挡风玻璃雨刮：修订间差异
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#REDIRECT [[挡风玻璃雨刷]] |
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{{translation|tfrom=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windscreen_wiper|tpercent=10}} |
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[[Image:Heckscheibenwischer kl.jpg|thumb|擋風玻璃雨刷在一輛停頓的車上]] |
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'''擋風玻璃雨刷''' 是一個設備用來刷去[[擋風玻璃]]上的[[雨點]]及[[灰塵]]。因為法律要求，幾乎所有地方的汽車都帶有擋風玻璃雨刷。不過有些地方的法律要求擋風玻璃雨刷，但不要求擋風玻璃。 |
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雨刷也可以設置在其她的運輸工具上，像是公車、電車、機車、飛機及船隻等。 |
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雨刷通常帶有一個臂膀，在一定點轉動，以一條長橡膠葉片跟另外一邊連接在一起。這葉片會在玻璃上來回搖擺，將水滴推離其表面。雨刷的速度通常可以自行條動，附有一些固定的速度合一些間歇的設置。 |
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Most automobiles use two synchronized [[radial]] type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more [[pantograph]] arms. [[Mercedes-Benz]] pioneered a system called the Monoblade in which a single wiper extends outward to get closer to the top corners, and pulls in at the ends and middle of the stroke, sweeping out a somewhat 'W'-shaped path. |
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Some larger cars are equipped with "hidden" (or "depressed-park") wipers. When wipers are switched off, a "parking" mechanism or circuit moves the wipers to the lower extreme of the wiped area, near the bottom of the windshield, but still in sight. To hide the wipers, the windshield extends below the rear edge of the hood, and the wipers park themselves below the wiping range at the bottom of the windshield, but out of sight. |
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Wipers may be powered by a variety of means, although most in existence today are powered by an [[electric motor]] through a series of mechanical components, typically two [[4-bar]] linkages in series or [[series and parallel circuits#Parallel circuits|parallel]]. Vehicles with air operated brakes sometimes use air operated wipers, run by bleeding a small amount of air pressure from the brake system to a small air operated motor mounted just above the windscreen. These wipers are activated by opening a valve which allows pressurized air to enter the motor. |
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Early wipers were often powered by [[manifold vacuum]], but this had the drawback that manifold vacuum alters depending on [[throttle]] position and is almost non-existent under wide-open throttle; the wipers would slow down or even stop. This problem was overcome somewhat by using a combined fuel/vacuum booster pump. Some cars, mostly from the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]], had hydraulically driven wipers. |
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On the earlier [[Citroën 2CV]], the [[windscreen wiper]]s were powered by a purely mechanical system: a cable connected to the transmission, to reduce cost this cable powered also the speedometer. The wipers' speed was therefore variable with car speed. When the car was waiting at a crossroad, the wipers were not powered, thus a handle under the speedometer allowed to power them by hand. |
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Most windscreen wipers operate together with a '''windscreen washer'''; a [[pump]] that supplies water and [[detergent]] from a tank to the windscreen through small [[nozzle]]s, mounted on the [[Hood (vehicle)|hood]] or on the wipers, known as a 'wet-arm' system. |
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Some automobiles have small 'windscreen' wipers/washers on the [[headlight]]s. In more modern vehicles, these have been replaced with a powerful jet spray, without wipers. |
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Some vehicles are fitted with wipers (with or without washers) on the back window as well. Rear-window wipers are typically found on [[hatchback]]s, [[station wagons]], [[sport utility vehicle]]s, [[minivan]]s, and some [[sports car]]s. They were first implemented in the 1970s, but SUVs did not use them until the 1980s. |
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Nowadays some cars include ''intelligent'' (automatic) windscreen wipers that detect the presence and amount of rain using a '''[[rain sensor]]''', and automatically adjusts the speed of the blades according to the amount of rain detected. |
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==歷史= |
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發明家 J. H. Apjohn 在1903年創始了一個可以在一個直立的擋風玻璃上面上下移動兩條刷子的方法。 |
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[[Mary Anderson (inventor)|Mary Anderson]] is said to have invented the windshield wiper swinging arm in the [[United States]], where she patented the idea in [[1905]]. The idea was initially met with resistance, but was a standard feature on all American cars by [[1916]]. |
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In April [[1911]], the first British [[patent]] for windscreen wipers was registered by Sloan & Lloyd Barnes, patent agents of Liverpool, England, for [[Gladstone Adams]] of [[Whitley Bay]]. The first designs for the windscreen wiper are also credited to [[Józef Hofmann]], the world-famous concert [[pianist]]. |
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In the late 1950s, a feature common on modern vehicles first appeared, operating the wipers automatically for two or three passes when the washer button was pressed, making it unnecessary to manually turn them on as well. Today, a simple electronic timing circuit is used, but originally a small vacuum cylinder mechanically linked to a switch provided the delay as the vacuum leaked off. |
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In 1969, the first [[intermittent]] wipers were introduced with an adjustable delay between wipes, making it possible to select the degree of wiping action required. [[Robert Kearns]] is the recognized [[inventor]] of this system although it took years of concerted effort and legal action before he was eventually compensated. |
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In [[1970]]. [[Saab Automobile]] introduced [[headlight]] wipers across the product range. These operated on a horizontal reciprocating mechanism, with a single motor. They were later superseded by a radial spindle action wiper mechanism, with individual motors on each headlamp. |
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In the late 20th century, '''[[rain sensor|rain-sensing]] windshield wipers''' appeared on various models, one of the first being Buick's [[Buick Park Avenue|Park Avenue Ultra]]. As of early [[2006]], rain-sensing wipers are standard on all [[Cadillac]]s, and are available on many other [[General Motors|GM]], [[Chrysler]], [[Jeep]], [[Peugeot]], [[Citroën]], [[Toyota]], [[Mercedes]], [[Honda]] and [[Renault]] as well as many other main-stream manufacturers. |
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==相關條目== |
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* [[风挡液]] |
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[[Category:汽車零件]] |
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[[en:Windscreen wiper]] |
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[[de:Scheibenwischer]] |
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[[eo:Glacoviŝilo]] |
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[[it:Tergicristallo]] |
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[[nl:Ruitenwisser]] |
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[[ja:ワイパー]] |
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[[sv:Vindrutetorkare]] |
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2007年7月22日 (日) 17:10的版本
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