印度语言:修订间差异
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==官方认定的古典語言== |
==官方认定的古典語言== |
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{{See also|古典語言|:en:Languages of India#Classical languages|l2=印度古典語言}} |
{{See also|古典語言|:en:Languages of India#Classical languages|l2=印度古典語言}} |
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2004年,印度政府宣布符合一定条件的语言,可以确定为“古典語言”<ref name="bbcclassical">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm |publisher=BBC |title=India sets up classical languages |accessdate=2007-05-01 | date=2004-09-17}}</ref>,2004年确定[[泰米尔语]]为古典語言 |
2004年,印度政府宣布符合一定条件的语言,可以确定为“古典語言”<ref name="bbcclassical">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm |publisher=BBC |title=India sets up classical languages |accessdate=2007-05-01 | date=2004-09-17}}</ref>,2004年确定[[泰米尔语]]为古典語言<ref>http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806530100.htm</ref>,2005年确定[[梵语]]为古典語言<ref>http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102809281200.htm</ref>,2008年确定[[泰卢固语]]和[[卡纳达语|埃纳德语]]为古典語言<ref name="antiquity">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture,印度政府 |accessdate=2008-10-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124306/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |archivedate=2008-12-16 }}</ref>,2013年确定[[马拉雅拉姆语]]为古典語言<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece | title=‘Classical’ status for Malayalam |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |accessdate=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India}}</ref>,2014年确定[[奥里亚语]]为古典語言<ref>{{cite news|title=Odia gets classical language status|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece|accessdate=20 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Milestone-for-state-as-Odia-gets-classical-language-status/articleshow/30779140.cms|title=Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status|work=The Times of India}}</ref>。 |
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2005年,[[梵文]]被[[宪法]]第351条确定为官方语言印地语的原始语言,<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf ''Constitution of India'', Part XVII.—Official Language.—Art. 351. Page 217] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |date=2014-09-09 }} Quote: "It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages."</ref>后来经由文化部的语言专家委员会推荐也被定为古典語言。<ref name="antiquity"/> |
2005年,[[梵文]]被[[宪法]]第351条确定为官方语言印地语的原始语言,<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf ''Constitution of India'', Part XVII.—Official Language.—Art. 351. Page 217] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |date=2014-09-09 }} Quote: "It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages."</ref>后来经由文化部的语言专家委员会推荐也被定为古典語言。<ref name="antiquity"/> |
2018年9月4日 (二) 03:39的版本
印度语言非常复杂,大约有几百种[1],根据1961年的统计,有1652种[2],根据2001年的统计,有29种语言的使用人口超过一百万,有122种语言的使用人口超过一万人,这些语言主要分属于两大语系:印欧语系的印度-雅利安语支(使用人口约占总人口的70%)和达罗毗荼语系(使用人口约占总人口的22%),此外还有部分语言属于汉藏语系的藏缅语族和南亞語系蒙達語族,以及其他一些孤立语言[3]。
印度現時主要官方语言是印地语,第二官方语言为英语[4],印度宪法规定“联邦官方语言为使用天城体字母的印地语”[5],但没有任何法律规定正式全国通用语言[6]。
官方语言
印度除了两种全国性的官方语言之外还有宪法认定的在各个邦具有官方地位的22种语言。
语言 | 语系 | 使用人数 (百万,2001)[7] |
邦 |
---|---|---|---|
阿萨姆语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 13 | 阿萨姆邦, 阿鲁纳恰尔邦 |
孟加拉语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 83 | 西孟加拉邦, 特里普拉邦, 阿萨姆邦, 安达曼-尼科巴群岛, 贾坎德邦[8] |
博多语 | 藏缅语族 | 1.4 | 阿萨姆邦 |
多格拉语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 2.3 | 查谟-克什米尔邦 |
古吉拉特语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 46 | 达德拉-纳加尔哈维利, 达曼-第乌, 古吉拉特邦 |
印地语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 258–422[9] | 安达曼-尼科巴群岛, 比哈尔邦, 恰蒂斯加尔邦, 德里国家首都辖区, 喜马偕尔邦, 贾坎德邦, 中央邦, 拉贾斯坦邦, 北方邦, 北阿坎德邦 |
卡纳达语 | 达罗毗荼语系 | 40 | 卡纳塔克邦 |
克什米尔语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 5.5 | 查谟-克什米尔邦 |
孔卡尼语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 2.5–7.6[10] | 果阿邦 |
迈蒂利语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 12–32[11] | 比哈尔邦 |
马拉雅拉姆语 | 达罗毗荼语系 | 33 | 喀拉拉邦, 拉克沙群岛, 本地治里 |
曼尼普尔语 | 藏缅语族 | 1.5 | 曼尼普尔邦 |
马拉地语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 72 | 马哈拉施特拉邦, 果阿邦, 达德拉-纳加尔哈维利, 达曼-第乌 |
尼泊尔语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 2.9 | 锡金, 西孟加拉邦 |
奥里亚语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 33 | 奥里萨邦 |
旁遮普语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 34 | 昌迪加尔, 德里国家首都辖区, 哈里亚纳邦, 喜马偕尔邦, 旁遮普邦, 拉贾斯坦邦, 北阿坎德邦 |
梵语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 0.01 | 北阿坎德邦 |
桑塔利语 | 蒙达语族 | 6.5 | 比哈尔邦,恰蒂斯加尔邦,贾坎德邦,奥里萨邦 |
信德语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 2.5 | 拉贾斯坦邦,古吉拉特邦 |
泰米尔语 | 达罗毗荼语系 | 61 | 泰米尔纳德邦, 安达曼-尼科巴群岛, 本地治里 |
泰卢固语 | 达罗毗荼语系 | 74 | 安得拉邦, 泰伦加纳邦, 本地治里, 安达曼-尼科巴群岛 |
乌尔都语 | 印度-雅利安语支 | 70 | 查谟-克什米尔邦, 泰伦加纳邦, 安得拉邦, 德里国家首都辖区, 比哈尔邦, 北阿坎德邦 |
官方认定的古典語言
2004年,印度政府宣布符合一定条件的语言,可以确定为“古典語言”[12],2004年确定泰米尔语为古典語言[13],2005年确定梵语为古典語言[14],2008年确定泰卢固语和埃纳德语为古典語言[15],2013年确定马拉雅拉姆语为古典語言[16],2014年确定奥里亚语为古典語言[17] [18]。
2005年,梵文被宪法第351条确定为官方语言印地语的原始语言,[19]后来经由文化部的语言专家委员会推荐也被定为古典語言。[15]
2006年,文化和旅游部长,在媒体上说明确定古典語言的标准为: [20]
“ | 具有1500-2000年的古代文本,被世代使用者认为是有价值的遗产;有原始的文学传统并不是从其他语言借鉴的;经典的语言和文本与现代有区别,与后来的形式及其分支语言不连续。 | ” |
地区语言
在印度被英国统治时期,行政单位只能使用英语,1947年印度独立后选择一个本土官方语言非常困难,虽然印地语被定为中央政府官方语言,但印度实际以印地语作为母语的人不超过40%,使用其他语言的人,尤其是南方各邦,学习印地语非常困难,所以各邦都确定自己的官方语言。但由于高等教育需要使用统一的语言,造成学生学习的困难,现在各邦正在实行一种渐进的语言教学法。
从2007年开始,印度最著名的15所大学统一入学考试,已经改变了方式,试卷虽然仍然只使用两种语言(印地语和英语)出题,但学生答题允许使用下列语言之一:英语、阿萨姆语、孟加拉语、古吉拉特语、印地语、马拉雅拉姆语、马拉地语、奥里亚语、旁遮普语、信德语、泰米尔语、泰卢固语和乌尔都语。[21] [22]
语言问题
语言问题在印度造成多次争取语言权利的冲突,最早起源于泰米尔纳德邦,反对将印地语做为唯一官方语言,这次运动导致达罗毗荼进步联盟占领了几乎整个邦议会席位,[23] 也有其他几个邦开始效法,挑战中央政府权威,现在马哈拉施特拉邦和卡纳塔克邦政府已经宣布在义务教育阶段使用本邦官方语言。[24] 印度政府正在试图采取各种措施以缓和语言冲突问题。 [25]
书写文字
印地语及其相似的北印几种语言用天城体字母书写,乌尔都语、信德语、克什米尔语等几种语言使用阿拉伯字母书写,其他语言各有自己的书写字母。
注释
- ^ 若计入方言,则有上千种。根据1991的普查,共有“1576种母语”可以被进一步归入单独的语言(Indian Census 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-08-12.)
- ^ http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.html
- ^ 参见:Nihali、布魯夏斯基語和阿萨姆语
- ^ Presidential Order, 1960. Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府. 1960年4月27日 [4 February 2010]. (原始内容存档于2009年12月12日).
- ^ 参见:存档副本 (PDF). [2014-05-19]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-09-09). PART XVII (OFFICIAL LANGUAGE)
- ^ There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court
- ^ Official 2001 census data 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2012-02-06.
- ^ http://www.bihardays.com/jharkhands-11-second-languages-will-create-new-jobs-enrich-national-culture/
- ^ The 2001 census records two figures, of 258 million and 442 million "Hindi" speakers. However, both figures include languages other than Standard Hindi, such as Rajasthani (ca. 80 million in independent estimates), Bhojpuri (40 million), Awadhi (38 million), Chhattisgarhi (18 million), and dozens of other languages with a million to over ten million speakers apiece. The figure of 422 million specifically includes all such people, whereas the figure of 258 depends on speaker identification as recorded in the census. For example, of the estimated 38 million Awadhi speakers, only 2½ million gave their language as "Awadhi", with the rest apparently giving it as "Hindi"[來源請求] , and of the approximately 80 million Rajasthani speakers, only 18 million were counted separately[來源請求]. Maithili, listed as a separate language in the 2001 census but previously considered a dialect of Hindi, also appeared to be severely undercounted.[來源請求]
- ^ 7.6 per Ethnologue
- ^ 32 in India in 2000 per Ethnologue
- ^ India sets up classical languages. BBC. 2004-09-17 [2007-05-01].
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806530100.htm
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102809281200.htm
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages. Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Tourism and Culture,印度政府. [2008-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-16).
- ^ ‘Classical’ status for Malayalam. Thiruvananthapuram, India: The Hindu. 24 May 2013 [25 May 2013].
- ^ Odia gets classical language status. The Hindu. 20 February 2014 [20 February 2014].
- ^ Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status. The Times of India.
- ^ Constitution of India, Part XVII.—Official Language.—Art. 351. Page 217 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2014-09-09. Quote: "It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages."
- ^ CLASSICAL LANGUAGE STATUS TO KANNADA. Press Information Bureau,印度政府. 2006-08-08 [2008-11-06].
- ^ Indian Institute of Technology, IIT, IIT-JEE, Joint Entrance Examination, IITJEE, IIT JEE, IIT Delhi, Chennai, Guwahati, Mumbai, Kanapur, Kharagpur, Roorkee, Screening Test, Main Examination 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2010-04-30.
- ^ Maharashtra HSC Result 2015 MSBSHSE 12th Arts, Commerce, Science and Vocational Stream Results Date
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/16/stories/2005011600260300.htm
- ^ http://www.ibnlive.com/news/marathi-a-must-in-maharashtra-schools/28502-3.html
- ^ PSEB 12th Result 2015 Punjab Senior Secondary Board 10+2
外部链接
- Distribution of languages in India
- http://www.languageinindia.com/
- Languages of India (SIL Ethnologue list)
- Languages and Scripts of India
- Reconciling Linguistic Diversity: The History and the Future of Language Policy in India by Jason Baldridge
- Words and phrases in 26 Indian languages
- Titus - Languages of India
- Diversity of Languages in India
- KeyTrans Hindi intelligent transliteration email and spell check
- Official webpage explains the chronological events related to Official Languages Act and amendments
- A comprehensive federal government site that offers complete info on Indian Languages
- Ethnologue Ethnologue report on the languages of India
- Technology Development for Indian Languages, Government of India
- [http://india.gov.in/knowindia/india_at_a_glance.php The Official Portal of the Indian Government