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紧急警报系统：修订间差异

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2013年10月23日 (三) 09:08的版本

标识
紧急报警系统（Emergency Alert System ，缩写：EAS）是一套美国的警报系统，正式其用于1997年1月,取代了紧急广播系统 （Emergency Broadcast System）,

这本身就已经取代电磁发射管制系统.除了提醒公众，当地天气突发事件，如龙卷风和山洪,官方的目的是为了能让美国总统在10分钟内与全国通话,[1] 但是全国的EAS报警从未被激活过.[2][3] 在2011年11月9日,东部标准时间下午2点。进行了全国性质的EAS测试. 

 EAS规定和标准均受公共安全和国土安全局下属的联邦电信交通委员会管理. 部分国家和一些地区有自己的EAS计划.

[4] EAS已经成为综合公共警报和预警系统(IPAWS（英语：IPAWS）)的一部分全称为TheIntegrate Publi AlertandWarningSystem。 同样作为 聯邦緊急事務管理署（应急）程序的一部分 (FEMA). EAS按联邦紧急事署的管理规定与, 美国联邦通信委员会 (FCC), 以及 美国国家气象局 (NOAA/NWS)共同协调.

已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。
The EAS is used on AM, FM and Land Mobile Radio Service（英语：Land Mobile Radio Service）, as well as 甚高頻, UHF, FiOS（英语：FiOS） (wireline video providers), and 有线电视 including low-power stations. 数字电视, 卫星电视 and digital cable（英语：digital cable） providers, along with Sirius（英语：Sirius Satellite Radio） XM（英语：XM Satellite Radio） satellite radio, IBOC（英语：IBOC）, DAB and digital radio（英语：digital radio） broadcasters have been required to participate in the EAS since December 31, 2006.[來源請求] DirecTV, Dish Network and all other DBS providers have been required to participate since May 31, 2007.

Technical concept

主条目：Specific Area Message Encoding

Messages in the EAS are composed of four parts: a digitally encoded SAME（英语：Specific Area Message Encoding） header, an attention signal, an audio announcement, and a digitally encoded end-of-message marker. right（英语：Image:Sage EAS Endec.jpg）

The SAME headerⓘ is the most critical part of the EAS design. It contains information about who originated the alert (the President, state or local authorities, the 美国国家气象局 (NOAA/NWS), or the broadcaster), a short, general description of the event (tornado, flood, severe thunderstorm), the areas affected (up to 32 counties or states), the expected duration of the event (in minutes), the date and time it was issued (in 协调世界时), and an identification of the originating station. (See SAME（英语：Specific Area Message Encoding） for a complete breakdown of the header.)

More than thirty radio stations are designated as National Primary Stations in the Primary Entry Point (PEP) System to distribute presidential messages to other broadcast stations and cable systems.[5] The Emergency Action Notification is the notice to broadcasters that the President of the United States or his designee will deliver a message over the EAS via the PEP system.[6]

The FEMA National Radio System (FNARS) "Provides Primary Entry Point service to the Emergency Alert System," acts as an emergency presidential link into the EAS, and is capable of phone patches. The FNARS net control station is located at the Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center（英语：Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center）.[7]

What the national level EAS would not do

In a 纽约时报 article (correction printed January 3, 2002)[3] "No president has ever used the current [EAS] system or its technical predecessors in the last 50 years, despite the Soviet missile crisis, a presidential assassination, the 俄克拉何马城爆炸案, major earthquakes and three recent high-alert terrorist warnings... Michael K. Powell（英语：Michael K. Powell）, the then chairman of the 美国联邦通信委员会, which oversees the Emergency Alert System, pointed to 'the ubiquitous media environment,' arguing that the system was, in effect, scooped by CNN, MSNBC, 福斯新聞頻道 and other channels... [FEMA] activates the alert system nationally at the behest of the White House on 34 50,000-watt stations that reach 98 percent of Americans... Beyond that, the current EAS signal is an audio message only—which pre-empts all programming—so that viewers who were watching color images of the World Trade Center on September 11 would have been able to see only a screen with a generic text message along with a presidential voice-over, if an emergency message had been activated."[3]

EAS header

Because the header lacks error detection codes, it is repeated three times for redundancy. However, the repetition of the data can itself be considered an error detection and correction code—like any error detection or correction code, it adds redundant information to the signal in order to make errors identifiable. EAS decoders compare the received headers against one another, looking for an exact match between any two, eliminating most errors which can cause an activation to fail. The decoder then decides whether to ignore the message or to relay it on the air if the message applies to the local area served by the station (following parameters set by the broadcaster).

The SAME header bursts are followed by an attention signalⓘ which lasts between eight and 25 seconds, depending on the originating station. The tone is 1050 Hzⓘ on a NOAA Weather Radio (NOAA/NWS) station, while on commercial broadcast stations, it consists of a "two tone" combination of 853 Hz and 960 Hz 正弦曲線s and is the same attention signal used by the older Emergency Broadcast System（英语：Emergency Broadcast System）. The two tones were chosen because they form an interval suited to getting the audience's attention due to its unpleasantness on the 耳. The "two tone" system is no longer required as of 1998 and is to be used only for audio alerts before EAS messages.[8][需要完整来源] Like the EBS, the attention signal is followed by a voice message describing the details of the alert.

A Gorman-Redlich 卫星电视 CAP（英语：Common Alerting Protocol）-to-EAS converter which translates CAP formatted alerts into EAS headers.

The message ends with three bursts of the AFSK "EOM", or End of Message（英语：End of Message）, which is the text NNNN, preceded each time by the binary 10101011 calibration.

The White House endorsed the integration of the Common Alerting Protocol（英语：Common Alerting Protocol） (CAP) in a presidential initiative,[9] and FEMA is in the process of testing implementation.[10][页码请求]

Station requirements

The FCC requires all broadcast stations and multichannel video programming distributors (MVPD) to install and maintain FCC-certified EAS decoders and encoders at their control points or headends（英语：Cable television headend） unless they have been designated a non-participating station by the FCC. These decoders continuously monitor the signals from other nearby broadcast stations for EAS messages. For reliability, at least two source stations must be monitored, one of which must be a designated local primary. Stations are to retain the latest version of the EAS handbook.

Stations are required by federal law to keep logs of all received required monthly test, required weekly test, emergency action notification, and emergency action termination messages. Logs may be kept by hand but are usually kept automatically by a small receipt printer in the encoder/decoder unit. Logs may also be kept electronically inside the unit as long as there is access to an external printer or method to transfer them to a 个人电脑. While only the four aforementioned events are required by federal law to be logged, most stations log all received activations.

In addition to the audio messages transmitted by radio stations, television stations must also transmit a visual message. A text "crawl" is displayed at the top of the screen that contains all of the information encoded in the initial SAME header. A color-coded "crawl" system is often used where the color signifies the priority of the message. Some television stations transmit only the visual message which is outside of the requirements. A television station may be used for monitoring by another station and thus the audio is necessary.[8][需要完整来源]

Participating stations are required by federal law to relay EAN (Emergency Action Notification（英语：Emergency Action Notification）) messages immediately (47 CFR Part 11.54).[11] Stations traditionally have been allowed to opt out of relaying other alerts such as severe weather, and child abduction（英语：child abduction） emergencies (安珀警戒s) if they so choose.

Non-participating stations do not relay National messages. Instead they transmit a message instructing listeners/viewers to tune to another station for the information, and they must then suspend their operation.

System test

NOAA Weather Radio MKE-KEC60 Weekly Test
The weekly Emergency Alert System test, usually initiated at 12 noon local time every Wednesday afternoon, as heard on 密尔沃基's KEC60（英语：KEC60） on November 24, 2010.
播放此文件有问题？请参见媒體幫助。

All EAS equipment must be tested weekly. The required weekly test (RWT) consists, at a minimum, of the header and the end-of-message SAME bursts（英语：Specific Area Message Encoding）. Though a RWT does not need an audio or graphic message announcing the test, many stations will provide them as a courtesy to the public. Television stations are not required to transmit a video message for weekly tests. RWTs are scheduled by the station, on random days and times, and are generally not relayed.[8][需要完整来源]

Required monthly tests (RMTs) are generally originated by the local or state primary station, a state emergency management agency,or by the National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS) and are then relayed by broadcast and cable stations. RMTs must be performed between 8:30 a.m. and local sunset during odd numbered months, and local sunset to 8:30 am for even months. Received monthly tests must be re-transmitted within 60 minutes from receipt.[8][需要完整来源] Additionally, an RMT should not be scheduled or conducted during an event of great importance such as a pre-announced Presidential speech, coverage of a national/local election, major local or national news coverage outside regularly scheduled newscast hours or a major national sporting event such as the 超级碗 or 世界大賽, with other events such as the Daytona 500（英语：Daytona 500） and 奥林匹克运动会 mentioned in individual EAS state plans.

National tests

National EAS Test
Audio recording of the first national EAS test on November 9, 2011, as heard on WISN-TV（英语：WISN-TV） in 密尔沃基 and the cable EAS system of Charter Communications's Wisconsin headend（英语：cable television headend）.
播放此文件有问题？请参见媒體幫助。

A RWT is not required during a calendar week in which an RMT is scheduled. No testing has to be done at all during a calendar week in which all parts of the EAS (header burst, attention signal, audio message, and end of message burst) have been legitimately activated. Coordinated national tests are planned to be conducted at least once every year, beginning with the national test that happened on November 9, 2011, and are very similar to RMTs.[12][13]

Screen announcing the nationwide test of the EAS, November 9, 2011, mainly generated by the EAS decoder at cable operator headends, listing that the test was generated within the 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区 rather than locally.

On November 9, 2011, after the national test was attempted,[14] stations began calling in saying that some of their receivers weren't able to relay the test, or some just didn't get the test at all; DirecTV users reported even hearing Lady Gaga's "Paparazzi" throughout the test.[14][15] As of November 9, 2011, the FCC is still collecting data; however, it is clear that not every station in the US received or relayed the alert. The message, according to some, also lacked the alert code which would allow the President to speak. Due to a feedback loop in the PEP system, the test could be heard several times in the background, and the EOM (end of message) code was sent twice, violating EAS rules. The test was cut down to 30 seconds rather than the proposed 3 minutes. A similar test of the National EAS was carried out in January 2010, but operations were limited to the state of 阿拉斯加州. That test was carried out flawlessly.[15]

National Test Results

November 9, 2011 Results

On April 12, 2013, the FCC released the results of the November 9, 2011 test.[16] Although there were several frequently reported issues, the FCC states that the test demonstrated that the national EAS architecture is basically sound. Some of these problems included:

  • Bad audio quality[17]
    • A malfunction at the National Primary level inserted a second level of header tones into the audio portion of the message, which created a large-delay reverb effect and noisy background levels, which increased in intensity each time the EAN message was passed on. Since then, FEMA has reconfigured their equipment correctly.
  • Lack of a Primary Entry Point in some areas, leaving those areas without a direct connection to FEMA[18]
    • At the time of the test, there was no established Primary Entry Point in Portland, Oregon. The Oregon EAS State Plan instructed all stations west of the Cascades (including Portland) to monitor public radio station KOPB-FM, which would receive the alert from the NPR Squawk Channel. The audio quality of the alert that KOPB-FM received via the NPR Squawk Channel was exceptionally poor, and most monitoring stations' equipment didn't recognize the alert at all or only broadcast the first few seconds of the alert. The FCC has since expanded PEP coverage to West of the Cascades (including Portland).
  • Use of alternatives to PEP-based EAN distribution[18]
    • The FCC found that some stations chose to use alternatives to the PEP-based daisy-chain mode of propagation, and that some of these alternatives may not be able to receive the EAN effectively in times of emergency. The FCC has advised these stations to request approval from the FCC for these alternative ways of receiving the EAN.
  • Inability of some participants to receive/transmit the EAN[18]
    • Some EAS Participants stated that, although they heard the EAN from their monitoring stations, they were not able to rebroadcast it to their audience. The FCC found that the cause of this was usually operator error, or that the Participant's equipment was programmed incorrectly.
  • Short test length[18]
    • The FCC found that some EAS equipment manufacturers designed their equipment to not rebroadcast EANs shorter than 75 seconds due to a misinterpretation of the FCC regulations. Another EAS Participant suggested that the 30 second duration of the test was insufficient to allow its engineers to manually override its equipment when automatic equipment functions failed.

The first-ever Nationwide EAS Test was a success in that it demonstrated that the national EAS would generally perform as designed, if activated.[19] At the same time, the test showed several areas that need improvement. The FCC says they will continue to work with FEMA, EAS Participants and other EAS stakeholders to address these problems.

Additions and proposals

The number of event types in the national system has grown to eighty. At first, all but three of the events (civil emergency message, immediate evacuation, and emergency action notification [national emergency]) were weather-related (such as a tornado warning（英语：tornado warning）). Since then, several classes of non-weather emergencies have been added, including, in most states, the 安珀警戒 System for child abduction emergencies.

In 2004, the FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking seeking comment on whether EAS in its present form is the most effective mechanism for warning the American public of an emergency and, if not, on how EAS can be improved, such as mandatory text messages to cellphones, regardless of subscription. As noted above, rules implemented by the FCC on July 12, 2007 provisionally endorse incorporating CAP with the SAME protocol.

On February 3, 2011, the FCC announced plans and procedures for national EAS tests, which will involve all television and radio stations connected to the EAS system, as well as all cable and satellite services in the United States. It will not be relayed on the NOAA Weather Radio (NOAA/NWS) network as it is an initiation-only network and does not receive messages from the PEP network.[20][21] The national test will transmit and relay an EAS test message from the White House. This protocol was first used in the first national test of the EAS, conducted on November 9, 2011 at 2:00 pm EST/11:00 am PST.[22][23]

EAS for consumers

EAS is designed to be useful for the entire public, not just those with SAME-capable equipment. However, several consumer-level radios do exist, especially weather radio receivers, which are available to the public through both mail-order（英语：mail-order） and 零售s. Other specialty receivers for AM/FM/ACSSB(LM) are available only through mail-order, or in some places from federal, state, or local 政府s, especially where there is a potential hazard nearby such as a chemical factory. These radios come pre-tuned to a station in each area that has agreed to provide this service to local emergency management officials and agencies, often with a direct link back to the plant's safety system or control room for instant activation should an evacuation or other emergency arise.

The ability to narrow messages down so that only the actual area in danger is alerted is extremely helpful in preventing false warnings, which was previously a major tune-out factor. Instead of sounding for all warnings within a station's area, SAME-decoder radios now sound only for the counties they are programmed for. When the alarm sounds, anyone with the radio knows that the danger is nearby and protective action should be taken. For this reason, the goal of the 美国国家气象局 (NOAA/NWS) is that each home should have both a smoke detector（英语：smoke detector） and a SAME weather radio.

Incidents

  • During the 九一一袭击事件 in 2001, "... the EAS was not activated nationally or regionally in New York or Washington during the terrorist attacks on the nation." Richard Rudman, then chairman of the EAS National Advisory Committee explained that near immediate coverage in the national media meant that the media itself provided the warning or alert of what had happened and what might happen as quickly as the information could be distributed. "Some events really do serve as their own alerts and warnings. With the immediate live media coverage, the need for an EAS warning was lessened." 34 PEP stations were kept on high alert for use if the President had decided to order an Emergency Action Notification. "PEP is really a last-ditch effort to get a message out if the president cannot get to the media."[24]
  • On February 1, 2005, someone activated an EAS message over radio and television stations in 康乃狄克州 telling residents to evacuate the state immediately. Officials at the Office of Emergency Management announced that the activation and broadcast of the Emergency Alert System was in error due to possibly the wrong button being pressed. "State police said they received no calls related to the erroneous alert."[25]
  • On June 26, 2007, the EAS in 伊利诺伊州 was activated at 7:35 am CDT and issued an Emergency Action Notification Message for the United States. This was followed by dead air and then WGN（英语：WGN (AM)） radio (the station designated to simulcast the alert message) being played on almost every television and radio station in the 芝加哥 area and throughout much of Illinois.[26] Instead of hearing official information, what viewers heard instead was a very confused Garry Meier（英语：Garry Meier） from WCKG, who was wondering "what all that beeping was about". The accidental EAN activation was caused when a government contractor installing a new satellite receiver as part of a new national delivery path incorrectly left the receiver connected and wired to the state EOC's EAS transmitter before final closed circuit testing of the new delivery path had been completed.[27]
  • On October 19, 2008 KWVE-FM（英语：KWVE-FM） of 圣克莱门特 (加利福尼亚州) was scheduled to conduct a Required Weekly Test; however, it conducted a Required Monthly Test by mistake, causing all stations and cable systems in the immediate area to relay the test. In addition, the operator aborted the test midway through, leading the station to fail to broadcast the SAME EOM burst to end the test, causing all area outlets to broadcast KWVE-FM's programming until those stations took their equipment offline.[28] On September 15, 2009, the 美国联邦通信委员会 fined its licensee, Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa（英语：Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa）, $5,000 for the botched EAS test. After the fine was levied, various state broadcast associations in the United States submitted joint letters to the FCC, protesting against the fine, saying that the FCC could have handled the matter better.[29] On November 13, 2009, the FCC rescinded its fine against KWVE-FM, but had still admonished the station for broadcasting an unauthorized RMT, as well as omitting the code to end the test.[30]
  • During September 2010, the staff of KCST-FM（英语：KCST-FM） Florence, Oregon（英语：Florence, Oregon） noticed that their EAS equipment would repeatedly unmute as if receiving an incoming EAS message several times a week. During each event, which was relayed from KKNU（英语：KKNU） Springfield, the same commercial advertisement for ARCO（英语：ARCO）/BP gasoline could be heard, along with the words "This test has been brought to you by ARCO". Further investigation by the primary station transmitting the commercial revealed that the spot had been produced using an audio clip of an actual EAS header which had been modified to lower the header's tone and presumably prevent it from triggering false positive alert reactions in EAS equipment. The spot was distributed nationally, and after it had once been identified as the source of the false EAS equipment trips, various stations around the country reported having had similar experiences. After a widespread notification by the 廣播工程師協會 was issued, ARCO's ad agency withdrew the commercial from air play.[32] McKenzie River Broadcasting, the parent company of KKNU, was later served with a Notice of Apparent Liability with a forfeiture amount of $10,000 for having played the commercial advertisement containing the header tones. This issue was ultimately resolved without a fine being levied.
  • On August 9, 2011, the Emergency Alert System was activated for a Required Weekly Test in 戴維森縣 (田納西州). However, due to a bug in the system, as many as 20 RWTs were sent and received from 3:20 am to 5:00 am CDT.[來源請求]
  • On November 3, 2011, the EAS in 埃托瓦县 was activated for a Required Weekly Test on Comcast. However, due to a bug in the system, as many as 15 RWTs were sent and received from 2:15 am to 4:30 am CDT. The error occurred again on December 6, 2012, when another bug caused as many as 17 RWTs to be sent and received between 12:10 am and 4:50 am CST.[來源請求]
  • On March 13, 2012, just after the broadcast of the Today Show at 9:56 am, WDIV-TV（英语：WDIV-TV） accidentally launched the Emergency Alert System seconds before their local newscast started to air. The Emergency Alert System froze for 5 seconds, then returning to the newscast. This is WDIV's shortest—yet glitched—EAS running only for 10 seconds. It's unknown if this was implied to air before the newscast starts, or the commercials delayed the EAS from airing.
  • On May 21, 2012, the Emergency Alert System in 田纳西州 was activated for a Required Weekly Test. However, a familiar bug in the system caused as many as 9 weekly tests to be transmitted that night. Later that night, a Required Monthly Test was transmitted but contained a Flash Flood Warning message. No explanation has been given for this error.

EAS event codes

主条目：Specific Area Message Encoding

参见

参考

  1. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23240430
  2. ^ [/rulemaking/04-296 Review of the Emergency Alert System] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Federal Communications Commission. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Collins, Glenn. [/2001/12/21/nyregion/silence-alert-system-experts-urge-overhaul-plan-unused-even-sept-11.html?scp=1&sq=Emergency%20Alert%20System&st=cse The Silence of the Alert System; Experts Urge Overhaul of Plan Unused Even on Sept. 11] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). The New York Times. December 21, 2001 [September 5, 2009]. 
  4. ^ [/pshs/services/eas/ Emergency Alert System] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). FCC. November 9, 2011 [July 16, 2012]. 
  5. ^ Moore, Linda K. Emergency Communications: The Emergency Alert System (EAS) and All-Hazard Warnings. p. 6 Congressional Research Service, Federation of American Scientists. Nov 20, 2006.
  6. ^ Emergency Alert System 2001 AM & FM Handbook. Emergency Alert System 2001 AM & FM Handbook. United States: United States Federal Communications Commission: 4. 2001. 
  7. ^ Merlin, Ross Z. [/web/20080625023050/http://www.cdc.gov/phin/conference/04conference/05-27-04/Session_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf Communications Systems for Public Health Contingencies] 请检查|archiveurl=值 (帮助) (PDF). DHS/FEMA Wireless Program Management Team. 2004 [April 2, 2008]. （[/phin/conference/04conference/05-27-04/Session_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf 原始内容] 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF)存档于June 25, 2008）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 United States Code of Federal RegulationsTemplate:Nonspecific
  9. ^ [/omb/egov/c-2-2-disaster.html Disaster Management] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). The White House (George W. Bush administration). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Management and Budget. [April 25, 2011]. 
  10. ^ Common Alerting Protocol, Cybertelecom[页码请求]
  11. ^ [/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=763e47002785e63b94a7710dcf78869a&rgn=div8&view=text&node=47:1.0.1.1.12.4.231.4&idno=47 Electronic Code of Federal Regulatiokns] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). National Archives. [July 6, 2012]. 
  12. ^ Part 1 of a two part YouTube video of part of a national EAS test on Dish Network.[失效連結]
  13. ^ Part 2 of a two part YouTube video of part of a national EAS test on Dish Network.[失效連結]
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Clayton, Mark. [/USA/2011/1109/Did-the-national-Emergency-Alert-System-mistakenly-play-Lady-Gaga Did the national Emergency Alert System mistakenly play Lady Gaga?] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). 基督科学箴言报. November 9, 2011 [July 16, 2012]. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 [/currents/news/alaska-eas-success-0106/ Alaska EAS EAN Test: Success] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Radio（英语：Radio (magazine)）. January 6, 2010 [July 16, 2012]. 
  16. ^ Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. [/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2013/db0412/DOC-320152A1.pdf Strengthening the Emergency Alert System (EAS): Lessons Learned from the Nationwide EAS Test] 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF). 2013 [23 April 2013].  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助)
  17. ^ Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. [/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2013/db0412/DOC-320152A1.pdf Strengthening the Emergency Alert System (EAS): Lessons Learned from the Nationwide EAS Test] 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF): 14. 2013 [23 April 2013].  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助)
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. [/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2013/db0412/DOC-320152A1.pdf Strengthening the Emergency Alert System (EAS): Lessons Learned from the Nationwide EAS Test] 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF): 15. 2013 [23 April 2013].  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助)
  19. ^ Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. [/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2013/db0412/DOC-320152A1.pdf Strengthening the Emergency Alert System (EAS): Lessons Learned from the Nationwide EAS Test] 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF): 19. 2013 [23 April 2013].  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助)
  20. ^ FCC Press Release: "FCC ACTION PAVES WAY FOR FIRST-EVER PRESIDENTIAL ALERT TO BE AIRED ACROSS U.S. ON NATION’S EMERGENCY ALERT SYSTEM", February 3, 2011.[失效連結]
  21. ^ FCC Third Report and Order: In the Matter of Review of the Emergency Alert System, February 3, 2011.[失效連結]
  22. ^ [/news/newsrelease.fema?id=55722 FEMA, FCC Announce Nationwide Test Of The Emergency Alert System] 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (新闻稿). FEMA. June 9, 2011 [July 16, 2012]. 
  23. ^ Clayton, Mark. [/USA/2011/1109/Emergency-Alert-System-Why-US-is-doing-first-national-test-now Emergency Alert System: Why US is doing first national test now] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Christian Science Monitor. November 9, 2011 [July 16, 2012]. 
  24. ^ Stine, Randy J. "Terrorism Attacks Cue EAS Debate." RWonline, Radio World Newspaper. Sep 26, 2001. IMAS Publishing (USA) Inc. Apr 7, 2007[失效連結]
  25. ^ [/index.php?/v2_5/comments/false_alarm_connecticut_not_being_evacuated/ False Alarm, Connecticut Not Being Evacuated] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). WestportNow.com. February 1, 2005 [April 7, 2007]. State police said they received no calls related to the erroneous alert. 
  26. ^ cbs2chicago.com - Emergency Alert System Activated By Mistake[失效連結]
  27. ^ [/media/fact_sheets/eas.shtm Inadvertent Activation of the Illinois Emergency Alert System] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). FEMA. June 28, 2007 [June 30, 2007]. 
  28. ^ [/eb/Orders/2009/DA-09-2053A1.html "In the Matter of Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa, Inc., FM Radio Station KWVE San Clemente, California: NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE", Adopted: September 15, 2009 Released: September 17, 2009] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). FCC. [July 16, 2012]. 
  29. ^ [/currents/news/state-broadcast-associations-appeal-kwve-eas-fine-fcc-1009/ State Broadcast Associations Appeal KWVE EAS Fine to FCC] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Radio. October 9, 2009 [July 16, 2012]. 
  30. ^ [/currents/news/fcc-dismisses-kwve-eas-fine-1117/ FCC Dismisses KWVE EAS Fine] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Radio. November 17, 2009 [July 16, 2012]. 
  31. ^ [/article/20100520/NEWS03/705209858 Glitch scrambles Oregon thunderstorm warning] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). The Herald (Everett, Washington). Associated Press. May 20, 2010 [July 16, 2012]. 
  32. ^ [/currents/news/arco-oil-radio-ads-false-eas-header-0909/ Arco Oil Radio Ads Include False EAS Header] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Radio. September 9, 2010 [July 16, 2012]. 
  33. ^ "In the Matter of R.J.'S LATE NIGHT ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION: NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE AND ORDER", FCC, October 21, 2011.Template:Date=January 2013
  34. ^ [/article.asp?id=2331462 Mixed Reviews On National EAS Test] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). FMQB（英语：FMQB）. November 10, 2011 [November 13, 2011].  使用|coauthors=需要含有|author= (帮助)
  35. ^ WLUC-TV: "Emergency Broadcast System hacked", February 11, 2013.
  36. ^ Associated Press, via National Post: "‘Dead bodies are rising from their graves’: Hackers use emergency alert system to warn of zombie apocalypse", February 11, 2013.
  37. ^ Mlive.com: "Zombie apocalypse now? Michigan TV stations' Emergency Alert Systems hacked with notice of walking dead", February 12, 2013.
  38. ^ [/news/local/tv-zombie-attack-warning-a-false-alarm/article_96312830-759f-11e2-bb49-0019bb2963f4.html TV zombie-attack warning a false alarm] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). LaCrosse Tribune. [14 February 2013]. 
  39. ^ [/watch?v=xeXD7t16v8s Modern Warfare 2 Cutscene - Emergency Broadcast System] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). YouTube. November 15, 2009 [November 29, 2009]. 

外部链接

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