冈瓦那兽目：修订间差异
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== 分类 == |
== 分类 == |
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[[File:Vintana_NT_small.jpg|缩略图|''Vintana sertichi''的重建图。除头部外的身体部分为想象图。|替代=]] |
[[File:Vintana_NT_small.jpg|缩略图|''Vintana sertichi''的重建图。除头部外的身体部分为想象图。|替代=]] |
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该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年，其最开始被认为是早期的[[异关节总目]]动物，一种“无齿”的哺乳动物，接近现代的[[食蚁兽科|食蚁兽]]。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲，接近[[多瘤齒獸目|多瘤齿兽目]]，甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目，更接近 cimolodonts |
该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年，其最开始被认为是早期的[[异关节总目]]动物，一种“无齿”的哺乳动物，接近现代的[[食蚁兽科|食蚁兽]]。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲，接近[[多瘤齒獸目|多瘤齿兽目]]，甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目，更接近closer to [[Cimolodonta|cimolodonts]] than "[[plagiaulacida]]ns" are.<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref><ref name="Krause, et al">{{Cite journal|title=First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism|first1=David W.|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Simone|date=2014-11-05|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited|issue=|doi=10.1038/nature13922|others=O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., [[Raymond R. Rogers|Rogers, Raymond R.]], Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson|volume=515|pages=512–517|bibcode=2014Natur.515..512K|issn=1476-4687|pmid=25383528|last3=Wible|first3=John R.|last4=Kirk|first4=E. Christopher|last5=Schultz|first5=Julia A.|last6=von Koenigswald|first6=Wighart|last7=Groenke|first7=Joseph R.|last8=Rossie|first8=James B.|last1=Krause|authorlink1=David W. Krause}}</ref><ref name="Drake">{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141105-mammal-evolution-vintana-fossil-science/|title=Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses|accessdate=November 5, 2014|date=November 5, 2014|last=Drake|first=Nadia|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141105-JNW">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/science/madagascar-fossil-vintana-mammals-evolution.html|title=Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals|last=Wilford|first=John Noble|date=November 5, 2014|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=November 6, 2014}}</ref> However, a more recent study recovered them as nested among [[haramiyida]]ns, rendering them as non-mammalian cynodonts.<ref>Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</ref> |
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There are three known [[family (biology)|families]] within Gondwanatheria. The family Sudamericidae was named by Scillato-Yané and Pascual in 1984, and includes the vast majority of named taxa. The family Ferugliotheriidae was named by [[José Bonaparte]] in 1986, and includes one genus, ''[[Ferugliotherium]]'', and possibly a few other forms like ''[[Trapalcotherium]]''. [[Groeberiidae]], originally interpreted as [[paucituberculate]] [[marsupials]], has since been understood as gondwanatherians, though only the type genus, ''[[Groeberia]]'', has been examined as such.<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> |
There are three known [[family (biology)|families]] within Gondwanatheria. The family Sudamericidae was named by Scillato-Yané and Pascual in 1984, and includes the vast majority of named taxa. The family Ferugliotheriidae was named by [[José Bonaparte]] in 1986, and includes one genus, ''[[Ferugliotherium]]'', and possibly a few other forms like ''[[Trapalcotherium]]''. [[Groeberiidae]], originally interpreted as [[paucituberculate]] [[marsupials]], has since been understood as gondwanatherians, though only the type genus, ''[[Groeberia]]'', has been examined as such.<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> |
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The Miocene ([[Colhuehuapian]]) genus ''[[Patagonia (mammal)|Patagonia]]'' is the youngest known representative.<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> |
The Miocene ([[Colhuehuapian]]) genus ''[[Patagonia (mammal)|Patagonia]]'' is the youngest known representative.<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> |
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有三个已知 [[科 (生物)|家庭]] 内Gondwanatheria的。 家庭Sudamericidae被命名为Scillato-Yané和Pascual在1984年，而包括的绝大多数名分类的。 家庭Ferugliotheriidae被命名为 [[何塞·波拿巴|何塞*波拿巴]] 在1986年，包括一个属， ''Ferugliotherium''，并有可能的几个其他形式，如 ''Trapalcotherium''的。 Groeberiidae，最初解释为 paucituberculate [[有袋類|有袋动物]]已经被理解为gondwanatherians，虽然只有类型属， ''Groeberia''，已经审查了如此。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Allotheria_Cladogram_Per_Chimento_2015.png|缩略图|按Chimento et al. 2015绘制的冈瓦那兽目{{Tsl|en|Cladogram|4=进化分支树}}。|替代=]] |
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进一步 [[化石|的化石]] 来自 [[印度|印度的]]是， [[马达加斯加]] 和南极洲。 一个可能的 ''Ferugliotherium''样物种发生在 [[马斯特里赫特期|马斯特里赫特]] 的存款 [[墨西哥]]，延伸进化到 [[北美洲|北美]]的。<ref>SVP 2015</ref> |
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新世(Colhuehuapian)属 ''巴塔哥尼亚'' 是最年轻的已知代表。<ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> |
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== 生物学 == |
== 生物学 == |
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Gondwanatheres知颅仍然几乎普遍具有深刻的、强健的鼻子，作为适合他们的专门草食性的生活方式。 ''Groeberia'' 和 ''Vintana'' 两个拥有奇怪的 馗 缘的那些类似的 [[异关节总目|xenarthrans]] 等 [[地懶|地树懒]]，虽然他们有一个palinal(前后)咀嚼方法为在大多数allotheres并不象几乎任何您可以在不.<ref>Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.</ref><ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> 最gondwanatheres专门的 [[放牧|食草动物]]，即使是其中的第一个哺乳动物中有专门用于 [[禾本科|草]]食长之前，任何therians没有，与例外的 Groeberidae 和 Ferugliotheriidae，缺乏hyopsodont的牙齿，并因此有更多的generalistic草食习惯。 |
Gondwanatheres知颅仍然几乎普遍具有深刻的、强健的鼻子，作为适合他们的专门草食性的生活方式。 ''Groeberia'' 和 ''Vintana'' 两个拥有奇怪的 馗 缘的那些类似的 [[异关节总目|xenarthrans]] 等 [[地懶|地树懒]]，虽然他们有一个palinal(前后)咀嚼方法为在大多数allotheres并不象几乎任何您可以在不.<ref>Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.</ref><ref name="Nicolás R. Chimento 2014">{{cite journal |authors=Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre ‘metatherians’ ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 }}</ref> 最gondwanatheres专门的 [[放牧|食草动物]]，即使是其中的第一个哺乳动物中有专门用于 [[禾本科|草]]食长之前，任何therians没有，与例外的 Groeberidae 和 Ferugliotheriidae，缺乏hyopsodont的牙齿，并因此有更多的generalistic草食习惯。 |
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2018年10月24日 (三) 12:23的版本
| 冈瓦那兽目 化石時期： 坎帕阶-中新世, （可能在侏罗纪出现） | ||||||||||
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冈瓦那兽目（学名：Gondwanatheria，亦可称为冈瓦纳兽目）是哺乳动物中一个已经灭绝的目，生活在上白垩世至中新世（且可能更早，如果将Allostaffia划为该目的成员[3]）的南半球，包括南极洲。该类群为人所知的仅有数颗分离的牙齿，几片下颌骨，两块不完整的头骨和一个完整的头盖骨[4] 。正是因为这种零碎的知识，其分类地位不甚清晰。
分类
该类群分类关系的不明确持续了几十年，其最开始被认为是早期的异关节总目动物，一种“无齿”的哺乳动物，接近现代的食蚁兽。随后的多个不同研究认为它们属于异兽亚纲，接近多瘤齿兽目，甚至可能真正属于多瘤齿兽目，更接近closer to cimolodonts than "plagiaulacidans" are.[1][5][6][7] However, a more recent study recovered them as nested among haramiyidans, rendering them as non-mammalian cynodonts.[8]
There are three known families within Gondwanatheria. The family Sudamericidae was named by Scillato-Yané and Pascual in 1984, and includes the vast majority of named taxa. The family Ferugliotheriidae was named by José Bonaparte in 1986, and includes one genus, Ferugliotherium, and possibly a few other forms like Trapalcotherium. Groeberiidae, originally interpreted as paucituberculate marsupials, has since been understood as gondwanatherians, though only the type genus, Groeberia, has been examined as such.[1]
Further fossils have come from India, Madagascar and Antarctica. A possible Ferugliotherium-like species occurs in Maastrichtian deposits of Mexico, extending the clade to North America.[9]
The Miocene (Colhuehuapian) genus Patagonia is the youngest known representative.[1]
生物学
Gondwanatheres知颅仍然几乎普遍具有深刻的、强健的鼻子，作为适合他们的专门草食性的生活方式。 Groeberia 和 Vintana 两个拥有奇怪的 馗 缘的那些类似的 xenarthrans 等 地树懒，虽然他们有一个palinal(前后)咀嚼方法为在大多数allotheres并不象几乎任何您可以在不.[10][1] 最gondwanatheres专门的 食草动物，即使是其中的第一个哺乳动物中有专门用于 草食长之前，任何therians没有，与例外的 Groeberidae 和 Ferugliotheriidae，缺乏hyopsodont的牙齿，并因此有更多的generalistic草食习惯。
一个铰接式样本中发现的 Maevarano形成 提供了洞察力的postcranial骨架的这些动物。 中间异常和独特的特点是一个mediolaterally压缩和上口前后鞠躬胫骨，一个双人滑车上的黄芪，一个全面发展的肱骨滑车和一个不同寻常的大量干的椎骨。 新的分类具有至少19肋轴承(胸)和11个非肋轴承(腰)椎骨。 除了这些导出的特征，马达加斯加哺乳动物有一个镶嵌的胸腰带的形态：procoracoid丢失，喙是极其发达的(进入一个扩大的过程有所贡献的 一半的节窝)，interclavicle是很小的，而胸锁关节出现的移动。 一腹侧面临盂和发达肱骨滑车提出一个相对较旁姿态为前肢。 显着的特点的后肢和骨盆带包括一个大型闭孔大小类似于 therians，大parafibula，以及存在一个 epipubic 骨。[11]
分类
以†Gondwanatheria[12][13] *麦凯1971年 [Gondwanatheroidea 克劳斯*波拿巴，1993年]
- ?†Allostaffia [14]
- 家庭†Groeberiidae Patterson,1952年
- †Groeberia minoprioi 瑞恩*帕特森,1952年
- †Groeberia pattersoni G.G.Simpson，1970年
- ?†Klohnia charrieri Flynn和1999年维斯
- ?†Klohnia主要的 布莱恩等所有2010
- ?†Epiklohnia招数螟 布莱恩等所有2010
- ?†Praedens aberrans 布莱恩等所有2010
- 家庭†Ferugliotheriidae 波拿巴1986年
- †Ferugliotherium windhauseni 波拿巴1986a [Vucetichia 波拿巴，1990年；以 Vucetichia股薄 波拿巴1990]
- †Trapalcotherium matuastensis Rougier et al. 2008年
- 家庭†Sudamericidae Scillato-Yané和Pascual1984年 [Gondwanatheridae 波拿巴1986年]
- †Greniodon sylvanicum 布莱恩et al. 2012年
- †Vintana sertichi Krause et al. 2014年
- †Dakshina jederi Wilson,Das萨拉马和Anantharaman2007年
- †Gondwanatherium patagonicum 波拿巴1986年
- †Sudamerica ameghinoi Scillato-Yané和Pascual1984年
- †Lavanify miolaka Krause et al. 1997年
- †Bharattherium bonapartei 普拉萨德et al. 2007年
- †巴塔哥尼亚蝇 帕斯卡和卡烈尼1987年
- †分期02067
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas. The bizarre ‘metatherians’ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2015, 27 (5): 603–623. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945.
- ^ Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero. Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia. Naturwissenschaften. 2012, 99 (6): 449–463. PMID 22584426. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z.
- ^ Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016
- ^ Kraus, David W. Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. [Lincoln, NE]: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014: 1–2.
- ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism. Nature (Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited). 2014-11-05, 515: 512–517. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..512K. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383528. doi:10.1038/nature13922.
- ^ Drake, Nadia. Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses. National Geographic Society. November 5, 2014 [November 5, 2014].
- ^ Wilford, John Noble. Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals. New York Times. November 5, 2014 [November 6, 2014].
- ^ Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ SVP 2015
- ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016
- ^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Haaramo, Mikko. †Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres. 2007 [30 December 2015].
- ^ Paleofile.com (net, info) Archived copy. [2015-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-11）.. Taxonomic lists- Mammals. [30 December 2015].
- ^ Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016