鉛玻璃：修订间差异
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小无编辑摘要 |
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|author2=Sandra Davison |title= Conservation of Glass|year = 1989 |
|author2=Sandra Davison |title= Conservation of Glass|year = 1989 |
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|series = Butterworth – Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology| publisher = [[Butterworth-Heinemann|Butterworths]] |
|series = Butterworth – Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology| publisher = [[Butterworth-Heinemann|Butterworths]] |
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| location = London|isbn= 0-408-10623-9}}</ref>。鉛玻璃通常含有18至40%[[氧化鉛]] (PbO)，不過現代的'''鉛水晶''' ( |
| location = London|isbn= 0-408-10623-9}}</ref>。鉛玻璃通常含有18至40%[[氧化鉛]] (PbO)，不過現代的'''鉛水晶''' (lead crystal，又因其[[氧化矽]]起源而被稱為[[燧石玻璃]]) 至少含有24%氧化鉛<ref name=hurst-vose>{{cite book| last = Hurst-Vose |
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| first = Ruth| title = Glass |
| first = Ruth| title = Glass |
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| year = 1980| series = Collins Archaeology |
| year = 1980| series = Collins Archaeology |
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把10至30%氧化鉛加入玻璃的技術首先由英格蘭人{{link-en|喬治·瑞芬史考夫特|George Ravenscroft}}於1674年發現，這技術除增進玻璃的外觀外也使玻璃較易以[[煤粉]]為燃料的火爐熔解，另外也增長玻璃的可塑時間。 |
把10至30%氧化鉛加入玻璃的技術首先由英格蘭人{{link-en|喬治·瑞芬史考夫特|George Ravenscroft}}於1674年發現，這技術除增進玻璃的外觀外也使玻璃較易以[[煤粉]]為燃料的火爐熔解，另外也增長玻璃的可塑時間。 |
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理論上，<u>鉛水晶</u>這個名詞不能夠正確形容<u>鉛玻璃</u>，因為做為玻璃的一種，鉛玻璃是[[無定形體]] (amorphous solid)，沒有[[晶體結構]]，但今日<u>鉛水晶</u>這個名詞仍因歷史和商業因素而被廣泛使用。It is retained from the [[Venetian language|Venetian]] word ''cristallo'' to describe the [[Quartz|rock crystal]] imitated by [[Murano]] glassmakers. This naming convention has been maintained to the present day to describe decorative [[Holloware|hollow-ware]].<ref name=tait>{{cite book |
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|editor= Tait, Hugh| title = Five Thousand Years of Glass|year = 2004 |
|editor= Tait, Hugh| title = Five Thousand Years of Glass|year = 2004 |
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| publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] (orig. [[British Museum|British Museum Press]])|isbn = 978-0-8122-1888-6}}</ref> |
| publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] (orig. [[British Museum|British Museum Press]])|isbn = 978-0-8122-1888-6}}</ref> |
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鉛玻璃{{link-en|玻璃容器|List of glassware|容器}}曾被廣泛用於儲藏和盛裝飲品，但因[[鉛中毒]]風險今日已甚少使用。因為如此其他物質被嘗試用來取代氧化鉛，如[[氧化鋇]] (BaO)、[[氧化鋅]] (ZnO)、[[氧化鉀]] (K<sub>2</sub>O)。無鉛的水晶玻璃有和鉛水晶近似的折射率、重量較輕，但散射力較差<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bottegadelvinocrystal.com/about_lead_free_crystal.htm|title=About Lead-free Crystal}}</ref>。 |
鉛玻璃{{link-en|玻璃容器|List of glassware|容器}}曾被廣泛用於儲藏和盛裝飲品，但因[[鉛中毒]]風險今日已甚少使用。因為如此在'''水晶玻璃''' (crystal glass) 中，其他物質被嘗試用來取代氧化鉛，如[[氧化鋇]] (BaO)、[[氧化鋅]] (ZnO)、[[氧化鉀]] (K<sub>2</sub>O)。無鉛的水晶玻璃有和鉛水晶近似的折射率、重量較輕，但散射力較差<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bottegadelvinocrystal.com/about_lead_free_crystal.htm|title=About Lead-free Crystal}}</ref>。 |
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In the European Union, labeling of "crystal" products is regulated by Council Directive 69/493/EEC, which defines four categories, depending on the chemical composition and properties of the material. Only glass products containing at least 24% of lead oxide may be referred to as "lead crystal". Products with less lead oxide, or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide, must be labeled "crystallin" or "crystal glass".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31969L0493:en:NOT|title=Council Directive 69/493/EEC of 15 December 1969 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to crystal glass}}</ref> |
In the European Union, labeling of "crystal" products is regulated by Council Directive 69/493/EEC, which defines four categories, depending on the chemical composition and properties of the material. Only glass products containing at least 24% of lead oxide may be referred to as "lead crystal". Products with less lead oxide, or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide, must be labeled "crystallin" or "crystal glass".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31969L0493:en:NOT|title=Council Directive 69/493/EEC of 15 December 1969 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to crystal glass}}</ref> |
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2016年2月4日 (四) 21:43的版本
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鉛玻璃是玻璃的一種，與一般碳酸鉀玻璃最大的不同為其中的鈣被鉛取代[1]。鉛玻璃通常含有18至40%氧化鉛 (PbO)，不過現代的鉛水晶 (lead crystal，又因其氧化矽起源而被稱為燧石玻璃) 至少含有24%氧化鉛[2]。鉛玻璃製品常因其裝飾性而被收藏。
把10至30%氧化鉛加入玻璃的技術首先由英格蘭人喬治·瑞芬史考夫特於1674年發現，這技術除增進玻璃的外觀外也使玻璃較易以煤粉為燃料的火爐熔解，另外也增長玻璃的可塑時間。
理論上，鉛水晶這個名詞不能夠正確形容鉛玻璃，因為做為玻璃的一種，鉛玻璃是無定形體 (amorphous solid)，沒有晶體結構，但今日鉛水晶這個名詞仍因歷史和商業因素而被廣泛使用。It is retained from the Venetian word cristallo to describe the rock crystal imitated by Murano glassmakers. This naming convention has been maintained to the present day to describe decorative hollow-ware.[3]
鉛玻璃容器曾被廣泛用於儲藏和盛裝飲品，但因鉛中毒風險今日已甚少使用。因為如此在水晶玻璃 (crystal glass) 中，其他物質被嘗試用來取代氧化鉛，如氧化鋇 (BaO)、氧化鋅 (ZnO)、氧化鉀 (K2O)。無鉛的水晶玻璃有和鉛水晶近似的折射率、重量較輕，但散射力較差[4]。
In the European Union, labeling of "crystal" products is regulated by Council Directive 69/493/EEC, which defines four categories, depending on the chemical composition and properties of the material. Only glass products containing at least 24% of lead oxide may be referred to as "lead crystal". Products with less lead oxide, or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide, must be labeled "crystallin" or "crystal glass".[5]
備註
- ^ Newton, Roy G.; Sandra Davison. Conservation of Glass. Butterworth – Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology. London: Butterworths. 1989. ISBN 0-408-10623-9.
- ^ Hurst-Vose, Ruth. Glass. Collins Archaeology. London: Collins. 1980. ISBN 0-00-211379-1.
- ^ Tait, Hugh (编). Five Thousand Years of Glass. University of Pennsylvania Press (orig. British Museum Press). 2004. ISBN 978-0-8122-1888-6.
- ^ About Lead-free Crystal.
- ^ Council Directive 69/493/EEC of 15 December 1969 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to crystal glass.