爱德华·雷兹-希米格维：修订间差异
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== 早年生活 == |
== 早年生活 == |
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[[File:Pilsudski and Rydz-Smigly.jpg|right|thumb|260px|Rydz-Śmigły with [[Marshal of Poland|Marshal]] [[Józef Piłsudski]] during the Polish-Soviet War]] |
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Edward Rydz was born in the Polish village of Łapszyn (now Lapshin in [[Ukraine]]) near [[Berezhany|Brzeżany]], [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], [[Austria-Hungary]] to parents. He was the son of a professional [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], Tomasz Rydz, and his wife Maria Babiak. Rydz grew up in rather humble circumstances and was orphaned at the age of 13. He was then raised by his maternal grandparents and, after their deaths, by the family of Dr. Uranowicz, the town physician at Brzeżany. After graduating with distinction at the local ''[[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]'' Rydz went to [[Kraków]] where he completed studies in philosophy and history of art at the [[Jagiellonian University]]. He then studied to be a painter at the [[Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts|arts academy]] in Kraków, and later in [[Vienna]] and [[Munich]]. In 1910–1911 he attended the reserve officers' academy in Vienna, and received military training at the famous Austrian 4th Infantry Regiment "[[Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights|Deutschmeister]]" (so called after [[Archduke]] Eugene, a cousin of Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]], who was Grand Master of the [[Teutonic Order]]). |
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He finished his military education with distinction and was offered a commission in the Imperial Army which he declined. In 1912 Rydz became a founder of the Polish paramilitary organisation [[Riflemen's Association]] (''Związek Strzelecki''). At the same time he completed his art studies. He was regarded as a very promising talent in landscape and portrait painting, and praised by his professors and critics, who foresaw a great future for him. |
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Drafted into the Austrian Army in July 1914, Rydz was transferred in August to the [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] and fought in World War I in the famous Polish 1st Brigade of [[Józef Piłsudski|Piłsudski]]. He took part in numerous engagements against the [[Russia]]n Army in the region of the Southern [[Vistula]], and rose quickly in rank. By 1916, he was already a full [[colonel]]. However he did not forget his art and exhibited his work at a gallery in Kraków around that time. In 1917, after their refusal to swear an oath to the Austrian and German authorities, the Legions were disbanded, their soldiers [[internment|interned]] and their leader Jozef Piłsudski imprisoned in [[Magdeburg]] fortress. By Piłsudski's appointment, Rydz (who was released from prison on grounds of ill health) became commander of [[Polish Military Organization]] (''POW'') and adopted the [[nom de guerre]] ''Śmigły'' (''Fast'' or ''Agile''), which he later added to his [[Surname#Polish names|surname]]. |
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In October 1918, Rydz entered the socialist government of [[Ignacy Daszyński]] in [[Lublin]] as Minister of War. Having been promoted to [[brigadier general]], he underlined that upon his acceptance of the office he was to be seen as a deputy of Piłsudski. It was at this time he began using the name Rydz-Śmigły. On 11 November 1918 the Government relinquished all power to Piłsudski, who became Provisional Head of State. After some hesitation, Piłsudski (displeased by Rydz-Śmigły's cooperation with the socialists, he himself "''having left the streetcar of Socialism at the stop called Independence''") nevertheless confirmed him as a brigadier general. |
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== 波苏战争 == |
== 波苏战争 == |
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2015年4月29日 (三) 04:34的版本
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| 波兰元帅 爱德华·雷兹-希米格维 Edward Rydz-Śmigły | |
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| 波兰元帅 | |
| 任期 1936年11月10日—1941年12月2日 | |
| 前任 | 费迪南·福煦 |
| 继任 | 迈克尔·罗拉-日梅尔斯基 |
| 波兰武装力量总司令 | |
| 任期 1935年5月12日—1939年11月7日 | |
| 前任 | 约瑟夫·毕苏斯基 |
| 继任 | 瓦迪斯瓦夫·西科尔斯基 |
| 个人资料 | |
| 出生 | 1886年3月11日 奥匈帝国, 加利西亚, 别列扎内 附近的Łapszyn |
| 逝世 | 1941年12月2日（55歲） 波兰占领区华沙 |
| 获奖 |                 |
| 签名 |  |
| 军事背景 | |
| 效忠 |  奥匈帝国 (一战) 波蘭 (1918–1939) |
| 服役时间 | 1914–1939 |
| 军衔 | 波兰元帅 |
| 参战 | 第一次世界大战 波乌战争 波苏战争 第二次世界大战 波兰战役 |
爱德华·雷兹-希米格维（波兰语：Edward Rydz-Śmigły，1886年3月11日乌克兰别列扎内 - 1941年12月2日波兰华沙），波兰政治家、军事家、画家、诗人，第一次世界大战波苏战争期间成为波兰元帅，第二次世界大战波兰战役期间担任波兰武装力量总司令。
在战间期，爱德华·雷兹-希米格维是一名在波兰特别受欢迎的公众人物 ，一战期间对于他作为一名军团司令官的记录中认为他是一名英雄。经过 一战波兰战场和随后的1920年波苏战争，他的职位随着声望而上升， 并在1935年毕苏斯基元帅死后成为波兰军队的总司令和波兰武装力量总司令 。雷兹以这个身份指挥了1939年二战伊始的波兰战役。
原有的地位使得雷兹-希米格维 '“实际上”控制了在战时的所有国防事务。起初他并没有确保身边有任何有组织的政治集团，但后来他放弃了无关的观察家这样的角色，并且在他的观点和表态中变得更加公开，他的演讲也越来越多地表现出政治色彩来。 在毕苏斯基逝世后，通过与其他统治精英拥有较少的政治关系并利用他们之间的内斗，他逐渐登上了国家权利的最高层。然而在他任内的特征中却显现出严重的国内问题和失败的外交政策。 统治精英们试图从这些问题中吸引雷兹-希米格维——毕苏斯基的继承者的注意，以促使他为制造使整个社会陷入自然去爱国的狂热状态中而进行个人的政治宣传并大量使用口号标语，导致在他的领导下，波兰被带领着倾向国家近乎无法承受的地缘政治的情势。[1]
从1937年开始，来自因希特勒德国的进一步加强而增加的威胁正动摇着雷兹作为所谓的"共和国第一军事家"的地位。由于战争一触即发，政治分歧逐渐消失，国防也成为了国家的重点，雷兹的地位甚至因此超过了总统。关于他的形象的宣传海报位于各种公共装饰建筑和公告栏上，旨在通过他强健的姿态和温柔的微笑唤起人民的信心。他的声望在战争爆发前达到了顶峰，包括大量赞颂的 歌曲，诗歌，随之而来的还有几乎每天在报纸上对他生活的展示。[1]
所谓的"雷兹传奇"随着1939年9月波兰战役的爆发而破灭。由于波兰的失败所造成的打击，在战争期间和战后，对他所造成的影响作出客观评价几乎是不可能的。众多关于他在二战早期最为关键的几个月里的举措，使得他的名声至今仍存在着严重的偏见与争议。Laudatory accounts written before the Second World War served ideological ends, a fact illustrated by their style. Two major points of view dominated the underground and exile literature during the communist regime of 1945-1989: one saw in him an inept leader who abandoned the 波兰军 by fleeing the country; the other defended the military and foreign policies of the Sanacja government prior to the war with Germany. Modern 第二次世界大战 Polish 历史学 focuses on national problems or issues during the 1935-1939 period and lacks a perspective devoted to the Marshal.
生平
早年生活
Edward Rydz was born in the Polish village of Łapszyn (now Lapshin in Ukraine) near Brzeżany, Galicia, Austria-Hungary to parents. He was the son of a professional NCO in the Austro-Hungarian Army, Tomasz Rydz, and his wife Maria Babiak. Rydz grew up in rather humble circumstances and was orphaned at the age of 13. He was then raised by his maternal grandparents and, after their deaths, by the family of Dr. Uranowicz, the town physician at Brzeżany. After graduating with distinction at the local Gymnasium Rydz went to Kraków where he completed studies in philosophy and history of art at the Jagiellonian University. He then studied to be a painter at the arts academy in Kraków, and later in Vienna and Munich. In 1910–1911 he attended the reserve officers' academy in Vienna, and received military training at the famous Austrian 4th Infantry Regiment "Deutschmeister" (so called after Archduke Eugene, a cousin of Emperor Franz Joseph I, who was Grand Master of the Teutonic Order).
He finished his military education with distinction and was offered a commission in the Imperial Army which he declined. In 1912 Rydz became a founder of the Polish paramilitary organisation Riflemen's Association (Związek Strzelecki). At the same time he completed his art studies. He was regarded as a very promising talent in landscape and portrait painting, and praised by his professors and critics, who foresaw a great future for him.
Drafted into the Austrian Army in July 1914, Rydz was transferred in August to the Polish Legions and fought in World War I in the famous Polish 1st Brigade of Piłsudski. He took part in numerous engagements against the Russian Army in the region of the Southern Vistula, and rose quickly in rank. By 1916, he was already a full colonel. However he did not forget his art and exhibited his work at a gallery in Kraków around that time. In 1917, after their refusal to swear an oath to the Austrian and German authorities, the Legions were disbanded, their soldiers interned and their leader Jozef Piłsudski imprisoned in Magdeburg fortress. By Piłsudski's appointment, Rydz (who was released from prison on grounds of ill health) became commander of Polish Military Organization (POW) and adopted the nom de guerre Śmigły (Fast or Agile), which he later added to his surname.
In October 1918, Rydz entered the socialist government of Ignacy Daszyński in Lublin as Minister of War. Having been promoted to brigadier general, he underlined that upon his acceptance of the office he was to be seen as a deputy of Piłsudski. It was at this time he began using the name Rydz-Śmigły. On 11 November 1918 the Government relinquished all power to Piłsudski, who became Provisional Head of State. After some hesitation, Piłsudski (displeased by Rydz-Śmigły's cooperation with the socialists, he himself "having left the streetcar of Socialism at the stop called Independence") nevertheless confirmed him as a brigadier general.
波苏战争
“当代第二伟人”
1939
晚年与死亡
影响
荣誉
作品
外部鏈接
- Cepnik, Kazimierz Wódz Naczelny i Marszałek Polski Edward Śmigły-Rydz, Życie i Czyny, Lwów, 1937.
- Chen, C. Peter. Edward Rydz-Śmigły. World War II Database. 2004 [February 2, 2008] （English）.
- Eckert,Marian. Historia polityczna Polski lat 1918-1939. Warszawa, 1989.
- Jędruszczak,Hanna, and Tadeusz Jędruszczak. Ostatnie lata Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej (1935-1939), Warszawa, 1970.
- Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski, Piłsudczycy, (The Piłsudskiites), Oświęcim, 1916;
- Paweł Zaremba, Historia Dwudziestolecia 1918 - 1939, (A History of the Twenty Years, 1918 - 1939), 2 vols., Paris, 1967.
- Ярослава Мазурак. Булава маршалка і палітра художника// Бережанська гімназія. Сторінки історії. — Тернопіль-Бережани: Джура, 2007. — 1027 с.
- Mirowicz, Ryszard. Edward Rydz-Śmigły: działalność wojskowa i polityczna, Warszawa, 1988.
- Pepłoński,Andrzej Wywiad a dyplomacja II Rzeczypospolitej, Toruń, 2004.
- Piłsudski,Józef. Pisma zbiorowe, Warszawa: 1937.
- Seidner, Stanley S., "The Camp of National Unity: An Experiment in Domestic Consolidation," The Polish Review vol. xx, nos. 2-3, 1975, pp. 231–236.
- Seidner,Stanley S., "Reflections from Rumania and Beyond: Marshal Śmigły-Rydz Rydz in Exile," The Polish Review vol. xxii, no. 2, 1977, pp. 29–51.
- Seidner, Stanley S. Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the Defense of Poland, New York, 1978.
- Serwatka, Tomasz. "Edward Rydz-Śmigły," Gazeta:Historia mało znana,(January) 2007,[1]
- Stachiewicz, Wacław. Wierności dochować żołnierskiej, Warsaw, 1998.