on the other. (Italy, including Sicily, was using the italian lira by this time and the coin did not circulate.) The designer of the coin is David Mannucci. The idea to make this coin occurred to Mannucci after he "found out the existence of the ghost island" from a newspaper article. Besides the copper piece, varieties exist in silver, copper "with protective enamel", and in silver "with protective enamel". While this Italian-made coin fittingly bears the Italian name for the island, the conflicted piece also features a bust of “Elizabeth II D.G.R.” and bears a British denomination.[6]
In popular culture
During its emergence it was visited by Sir Walter Scott, and it provided inspiration for James Fenimore Cooper's The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak, Alexandre Dumas, père's The Speronara and Jules Verne's Captain Antifer and The Survivors of the Chancellor. It also provided the inspiration for the isle of Leshp in Terry Pratchett's Jingo.
See also
参考资料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Siclian Almanac Accessed on February 11th, 2009
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Maryann Bird. Fire from The Sea. Time Magazine. March 20, 2000 [2011-10-01].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,396512,00.html Bourbons surface to retake island - Guardian Unlimited
- ^ "Notes sur l’ile Julia pour servir a l’histoire de la formation des montagnes volcaniques" in Mémoires de la Soc. Géol. de France, 1835 ("L’exploration de île Julia")
- ^ 5.0 5.1 From out the azure main, Media monitor, London Geological Society, February 2003. Accessed February 20th, 2009.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 引用错误：没有为名为
coinage的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Scientists discover huge underwater volcano, The Independent Online
- ^ Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia, Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, accessed 9 May 2006
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Volcanoes and Volcanism Entry. Accessed February 10, 2009
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 BBC News Story"The last time the island surfaced, diplomatic arguments arose over its ownership;" Direct Quote accessed on February 10th, 2009 引用错误：带有name属性“BBC”的
<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ Owen, Richard. Italy stakes early claim to submerged island. Times Online. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. November 27, 2002 [5 August 2009].
- ^ Scientists discover huge underwater volcano, The Independent Online