拱桥：修订间差异

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-{{translation|tfrom=[[:en:Arch bridge]]|tpercent=1}}
-{{notchinese}}
 '''拱橋'''是一種[[橋]]擁有圓拱形的[[橋墩]]
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 過去的歷史中也曾有較複雜的拱橋，像是羅馬的下水道系統。
-at each end shaped。Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust against abutments at either side.  A [[viaduct]] (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are now typically used. Multiple arch bridges are seen in ancient [[Roman aqueducts]]. Arch bridges were first invented by the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]], who built them out of stone. Later, the  Romans used [[cement]] in their arch bridges. The Romans only used semicircular arches, but longer and thinner bridges are possible with elliptical arches or inverted [[catenary]] arches. Some of these bridges are still standing today.
-==Simple compression arch bridges==
-===Advantage in use of simple materials===
-Stone and other such materials are strong in [[physical compression|compression]] and somewhat so in [[shear]], but cannot resist much force in [[tension (mechanics)|tension]] so masonry arch bridges are designed to be constantly under compression. Each arch is constructed over a temporary ''[[falsework]]'' frame. In the first compression arch bridges, a keystone in the middle of the bridge bore the weight of the rest of the bridge. The more weight that was put onto the bridge, the stronger its structure became. Masonry arch bridges use a quantity of fill (typically compacted rubble) above the arch in order to increase this dead-weight on the bridge and prevent tension from occurring in the arch ring as loads move across the bridge. Other materials that were used to build this type of bridge were brick and unreinforced concrete. When masonry (cut stone) is used the angles of the faces are cut to minimize shear forces. Where random masonry (uncut and unprepared stones) is used they are mortared together and the mortar is allowed to set before the falsework is removed.
-===Construction sequence===
-[[Image:MoonBridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[moon bridge]] with stone ramps forming buttresses]]
-*Where the arches are founded in a stream bed the water is diverted and the gravels excavated to a good footing. From this the foundation piers are raised to the base of the arches.
-*Falsework arches are fabricated, typically from timbers and boards. Since each arch of a multi-arch bridge will impose a thrust upon its neighbors, it is necessary that all arches of the bridge be raised at the same time. The thrust from the end arches is taken into the earth by footings at the canyon walls, or by large inclined planes forming ramps to the bridge, which may also be formed of arches.
-*The several arches are constructed simultaneously  over the falsework. Once the basic arch is constructed the arches are stabilized with infill masonry between the arches, which may be laid in horizontal [[running bond]] courses, These may form two walls, which are then infilled with loose material and rubble.
-*The road is paved and [[parapet]] walls protectively confine traffic to the bridge.
-==[[Aqueduct]]s and [[canal]] viaducts==
-[[Image:Pont_du_gard.jpg|thumb|right|200px|thumb|right|200px|A multi-arch aqueduct]]
-*In some locations it is necessary to span a wide gap at a relatively high elevation, such as when a canal or water supply must span a crossing stream valley. Rather than building extremely large arches, or very tall supporting columns (difficult using stone), a series of arched structures are built one atop another, with wider structures at the base. Roman [[Civil engineering|civil engineers]] developed the design and construction highly refined structures using only simple materials, equipment, and mathematics. This type is still used in canal viaducts and roadways as it has a pleasing shape, particularly when spanning water, as the reflections of the arches form a visual impression of circles or ellipses.
-==使用現代物料==
-[[Image:ConcreteArchBridges.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Modern reinforced concrete arch bridges. The one further back is a replacement to span this tributary stream of the [[Yangtze River]] (Chang Jiang) in the now flooded [[Three Gorges]], [[China]]]].
-Most modern compression arch bridges are made from reinforced concrete. This type of bridge is suitable where a temporary supporting falseworks may be erected to support the forms, reinforcements, and uncured concrete. When the concrete as sufficiently set the forms and falseworks are then removed.
-Many modern bridges, made of steel or reinforced concrete, often bear some of their load by tension within their structure. This reduces or eliminates the horizontal thrust against the abutments and allows their construction on weaker ground. Structurally and analytically they are not true arches but rather a [[beam (structure)|beam]] with the shape of an arch. See [[truss arch bridge]] for more on this type.
-A modern evolution of the arch bridge is the [[compression arch suspended-deck bridge]]. This has been made possible by the use of light materials that are strong in tension such as steel, reinforced concrete, and post-tensioned concrete.
 ==參見==
 *[[橋]]
-*[[List of arch bridges by length]]
-*[[Truss arch bridge]]
-*[[Compression arch suspended-deck bridge]]
-*[[Tied arch bridge]]
 ==外部連結==
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 [[Category:橋樑類型]]
+{{arch-stub}}
 [[de:Bogenbrücke]]