政府监听项目列表：修订间差异

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2014年2月24日 (一) 05:29的版本

本文章列举了世界各国政府已知的監聽计划和数据库。

国际项目

梯队系统 (ECHELON): 信号情报 (SIGINT) 收集和分析网络, 为了五个 UKUSA 协定签署国运作。

欧盟

申根信息系统: 出于国家安全和执法目的设立的数据库。

INDECT（英语：INDECT）: 欧盟出资支持的研究项目, 用于开发在城市环境中监控异常行为的方法 (例如处理闭路电视的数据流)。^[1]

各国国内项目

中国 (中华人民共和国)

金盾工程: 也称作 “防火长城”，是该国公安部设立的审查和监听项目。该项目始于1998年，于 2003年开始运作。^[2]

法国

Frenchelon（英语：Frenchelon）: 法国外部安全总局 (法国的对外情报机构) 运作的情报收集和分析网络。^[3]

印度

NATGRID（英语：NATGRID）: 连接印度政府多个部门的数据库的情报网格系统。
Centralized Monitoring System（英语：中央监听系统） (CMS): 类似美国国家安全局的 PRISM 的数据收集系统。^[4]
DRDO NETRA（英语：DRDO NETRA）: 与梯队系统属同一类型, 使用预定义的过滤规则截取电子邮件, web 论坛消息, 博客, 社交网路, 以及图像。

俄罗斯

SORM: 俄罗斯联邦安全局监听互联网和电话通信的系统。

瑞典

巨人通信数据库（英语：Titan traffic database）: 瑞典国防电信局（英语：Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment）建立的数据库, 存储了电话服务的通话详请记录（英语：Call detail record）和互联网通信内容, 以及涉及国际通信的数据库事务 (transaction) 数据。

瑞士

Onyx (监听系统)（英语：Onyx (interception system)）: 由数个瑞士情报机构维护的数据收集系统。

英国

监听现代化项目（英语：Interception Modernisation Programme）: 试图扩张英国政府合法监听的能力, 并在一个中央数据库中存储存储通信数据的项目。^[5]

美国

全国可疑行为报告计划（英语：Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative）: 在该计划下, 执法者, 公共安全人员, 关键基础设施所有者, 或一般公众, 可提出可疑行为报告（英语：Suspicious Activity Report (justice and homeland security）。
PRISM: 由美国国家安全局运作的电子监听项目, 监听目标是参与该项目的公司的客户。
Fairview: 由美国国家安全局运作的针对外国移动订户的大规模监听项目。
X-Keyscore
DCSNet（英语：DCSNet）: 美国联邦调查局的监听项目, 可对位于美国境内的任何电信设备实施即时监听。^[6]
Main Core（英语：Main Core）: 存储着被认为对美国国家安全构成威胁的美国公民的个人和金融信息的数据库。^[7] 数据多来源于美国国家安全局, 美国联邦调查局, 美国中央情报局, 以及其他政府来源。^[7]
“幻灯”（英语：Magic Lantern (software)）: 键盘监听软件, 由美国联邦调查局通过电子邮件附件部署; 启用后充当软件木马, 使联邦调查局解密用户通信。^[8]
美国国家安全局通话数据库（英语：NSA call database）
恒星风
641A 室
美国情报体系
- 综合性国家计算机安全计划（英语：Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative）
- 犹他数据中心: 美国情报体系耗资 $1,500,000,000美元建立的尧字节级数据存储设施。^[9]^[10]^[11]
特定入侵行動辦公室: 美国国家安全局的情报收集单位, 每小时可收集 2 拍字节 (petabyte) 的数据。^[12]^[13]
无界线人（英语：Boundless Informant）: 由于美国国家安全局部署的用于分析全球电子信息的系统。 2013 年 3 月, 该项目收集了分别来自伊朗, 印度, 和美国的 14,000,000,000 份, 6,300,000,000 份, 和 2,800,000,000 份数据报告。^[14]

来源不明

Stuxnet: 这是首个被发现在工业系统上实施监控活动的恶意软件; 该软件并被用来攻击伊朗的核设施。^[15] 据信, Stuxnet 是在小布什当局时期由于美国开发的。^[16]

GhostNet: 一个大规模监听项目的假想代号, 据信由中国运作。^[17]

最近停止运作的项目

恐怖分子监听计划（英语：Terrorist Surveillance Program）: 美国的一项监听计划, 由 PRISM 替代。
ThinThread（英语：ThinThread）
Trailblazer 项目（英语：Trailblazer Project）
多国反恐信息交换计划（英语：Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange） (MATRIX): 最初由佛罗里达执法部门法部（英语：Florida Department of Law Enforcement）开发的数据挖掘系统。

参见

参考文献

^ Johnston, Ian (19 September 2009). "EU Funding 'Orwellian' Artificial Intelligence Plan to Monitor Public for 'Abnormal Behaviour' – The European Union Is Spending Millions of Pounds Developing 'Orwellian' Technologies Designed to Scour the Internet and CCTV Images for 'Abnormal Behaviour'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ How China’s Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet. Radio Free Asia. [11 June 2013]. China’s police authorities spent the three years between 2003 and 2006 completing the massive “Golden Shield Project.” Not only did over 50 percent of China’s policing agencies get on the Internet, there is also an agency called the Public Information Network Security and Monitoring Bureau, which boasts a huge number of technologically advanced and well-equipped network police. These are all the direct products of the Golden Shield Project.
^ La France se met à l'espionnage. Free (ISP). [11 June 2013] （French）. Frenchelon (ou French Echelon) est le surnom donné au réseau d'écoute de la DGSE. Le véritable nom de ce système d'écoute n'est pas connu (contrairement à ce que nous expliquions, ce n'est pas Emeraude)
^ India's centralised monitoring system comes under scanner, reckless and irresponsible usage is chilling. Daily News and Analysis. [12 June 2013].
^ Spy chiefs plot £12bn IT spree for comms überdatabase
^ Point, Click ... Eavesdrop: How the FBI Wiretap Net Operates.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Shorrock, Tim. Exposing Bush's historic abuse of power. Salon.com. 23 July 2008 [19 December 2010].
^ FBI Has a Magic Lantern. Usgovinfo.about.com. [23 February 2009].
^ Trenholm, Rich. NSA to Store Yottabytes in Utah Data Centre. CNET. [13 June 2013].
^ Bamford, James. The NSA Is Building the Country’s Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say). Wired. 15 March 2012 [5 April 2012].
^ Kenyon, Henry. New NSA data center breaks ground on construction -- Defense Systems. Defense Systems. 7 January 2011 [11 August 2011].
^ Riley, Michael. How the U.S. Government Hacks the World. Bloomberg Businessweek. 23 May 2013 [23 May 2013].
^ Aid, Matthew M. The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency. Bloomsbury USA. 8 June 2010: 311 [22 May 2013]. ISBN 978-1-60819-096-6.
^ Meet 'Boundless Informant,' the NSA's Secret Tool for Tracking Global Surveillance Data. The Atlantic. [13 June 2013]. The country where the largest amount of intelligence was gathered was, unsurprisingly, Iran: Boundless Informant shows more than 14 billion reports in that period. The second-largest collection came from Pakistan, with 13.5 billion reports. Jordan -- which is, yes, one of America's closest Arab allies -- had 12.7 billion reports. Egypt came in fourth (7.6 billion reports), and India in fifth with 6.3 billion. And when it comes to the U.S.? "The Boundless Informant documents show the agency collecting almost 3 billion pieces of intelligence from US computer networks over a 30-day period ending in March 2013."
^ Robert McMillan. Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems. Computerworld. 16 September 2010 [16 September 2010].
^ Stuxnet was work of U.S. and Israeli experts, officials say. The Washington Post. [11 June 2013]. The officials, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe the classified effort code-named Olympic Games, said it was first developed during the George W. Bush administration and was geared toward damaging Iran’s nuclear capability gradually while sowing confusion among Iranian scientists about the cause of mishaps at a nuclear plant.
^ Markoff, John. Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries. The New York Times. 28 March 2009 [29 March 2009].

[1] Johnston, Ian (19 September 2009). "EU Funding 'Orwellian' Artificial Intelligence Plan to Monitor Public for 'Abnormal Behaviour' – The European Union Is Spending Millions of Pounds Developing 'Orwellian' Technologies Designed to Scour the Internet and CCTV Images for 'Abnormal Behaviour'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 June 2013.

[radiofreeasia-2] How China’s Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet. Radio Free Asia. [11 June 2013]. China’s police authorities spent the three years between 2003 and 2006 completing the massive “Golden Shield Project.” Not only did over 50 percent of China’s policing agencies get on the Internet, there is also an agency called the Public Information Network Security and Monitoring Bureau, which boasts a huge number of technologically advanced and well-equipped network police. These are all the direct products of the Golden Shield Project.

[3] La France se met à l'espionnage. Free (ISP). [11 June 2013] （French）. Frenchelon (ou French Echelon) est le surnom donné au réseau d'écoute de la DGSE. Le véritable nom de ce système d'écoute n'est pas connu (contrairement à ce que nous expliquions, ce n'est pas Emeraude)

[4] India's centralised monitoring system comes under scanner, reckless and irresponsible usage is chilling. Daily News and Analysis. [12 June 2013].

[5] Spy chiefs plot £12bn IT spree for comms überdatabase

[wired.com-6] Point, Click ... Eavesdrop: How the FBI Wiretap Net Operates.

[Salon-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Shorrock, Tim. Exposing Bush's historic abuse of power. Salon.com. 23 July 2008 [19 December 2010].

[8] FBI Has a Magic Lantern. Usgovinfo.about.com. [23 February 2009].

[cnet-9] Trenholm, Rich. NSA to Store Yottabytes in Utah Data Centre. CNET. [13 June 2013].

[bamford1-10] Bamford, James. The NSA Is Building the Country’s Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say). Wired. 15 March 2012 [5 April 2012].

[Kenyon-11] Kenyon, Henry. New NSA data center breaks ground on construction -- Defense Systems. Defense Systems. 7 January 2011 [11 August 2011].

[Riley-12] Riley, Michael. How the U.S. Government Hacks the World. Bloomberg Businessweek. 23 May 2013 [23 May 2013].

[Aid2010-13] Aid, Matthew M. The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency. Bloomsbury USA. 8 June 2010: 311 [22 May 2013]. ISBN 978-1-60819-096-6.

[14] Meet 'Boundless Informant,' the NSA's Secret Tool for Tracking Global Surveillance Data. The Atlantic. [13 June 2013]. The country where the largest amount of intelligence was gathered was, unsurprisingly, Iran: Boundless Informant shows more than 14 billion reports in that period. The second-largest collection came from Pakistan, with 13.5 billion reports. Jordan -- which is, yes, one of America's closest Arab allies -- had 12.7 billion reports. Egypt came in fourth (7.6 billion reports), and India in fifth with 6.3 billion. And when it comes to the U.S.? "The Boundless Informant documents show the agency collecting almost 3 billion pieces of intelligence from US computer networks over a 30-day period ending in March 2013."

[compworld-15] Robert McMillan. Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems. Computerworld. 16 September 2010 [16 September 2010].

[16] Stuxnet was work of U.S. and Israeli experts, officials say. The Washington Post. [11 June 2013]. The officials, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe the classified effort code-named Olympic Games, said it was first developed during the George W. Bush administration and was geared toward damaging Iran’s nuclear capability gradually while sowing confusion among Iranian scientists about the cause of mishaps at a nuclear plant.

[17] Markoff, John. Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries. The New York Times. 28 March 2009 [29 March 2009].

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@@ 第36行： / 第36行： @@
 === 美国 ===
-[[File:Verizon court order FBI.jpg|thumb|2013&nbsp;年由[[爱德华·斯诺登]]泄露给 《[[卫报]]》 的一份[[机密级]]文档, 原定于[[2038年]][[4月12日]]解密。]]
+[[File:Verizon court order FBI.jpg|thumb|2013&nbsp;年由[[爱德华·斯诺登]]泄露给 《[[卫报]]》 的一份[[机密级]]文档, 原定于2038年4月12日解密。]]
 * '''{{link-en|全国可疑行为报告计划|Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative}}''': 在该计划下, 执法者, 公共安全人员, 关键基础设施所有者, 或一般公众, 可提出{{link-en|可疑行为报告|Suspicious Activity Report (justice and homeland security}}。
 * '''[[PRISM (监听项目)|PRISM]]''': 由[[美国国家安全局]]运作的[[电子监听]]项目, 监听目标是参与该项目的公司的客户。